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Kantelberg R, Achenbach T, Kirch A, Reineke S. In-plane oxygen diffusion measurements in polymer films using time-resolved imaging of programmable luminescent tags. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5826. [PMID: 38461364 PMCID: PMC11319630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxygen diffusion properties in thin polymer films are key parameters in industrial applications from food packaging, over medical encapsulation to organic semiconductor devices and have been continuously investigated in recent decades. The established methods have in common that they require complex pressure-sensitive setups or vacuum technology and usually do not come without surface effects. In contrast, this work provides a low-cost, precise and reliable method to determine the oxygen diffusion coefficient D in bulk polymer films based on tracking the phosphorescent pattern of a programmable luminescent tag over time. Our method exploits two-dimensional image analysis of oxygen-quenched organic room-temperature phosphors in a host polymer with high spatial accuracy. It avoids interface effects and accounts for the photoconsumption of oxygen. As a role model, the diffusion coefficients of polystyrene glasses with molecular weights between 13k and 350k g/mol are determined to be in the range of (0.8-1.5) × 10-7 cm2/s, which is in good agreement with previously reported values. We finally demonstrate the reduction of the oxygen diffusion coefficient in polystyrene by one quarter upon annealing above its glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kantelberg
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tim Achenbach
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Kirch
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Department of Physics, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Reineke
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute of Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
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Ezquerra Riega SD, Rodríguez HB, San Román E. Rose bengal in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) thin films: self-quenching by photoactive energy traps. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2017; 5:014010. [PMID: 28276341 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa61ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dye concentration on the fluorescence,ΦF, and singlet molecular oxygen,ΦΔ, quantum yields of rose bengal loaded poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) thin films (∼200 nm thick) was investigated, with the aim of understanding the effect of molecular interactions on the photophysical properties of dyes in crowded constrained environments. Films were characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) production was quantified using a chemical monitor, and the triplet decay was determined by laser flash-photolysis. For the monomeric dilute dye, ΦF = 0.05 ± 0.01 and ΦΔ = 0.76 ± 0.14. The effect of humidity and the photostability of the dye were also investigated. Spectral changes in absorption and fluorescence in excess of 0.05 M and concentration self-quenching after 0.01 M are interpreted in the context of a quenching radius model. Calculations of energy migration and trapping rates were performed assuming random distribution of the dye. Best fits of fluorescence quantum yields with concentration are obtained in the whole concentration range with a quenching radius r Q = 1.5 nm, in the order of molecular dimensions. Agreement is obtained only if dimeric traps are considered photoactive, with an observed fluorescence quantum yield ratio ΦF,trap/ΦF,monomer ≈ 0.35. Fluorescent traps are capable of yielding triplet states and 1O2. Results show that the excited state generation efficiency, calculated as the product between the absorption factor and the fluorescence quantum yield, is maximized at around 0.15 M, a very high concentration for random dye distributions. Relevant information for the design of photoactive dyed coatings is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio D Ezquerra Riega
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Litman Y, Rodríguez HB, San Román E. Tuning the concentration of dye loaded polymer films for maximum photosensitization efficiency: phloxine B in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:80-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excitation of a dye confined in a polymeric matrix leads to energy trapping at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Litman
- INQUIMAE (UBA-CONICET)/DQIAyQF
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Hernán B. Rodríguez
- INQUIMAE (UBA-CONICET)/DQIAyQF
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Enrique San Román
- INQUIMAE (UBA-CONICET)/DQIAyQF
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
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Wang XD, Wolfbeis OS. Optical methods for sensing and imaging oxygen: materials, spectroscopies and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:3666-761. [PMID: 24638858 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We review the current state of optical methods for sensing oxygen. These have become powerful alternatives to electrochemical detection and in the process of replacing the Clark electrode in many fields. The article (with 694 references) is divided into main sections on direct spectroscopic sensing of oxygen, on absorptiometric and luminescent probes, on polymeric matrices and supports, on additives and related materials, on spectroscopic schemes for read-out and imaging, and on sensing formats (such as waveguide sensing, sensor arrays, multiple sensors and nanosensors). We finally discuss future trends and applications and summarize the properties of the most often used indicator probes and polymers. The ESI† (with 385 references) gives a selection of specific applications of such sensors in medicine, biology, marine and geosciences, intracellular sensing, aerodynamics, industry and biotechnology, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-dong Wang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Tian Y, Shumway BR, Gao W, Youngbull C, Holl MR, Johnson RH, Meldrum DR. Influence of Matrices on Oxygen Sensing of Three Sensing Films with Chemically Conjugated Platinum Porphyrin Probes and Preliminary Application for Monitoring of Oxygen Consumption of Escherichia coli (E. coli). SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2010; 150:579-587. [PMID: 21076638 PMCID: PMC2976577 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2010.