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Wen Y, Chen C, Ye Y, Xue Z, Liu H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Li D, Xie X, Mai YW. Advances on Thermally Conductive Epoxy-Based Composites as Electronic Packaging Underfill Materials-A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201023. [PMID: 35581925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The integrated circuits industry has been continuously producing microelectronic components with ever higher integration level, packaging density, and power density, which demand more stringent requirements for heat dissipation. Electronic packaging materials are used to pack these microelectronic components together, help to dissipate heat, redistribute stresses, and protect the whole system from the environment. They serve an important role in ensuring the performance and reliability of the electronic devices. Among various packaging materials, epoxy-based underfills are often employed in flip-chip packaging. However, widely used capillary underfill materials suffer from their low thermal conductivity, unable to meet the growing heat dissipation required of next-generation IC chips with much higher power density. Many strategies have been proposed to improve the thermal conductivity of epoxy, but its application as underfill materials with complex performance requirements is still difficult. In fact, optimizing the combined thermal-electrical-mechanical-processing properties of underfill materials for flip-chip packaging remains a great challenge. Herein, state-of-the-art advances that have been made to satisfy the key requirements of capillary underfill materials are reviewed. Based on these studies, the perspectives for designing high-performance underfill materials with novel microstructures in electronic packaging for high-power density electronic devices are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yunsheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT), School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Xingping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dequn Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology (CAMT), School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering J07, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Hong Y, Goh M. Advances in Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins for High Thermal Conductivity. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081302. [PMID: 33921153 PMCID: PMC8071481 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) is one of the most famous thermoset materials. In general, because EP has a three-dimensional random network, it possesses thermal properties similar to those of a typical heat insulator. Recently, there has been substantial interest in controlling the network structure of EP to create new functionalities. Indeed, the modified EP, represented as liquid crystalline epoxy (LCE), is considered promising for producing novel functionalities, which cannot be obtained from conventional EPs, by replacing the random network structure with an oriented one. In this paper, we review the current progress in the field of LCEs and their application to highly thermally conductive composite materials.
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Goswami M, Vincent D, Wang L, Liu T, Li K, Keum JK, Gao Z, Ozcan S, Gluesenkamp KR, Rios O, Kessler MR. Liquid crystalline networks based on photo-initiated thiol-ene click chemistry. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:1760-1770. [PMID: 31859322 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01818b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photo-initiated thiol-ene click chemistry is used to develop shape memory liquid crystalline networks (LCNs). A biphenyl-based di-vinyl monomer is synthesized and cured with a di-thiol chain extender and a tetra-thiol crosslinker using UV light. The effects of photo-initiator concentration and UV light intensity on the curing behavior and liquid crystalline (LC) properties of the LCNs are investigated. The chemical composition is found to significantly influence the microstructure and the related thermomechanical properties of the LCNs. The structure-property relationship is further explored using molecular dynamics simulations, revealing that the introduction of the chain extender promotes the formation of an ordered smectic LC phase instead of agglomerated structures. The concentration of the chain extender affects the liquid crystallinity of the LCNs, resulting in distinct thermomechanical and shape memory properties. This class of LCNs exhibits fast curing rates, high conversion levels, and tailorable liquid crystallinity, making it a promising material system for advanced manufacturing, where complex and highly ordered structures can be produced with fast reaction kinetics and low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Shin J, Kang M, Tsai T, Leal C, Braun PV, Cahill DG. Thermally Functional Liquid Crystal Networks by Magnetic Field Driven Molecular Orientation. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:955-960. [PMID: 35607211 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aligned liquid crystal networks were synthesized by photopolymerization of liquid crystal monomers in the presence of magnetic fields. Grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering was used to characterize the degree of molecular alignment of mesogen chains and time-domain thermoreflectance was used to measure thermal conductivity. Liquid crystal networks with mesogenic units aligned perpendicular and parallel to the substrate exhibit thermal conductivity of 0.34 W m-1 K-1 and 0.22 W m-1 K-1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and orientational order of liquid crystal networks vary as a function of temperature. The thermal conductivity of liquid crystal networks can be manipulated by a magnetic field at above the glass transition temperature (65 °C) where the reduced viscosity enables molecular reorientation on the time scale of 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoo Shin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Minjee Kang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tsunghan Tsai
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David G. Cahill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Draper ER, Mykhaylyk OO, Adams DJ. Aligning self-assembled gelators by drying under shear. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:6934-7. [PMID: 27146964 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02824a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We show how drying under shear can be used to prepare aligned fibres and worm-like micelles from low molecular weight gelators. Shearing followed by drying leads to the dealignment before the water can be removed; continuous shear whilst drying is required to maintain the alignment. Combining a slow pH change with continuous shear allows alignment of the gelling fibres, which can then be dried.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Draper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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Mossety-Leszczak B, Strachota B, Strachota A, Steinhart M, Šlouf M. The orientation-enhancing effect of diphenyl aluminium phosphate nanorods in a liquid-crystalline epoxy matrix ordered by magnetic field. