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Elia A, Barlow MJ, Lees MJ, Petri G, Keramidas ME. Stress biomarker changes following a series of repeated static and dynamic apneas in non-divers. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 323:104228. [PMID: 38309488 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2024.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the magnitude of physiological strain imposed by repeated maximal static and dynamic apneas through assessing a panel of stress-related biomarkers. METHODS Eleven healthy men performed on three separate occasions (≥72-h apart): a series of five repeated maximal (i) static (STA) or (ii) dynamic apneas (DYN) or (iii) a static eupneic protocol (CTL). Venous blood samples were drawn at 30, 90, and 180-min after each protocol to determine ischaemia modified albumin (IMA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myoglobin, and high sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hscTnT) concentrations. RESULTS IMA was elevated after the apnoeic interventions (STA,+86%;DYN,+332%,p ≤ 0.047) but not CTL (p = 0.385). Myoglobin was higher than baseline (23.6 ± 3.9 ng/mL) 30-min post DYN (+70%,38.8 ± 13.3 ng/mL,p = 0.030). A greater myoglobin release was recorded in DYN compared with STA and CTL (p ≤ 0.035). No changes were observed in NSE (p = 0.207) or hscTnT (p = 0.274). CONCLUSIONS Five repeated maximal DYN led to a greater muscle injury compared with STA but neither elicited myocardial injury or neuronal-parenchymal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matthew J Barlow
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Lees
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgios Petri
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Ashworth ET, Ogawa R, Nguyen J, Afif C, Sá RC, Butts Pauly K, Vera DR, Lindholm P. A novel method for tracking nitrogen kinetics in vivo under hyperbaric conditions using radioactive nitrogen-13 gas and positron emission tomography. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:949-953. [PMID: 38420678 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00859.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Decompression sickness (DCS) is caused by gaseous nitrogen dissolved in tissues forming bubbles during decompression. To date, no method exists to identify nitrogen within tissues, but with advances in positron-emission tomography (PET) technology, it may be possible to track gaseous radionuclides into tissues. We aimed to develop a method to track nitrogen movement in vivo and under hyperbaric pressure that could then be used to further our understanding of DCS using nitrogen-13 (13N2). A single anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rat was exposed to 625 kPa, composed of air, isoflurane, and 13N2 for 10 min. The PET scanner recorded 13N2 during the hyperbaric exposure with energy windows of 250-750 keV. The PET showed an increase in 13N2 concentration in the lung, heart, and abdominal regions, which all reached a plateau after ∼4 min. This showed that it is possible to gain noninvasive in vivo measurements of nitrogen kinetics through the body while at hyperbaric pressures. Tissue samples showed radioactivity above background levels in the blood, brain, liver, femur, and thigh muscle when assessed using a γ counter. The method can be used to evaluate an array of challenges to our understanding of decompression physiology by quantifying nitrogen load through γ counts of 13N2, and signal intensity of the PET. Further development of the method will improve the specificity of the measured outcomes, and enable it to be used with larger mammals, including humans.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article describes a method for the in vivo quantification and tracking of nitrogen through the mammalian body whilst exposed to hyperbaric pressure. The method has the potential to further our understanding of decompression sickness, and quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of both the treatment and prevention of decompression sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Ashworth
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ryotaro Ogawa
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Juliana Nguyen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Chloe Afif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Rui C Sá
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Kim Butts Pauly
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States
| | - David R Vera
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Peter Lindholm
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
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3
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Ponganis PJ, Williams CL, Kendall-Bar JM. Blood oxygen transport and depletion in diving emperor penguins. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246832. [PMID: 38390686 PMCID: PMC11006389 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen store management underlies dive performance and is dependent on the slow heart rate and peripheral vasoconstriction of the dive response to control tissue blood flow and oxygen uptake. Prior research has revealed two major patterns of muscle myoglobin saturation profiles during dives of emperor penguins. In Type A profiles, myoglobin desaturated rapidly, consistent with minimal muscle blood flow and low tissue oxygen uptake. Type B profiles, with fluctuating and slower declines in myoglobin saturation, were consistent with variable tissue blood flow patterns and tissue oxygen uptake during dives. We examined arterial and venous blood oxygen profiles to evaluate blood oxygen extraction and found two primary patterns of venous hemoglobin desaturation that complemented corresponding myoglobin saturation profiles. Type A venous profiles had a hemoglobin saturation that (a) increased/plateaued for most of a dive's duration, (b) only declined during the latter stages of ascent, and (c) often became arterialized [arterio-venous (a-v) shunting]. In Type B venous profiles, variable but progressive hemoglobin desaturation profiles were interrupted by inflections in the profile that were consistent with fluctuating tissue blood flow and oxygen uptake. End-of-dive saturation of arterial and Type A venous hemoglobin saturation profiles were not significantly different, but did differ from those of Type B venous profiles. These findings provide further support that the dive response of emperor penguins is a spectrum of cardiac and vascular components (including a-v shunting) that are dependent on the nature and demands of a given dive and even of a given segment of a dive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Ponganis
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Cassondra L. Williams
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Jessica M. Kendall-Bar
- Center for Marine Biotechnology & Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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4
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Fahlman A. Cardiorespiratory adaptations in small cetaceans and marine mammals. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:324-334. [PMID: 37968859 PMCID: PMC10988691 DOI: 10.1113/ep091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The dive response, or the 'master switch of life', is probably the most studied physiological trait in marine mammals and is thought to conserve the available O2 for the heart and brain. Although generally thought to be an autonomic reflex, several studies indicate that the cardiovascular changes during diving are anticipatory and can be conditioned. The respiratory adaptations, where the aquatic breathing pattern resembles intermittent breathing in land mammals, with expiratory flow exceeding 160 litres s-1 has been measured in cetaceans, and where exposure to extreme pressures results in alveolar collapse (atelectasis) and recruitment upon ascent. Cardiorespiratory coupling, where breathing results in changes in heart rate, has been proposed to improve gas exchange. Cardiorespiratory coupling has also been reported in marine mammals, and in the bottlenose dolphin, where it alters both heart rate and stroke volume. When accounting for this respiratory dependence on cardiac function, several studies have reported an absence of a diving-related bradycardia except during dives that exceed the duration that is fuelled by aerobic metabolism. This review summarizes what is known about the respiratory physiology in marine mammals, with a special focus on cetaceans. The cardiorespiratory coupling is reviewed, and the selective gas exchange hypothesis is summarized, which provides a testable mechanism for how breath-hold diving vertebrates may actively prevent uptake of N2 during routine dives, and how stress results in failure of this mechanism, which results in diving-related gas emboli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fahlman
- Global Diving Research SLValenciaSpain
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunidad ValencianaValenciaSpain
- Kolmården Wildlife ParkKolmårdenSweden
- IFMLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
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5
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Ribeiro LDJA, Bastos VHDV, Coertjens M. Breath-holding as model for the evaluation of EEG signal during respiratory distress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:753-760. [PMID: 38105311 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research describes the existence of a relationship between cortical activity and the regulation of bulbar respiratory centers through the evaluation of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal during respiratory challenges. For example, we found evidences of a reduction in the frequency of the EEG (alpha band) in both divers and non-divers during apnea tests. For instance, this reduction was more prominent in divers due to the greater physiological disturbance resulting from longer apnea time. However, little is known about EEG adaptations during tests of maximal apnea, a test that voluntarily stops breathing and induces dyspnea. RESULTS Through this mini-review, we verified that a protocol of successive apneas triggers a significant increase in the maximum apnea time and we hypothesized that successive maximal apnea test could be a powerful model for the study of cortical activity during respiratory distress. CONCLUSION Dyspnea is a multifactorial symptom and we believe that performing a successive maximal apnea protocol is possible to understand some factors that determine the sensation of dyspnea through the EEG signal, especially in people not trained in apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas de Jesus Alves Ribeiro
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, CEP: 64.202-020, Parnaíba, PI, 2819, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo do Vale Bastos
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, CEP: 64.202-020, Parnaíba, PI, 2819, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
- Brain Mapping and Functionality Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Coertjens
- Physiotherapy Department, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Av. São Sebastião, CEP: 64.202-020, Parnaíba, PI, 2819, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Delta do Parnaíba, Piauí, Brazil.
