1
|
Makrinioti H, Fainardi V, Bonnelykke K, Custovic A, Cicutto L, Coleman C, Eiwegger T, Kuehni C, Moeller A, Pedersen E, Pijnenburg M, Pinnock H, Ranganathan S, Tonia T, Subbarao P, Saglani S. European Respiratory Society statement on preschool wheezing disorders: updated definitions, knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions. Eur Respir J 2024; 64:2400624. [PMID: 38843917 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00624-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Since the publication of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) task force reports on the management of preschool wheezing in 2008 and 2014, a large body of evidence has accumulated suggesting that the clinical phenotypes that were proposed (episodic (viral) wheezing and multiple-trigger wheezing) do not relate to underlying airway pathology and may not help determine response to treatment. Specifically, using clinical phenotypes alone may no longer be appropriate, and new approaches that can be used to inform clinical care are needed for future research. This ERS task force reviewed the literature published after 2008 related to preschool wheezing and has suggested that the criteria used to define wheezing disorders in preschool children should include age of diagnosis (0 to <6 years), confirmation of wheezing on at least one occasion, and more than one episode of wheezing ever. Furthermore, diagnosis and management may be improved by identifying treatable traits, including inflammatory biomarkers (blood eosinophils, aeroallergen sensitisation) associated with type-2 immunity and differential response to inhaled corticosteroids, lung function parameters and airway infection. However, more comprehensive use of biomarkers/treatable traits in predicting the response to treatment requires prospective validation. There is evidence that specific genetic traits may help guide management, but these must be adequately tested. In addition, the task force identified an absence of caregiver-reported outcomes, caregiver/self-management options and features that should prompt specialist referral for this age group. Priorities for future research include a focus on identifying 1) mechanisms driving preschool wheezing; 2) biomarkers of treatable traits and efficacy of interventions in those without allergic sensitisation/eosinophilia; 3) the need to include both objective outcomes and caregiver-reported outcomes in clinical trials; 4) the need for a suitable action plan for children with preschool wheezing; and 5) a definition of severe/difficult-to-treat preschool wheezing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Makrinioti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- H. Makrinioti and V. Fainardi contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Valentina Fainardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Paediatric Clinic, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- H. Makrinioti and V. Fainardi contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Klaus Bonnelykke
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Cicutto
- Community Research Department, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Courtney Coleman
- Patient Involvement and Engagement, European Lung Foundation, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital St Pölten, St Pölten, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
- Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudia Kuehni
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Pedersen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marielle Pijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- S. Saglani and P. Subbarao contributed equally to the manuscript
| | - Sejal Saglani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Imperial NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- S. Saglani and P. Subbarao contributed equally to the manuscript
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cousins M, Hart K, Radics BL, Henderson AJ, Hantos Z, Sly PD, Kotecha S. Peripheral airway dysfunction in prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease identified by oscillometry. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:3279-3292. [PMID: 37701982 PMCID: PMC10947003 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mechanisms underlying lung dysfunction after preterm birth are poorly understood. Studying phenotypes of prematurity-associated lung disease may aid understanding of underlying mechanisms. Preterm-born children with and without lung dysfunction and term controls were assessed using oscillometry before and after exercise, and after postexercise bronchodilation. METHODS Preterm-born children, born at gestation of 34 weeks or less, were classified into those with prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease (POLD; FEV1 < LLN, FEV1 /FVC < LLN), prematurity-associated preserved ratio of impaired spirometry (pPRISm; FEV1 < LLN, FEV1 /FVC ≥ LLN) and compared to preterm (FEV1 ≥ LLN) and term controls (%predicted FEV1 > 90%). All children underwent cardiopulmonary exercise, and oscillometry assessment at baseline, postexercise, and after postexercise bronchodilator administration. RESULTS From 241 participants aged 7-12 years, complete data were available from 179: 15 children with POLD and 11 with pPRISm were compared with 93 preterm and 60 term controls. POLD group, when compared to both control groups, had impaired impedance, greater resistance, more negative (greater magnitude) reactance at low frequencies, and also had decreased compliance. pPRISm group demonstrated impaired reactance and compliance compared to term controls. No differences were noted between the preterm and term controls. Exercise had little impact on oscillometry values, but children with POLD had greatest improvements after postexercise bronchodilator administration, with decreased resistance and decreased magnitude of reactance, particularly at low frequencies. CONCLUSION Preterm-born children with obstructive airway disease had the greatest oscillometry impairments and the largest improvements after postexercise bronchodilator compared to control groups. Oscillometry can potentially be used to identify preterm-born children with lung disease to institute treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cousins
