1
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Rangappa R, Yeh SK. Effect of N2 plasticization on the crystallization of different hardnesses of thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Taki K, Menale M, Pisante G, Di Maio E. A design tool for core‐back timing in foam injection molding. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Taki
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Marco Menale
- Department of Mathematics and Physics University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Giovanni Pisante
- Department of Mathematics and Physics University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Caserta Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
- Foamlab University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
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3
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Lee JH, Chu RK, Li R, Kwan K, Park CB. Utilization of CO2 as a physical blowing agent for foaming of high temperature sulfone polymers. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Cellular structure design by controlling the dissolution and diffusion behavior of gases in silicon rubber. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Nofar M, Utz J, Geis N, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Foam 3D Printing of Thermoplastics: A Symbiosis of Additive Manufacturing and Foaming Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105701. [PMID: 35187843 PMCID: PMC9008799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their light-weight and cost-effectiveness, cellular thermoplastic foams are considered as important engineering materials. On the other hand, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is one of the emerging and fastest growing manufacturing technologies due to its advantages such as design freedom and tool-less production. Nowadays, 3D printing of polymer compounds is mostly limited to manufacturing of solid parts. In this context, a merged foaming and printing technology can introduce a great alternative for the currently used foam manufacturing technologies such as foam injection molding. This perspective review article tackles the attempts taken toward initiating this novel technology to simultaneously foam and print thermoplastics. After explaining the basics of polymer foaming and additive manufacturing, this article classifies different attempts that have been made toward generating foamed printed structures while highlighting their challenges. These attempts are clustered into 1) architected porous structures, 2) syntactic foaming, 3) post-foaming of printed parts, and eventually 4) printing of blowing agents saturated filaments. Among these, the latest approach is the most practical route although it has not been thoroughly studied yet. A filament free approach that can be introduced as a potential strategy to unlock the difficulties to produce printed foam structures is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Sustainable and Green Plastics LaboratoryMetallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul34469Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology ProgramIstanbul Technical UniversityMaslakIstanbul34469Turkey
| | - Julia Utz
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Nico Geis
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
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6
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Lee JH, Mahmood SH, Pin JM, Li R, Lee PC, Park CB. Determination of CO 2 solubility in semi-crystalline polylactic acid with consideration of rigid amorphous fraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:274-283. [PMID: 35120942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to phase heterogeneity in semi-crystalline polymers, accurate determination of gas solubility has been a challenge. In this regard, PLA/CO2 was used as a case study to investigate the parameters governing formation of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) and its effect on the gas sorption behavior of the polymer. Six samples with different degrees of RAF were prepared through varying PLA tacticity and thermal history. Then, a gravimetric method involving a magnetic suspension balance and an in-house PVT visualization system was employed to experimentally determine the CO2 solubility at 70 °C under a pressure of 4.5 MPa. Furthermore, a theoretical CO2 solubility was calculated based on the Simha-Somcynski equation of state and was used in conjunction with the two-phase and three-phase models to describe the phase dependency of the gas solubility. The conventional two-phase model that considered the bulk amorphous phase consistently over-approximated the CO2 solubility compared to the measured data. On the other hand, the three-phase model that distinguished the rigid and the mobile amorphous phases well represented the experimental result. The analysis yielded CO2 solubility coefficients of 0.0375 ggas/gpoly for the RAF and 0.0817 ggas/gpoly for the mobile counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - S Hassan Mahmood
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jean-Mathieu Pin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ruosong Li
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada.