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Rixen M, Weickmann J, Gebauer RA, Weidenbach M, Markel F, Michaelis A, Dähnert I, Wüstenfeld J, Münch D, Poschart M, Sieber A, Schagatay E, Paech C. First Real-Life Data on the Diving Response in Healthy Children. Pediatr Cardiol 2024; 45:314-322. [PMID: 38177487 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-023-03370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Swimming and diving are popular recreational activities, representing an effective option in maintaining and improving cardiovascular fitness in healthy people. To date, only little is known about the cardiovascular adaption to submersion in children. This study was conducted to improve an understanding thereof. We used a stepwise apnea protocol with apnea at rest, apnea with facial immersion, and at last apnea during whole body submersion. Continuous measurement of heart rate, oxygen saturation, and peripheral resistance index was done. Physiologic data and analysis of influencing factors on heart rate, oxygen saturation, and peripheral vascular tone response are reported. The current study presents the first data of physiologic diving response in children. Data showed that facial or whole body submersion leads to a major drop in heart rate, and increase of peripheral resistance, while the oxygen saturation seems to be unaffected by static apnea in most children, with apnea times of up to 75 s without change in oxygen saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Rixen
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Weickmann
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Antonin Gebauer
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Weidenbach
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Markel
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Michaelis
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Dähnert
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Wüstenfeld
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institut for Applied Training Science, Marschnerstrasse 29, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Münch
- Landestauchsportverband Sachsen E.V, Am Sportforum 3, 04105, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Poschart
- SC DHfK Leipzig E.V, Am Sportforum 10, 04105, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arne Sieber
- Oxygen Scientific GmbH, Eichbachgasse 151, 8041, Graz, Austria
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Christian Paech
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Strümpellstr. 39, 04289, Leipzig, Germany.
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Vrdoljak D, Foretić N, Drviš I, Ivančev V, Perić M, Dujić Ž. Do freedivers and spearfishermen differ in local muscle oxygen saturation and anaerobic power? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:21-29. [PMID: 37902796 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freediving is defined as an activity where athletes repetitively dive and are exposed to long efforts with limited oxygen consumption. Therefore, anaerobic features are expected to be an important facet of diving performance. This study aimed to investigate differences in anaerobic capacity and local muscle oxygenation in spearfisherman and freedivers. METHODS The sample of participants included 17 male athletes (nine freedivers, and eight spearfishermen), with an average age of 37.0±8.8 years, training experience of 10.6±9.5 years, body mass of 82.5±9.5 kg and height of 184.2±5.7 cm. Anthropometric characteristics included: body mass, body height, seated height, and body fat percentage. Wingate anaerobic test was conducted, during which local muscle oxygenation was measured with a NIRS device (Moxy monitor). Wingate power outputs were measured (peak power [W/kg] and average power [W/kg]), together with muscle oxygenation variables (baseline oxygen saturation [%], desaturation slope [%/s], minimum oxygen saturation [%], half time recovery [s], and maximum oxygen saturation [%]). RESULTS The differences were not obtained between freedivers and spearfisherman in power outputs (peak power (9.24±2.08 spearfisherman; 10.68±1.04 freedivers; P=0.14); average power (6.85±0.95 spearfisherman; 7.44±0.60 freedivers; P=0.15) and muscle oxygenation parameters. However, analysis of effect size showed a moderate effect in training experience (0.71), PP (0.89), AP (0.75), Desat slope mVLR (0.66), half time recovery mVLR (0.90). CONCLUSIONS The non-existence of differences between freedivers and spearfishermen indicates similar training adaptations to the anaerobic demands. However, the results show relatively low anaerobic capacities of our divers that could serve as an incentive for the further development of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Vrdoljak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia -
| | - Nikola Foretić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Drviš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mia Perić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Željko Dujić
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Bourdas DI, Geladas ND. Physiological responses during static apnoea efforts in elite and novice breath-hold divers before and after two weeks of dry apnoea training. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2024; 319:104168. [PMID: 37797907 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of breath-hold (BH) training on apnoeic performance in novice BH divers (NBH:n = 10) and compared them with data from elite BH divers (EBH:n = 11). Both groups performed 5-maximal BHs (PRE). The NBH group repeated this protocol after two weeks of BH training (POST). The NBH group during BH efforts significantly increased red blood cell concentration (4.56 ± 0.16Mio/μl) by 5.06%, hemoglobin oxygen saturation steady state duration (110.32 ± 29.84 s) by 15.48%, and breath-hold time (BHT:144.19 ± 47.35 s) by 33.77%, primarily due to a 59.70% increase in struggle phase (71.85 ± 30.89 s), in POST. EBH group exhibited longer BHT (283.95 ± 36.93 s) and struggle-phase (150.10 ± 34.69 s) than NBH (POST). Elite divers recorded a higher peak MAP (153.18 ± 12.28 mmHg) compared to novices (PRE:123.70 ± 15.65 mmHg, POST:128.30 ± 19.16 mmHg), suggesting that a higher peak MAP is associated with a better BHT. The concurrent abrupt increase of diaphragmatic activity and MAP, seen only in the EBH group, suggests a potential interaction. Additionally, apnoea training increases red blood cells concentration in repeated apnoea efforts and increases BH stamina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Daphni, Greece.