- Department of Child HealthCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
- Department of PaediatricsCardiff and Vale University Health BoardCardiffUK
| | - Kylie Hart
- Department of Child HealthCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
- Department of PaediatricsCardiff and Vale University Health BoardCardiffUK
| | | | - A John Henderson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical SchoolUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Zoltán Hantos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive TherapySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Child Health Research CenterThe University of QueenslandSouth BrisbaneAustralia
| | - Sailesh Kotecha
- Department of Child HealthCardiff University School of MedicineCardiffUK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walicka-Serzysko K, Postek M, Borawska-Kowalczyk U, Milczewska J, Sands D. Pulmonary Function Tests in the Evaluation of Early Lung Disease in Cystic Fibrosis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4735. [PMID: 37510850 PMCID: PMC10380830 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Properly evaluating respiratory system dysfunction is essential in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). This prospective study aimed to assess the course of early lung disease based on multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBNW), impulse oscillometry (IOS), and conventional techniques, such as spirometry and body plethysmography. METHODS Over a 2 year recruitment period, subjects with CF aged 7-18 performed pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Moreover, the nutritional and microbiological status, frequency of pulmonary exacerbations (PExs), and patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were assessed. RESULTS The mean age of the children (n = 69) was 14.09 ± 3.26 years; F/M 37/32. Spirometry-based diagnoses of normal lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEV1 ≥ 90%pred), mild (FEV1 70-89%pred) and moderate (FEV1 40-69%pred) lung diseases were established in 34 (49.3%), 25 (36.2%), and 10 (14.5%) patients, respectively. An elevated lung clearance index (LCI > 6.98) was observed in 85% of the subjects with normal FEV1. The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (n = 16) and the number of PExs treated with IV antibiotics were associated with significantly worse PFT results. CONCLUSIONS MBNW and IOS are more helpful tools than conventional techniques in assessing early lung disease in CF. LCI is a more useful parameter for detecting functional abnormalities than FEV1 in school-age children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Walicka-Serzysko
- Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Hospital, Dziekanow Lesny, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland
| | - Magdalena Postek
- Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Hospital, Dziekanow Lesny, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland
| | - Urszula Borawska-Kowalczyk
- Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Hospital, Dziekanow Lesny, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland
| | - Justyna Milczewska
- Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Hospital, Dziekanow Lesny, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland
| | - Dorota Sands
- Cystic Fibrosis Department, Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Paediatric Hospital, Dziekanow Lesny, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith FM, Saglani S. Demystifying controversies in preschool wheeze. Expert Rev Respir Med 2023; 17:1023-1031. [PMID: 37979137 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2023.2283128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wheezing disorders in preschool children are common. Current treatment approaches assume all preschool wheezers are the same and will respond to a short course of oral corticosteroids (OCS) during acute attacks and subsequent maintenance inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to prevent future attacks. But we have increasing evidence showing preschool wheezing disorders are markedly heterogeneous and the response to corticosteroids either during acute attacks or as maintenance therapy can be variable between patients and is determined by disease severity and underlying pathological phenotype. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to discuss recent evidence which will help to explain a few critical pathophysiological concepts that are often misunderstood, thus helping to demystify the controversies that often surround preschool wheezing disorders and can contribute to ineffective management. EXPERT OPINION Preschool wheezing disorders are distinct from school-age allergic asthma. There is little evidence to support the use of oral corticosteroids for acute attacks. A staged approach to confirm the diagnosis, and objective tests to determine the pathological phenotype of preschool wheeze is essential prior to initiating maintenance therapy to control symptoms and prevent attacks in children with recurrent preschool wheeze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Smith