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7
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Zhao C, Mark LH, Kim S, Chang E, Park CB, Lee PC. Recent progress in micro‐/nano‐fibrillar reinforced polymeric composite foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sundong Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eunse Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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8
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Guo QP, Wang J, Park CB. A Comparison of CO2 and N2 Foaming Behaviors of PP in a Visualization System. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.-P. Guo
- EHC Canada, Inc., Oshawa, ON, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J. Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Li R, Lee JH, Wang C, Howe Mark L, Park CB. Solubility and diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in TPU and their effects on cell nucleation in batch foaming. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Xu M, Chen Y, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Determination of modified polyamide 6's foaming windows by bubble growth simulations based on rheological measurements. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Yichong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto M5S 3G8 Ontario Canada
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11
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Zhang Y, Xin C, Li X, Waqas M, He Y. Bubble growth model and its influencing factors in a polymer melt under nonisothermal conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang 455000 China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaohu Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Mughal Waqas
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment Ministry of Education Beijing 100029 China
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12
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Su B, Zhou YG, Dong BB, Yan C. Effect of Compatibility on the Foaming Behavior of Injection Molded Polypropylene and Polycarbonate Blend Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E300. [PMID: 30960284 PMCID: PMC6419180 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the foaming behavior of a common linear polypropylene (PP) resin, polycarbonate (PC) was blended with PP, and three different grafted polymers were used as the compatibilizers. The solid and foamed samples of the PP/PC 3:1 blend with different compatibilizers were first fabricated by melt extrusion followed by injection molding (IM) with and without a blowing agent. The mechanical properties, thermal features, morphological structure, and relative rheological characterizations of these samples were studied using a tensile test, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and torque rheometer. It can be found from the experimental results that the influence of the compatibility between the PP and PC phases on the foaming behavior of PP/PC blends is substantial. The results suggest that PC coupling with an appropriate compatibilizer is a potential method to improve the foamability of PP resin. The comprehensive effect of PC and a suitable compatibilizer on the foamability of PP can be attributed to two possible mechanisms, i.e., the partial compatibility between phases that facilitates cell nucleation and the improved gas-melt viscosity that helps to form a fine foaming structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Cao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
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13
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von Konigslow K, Park CB, Thompson RB. Application of a constant hole volume Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state to mixtures relevant to polymeric foaming. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4603-4614. [PMID: 29786729 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00794b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A variant of the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state is applied to several polymers, blowing agents, and saturated mixtures of interest to the polymer foaming industry. These are low-density polyethylene-carbon dioxide and polylactide-carbon dioxide saturated mixtures as well as polystyrene-carbon dioxide-dimethyl ether and polystyrene-carbon dioxide-nitrogen ternary saturated mixtures. Good agreement is achieved between theoretically predicted and experimentally determined solubilities, both for binary and ternary mixtures. Acceptable agreement with swelling ratios is found with no free parameters. Up-to-date pure component Sanchez-Lacombe characteristic parameters are provided for carbon dioxide, dimethyl ether, low-density polyethylene, nitrogen, polylactide, linear and branched polypropylene, and polystyrene. Pure fluid low-density polyethylene and nitrogen parameters exhibit more moderate success while still providing acceptable quantitative estimations. Mixture estimations are found to have more moderate success where pure components are not as well represented. The Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state is found to correctly predict the anomalous reversal of solubility temperature dependence for low critical point fluids through the observation of this behaviour in polystyrene nitrogen mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kier von Konigslow
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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14
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Hou J, Zhao G, Zhang L, Dong G, Wang G. Foaming Mechanism of Polypropylene in Gas-Assisted Microcellular Injection Molding. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junji Hou
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guiwei Dong
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid−Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, PR China
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15
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Dutta A, Ghosh AK. Morphological and rheological footprints corroborating optimum foam processability of PP/ethylene acrylic elastomer blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Dutta
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Anup K. Ghosh
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
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16
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Rizvi A, Tabatabaei A, Vahedi P, Mahmood SH, Park CB. Non-crosslinked thermoplastic reticulated polymer foams from crystallization-induced structural heterogeneities. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
Recently, several companies have started to use the foaming technology in blow molding processes, primarily in extrusion blow molding. Despite the design complexity involved in the preform blow molding method, substantial advantages result when microcellular foaming and blow molding are combined. In preform and extrusion blow molding, the preform (i. e., the parison) undergoes significant biaxial stress during the inflation stage. Since either extensional or shear stress can dramatically improve cell nucleation, an externally applied stress can cause small-scale, local pressure variations throughout the sample, thus reducing the energy barrier for cell nucleation. So, unlike the current low-pressure foam blow molding technology, where cell nucleation occurs before inflating the preform/parison, we used a high-pressure system to prevent premature foaming in the shaping stage. Consequently, cell nucleation was induced after biaxial stresses were created to induce a higher cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada
| | - R. K. M. Chu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada
- Sabic Limburg B.V. , Geleen , The Netherlands
| | - G.-L. Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong , PRC
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto , Canada
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18
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Lee JW, Lee RE, Wang J, Jung PU, Park CB. Study of the foaming mechanisms associated with gas counter pressure and mold opening using the pressure profiles. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Tabatabaei A, Barzegari MR, Mark LH, Park CB. Visualization of polypropylene's strain-induced crystallization under the influence of supercritical CO2 in extrusion. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Lee JK, Yao SX, Li G, Jun MBG, Lee PC. Measurement Methods for Solubility and Diffusivity of Gases and Supercritical Fluids in Polymers and Its Applications. POLYM REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1329209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason K. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Selina X. Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Martin B. G. Jun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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21
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Nofar M, Tabatabaei A, Sojoudiasli H, Park C, Carreau P, Heuzey MC, Kamal M. Mechanical and bead foaming behavior of PLA-PBAT and PLA-PBSA blends with different morphologies. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Primel A, Férec J, Ausias G, Tirel Y, Veillé JM, Grohens Y. Solubility and interfacial tension of thermoplastic polyurethane melt in supercritical carbon dioxide and nitrogen. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Bahreini E, Aghamiri SF, Wilhelm M, Abbasi M. Influence of molecular structure on the foamability of polypropylene: Linear and extensional rheological fingerprint. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The foaming structure and rheological properties of four different isotactic homo-polypropylenes with various molecular weights and an isotactic long chain branched polypropylene were investigated to find a suitable rheological fingerprint for PP foams. The molecular weight distribution and thermal properties were measured using GPC-MALLS and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Small amplitude oscillatory shear data and uniaxial extensional experiments were analyzed using the frameworks of van Gurp-Palmen plot (δ vs. | G*|) and the molecular stress function model, respectively. These analyses were used to find a correlation between the molecular structure, rheological properties and foaming structures of linear and long chain branching polypropylenes. Two linear viscoelastic characteristics, | G*| at δ = 60° and | η*| at ω = 5 rad/s were used as criteria for foamability of these polymers, where decreasing of both parameters by increasing the long chain branching content results in smaller cell size and higher cell density. The molecular stress function model was able to quantify the strain hardening properties of long chain branching blends using small amplitude oscillatory shear data and two nonlinear material parameters, 1 ≤ β ≤ 2.2 and 1 ≤ [Formula: see text] ≤ 600, where the minimum and maximum values of these parameters belong to the linear and long chain branched polypropylene, respectively. Increasing the long chain branched polypropylene content of the PP blends increased strain hardening, and therefore improved the foaming characteristics significantly by suppressing the coalescence of cells. Dilution of linear PP with only 10 wt% of long chain branched polypropylene enhanced the cell density from 5.7 × 106 to 2.7 × 107 cell/cm3 and reduced the average cell diameter from 58 to 26 µm, respectively, while their volume expansion ratio remained in the same range of 2–3. Increasing of long chain branching to 50 and 100 wt% enhanced the V.E.R. to 6.2 and 7.8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Bahreini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Foad Aghamiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Mahdi Abbasi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
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25
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Huang P, Pang Y, Zhang L, Wu F, Zhang S, Zheng W. A new approach designed for improving flame retardancy of intumescent polypropylene via continuous extrusion with supercritical CO2. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
scCO2-aided IFR dispersion of PP/IFR composites and their improved flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Polymers and Composites Division
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Yongyan Pang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Polymers and Composites Division
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Polymers and Composites Division
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Fei Wu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Polymers and Composites Division
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Polymers and Composites Division
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
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26
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Mahmood SH, Xin CL, Lee JH, Park CB. Study of volume swelling and interfacial tension of the polystyrene-carbon dioxide-dimethyl ether system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 456:174-81. [PMID: 26122798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the interaction of blended carbon dioxide (CO2) and dimethyl ether (DME) with polystyrene (PS) through volume swelling and interfacial tension. The experiments were carried out over a temperature range of 423-483 K, and the pressure was varied from 6.89 MPa to 20.68 MPa. With an incremental concentration of DME in the blend, the volume swelling increased while the interfacial tension between the PS/blend gas mixture and the blend gas decreased. The validity of the Simha-Somcynsky (SS) equation of state (EOS) for the ternary system was established by comparing experimentally measured volume swelling to that obtained via SS-EOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Mahmood
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C L Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - J H Lee
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C B Park
- Microcellular Plastic Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Zhao N, Zhu C, Howe Mark L, Park CB, Li Q. Batch foaming poly(vinyl alcohol)/microfibrillated cellulose composites with CO2and water as co-blowing agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Changwei Zhu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory; Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Qian Li