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Ethnikis Antistasis 41, 17237 Daphni, Greece
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9
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Sulfiana S, Lima FVID, Astuty E, Hardiany NSI, Iswanti FC. Assessment of plasma malondialdehyde levels among free-diver fishermen in southeast Maluku district: exploring influencing factors on oxidative stress. Int Marit Health 2024; 75:29-34. [PMID: 38647057 DOI: 10.5603/imh.98459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indonesia, with its expansive territorial waters, hosts numerous fishing communities residing on various islands. Many of these communities rely on diving activities, predominantly free diving without standardized safety equipment. This practice poses risks, including the potential for hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, which plays a role in disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in freediving fishermen and explore potential influencing factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research involved 30 freediving fishermen, aged 20-60, who engaged in diving at least twice weekly over the last 3 months. Blood plasma MDA levels were assessed using the Will method. RESULTS Results revealed a median age of 40.5 years (range: 20-59), a body mass index of 23.1 ± 2.8, and a mean blood pressure of 132/85 mmHg. A significant portion of the subjects exhibited smoking habits (90%) and alcohol consumption (76.7%). The median MDA level among subjects was measured at 0.42 nmol/mL (range: 0.34-0.70). However, no discernible relationship was found between smoking habits, alcohol consumption, and MDA level categories, as determined by the Fisher exact test (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS While these findings shed light on the MDA levels in freediving fishermen, further research is warranted to explore additional factors that may influence these levels. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for addressing the health risks associated with free diving practices in this unique population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eka Astuty
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Pattimura, Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Novi SIlvia Hardiany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facility, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Febriana Catur Iswanti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facility, Indonesia Medical Education and Research Institute (IMERI), Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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10
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Plogmark O, Silvanius M, Olsson M, Hjelte C, Ekström M, Frånberg O. Measuring whole body inert gas wash-out. Diving Hyperb Med 2023; 53:321-326. [PMID: 38091591 PMCID: PMC10944667 DOI: 10.28920/dhm53.4.321-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Quantifying inert gas wash-out is crucial to understanding the pathophysiology of decompression sickness. In this study, we developed a portable closed-circuit device for measuring inert gas wash-out and validated its precision and accuracy both with and without human subjects. Methods We developed an exhalate monitor with sensors for volume, temperature, water vapor and oxygen. Inert gas volume was extrapolated from these inputs using the ideal gas law. The device's ability to detect volume differences while connected to a breathing machine was analysed by injecting a given gas volume eight times. One hundred and seventy-two coupled before-and-after measurements were then compared with a paired t-test. Drift in measured inert gas volume during unlabored breathing was evaluated in three subjects at rest using multilevel linear regression. A quasi-experimental cross-over study with the same subjects was conducted to evaluate the device's ability to detect inert gas changes in relation to diving interventions and simulate power. Results The difference between the injected volume (1,996 ml) and the device's measured volume (1,986 ml) was -10 ml. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the measured volume was 1,969 to 2,003 ml. Mean drift during a 43 min period of unlaboured breathing was -19 ml, (95% CI, -37 to -1). Our power simulation, based on a cross-over study design, determined a sample size of two subjects to detect a true mean difference of total inert gas wash-out volume of 100 ml. Conclusions We present a portable device with acceptable precision and accuracy to measure inert gas wash-out differences that may be physiologically relevant in the pathophysiology of decompression sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Plogmark
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces Diving and Naval Medicine Center, Swedish Armed Forces, Karlskrona, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Oscar Plogmark, Sölvegatan 19, 221 85 Lund, Sweden, ORCiD: 0009-0008-3230-8807,
| | - Mårten Silvanius
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Max Olsson
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carl Hjelte
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces Diving and Naval Medicine Center, Swedish Armed Forces, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ekström
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Frånberg
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Lund, Sweden
- Blekinge Institute of Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, Karlskrona, Sweden
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11
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de Jong FJ, Brinkman P, Wingelaar TT, van Ooij PJA, van Hulst RA. Pulmonary oxygen toxicity breath markers after heliox diving to 81 metres. Diving Hyperb Med 2023; 53:340-344. [PMID: 38091594 PMCID: PMC10944665 DOI: 10.28920/dhm53.4.340-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary oxygen toxicity (POT), an adverse reaction to an elevated partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs, can develop as a result of prolonged hyperbaric hyperoxic conditions. Initially starting with tracheal discomfort, it results in pulmonary symptoms and ultimately lung fibrosis. Previous studies identified several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath indicative of POT after various wet and dry hyperbaric hypoxic exposures, predominantly in laboratory settings. This study examined VOCs after exposures to 81 metres of seawater by three navy divers during operational heliox diving. Univariate testing did not yield significant results. However, targeted multivariate analysis of POT-associated VOCs identified significant (P = 0.004) changes of dodecane, tetradecane, octane, methylcyclohexane, and butyl acetate during the 4 h post-dive sampling period. No airway symptoms or discomfort were reported. This study demonstrates that breath sampling can be performed in the field, and VOCs indicative of oxygen toxicity are exhaled without clinical symptoms of POT, strengthening the belief that POT develops on a subclinical-to-symptomatic spectrum. However, this study was performed during an actual diving operation and therefore various confounders were introduced, which were excluded in previous laboratory studies. Future studies could focus on optimising sampling protocols for field use to ensure uniformity and reproducibility, and on establishing dose-response relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiko Jm de Jong
- Royal Netherlands Navy Diving and Submarine Medical Centre, 1780 CA, Den Helder, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Feiko JM de Jong, Royal Netherlands Navy Diving and Submarine Medical Centre, Rijkszee-en Marinehaven, Postbus 10.000, 1780 CA, Den Helder, The Netherlands, ORCiD: 0009-0008-9804-8307,
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs T Wingelaar
- Royal Netherlands Navy Diving and Submarine Medical Centre, 1780 CA, Den Helder, The Netherlands
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter-Jan Am van Ooij
- Royal Netherlands Navy Diving and Submarine Medical Centre, 1780 CA, Den Helder, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A van Hulst
- Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Costa DP, Favilla AB. Field physiology in the aquatic realm: ecological energetics and diving behavior provide context for elucidating patterns and deviations. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245832. [PMID: 37843467 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Comparative physiology has developed a rich understanding of the physiological adaptations of organisms, from microbes to megafauna. Despite extreme differences in size and a diversity of habitats, general patterns are observed in their physiological adaptations. Yet, many organisms deviate from the general patterns, providing an opportunity to understand the importance of ecology in determining the evolution of unusual adaptations. Aquatic air-breathing vertebrates provide unique study systems in which the interplay between ecology, physiology and behavior is most evident. They must perform breath-hold dives to obtain food underwater, which imposes a physiological constraint on their foraging time as they must resurface to breathe. This separation of two critical resources has led researchers to investigate these organisms' physiological adaptations and trade-offs. Addressing such questions on large marine animals is best done in the field, given the difficulty of replicating the environment of these animals in the lab. This Review examines the long history of research on diving physiology and behavior. We show how innovative technology and the careful selection of research animals have provided a holistic understanding of diving mammals' physiology, behavior and ecology. We explore the role of the aerobic diving limit, body size, oxygen stores, prey distribution and metabolism. We then identify gaps in our knowledge and suggest areas for future research, pointing out how this research will help conserve these unique animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Costa
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Arina B Favilla
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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13
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Tetzlaff K. Pulmonary Physiology and Medicine of Diving. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:705-718. [PMID: 37369217 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary physiology is significantly altered during underwater exposure, as immersion of the body and increased ambient pressure elicit profound effects on both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Thoracic blood pooling, increased breathing gas pressures, and variations in gas volumes alongside ambient pressure changes put the heart and lungs under stress. Normal physiologic function and fitness of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are prerequisites to safely cope with the challenges of the underwater environment when freediving, or diving with underwater breathing apparatus. Few physicians are trained to understand the physiology and medicine of diving and how to recognize or manage diving injuries. This article provides an overview of the physiologic challenges to the respiratory system during diving, with or without breathing apparatus, and outlines possible health risks and hazards unique to the underwater environment. The underlying pathologic mechanisms of dive-related injuries are reviewed, with an emphasis on pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Tetzlaff
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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14
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Schmidt T, Reiss N, Olbrich E, Chalabi K, Hagedorn T, Tetzlaff K. Scuba diving after a heart transplant: excessive daring or calculable risk? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H569-H577. [PMID: 37477692 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00332.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, outcomes after heart transplantation (HTX) have continuously and significantly improved. In the meantime, many heart transplant recipients live almost normal lives with only a few limitations. In some cases, even activities that actually seemed unreasonable for these patients turn out to be feasible. This article describes the encouraging example of a patient returning to recreational scuba diving after HTX. So far, there were no scientific experiences documented in this area. We worked out the special hemodynamic features and the corresponding risks of this sport for heart transplant recipients in an interdisciplinary manner and evaluated them using the patient as an example. The results show that today, with the appropriate physical condition and compliance with safety measures, a wide range of activities, including scuba diving, are possible again after HTX. They illustrate again the significant development and the enormous potential of this therapy option, which is unfortunately only available to a limited extent.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Example for shared decision-making process for tricky questions: First scientific publication about heart transplantation (HTX)-recipient restarting scuba diving. As exercise physiology after HTX combined with specific diving medicine aspects is challenging, we formed a multidisciplinary team to identify, evaluate, and mitigate the risks involved. The results show that today, with the appropriate physical condition and compliance with safety measures, a wide range of activities are possible again after HTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Institute for Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Schüchtermann-Klinik Bad Rothenfelde, Bad Rothenfelde, Germany