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Department of Respiratory Paediatrics, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kaminsky DA, Simpson SJ, Berger KI, Calverley P, de Melo PL, Dandurand R, Dellacà RL, Farah CS, Farré R, Hall GL, Ioan I, Irvin CG, Kaczka DW, King GG, Kurosawa H, Lombardi E, Maksym GN, Marchal F, Oostveen E, Oppenheimer BW, Robinson PD, van den Berge M, Thamrin C. Clinical significance and applications of oscillometry. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210208. [PMID: 35140105 PMCID: PMC9488764 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0208-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, “Technical standards for respiratory oscillometry” was published, which reviewed the physiological basis of oscillometric measures and detailed the technical factors related to equipment and test performance, quality assurance and reporting of results. Here we present a review of the clinical significance and applications of oscillometry. We briefly review the physiological principles of oscillometry and the basics of oscillometry interpretation, and then describe what is currently known about oscillometry in its role as a sensitive measure of airway resistance, bronchodilator responsiveness and bronchial challenge testing, and response to medical therapy, particularly in asthma and COPD. The technique may have unique advantages in situations where spirometry and other lung function tests are not suitable, such as in infants, neuromuscular disease, sleep apnoea and critical care. Other potential applications include detection of bronchiolitis obliterans, vocal cord dysfunction and the effects of environmental exposures. However, despite great promise as a useful clinical tool, we identify a number of areas in which more evidence of clinical utility is needed before oscillometry becomes routinely used for diagnosing or monitoring respiratory disease. This paper provides a current review of the interpretation, clinical significance and application of oscillometry in respiratory medicine, with special emphasis on limitations of evidence and suggestions for future research.https://bit.ly/3GQPViA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Kaminsky
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.,These authors have contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Shannon J Simpson
- Children's Lung Health, Telethon Kids Institute, School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,These authors have contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - Kenneth I Berger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, NYU School of Medicine and André Cournand Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory, Belleuve Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Calverley
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pedro L de Melo
- Dept of Physiology, Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Institute of Biology and Faculty of Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronald Dandurand
- Lakeshore General Hospital, Pointe-Claire, QC, Canada.,Montreal Chest Institute, Meakins-Christie Labs, Oscillometry Unit of the Centre for Innovative Medicine, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute, and McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raffaele L Dellacà
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria - DEIB, Politecnico di Milano University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claude S Farah
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ramon Farré
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain
| | - Graham L Hall
- Children's Lung Health, Telethon Kids Institute, School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Iulia Ioan
- Dept of Paediatric Lung Function Testing, Children's Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,EA 3450 DevAH - Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Charles G Irvin
- Dept of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David W Kaczka
- Depts of Anaesthesia, Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gregory G King
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hajime Kurosawa
- Dept of Occupational Health, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Enrico Lombardi
- Paediatric Pulmonary Unit, Meyer Paediatric University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Geoffrey N Maksym
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - François Marchal
- Dept of Paediatric Lung Function Testing, Children's Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,EA 3450 DevAH - Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Ellie Oostveen
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Beno W Oppenheimer
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, NYU School of Medicine and André Cournand Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory, Belleuve Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul D Robinson
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- Dept of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Thamrin
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bayfield KJ, Douglas TA, Rosenow T, Davies JC, Elborn SJ, Mall M, Paproki A, Ratjen F, Sly PD, Smyth AR, Stick S, Wainwright CE, Robinson PD. Time to get serious about the detection and monitoring of early lung disease in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2021; 76:1255-1265. [PMID: 33927017 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional defects within the lungs of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) are detectable soon after birth and progress throughout preschool years often without overt clinical signs or symptoms. By school age, most children have structural changes such as bronchiectasis or gas trapping/hypoperfusion and lung function abnormalities that persist into later life. Despite improved survival, gains in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) achieved across successive birth cohorts during childhood have plateaued, and rates of FEV1 decline in adolescence and adulthood have not slowed. This suggests that interventions aimed at preventing lung disease should be targeted to mild disease and commence in early life. Spirometry-based classifications of 'normal' (FEV1≥90% predicted) and 'mild lung disease' (FEV1 70%-89% predicted) are inappropriate, given the failure of spirometry to detect significant structural or functional abnormalities shown by more sensitive imaging and lung function techniques. The state and readiness of two imaging (CT and MRI) and two functional (multiple breath washout and oscillometry) tools for the detection and monitoring of early lung disease in children and adults with CF are discussed in this article.Prospective research programmes and technological advances in these techniques mean that well-designed interventional trials in early lung disease, particularly in young children and infants, are possible. Age appropriate, randomised controlled trials are critical to determine the safety, efficacy and best use of new therapies in young