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Cibis T, McEwan A, Sieber A, Eskofier B, Lippmann J, Friedl K, Bennett M. Diving Into Research of Biomedical Engineering in Scuba Diving. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 10:323-333. [PMID: 28600260 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2017.2713300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The physiologic response of the human body to different environments is a complex phenomenon to ensure survival. Immersion and compressed gas diving, together, trigger a set of responses. Monitoring those responses in real time may increase our understanding of them and help us to develop safety procedures and equipment. This review outlines diving physiology and diseases and identifies physiological parameters worthy of monitoring. Subsequently, we have investigated technological approaches matched to those in order to evaluated their capability for underwater application. We focused on wearable biomedical monitoring technologies, or those which could be transformed to wearables. We have also reviewed current safety devices, including dive computers and their underlying decompression models and algorithms. The review outlines the necessity for biomedical monitoring in scuba diving and should encourage research and development of new methods to increase diving safety.
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Domoto H, Iwaya K, Ikomi F, Matsuo H, Tadano Y, Fujii S, Tachi K, Itoh Y, Sato M, Inoue K, Shinomiya N. Up-Regulation of Antioxidant Proteins in the Plasma Proteome during Saturation Diving: Unique Coincidence under Hypobaric Hypoxia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163804. [PMID: 27741252 PMCID: PMC5065185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Saturation diving (SD) is one of the safest techniques for tolerating hyperbaric conditions for long durations. However, the changes in the human plasma protein profile that occur during SD are unknown. To identify differential protein expression during or after SD, 65 blood samples from 15 healthy Japanese men trained in SD were analyzed by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. The expression of two proteins, one 32.4 kDa with an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.8 and the other 44.8 kDa with pI 4.0, were elevated during SD to 60, 100, and 200 meters sea water (msw). The expression of these proteins returned to pre-diving level when the SD training was completed. The two proteins were identified using in-gel digestion and mass spectrometric analysis; the 32.4 kDa protein was transthyretin and the 44.8 kDa protein was alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1. Oxidation was detected at methionine 13 of transthyretin and at methionine 129 of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 by tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, haptoglobin was up-regulated during the decompression phase of 200 msw. These plasma proteins up-regulated during SD have a common function as anti-oxidants. This suggests that by coordinating their biological effects, these proteins activate a defense mechanism to counteract the effects of hyperbaric-hyperoxic conditions during SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Domoto
- Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiichi Iwaya
- Department of Pathology, SASAKI Institute, Kyoundo Hospital, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Fumitaka Ikomi
- National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tadano
- Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigenori Fujii
- Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Tachi
- Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Michiya Sato
- Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Inoue
- Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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