| | - Nils Reiss
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Schüchtermann-Klinik Bad Rothenfelde, Bad Rothenfelde, Germany
| | - Erk Olbrich
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, INCCI Haerz-Zenter, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Khaled Chalabi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, INCCI Haerz-Zenter, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Thorsten Hagedorn
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kay Tetzlaff
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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15
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Loddé B, Giroux-Metges MA, Galinat H, Kerspern H, Pougnet R, Saliou P, Guerrero F, Lafère P. Does Decreased Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide Constitute a Risk of Decompression Sickness in Occupational Divers? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:6516. [PMID: 37569056 PMCID: PMC10418885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-term alterations of pulmonary function (mainly decreased airway conductance and capacity of the lungs to diffuse carbon monoxide (DLCO)) have been described after hyperbaric exposures. However, whether these alterations convey a higher risk for divers' safety has never been investigated before. The purpose of the present pilot study was to assess whether decreased DLCO is associated with modifications of the physiological response to diving. In this case-control observational study, 15 "fit-to-dive" occupational divers were split into two groups according to their DLCO measurements compared to references values, either normal (control) or reduced (DLCO group). After a standardized 20 m/40 min dive in a sea water pool, the peak-flow, vascular gas emboli (VGE) grade, micro-circulatory reactivity, inflammatory biomarkers, thrombotic factors, and plasmatic aldosterone concentration were assessed at different times post-dive. Although VGE were recorded in all divers, no cases of decompression sickness (DCS) occurred. Compared to the control, the latency to VGE peak was increased in the DLCO group (60 vs. 30 min) along with a higher maximal VGE grade (p < 0.0001). P-selectin was higher in the DLCO group, both pre- and post-dive. The plasmatic aldosterone concentration was significantly decreased in the control group (-30.4 ± 24.6%) but not in the DLCO group. Apart from a state of hypocoagulability in all divers, other measured parameters remained unchanged. Our results suggest that divers with decreased DLCO might have a higher risk of DCS. Further studies are required to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Loddé
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
- Occupational Diseases Center, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Giroux-Metges
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
- Respiratory Functional Exploration Unit, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Hubert Galinat
- Department of Biological Hematology, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Hèlène Kerspern
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaco-Toxicology, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Richard Pougnet
- Occupational Diseases Center, Brest University Hospital, 29609 Brest, France
| | - Philippe Saliou
- ISERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB, Infection Control Unit, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
| | - François Guerrero
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
| | - Pierre Lafère
- ORPHY Laboratory, EA 4324, Western Brittany University (UBO), 29238 Brest, France
- Environmental, Occupational, Ageing (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, HE2B, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- DAN Europe Research Department, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Pernett F, Bergenhed P, Holmström P, Mulder E, Schagatay E. Effects of hyperventilation on oxygenation, apnea breaking points, diving response, and spleen contraction during serial static apneas. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1809-1824. [PMID: 37060440 PMCID: PMC10363065 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperventilation is considered a major risk factor for hypoxic blackout during breath-hold diving, as it delays the apnea breaking point. However, little is known about how it affects oxygenation, the diving response, and spleen contraction during serial breath-holding. METHODS 18 volunteers with little or no experience in freediving performed two series of 5 apneas with cold facial immersion to maximal duration at 2-min intervals. In one series, apnea was preceded by normal breathing and in the other by 15 s of hyperventilation. End-tidal oxygen and end-tidal carbon dioxide were measured before and after every apnea, and peripheral oxygen saturation, heart rate, breathing movements, and skin blood flow were measured continuously. Spleen dimensions were measured every 15 s. RESULTS Apnea duration was longer after hyperventilation (133 vs 111 s). Hyperventilation reduced pre-apnea end-tidal CO2 (17.4 vs 29.0 mmHg) and post-apnea end-tidal CO2 (38.5 vs 40.3 mmHg), and delayed onset of involuntary breathing movements (112 vs 89 s). End-tidal O2 after apnea was lower in the hyperventilation trial (83.4 vs 89.4 mmHg) and so was the peripheral oxygen saturation nadir after apnea (90.6 vs 93.6%). During hyperventilation, the nadir peripheral oxygen saturation was lower in the last apnea than in the first (94.0% vs 86.7%). There were no differences in diving response or spleen volume reduction between conditions or across series. CONCLUSIONS Serial apneas revealed a previously undescribed aspect of hyperventilation; a progressively increased desaturation across the series, not observed after normal breathing and could heighten the risk of a blackout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pernett
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
| | - Pontus Bergenhed
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Holmström
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Eric Mulder
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Östersund, Sweden
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17
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Mulder E, Sieber A, McKnight C, Schagatay E. Underwater pulse oximetry reveals increased rate of arterial oxygen desaturation across repeated freedives to 11 metres of freshwater. Diving Hyperb Med 2023; 53:16-23. [PMID: 36966518 PMCID: PMC10318178 DOI: 10.28920/dhm53.1.16-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recreational freedivers typically perform repeated dives to moderate depths with short recovery intervals. According to freediving standards, these recovery intervals should be twice the dive duration; however, this has yet to be supported by scientific evidence. METHODS Six recreational freedivers performed three freedives to 11 metres of freshwater (mfw), separated by 2 min 30 s recovery intervals, while an underwater pulse oximeter measured peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR). RESULTS Median dive durations were 54.0 s, 103.0 s and 75.5 s (all dives median 81.5 s). Median baseline HR was 76.0 beats per minute (bpm), which decreased during dives to 48.0 bpm in dive one, 40.5 bpm in dive two and 48.5 bpm in dive three (all P < 0.05 from baseline). Median pre-dive baseline SpO2 was 99.5%. SpO2 remained similar to baseline for the first half of the dives, after which the rate of desaturation increased during the second half of the dives with each subsequent dive. Lowest median SpO2 after dive one was 97.0%, after dive two 83.5% (P < 0.05 from baseline) and after dive three 82.5% (P < 0.01 from baseline). SpO2 had returned to baseline within 20 s after all dives. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that the enhanced rate of arterial oxygen desaturation across the serial dives may be attributed to a remaining 'oxygen debt', leading to progressively increased oxygen extraction by desaturated muscles. Despite being twice the dive duration, the recovery period may be too short to allow full recovery and to sustain prolonged serial diving, thus does not guarantee safe diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mulder
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Eric Mulder, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapens väg 8, 83125 Östersund, Sweden
| | - Arne Sieber
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- OXYGEN Scientific GmbH, Feldkirchen, Austria
| | - Chris McKnight
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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18
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Hoang A, Le DQ, Blogg SL, Azarang A, Dayton PA, Lindholm P, Papadopoulou V. A fully automated algorithm for heart rate detection in post-dive precordial Doppler ultrasound. Undersea Hyperb Med 2023; 50:45-55. [PMID: 36820806 DOI: 10.22462/01.01.2023.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doppler ultrasound is used currently in decompression research for the evaluation of venous gas emboli (VGE). Estimation of heart rate from post-dive Doppler ultrasound recordings can provide a tool for the evaluation of physiological changes from decompression stress, as well as aid in the development of automated VGE detection algorithms that relate VGE presence to cardiac activity. METHOD An algorithm based on short-term autocorrelation was developed in MATLAB to estimate the heart rate in post-dive precordial Doppler ultrasound. The algorithm was evaluated on 21 previously acquired and labeled precordial recordings spanning Kisman-Masurel (KM) codes of 111-444 (KM I-IV) with manually derived instantaneous heart rates. RESULTS A window size of at least two seconds was necessary for robust and accurate instantaneous heart rate estimation with a mean error of 1.56 ± 7.10 bpm. Larger window sizes improved the algorithm performance, at the cost of beat-to-beat heart rate estimates. We also found that our algorithm provides good results for low KM grade Doppler recordings with and without flexion, and high KM grades without flexion. High KM grades observed after movement produced the greatest mean absolute error of 6.12 ± 8.40 bpm. CONCLUSION We have developed a fully automated algorithm for the estimation of heart rate in post-dive precordial Doppler ultrasound recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hoang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, US
| | - David Q Le
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, US
| | - S Lesley Blogg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, US
- SLB Consulting, Newbiggin-on-Lune, Cumbria, UK
| | - Arian Azarang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, US
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, US
| | - Peter Lindholm
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, US
| | - Virginie Papadopoulou
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, US
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19
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Kovacs CR. Scuba diving and the stress response: considerations and recommendations for professional and recreational divers. Int Marit Health 2023; 74:186-191. [PMID: 37781945 DOI: 10.5603/imh.91707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scuba diving is an activity that people engage in both for recreational purposes as well as having professional, commercial, and military applications. Scuba diving has often been considered a high-risk activity but, overall, scuba diving has been shown to be a safe activity when divers participate within their experiential, physical, and psychological limits. However, increased physical and psychological stress can quickly arise during diving activities due to unexpected events and situations and may lead to the onset of panic in an unprepared diver. Dive safety is dependent on the ability of a diver to understand the primary signs of stress and panic and attempt to minimise their potential impacts on the immediate situation. The purpose of this review is to examine the stress response in divers, illustrate the role that panic plays in potential diving accidents and fatalities, and provide recommendations to both help understand and manage stress and panic in the diving community in an effort to further increase the overall safety of scuba diving across all applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Kovacs
- Department of Kinesiology, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL, United States.