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro-Nano Molding Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou Henan China
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28
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29
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Luo Y, Xin C, Zheng D, Li Z, Zhu W, Wu S, Zheng Q, He Y. Effect of processing history on the rheological properties, crystallization and foamability of branched polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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31
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Liao X, Xu H, Li S, Zhou C, Li G, Park CB. The effects of viscoelastic properties on the cellular morphology of silicone rubber foams generated by supercritical carbon dioxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22242g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica content, saturation temperature and pressure all have an effect on silicone rubbers' viscoelastic properties, which further has a close connection with the cellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chuanjian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Shandong University
- Jinan
- China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- 5 King's College Road
- Toronto
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32
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Tsui A, Wright Z, Frank CW. Prediction of gas solubility in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co
-3-hydroxyvalerate) melt to inform process design and resulting foam microstructure. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Tsui
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California 94305
| | - Zach Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California 94305
| | - Curtis W. Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California 94305
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33
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Hasan MM, Park CB. Simha-Somcynsky Equation of State Modeling of the PVT Behavior of PP/Clay-Nanocomposite/CO2 Mixtures. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) property of polymer nanocomposite (PNC)/gas solutions is an important fundamental property in the foaming of PNC. However, accurate data have not yet been reported. We examined the PVT behaviors of polypropylene (PP) and PP/organoclay polymer nanocomposite (PP-PNC) by monitoring the swelling changes of the polymer melt in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). A model was adopted that describes the PVT behaviors of PP-PNC with and without dissolved gas. Based on the model, a PNC consists of two sections: a hard section (a nanoparticle surrounded by solidified polymer) and a soft section (neat polymer). It was observed that an infusion of nanoparticles decreased the swelling. It seems that the hard section had a minimal free volume in which to dissolve the blowing agents, and that the number of hard sections increased with the infusion of nanoparticles. As a result, the total gas absorption capacity of the system decreased, and consequently, the swelling also decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Hasan
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - C. B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory , Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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34
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Ameli A, Nofar M, Wang S, Park CB. Lightweight polypropylene/stainless-steel fiber composite foams with low percolation for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11091-100. [PMID: 24964159 DOI: 10.1021/am500445g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight polypropylene/stainless-steel fiber (PP-SSF) composites with 15-35% density reduction were fabricated using foam injection molding. The electrical percolation threshold, through-plane electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of the PP-SSF composite foams were characterized and compared against the solid counterparts. With 3 wt % CO2 dissolved in PP as a temporary plasticizer and lubricant, the fiber breakage was significantly decreased during injection molding, and well-dispersed fibers with unprecedentedly large aspect ratios of over 100 were achieved. The percolation threshold was dramatically decreased from 0.85 to 0.21 vol %, accounting for 75% reduction, which is highly superior, compared to 28% reduction of the previous PP-carbon fiber composite foam.1 Unlike the case of carbon fiber,1 SSFs were much longer than the cell size, and the percolation threshold reduction of PP-SSF composite foams was thus primarily governed by the decreased fiber breakage instead of fiber orientation. The specific EMI SE was also significantly enhanced. A maximum specific EMI SE of 75 dB·g(-1)·cm(3) was achieved in PP-1.1 vol % SSF composite foams, which was much higher than that of the solid counterpart. Also, the relationships between the microstructure and properties were discussed. The mechanism of EMI shielding enhancement was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboutaleb Ameli
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
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35
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Zhao N, Mark LH, Zhu C, Park CB, Li Q, Glenn R, Thompson TR. Foaming Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Microfibrillated Cellulose Composites with CO2 and Water as Co-blowing Agents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502018v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- National
Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Changwei Zhu
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Qian Li
- National
Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Robert Glenn
- Beauty
Technology Division, Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
| | - Todd Ryan Thompson
- Beauty
Technology Division, Procter and Gamble Company, Mason, Ohio 45040, United States
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36
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Wong A, Mark LH, Hasan MM, Park CB. The synergy of supercritical CO2 and supercritical N2 in foaming of polystyrene for cell nucleation. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Hossieny NJ, Barzegari MR, Nofar M, Mahmood SH, Park CB. Crystallization of hard segment domains with the presence of butane for microcellular thermoplastic polyurethane foams. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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Nofar M, Tabatabaei A, Ameli A, Park CB. Comparison of melting and crystallization behaviors of polylactide under high-pressure CO2, N2, and He. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of polypropylene type and cellulose content on the foaming behavior of cellulose fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites in extrusion. Two types of polypropylene (linear and branched structures) were used as a polymer matrix. The thermal properties of the composites were characterized by a differential scanning calorimeter, and the viscosity of the composites was evaluated by a rotational rheometer. The foaming behavior of the composites was examined using an extrusion foaming system, in which carbon dioxide was used as a physical blowing agent for foams. The results suggested that the cell density increased with the increase of cellulose content. On the other hand, the void fraction decreased with the addition of cellulose, but the void fraction at the 40 wt% cellulose was higher than that at the 20 wt% cellulose. The results also indicated that the two types of polypropylene had a minimal effect on the foaming behaviors of the cellulose fiber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuboki