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen sensing films were synthesized by a chemical conjugation of functional platinum porphyrin probes in silica gel, polystyrene (PS), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) matrices. Responses of the sensing films to gaseous oxygen and dissolved oxygen were studied and the influence of the matrices on the sensing behaviors was investigated. Silica gel films had the highest fluorescence intensity ratio from deoxygenated to oxygenated environments and the fastest response time to oxygen. PHEMA films had no response to gaseous oxygen, but had greater sensitivity and a faster response time for dissolved oxygen than those of PS films. The influence of matrices on oxygen response, sensitivity and response time was discussed. The influence is most likely attributed to the oxygen diffusion abilities of the matrices. Since the probes were chemically immobilized in the matrices, no leaching of the probes was observed from the sensing films when applied in aqueous environment. One sensing film made from the PHEMA matrix was used to preliminarily monitor the oxygen consumption of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. E. coli cell density and antibiotics ampicillin concentration dependent oxygen consumption was observed, indicating the potential application of the oxygen sensing film for biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Tian
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
| | - Bradley R. Shumway
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
| | - Weimin Gao
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
| | - Cody Youngbull
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
| | - Mark R. Holl
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
| | - Roger H. Johnson
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
| | - Deirdre R. Meldrum
- Center for Biosignatures Discovery Automation, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001
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Tian Y, Shumway BR, Meldrum DR. A New Crosslinkable Oxygen Sensor Covalently Bonded into Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-CO-Polyacrylamide Thin Film for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2010; 22:2069-2078. [PMID: 20352057 PMCID: PMC2844653 DOI: 10.1021/cm903361y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A new oxygen sensor, compound 2, was synthesized through a chemical modification of a popularly used oxygen sensor of platinum(II)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin (PtTFPP). The new sensor compound 2 possesses four crosslinkable methacrylate functional moieties, enabling it to be polymerized and crosslinked with other monomers for polymer sensing film (also called membrane) preparation. Using this characteristic, compound 2 was covalently bonded to hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-polyacrylamide (referred to as PHEMA to simplify) and hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) films. To better understand the advantages and disadvantages of chemical crosslinking approaches and the influence of polymer matrices on sensing performance, PtTFPP was physically incorporated into the same PHEMA and PS matrices to compare. Response to dissolved oxygen (DO), leaching of the sensor molecules from their matrices, photostability of the sensors, and response time to DO changes were studied. It was concluded that the chemical crosslinking of the sensor compound 2 in polymer matrices: (i) alleviated the leaching problem of sensor molecules which usually occurred in the physically doped sensing systems and (ii) significantly improved sensors' photostability. The PHEMA matrix was demonstrated to be more suitable for oxygen sensing than PS, because for the same sensor molecule, the oxygen sensitivity in PHEMA film was higher than that in PS and response time to DO change in the PHEMA film was faster than that in PS. It was the first time oxygen sensing films were successfully prepared using biocompatible hydrophilic PHEMA as a matrix, which does not allow leaching of the sensor molecules from the polymer matrix, has a faster response to DO changes than that of PS, and does not present cytotoxicity to human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549). It is expected that the new sensor compound 2 and its similar compounds with chemically crosslinking characteristics can be widely applied to generate many interesting oxygen sensing materials for studying biological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Tian
- Center for Ecogenomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Bradley R. Shumway
- Center for Ecogenomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Deirdre R. Meldrum
- Center for Ecogenomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287
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Schack NB, Oliveira CLP, Young NWG, Pedersen JS, Ogilby PR. Oxygen diffusion in cross-linked, ethanol-swollen poly(vinyl alcohol) gels: counter-intuitive results reflect microscopic heterogeneities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:1148-1153. [PMID: 19099533 DOI: 10.1021/la803024h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen diffusion coefficients have been determined in ethanol-swollen poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, gels using a technique wherein oxygen sorption is optically monitored using singlet oxygen phosphorescence. Data were recorded as a function of the extent to which the PVA chains are chemically cross-linked using glutaraldehyde. Contrary to conventional expectation, the diffusion coefficients obtained increase with an increase in the extent of cross-linking. This observation is interpreted in terms of a cross-link-dependent increase in the microscopic heterogeneity of the polymer wherein dense cross-linked domains coexist with more fluid domains. It is expected that, in the latter domains, segmental motions of the macromolecule that facilitate oxygen diffusion are more readily achieved. This model of cross-link-dependent heterogeneity is supported by the results of small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. Among other things, the data reported herein provide an informative foundation for studies of small molecule diffusion in biological cells, particularly during photoinduced cell death where the hydrogel-like nature of the cell can change due to cross-linking reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolass Bitsch Schack
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, and The Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus, Denmark
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Poly(benzyloxy ethyl methacrylate): preparation by free radical polymerization and by group transfer polymerization; with subsequent debenzylation to form poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate). Eur Polym J 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(99)00256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Di Marco G, Lanza M, Pieruccini M. Dynamical mechanical measurements in dry PHEMA and its hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02456734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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