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20
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Luedeker B, McGee M. Relationship between judges’ scores and dive attributes from a video recording of a diving competition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273374. [PMID: 36001647 PMCID: PMC9401130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports such as diving, gymnastics, and ice skating rely on expert judges to score performance accurately. Human error and bias can affect the scores, sometimes leading to controversy, especially at high levels. Instant replay or recorded video can be used to assess judges’ scores, or sometimes update judges’ scores, during a competition. For diving in particular, judges are trained to look for certain characteristics of a dive, such as angle of entry, height of splash, and distance of the dive from the end of the board, to score each dive on a scale of 0 to 10, where a 0 is a failed dive and a 10 is a perfect dive. In an effort to obtain objective comparisons for judges’ scores, a diving meet was filmed and the video footage used to measure certain characteristics of each dive for each participant. The variables measured from the video were height of the dive at its apex, angle of entry into the water, and distance of the dive from the end of the board. The measured items were then used as explanatory variables in a regression model where the judge’s scores were the response. The measurements from the video are gathered to provide a gold standard that is specific to the athletic performances at the meet being judged, and supplement judges’ scores with synergistic quantitative and visual information. In this article we show, via a series of regression analyses, that certain aspects of an athlete’s performance measured from video after a meet provide similar information to the judges’ scores. The model was shown to fit the data well enough to warrant use of characteristics from video footage to supplement judges’ scores in future meets. In addition, we calibrated the results from the model against those of meets where the same divers competed to show that the measurement data ranks divers in approximately the same order as they were ranked in other meets, showing meet to meet consistency in measured data and judges’ scores. Eventually, our findings could lead to use of video footage to supplement judges’ scores in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Luedeker
- Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Monnie McGee
- Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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21
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Tso JV, Powers JM, Kim JH. Response to: Correspondence on 'Cardiovascular considerations for scuba divers' by Wilmshurst et al. Heart 2022; 108:1416-1418. [PMID: 35853685 PMCID: PMC10511218 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason V Tso
- Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joshua M Powers
- Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jonathan H Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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22
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Junes B, Smart C, Parsh B. Decompression sickness in SCUBA divers. Nurse Pract 2022; 47:38-40. [PMID: 35758919 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000832540.82026.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There are approximately 2.8 million active self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) divers in the US who are at risk for decompression sickness. This article discusses the pathophysiology, common signs and symptoms, and treatments of this multisystem complication of SCUBA diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittania Junes
- Brittania Junes is an RN graduate from the California State University of Sacramento School of Nursing in May, where Christie Smart is an assistant professor and Bridget Parsh is a professor. Dr. Parsh is also a member of the Nursing2022 editorial board
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23
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Vitali L, Raffi M, Piras A. Acute Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects of Different Warm-Up Protocols on Dynamic Apnea. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:298-307. [PMID: 35719233 PMCID: PMC9157517 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute physiological response to different warm-up protocols on the dynamic apnea performance. The traditional approach, including a series of short-mid dives in water (WET warm-up), was compared to a more recent strategy, consisting in exercises performed outside the water (DRY warm-up). Nine athletes were tested in two different sessions, in which the only difference was the warm-up executed before 75m of dynamic apnea. Heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, hemoglobin, blood lactate and the rate of perceived exertion were recorded and analyzed. With respect to WET condition, DRY showed lower lactate level before the dive (1.93 vs. 2.60 mmol/L, p = 0.006), higher autonomic indices and lower heart rate during the subsequent dynamic apnea. A significant correlation between lactate produced during WET with the duration of the subsequent dynamic apnea, suggests that higher lactate levels could affect the dive performance (72 vs. 70 sec, p = 0.028). The hemoglobin concentration and the rate of perceived exertion did not show significant differences between conditions. The present findings partially support the claims of freediving athletes who adopt the DRY warm-up, since it induces a more pronounced diving response, avoiding higher lactate levels and reducing the dive time of a dynamic apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vitali
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Raffi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piras
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
ABSTRACT There are approximately 2.8 million active self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) divers in the US who are at risk for decompression sickness. This article discusses the pathophysiology, common signs and symptoms, and treatments of this multisystem complication of SCUBA diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittania Junes
- Brittania Junes is an RN graduate from the California State University of Sacramento School of Nursing in May, where Christie Smart is an assistant professor and Bridget Parsh is a professor. Dr. Parsh is also a member of the Nursing2022 editorial board
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25
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Rosén A, Gennser M, Oscarsson N, Kvarnström A, Sandström G, Seeman-Lodding H, Simrén J, Zetterberg H. Protein tau concentration in blood increases after SCUBA diving: an observational study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:993-1005. [PMID: 35142945 PMCID: PMC8926952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose It is speculated that diving might be harmful to the nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine if established markers of neuronal injury were increased in the blood after diving. Methods Thirty-two divers performed two identical dives, 48 h apart, in a water-filled hyperbaric chamber pressurized to an equivalent of 42 m of sea water for 10 min. After one of the two dives, normobaric oxygen was breathed for 30 min, with air breathed after the other. Blood samples were obtained before and at 30–45 and 120 min after diving. Concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic, neurofilament light, and tau proteins were measured using single molecule array technology. Doppler ultrasound was used to detect venous gas emboli. Results Tau was significantly increased at 30–45 min after the second dive (p < 0.0098) and at 120 min after both dives (p < 0.0008/p < 0.0041). Comparison of matching samples showed that oxygen breathing after diving did not influence tau results. There was no correlation between tau concentrations and the presence of venous gas emboli. Glial fibrillary acidic protein was decreased 30–45 min after the first dive but at no other point. Neurofilament light concentrations did not change. Conclusions Tau seems to be a promising marker of dive-related neuronal stress, which is independent of the presence of venous gas emboli. Future studies could validate these results and determine if there is a quantitative relationship between dive exposure and change in tau blood concentration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-022-04892-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Rosén
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Oscarsson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kvarnström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Sandström
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Swedish Armed Forces, Center for Defence Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helen Seeman-Lodding
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joel Simrén
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
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Siegal E, Hooker SK, Isojunno S, Miller PJO. Beaked whales and state-dependent decision-making: how does body condition affect the trade-off between foraging and predator avoidance? Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212539. [PMID: 35078370 PMCID: PMC8790365 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Body condition is central to how animals balance foraging with predator avoidance-a trade-off that fundamentally affects animal fitness. Animals in poor condition may accept greater predation risk to satisfy current foraging 'needs', while those in good condition may be more risk averse to protect future 'assets'. These state-dependent behavioural predictions can help interpret responses to human activities, but are little explored in marine animals. This study investigates the influence of body condition on how beaked whales trade-off foraging and predator avoidance. Body density (indicating lipid-energy stores) was estimated for 15 foraging northern bottlenose whales tagged near Jan Mayen, Norway. Composite indices of foraging (diving and echolocation clicks) and anti-predation (long ascents, non-foraging dives and silent periods reducing predator eavesdropping) were negatively related. Experimental sonar exposures led to decreased foraging and increased risk aversion, confirming a foraging/perceived safety trade-off. However, lower lipid stores were not related to a decrease in predator avoidance versus foraging, i.e. worse condition animals did not prioritize foraging. Individual differences (personalities) or reproductive context could offer alternative explanations for the observed state-behaviour relationships. This study provides evidence of foraging/predator-avoidance trade-offs in a marine top predator and demonstrates that animals in worse condition might not always take more risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilidh Siegal