children. Regulatory bodies continue to approve medications in young children based on safety data alone and extrapolation of efficacy results from older age groups. Harnessing the complementary information from structural and functional tools, with measures of inflammation and infection, will significantly advance our understanding of early CF lung disease pathophysiology and responses to therapy. Defining clinical utility for these novel techniques will require effective collaboration across multiple disciplines to address important remaining research questions. Future impact on existing management burden for patients with CF and their family must be considered, assessed and minimised.To address the possible role of these techniques in early lung disease, a meeting of international leaders and experts in the field was convened in August 2019 at the Australiasian Cystic Fibrosis Conference. The meeting entitiled 'Shaping imaging and functional testing for early disease detection of lung disease in Cystic Fibrosis', was attended by representatives across the range of disciplines involved in modern CF care. This document summarises the proceedings, key priorities and important research questions highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Bayfield
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tonia A Douglas
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tim Rosenow
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane C Davies
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart J Elborn
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Marcus Mall
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology, and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Translational Pulmonology, German Center for Lung Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Paproki
- The Australian e-Health Research Centre, CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queenland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan R Smyth
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology. School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Stephen Stick
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Claire E Wainwright
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul D Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia .,Airway Physiology and Imaging Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia.,The Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Muston HN, Perrem L, Davis MD, Ratjen F, Ren CL. The remaining barriers to normalcy in CF: Advances in assessment of CF lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56 Suppl 1:S90-S96. [PMID: 32589821 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) through newborn screening, a substantial proportion of infants and young children with CF still demonstrate physiologic and structural evidence of lung disease progression, such as obstructive airway disease and bronchiectasis. The growing availability of highly effective CF transmembrane conductance regulatory modulator therapy to the vast majority of people with CF has led to the potential to alter the natural history of CF lung disease, but to assess the full impact of these therapies on CF lung disease and to help guide treatment, sensitive measures of early and mild disease are needed. Chest imaging using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is one approach, but technologic barriers and/or concern about exposure to ionizing radiation may limit its use. However, advances in physiologic measurement techniques and exhaled breath analysis offer another option for assessment of CF lung disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather N Muston
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lucy Perrem
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael D Davis
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clement L Ren
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rhoads E, Wall BL, Ren CL. Pediatric pulmonology year in review 2019: Physiology. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2848-2852. [PMID: 32729952 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary physiologic assessments are critical for the care and study of pediatric respiratory disease. In 2019, there were numerous contributions to this topic in Pediatric Pulmonology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Rhoads
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brittany L Wall
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Clement L Ren
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Postinfectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Children: Diagnostic Workup and Therapeutic Options: A Workshop Report. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:5852827. [PMID: 32076469 PMCID: PMC7013295 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5852827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is a rare, chronic form of obstructive lung disease, often initiated with injury of the bronchiolar epithelium followed by an inflammatory response and progressive fibrosis of small airways resulting in nonuniform luminal obliteration or narrowing. The term BO comprises a group of diseases with different underlying etiologies, courses, and characteristics. Among the better recognized inciting stimuli leading to BO are airway pathogens such as adenovirus and mycoplasma, which, in a small percentage of infected children, will result in progressive fixed airflow obstruction, an entity referred to as postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO). The present knowledge on BO in general is reasonably well developed, in part because of the relatively high incidence in patients who have undergone lung transplantation or bone marrow transplant recipients who have had graft-versus-host disease in the posttransplant period. The cellular and molecular pathways involved in PIBO, while assumed to be similar, have not been adequately elucidated. Since 2016, an international consortium of experts with an interest in PIBO assembles on a regular basis in Geisenheim, Germany, to discuss key areas in PIBO which include diagnostic workup, treatment strategies, and research fields.
Collapse
|