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li Y, Rios O, Kessler MR. Thermomagnetic processing of liquid-crystalline epoxy resins and their mechanical characterization using nanoindentation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:19456-19464. [PMID: 25318760 DOI: 10.1021/am505874t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A thermomagnetic processing method was used to produce a biphenyl-based liquid-crystalline epoxy resin (LCER) with oriented liquid-crystalline (LC) domains. The orientation of the LCER was confirmed and quantified using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction. The effect of molecular alignment on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the LCER was investigated using nanoindentation and thermomechanical analysis, respectively. The effect of the orientation on the fracture behavior was also examined. The results showed that macroscopic orientation of the LC domains was achieved, resulting in an epoxy network with an anisotropic modulus, hardness, creep behavior, and thermal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University , P.O. Box 642920, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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Burke KA, Rousseau IA, Mather PT. Reversible actuation in main-chain liquid crystalline elastomers with varying crosslink densities. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Li Y, Kessler MR. Liquid crystalline epoxy resin based on biphenyl mesogen: Effect of magnetic field orientation during cure. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wlodarska M, Maj A, Mossety-Leszczak B, Bak GW, Galina H, Okrasa L, Izdebski M. Liquid crystal epoxy resins based on biphenyl group cured with aromatic amines - studied by dielectric spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Badrinarayanan P, Kessler MR. Liquid crystalline epoxy resin based on biphenyl mesogen: Thermal characterization. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Koda T, Toyoshima T, Komatsu T, Takezawa Y, Nishioka A, Miyata K. Ordering simulation of high thermal conductivity epoxy resins. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fache B, Gallot B, Gelin MP, Milano JC, Pham QT. Synthesis and thermal properties of bismaleimides with mesogen aromatic amide-ester and flexible polymethylenic group. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Giamberini M, Malucelli G, Ambrogi V, Capitani D, Cerruti P. The effect of chain packing on the thermal and dynamic mechanical behaviour of liquid-crystalline epoxy thermosets. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gao J, Zhang X, Huo L. Curing Behavior, Kinetics and Thermal Properties of o-Cresol Formaldehyde Epoxy Resin Modified by Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resin. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030802153322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mija A, Navard P, Peiti C, Babor D, Guigo N. Shear induced structuration of liquid crystalline epoxy thermosets. Eur Polym J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Krause S, Zander F, Bergmann G, Brandt H, Wertmer H, Finkelmann H. Nematic main-chain elastomers: Coupling and orientational behavior. CR CHIM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Liu GD, Zhou B, Zhao DM, Li Q, Gao JG. Novel Triaromatic Ester Mesogenic Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resin Containing Both Methyl Substituent and Ethoxy Flexible Spacer: Synthesis and Curing. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Lee JY, Jang J. The effect of mesogenic length on the curing behavior and properties of liquid crystalline epoxy resins. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee JY. Transverse alignment of liquid crystalline epoxy resin on carbon fiber surface. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lee JY. Relationship between anisotropic orientation and curing of liquid crystalline epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jang J, Bae J, Lee K. Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nanorods as curing agent and nanofiller for epoxy matrix composite. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ambrogi V, Giamberini M, Cerruti P, Pucci P, Menna N, Mascolo R, Carfagna C. Liquid crystalline elastomers based on diglycidyl terminated rigid monomers and aliphatic acids. Part 1. Synthesis and characterization. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Robinson EJ, Douglas EP, Mecholsky JJ. The effect of stoichiometry on the fracture toughness of a liquid crystalline epoxy. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.10947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Giamberini M, Amendola E, Carfagna C. A novel approach to the tailoring of polymers for advanced composites and optical applications, involving the synthesis of liquid crystalline epoxy resins. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lincoln DM, Douglas EP. Control of orientation in liquid crystalline epoxies via magnetic field processing. POLYM ENG SCI 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.11583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Harada M, Ochi M, Tobita M, Kimura T, Ishigaki T, Shimoyama N, Aoki H. Thermomechanical properties of liquid-crystalline epoxy networks arranged by a magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Harada M, Ochi M, Tobita M, Kimura T, Ishigaki T, Shimoyama N, Aoki H. Thermal-conductivity properties of liquid-crystalline epoxy resin cured under a magnetic field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ribera D, Mantecón A, Serra A. Liquid-crystalline thermosets from mesogenic dimeric epoxy resins by tertiary amine catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lin CH, Huang JM, Wang CS. Synthesis, characterization and properties of tetramethyl stilbene-based epoxy resins for electronic encapsulation. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Farren C, Akatsuka M, Takezawa Y, Itoh Y. Thermal and mechanical properties of liquid crystalline epoxy resins as a function of mesogen concentration. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00499-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Liquid crystalline twin epoxy monomers based on azomethine mesogen: synthesis and curing with aromatic diamines. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Caruso U, Hatfull L, Roviello A, Sirigu A. Multi-oriented and fibrous liquid crystalline networks based on linear mesogenic polymers. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Schultz JW, Bhatt J, Chartoff RP, Pogue RT, Ullett JS. Polymerization and viscoelastic behavior of networks from a dual-curing, liquid crystalline monomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0488(19990601)37:11<1183::aid-polb12>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Relationship between the structure of the bridging group and curing of liquid crystalline epoxy resins. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mather PT, Chaffee KP, Romo-Uribe A, Spilman GE, Jiang T, Martin DC. Thermally crosslinkable thermotropic copolyesters: synthesis, characterization, and processing. POLYMER 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shiota A, Ober CK. Orientation of Liquid Crystalline Epoxides under ac Electric Fields. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma961745l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shiota
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1501
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1501
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