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Sascha K. Hooker
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Saana Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
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Van Damme-Ostapowicz K, Cybulski M, Kozakiewicz M, Krajewska-Kułak E, Siermontowski P, Sobolewski M, Kaczerska D. Analysis of the Increase of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Expression and the Effect of Exposure in a Hyperbaric Chamber on VCAM-1 in Human Blood Serum: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58:medicina58010095. [PMID: 35056403 PMCID: PMC8778160 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was identified as a cell adhesion molecule that helps to regulate inflammation-associated vascular adhesion and the transendothelial migration of leukocytes, such as macrophages and T cells. VCAM-1 is expressed by the vascular system and can be induced by reactive oxygen species, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which are produced by many cell types. The newest data suggest that VCAM-1 is associated with the progression of numerous immunological disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, transplant rejection and cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze the increase in VCAM-1 expression and the impact of exposure in a hyperbaric chamber to VCAM-1 levels in human blood serum. Materials and Methods: The study included 92 volunteers. Blood for the tests was taken in the morning, from the basilic vein of fasting individuals, in accordance with the applicable procedure for blood collection for morphological tests. In both groups of volunteers, blood was collected before and after exposure, in heparinized tubes to obtain plasma and hemolysate, and in clot tubes to obtain serum. The level of VCAM-1 was determined using the immunoenzymatic ELISA method. Results: The study showed that the difference between the distribution of VCAM-1 before and after exposure corresponding to diving at a depth of 30 m was at the limit of statistical significance in the divers group and that, in most people, VCAM-1 was higher after exposure. Diving to a greater depth had a much more pronounced impact on changes in VCAM-1 values, as the changes observed in the VCAM-1 level as a result of diving to a depth of 60 m were statistically highly significant (p = 0.0002). The study showed an increase in VCAM-1 in relation to the baseline value, which reached as much as 80%, i.e., VCAM-1 after diving was almost twice as high in some people. There were statistically significant differences between the results obtained after exposure to diving conditions at a depth of 60 m and the values measured for the non-divers group. The leukocyte level increased statistically after exposure to 60 m. In contrast, hemoglobin levels decreased in most divers after exposure to diving at a depth of 30 m (p = 0.0098). Conclusions: Exposure in the hyperbaric chamber had an effect on serum VCAM-1 in the divers group and non-divers group. There is a correlation between the tested morphological parameters and the VCAM-1 level before and after exposure in the divers group and the non-divers group. Exposure may result in activation of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Van Damme-Ostapowicz
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Svanehaugvegen 1 Str., 6812 Førde, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-57-72-25-31
| | - Mateusz Cybulski
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 7A Str., 15-096 Białystok, Poland; (M.C.); (E.K.-K.)
| | - Mariusz Kozakiewicz
- Division of Biochemistry and Biogerontology, Department of Geriatrics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Dębowa 3 Str., 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Krajewska-Kułak
- Department of Integrated Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, Skłodowskiej-Curie 7A Str., 15-096 Białystok, Poland; (M.C.); (E.K.-K.)
| | - Piotr Siermontowski
- Department of Submarine Work Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Polish Naval Academy, Śmidowicza 69 Str., 81-127 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Marek Sobolewski
- Department of Quantitative Methods, Faculty of Management, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 8 Str., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kaczerska
- Department of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, Faculty of Dietetics, Gdańsk College of Health, Pelplińska 7 Str., 80-335 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Lindholm P, Lund H, Blogg L, Gennser M. Profound hypercapnia but only moderate hypoxia found during underwater rugby play. Undersea Hyperb Med 2022; 49:367-372. [PMID: 36001569 DOI: 10.22462/05.06.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underwater rugby is a team sport where players try to score points with a negatively buoyant ball while submerged in a swimming pool. Reports of syncope incidents at the Swedish Championships led to us to investigate end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during simulated match play. METHODS Eight male underwater rugby club players of varying experience participated. Repetitive measurements were made while players were defending during simulated match play. Each time a player surfaced they exhaled through a mouthpiece connected to a flow meter and a gas analyzer to measure tidal volume, PETO2 and PETCO2. RESULTS Measurements were made over 12 dives, with an average dive duration of 18.5 seconds. The mean maximal PETCO2 across the eight participants was 10.0 kPa (~75 mmHg) (range, 9.1-11.7 [~68-88]). The corresponding mean minimum PETO2 was 7.6 kPa (~57 mmHg) (6.3-10.4 [~47-78)). PETCO2 drifted upward, with the mean upward change from the first to last dive for each participant being +1.8 (~13.5 mmHg) (SD 1.74) kPa. A similar trend for PETO2 was not detected, with a mean change of -0.1 (~0.75 mmHg) (SD 3.79) kPa. CONCLUSION Despite high PETCO2 values that were close to narcotic being recorded, these players seemed to regulate their urge to breathe based on hypoxia rather than hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lindholm
- Division of Hyperbaric Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, California, US
| | - Henrik Lund
- Anestesikliniken, Sunderby Sjukhus, 971 80 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Lesley Blogg
- SLB Consulting, Home Park Barn, Kirkby Stephen, Cumbria, UK
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Swedish Aerospace Physiology Centre, Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems; School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sun T, Wang B, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Yu H, Wang J, Yuan T, Chen R, Shen Y, Hou G. A safety assessment of a 300-meter saturation dive at sea by mental ability and performance efficacy. Undersea Hyperb Med 2022; 49:1-12. [PMID: 35226972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High pressure is an environmental characteristic of the deep sea that may exert critical effects on the physiology and mental abilities of divers. In this study we evaluated the performance efficacy and mental ability of four divers during a 300-meter helium-oxygen saturation dive at sea. Spatial memory, 2D/3D mental rotation functioning, grip strength, and hand-eye coordination ability were examined for four divers during the pre-dive, compression, decompression, and post-dive phases. The results showed that both the reaction time and the correct responses for the mental rotation and hand-eye coordination were slightly fluctuated. In addition, there was a significant decline in the grip strength of the left hand. It is concluded that the performance efficacy and mental ability of divers were virtually unaffected during 300-meter helium-oxygen saturation diving at sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Sun
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youlan Zhang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Naval Medical Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiachun Wang
- Naval Medical Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Tifei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruirong Chen
- Naval Medical Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Shen
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gonglin Hou
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Dugrenot E, Balestra C, Gouin E, L'Her E, Guerrero F. Physiological effects of mixed-gas deep sea dives using a closed-circuit rebreather: a field pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3323-3331. [PMID: 34435274 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deep diving using mixed gas with closed-circuit rebreathers (CCRs) is increasingly common. However, data regarding the effects of these dives are still scarce. This preliminary field study aimed at evaluating the acute effects of deep (90-120 msw) mixed-gas CCR bounce dives on lung function in relation with other physiological parameters. METHODS Seven divers performed a total of sixteen open-sea CCR dives breathing gas mixture of helium, nitrogen and oxygen (trimix) within four days at 2 depths (90 and 120 msw). Spirometric parameters, SpO2, body mass, hematocrit, short term heart rate variability (HRV) and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFFF) were measured at rest 60 min before the dive and 120 min after surfacing. RESULTS The median [1st-3rd quartile] of the forced vital capacity was lower (84% [76-93] vs 91% [74-107] of predicted values; p = 0.029), whereas FEV1/FVC was higher (98% [95-99] vs 95% [89-99]; p = 0.019) after than before the dives. The other spirometry values and SpO2 were unchanged. Body mass decreased from 73.5 kg (72.0-89.6) before the dives to 70.0 kg (69.2-85.8) after surfacing (p = 0.001), with no change of hematocrit or CFFT. HRV was increased as indicated by the higher SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 after than before dives. CONCLUSION The present observation represents the first original data regarding the effects of deep repeated CCR dives. The body mass loss and decrease of FVC after bounce dives at depth of about 100 msw may possibly impose an important physiological stress for the divers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dugrenot
- TEK diving SAS, F-29200, Brest, France
- Univ Brest, ORPHY, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental and Occupational Physiology Laboratory, (ISEK), Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Erwan L'Her
- Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, CHRU de Brest, Brest, NA, France
| | - François Guerrero
- Univ Brest, ORPHY, IBSAM, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu, F-29200, Brest, France.