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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40
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Sun X, Turng LS. Novel injection molding foaming approaches using gas-laden pellets with N2, CO2, and N2+ CO2as the blowing agents. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Polymer Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin
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41
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42
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Nofar M, Guo Y, Park CB. Double Crystal Melting Peak Generation for Expanded Polypropylene Bead Foam Manufacturing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing
Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
| | - Yanting Guo
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing
Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
- National Engineering Research
Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory
of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, South China University of Technology, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular
Plastics Manufacturing
Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
- National Engineering Research
Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, The Key Laboratory
of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education of China, South China University of Technology, China
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43
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Kim Y, Park CB, Chen P, Thompson RB. Maximal cell density predictions for compressible polymer foams. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Pastore Carbone MG, Di Maio E, Scherillo G, Mensitieri G, Iannace S. Solubility, mutual diffusivity, specific volume and interfacial tension of molten PCL/CO2 solutions by a fully experimental procedure: effect of pressure and temperature. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Nofar M, Majithiya K, Kuboki T, Park CB. The foamability of low-melt-strength linear polypropylene with nanoclay and coupling agent. J CELL PLAST 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x12440271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the feasibility of producing microcellular foam by using homopolymer linear polypropylene with an melt flow index of 18 g/10 min, a high melt flow index coupling agent (G3003, melt flow index of 380 g/min), and different nanoclay (Cloisite 20A) content was investigated. A twin-screw extruder was used to prepare the nanocomposite compounds, and an X-ray diffraction machine was used to characterize the intercalation and exfoliation of nanoclay within the matrix. A rheology test was undertaken to investigate the melt shear viscosity of the samples. A single-screw extruder was employed to produce foam by using 5% supercritical CO2 at various die temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to explore the morphology of the foamed samples, and cell density was calculated by scanning electron microscopy images. Density measurement data was used to calculate the expansion ratio of the foamed samples. Extrusion foaming produced foams with high expansion ratios of about 20 and a high cell density of about 108−9 cells/cm3. The crystallinity behavior of the foamed and unfoamed linear polypropylene and linear polypropylene nanocomposites was also investigated. A high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the dependency of crystallization behavior on high pressure CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Microcellular Polymer Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
| | - Kamlesh Majithiya
- Microcellular Polymer Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
| | - Takashi Kuboki
- Microcellular Polymer Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Polymer Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3 G8
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46
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Li DC, Liu T, Zhao L, Yuan WK. Foaming of linear isotactic polypropylene based on its non-isothermal crystallization behaviors under compressed CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Wang MY, Ji LQ, Chu R, Park CB, Zhou NQ. Synergistic Effects of Modification with Nanoclay and Polystyrene on the Foaming Behavior of a Random Copolymerized Polypropylene. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931103000501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular polypropylene/polystyrene/nanoclay (PP/PS/nanoclay) composites were processed in a continuous extrusion foaming system using supercritical CO2 as the foaming agent. Neat PP foam showed quite a broad distribution of cell sizes and thick cell walls. Under the same foaming conditions, nanoclay and PS were introduced in the foaming process of PP. Consequently, foams with uniform cell size distribution, reduced cell size of 10~30 μm and enhanced cell-population density of 2.16×108 cells/cm3 were obtained. The heterogeneous nucleation of PS and nanoclay dramatically increased the nucleation rate, decreased the nucleation time interval, and hence facilitated an almost instantaneous growth of cell size. This method also provided new insight into the mechanism of improving the foaming performance of PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi Wang
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lian Qing Ji
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Institute, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Raymond Chu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nan Qiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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48
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Wang M, Ma J, Chu R, Park CB, Nanqiao Z. Effect of the introduction of polydimethylsiloxane on the foaming behavior of block-copolymerized polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Zhang Y, Kontopoulou M, Ansari M, Hatzikiriakos S, Park CB. Effect of molecular structure and rheology on the compression foam molding of ethylene-α-olefin copolymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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50
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Lee J, Turng LS, Dougherty E, Gorton P. A novel method for improving the surface quality of microcellular injection molded parts. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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