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Dodino S, Lois NA, Riccialdelli L, Polito MJ, Pütz K, Raya Rey A. Sex-specific spatial use of the winter foraging areas by Magellanic penguins and assessment of potential conflicts with fisheries during winter dispersal. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256339. [PMID: 34415944 PMCID: PMC8378684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) disperse widely during winter and are a major consumer of marine resources over the Patagonian Shelf. Magellanic penguins were equipped with geolocators at Martillo Island in late February- early March 2017 and recaptured at the beginning of the next breeding season to recover the devices and to collect blood samples for stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis. We evaluated their whole winter dispersal and their trophic niche by sex during the last month of the winter dispersal. Also, we evaluated their spatial overlap with bottom trawl and shrimp fisheries using data from satellite fisheries monitoring. Penguins dispersed northwards up to 42°S and showed latitudinal spatial segregation between sexes during May to August (females were located further north than males). In contrast, during the last month of the winter dispersal females were located more southerly and showed lower trophic position than males. Also, females did not dive as deep as males during winter. We found high overlap between both fisheries and penguin’s spatial use in regions with documented interaction. However, no sex-specific statistical differences with fisheries overlap were found. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the spatial domains of each sex and assessment of their potential conflicts with bottom trawl fishery and shrimp fishery during the winter period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Dodino
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolás A. Lois
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Riccialdelli
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Michael J. Polito
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Andrea Raya Rey
- Ecología y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Ushuaia, Argentina
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Virgili A, Hedon L, Authier M, Calmettes B, Claridge D, Cole T, Corkeron P, Dorémus G, Dunn C, Dunn TE, Laran S, Lehodey P, Lewis M, Louzao M, Mannocci L, Martínez-Cedeira J, Monestiez P, Palka D, Pettex E, Roberts JJ, Ruiz L, Saavedra C, Santos MB, Van Canneyt O, Bonales JAV, Ridoux V. Towards a better characterisation of deep-diving whales' distributions by using prey distribution model outputs? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255667. [PMID: 34347854 PMCID: PMC8336804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In habitat modelling, environmental variables are assumed to be proxies of lower trophic levels distribution and by extension, of marine top predator distributions. More proximal variables, such as potential prey fields, could refine relationships between top predator distributions and their environment. In situ data on prey distributions are not available over large spatial scales but, a numerical model, the Spatial Ecosystem And POpulation DYnamics Model (SEAPODYM), provides simulations of the biomass and production of zooplankton and six functional groups of micronekton at the global scale. Here, we explored whether generalised additive models fitted to simulated prey distribution data better predicted deep-diver densities (here beaked whales Ziphiidae and sperm whales Physeter macrocephalus) than models fitted to environmental variables. We assessed whether the combination of environmental and prey distribution data would further improve model fit by comparing their explanatory power. For both taxa, results were suggestive of a preference for habitats associated with topographic features and thermal fronts but also for habitats with an extended euphotic zone and with large prey of the lower mesopelagic layer. For beaked whales, no SEAPODYM variable was selected in the best model that combined the two types of variables, possibly because SEAPODYM does not accurately simulate the organisms on which beaked whales feed on. For sperm whales, the increase model performance was only marginal. SEAPODYM outputs were at best weakly correlated with sightings of deep-diving cetaceans, suggesting SEAPODYM may not accurately predict the prey fields of these taxa. This study was a first investigation and mostly highlighted the importance of the physiographic variables to understand mechanisms that influence the distribution of deep-diving cetaceans. A more systematic use of SEAPODYM could allow to better define the limits of its use and a development of the model that would simulate larger prey beyond 1,000 m would probably better characterise the prey of deep-diving cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auriane Virgili
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Laura Hedon
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Matthieu Authier
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
- ADERA, Pessac Cedex, Pessac, France
| | | | - Diane Claridge
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Marsh Harbour, Abaco, Bahamas
| | - Tim Cole
- Protected Species Branch, NOAA Fisheries Northeast Fisheries Science, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Corkeron
- Protected Species Branch, NOAA Fisheries Northeast Fisheries Science, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ghislain Dorémus
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Charlotte Dunn
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Marsh Harbour, Abaco, Bahamas
| | - Tim E. Dunn
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Inverdee House, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Laran
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Mark Lewis
- Protected Species Branch, NOAA Fisheries Northeast Fisheries Science, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maite Louzao
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain
| | - Laura Mannocci
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | | | - Pascal Monestiez
- BioSP, INRA, Avignon, France
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - La Rochelle, UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Debra Palka
- Protected Species Branch, NOAA Fisheries Northeast Fisheries Science, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emeline Pettex
- ADERA, Pessac Cedex, Pessac, France
- Cohabys—ADERA, La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Jason J. Roberts
- Marine Geospatial Ecology Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leire Ruiz
- AMBAR Elkartea Organisation, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Camilo Saavedra
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - M. Begoña Santos
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Olivier Van Canneyt
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Vincent Ridoux
- Observatoire PELAGIS, UMS 3462 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - La Rochelle, UMR 7372 CNRS—La Rochelle Université, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Williams CL, Ponganis PJ. Diving physiology of marine mammals and birds: the development of biologging techniques. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200211. [PMID: 34121464 PMCID: PMC8200650 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1940s, Scholander and Irving revealed fundamental physiological responses to forced diving of marine mammals and birds, setting the stage for the study of diving physiology. Since then, diving physiology research has moved from the laboratory to the field. Modern biologging, with the development of microprocessor technology, recorder memory capacity and battery life, has advanced and expanded investigations of the diving physiology of marine mammals and birds. This review describes a brief history of the start of field diving physiology investigations, including the invention of the time depth recorder, and then tracks the use of biologging studies in four key diving physiology topics: heart rate, blood flow, body temperature and oxygen store management. Investigations of diving heart rates in cetaceans and O2 store management in diving emperor penguins are highlighted to emphasize the value of diving physiology biologging research. The review concludes with current challenges, remaining diving physiology questions and what technologies are needed to advance the field. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra L. Williams
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Paul J. Ponganis
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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Hooker SK, Andrews RD, Arnould JPY, Bester MN, Davis RW, Insley SJ, Gales NJ, Goldsworthy SD, McKnight JC. Fur seals do, but sea lions don't - cross taxa insights into exhalation during ascent from dives. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200219. [PMID: 34121462 PMCID: PMC8200655 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of gases during diving is not well understood across marine mammal species. Prior to diving, phocid (true) seals generally exhale, a behaviour thought to assist with the prevention of decompression sickness. Otariid seals (fur seals and sea lions) have a greater reliance on their lung oxygen stores, and inhale prior to diving. One otariid, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), then exhales during the final 50-85% of the return to the surface, which may prevent another gas management issue: shallow-water blackout. Here, we compare data collected from animal-attached tags (video cameras, hydrophones and conductivity sensors) deployed on a suite of otariid seal species to examine the ubiquity of ascent exhalations for this group. We find evidence for ascent exhalations across four fur seal species, but that such exhalations are absent for three sea lion species. Fur seals and sea lions are no longer genetically separated into distinct subfamilies, but are morphologically distinguished by the thick underfur layer of fur seals. Together with their smaller size and energetic dives, we suggest their air-filled fur might underlie the need to perform these exhalations, although whether to reduce buoyancy and ascent speed, for the avoidance of shallow-water blackout or to prevent other cardiovascular management issues in their diving remains unclear. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha K. Hooker
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
| | | | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Marthán N. Bester
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Randall W. Davis
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Stephen J. Insley
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada, Y1A 0E9
| | - Nick J. Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| | - Simon D. Goldsworthy
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, West Beach, South Australia 5024, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - J. Chris McKnight
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK
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Brizzolari A, Dei Cas M, Cialoni D, Marroni A, Morano C, Samaja M, Paroni R, Rubino FM. High-Throughput Griess Assay of Nitrite and Nitrate in Plasma and Red Blood Cells for Human Physiology Studies under Extreme Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154569. [PMID: 34361720 PMCID: PMC8348835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of nitric oxide plays an increasingly interesting role in the physiological response of the human body to extreme environmental conditions, such as underwater, in an extremely cold climate, and at low oxygen concentrations. Field studies need the development of analytical methods to measure nitrite and nitrate in plasma and red blood cells with high requirements of accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. An optimized spectrophotometric Griess method for nitrite–nitrate affords sensitivity in the low millimolar range and precision within ±2 μM for both nitrite and nitrate, requiring 100 μL of scarcely available plasma sample or less than 50 μL of red blood cells. A scheduled time-efficient procedure affords measurement of as many as 80 blood samples, with combined nitrite and nitrate measurement in plasma and red blood cells. Performance and usefulness were tested in pilot studies that use blood fractions deriving from subjects who dwelt in an Antarctica scientific station and on breath-holding and scuba divers who performed training at sea and in a land-based deep pool facility. The method demonstrated adequate to measure low basal concentrations of nitrite and high production of nitrate as a consequence of water column pressure-triggered vasodilatation in deep-water divers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brizzolari
- Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, v. A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy;
- DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, v. A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Danilo Cialoni
- DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Marroni
- DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Camillo Morano
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, v. A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Michele Samaja
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, v. A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rita Paroni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, v. A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy; (M.D.C.); (C.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Federico Maria Rubino
- DAN Europe Research Division, Contrada Padune, 64026 Roseto degli Abruzzi, Italy; (D.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Risberg J. Acclimatization to diving: a systematic review. Undersea Hyperb Med 2021; 48:127-147. [PMID: 33975403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Multiday hyperbaric exposure has been shown to reduce the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) of compressed-air workers. This effect, termed acclimatization, has been addressed in a number of studies, but no comprehensive review has been published. This systematic review reports the findings of a literature search. PubMed, Ovid Embase, The Cochrane Library and Rubicon Research Repository were searched for studies reporting DCS incidence, venous gas embolism (VGE) or subjective health reports after multiday hyperbaric exposure in man and experimental animals. Twenty-nine studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. Three epidemiological studies reported statistically significant acclimatization to DCS in compressed-air workers after multiday hyperbaric exposure. One experimental study observed less itching after standardized simulated dives. Two human experimental studies reported lower DCS incidence after multiday immersed diving. Acclimatization to DCS has been observed in six animal species. Multiday diving had less consistent effect on VGE after hyperbaric exposure in man. Four studies observed acclimatization while no statistically significant acclimatization was reported in the remaining eight studies. A questionnaire study did not report any change in self-perceived health after multiday diving. This systematic review has not identified any study suggesting a sensitizing effect of multiday diving, and there is a lack of data supporting benefit of a day off diving after a certain number of consecutive diving days. The results suggest that multiday hyperbaric exposure probably will have an acclimatizing effect and protects from DCS. The mechanisms causing acclimatization, extent of protection and optimal procedure for acclimatization has been insufficiently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Risberg
- Office of Submarine and Diving Medicine, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services
- NUI AS, Bergen, Norway
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Žarak M, Perović A, Njire Bratičević M, Šupraha Goreta S, Dumić J. Adaptive response triggered by the repeated SCUBA diving is reflected in cardiovascular, muscular, and immune biomarkers. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14691. [PMID: 33463896 PMCID: PMC7814492 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that one recreational SCUBA (rSCUBA) diving session is sufficient to cause changes in plasma level of cardiovascular (CV) and muscular biomarkers. To explore whether repetitive rSCUBA diving triggers an adaptive response of the CV, muscular, and immune system, we measured the cardiac damage (NT-proBNP, hs-TnI, and CK-MB), muscle damage (myoglobin (Mb), galectin-3, CK, and LDH), vascular endothelial activation (ET-1 and VEGF), and inflammatory (leukocyte count (Lkc), CRP, and IL-6) biomarkers. A longitudinal intervention study included divers (N = 14) who conducted one dive per week over 5 weeks at the depth of 20-30 m for 30 min after a non-dive period of 5 months. The blood samples were collected before and after the first, third, and fifth dives and specific biomarkers were measured in plasma or serum by the standard laboratory methods. The concentrations of the majority of measured biomarkers increased after every single dive; the exception was ET-1 concentration that decreased. The cumulative effect of five dives has been reflected in diminishing changes in hs-TnI, Mb, galectin-3, ET-1, VEGF, and IL-6 levels, and more pronounced increases in NT-proBNP and hs-CRP levels. The median values of all measured biomarkers in all time points, except Mb, remained within the corresponding reference range. Repeatedly performed rSCUBA diving activates an adaptive response of the CV, muscular, and immune system that is reflected in changes in the specific biomarker concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Žarak
- Clinical Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsDubrava University HospitalZagrebCroatia
| | - Antonija Perović
- Department of Laboratory DiagnosticsDubrovnik General HospitalDubrovnikCroatia
| | | | - Sandra Šupraha Goreta
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Jerka Dumić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and BiochemistryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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Le DQ, Dayton PA, Tillmans F, Freiberger JJ, Moon RE, Denoble P, Papadopoulou V. Ultrasound in decompression research: fundamentals, considerations, and future technologies. Undersea Hyperb Med 2021; 48:59-72. [PMID: 33648035 DOI: 10.22462/01.03.2021.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that bubbles are a necessary but insufficient condition for the development of decompression sickness. However, open questions remain regarding the precise formation and behavior of these bubbles after an ambient pressure reduction (decompression), primarily due to the inherent difficulty of directly observing this phenomenon in vivo. In decompression research, information about these bubbles after a decompression is gathered via means of ultrasound acquisitions. The ability to draw conclusions regarding decompression research using ultrasound is highly influenced by the variability of the methodologies and equipment utilized by different research groups. These differences play a significant role in the quality of the data and thus the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this review is to provide a technical overview of the use of ultrasound in decompression research, particularly Doppler and brightness (B)-mode ultrasound. Further, we will discuss the strengths and limitations of these technologies and how new advancements are improving our ability to understand bubble behavior post-decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Q Le
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S
| | | | - John J Freiberger
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, North Carolina, U.S
| | - Richard E Moon
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, North Carolina, U.S
| | | | - Virginie Papadopoulou
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S
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Hess HW, Wheelock CE, St James E, Stooks JL, Clemency BM, Hostler D. Variability in venous gas emboli following the same dive at 3,658 meters. Undersea Hyperb Med 2021; 48:119-126. [PMID: 33975402 DOI: 10.22462/03.04.2021.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a reduction in ambient pressure such as in high-altitude climbing, flying in aircrafts, and decompression from underwater diving results in circulating vascular gas bubbles (i.e., venous gas emboli [VGE]). Incidence and severity of VGE, in part, can objectively quantify decompression stress and risk of decompression sickness (DCS) which is typically mitigated by adherence to decompression schedules. However, dives conducted at altitude challenge recommendations for decompression schedules which are limited to exposures of 10,000 feet in the U.S. Navy Diving Manual (Rev. 7). Therefore, in an ancillary analysis within a larger study, we assessed the evolution of VGE for two hours post-dive using echocardiography following simulated altitude dives at 12,000 feet. Ten divers completed two dives to 66 fsw (equivalent to 110 fsw at sea level by the Cross correction method) for 30 minutes in a hyperbaric chamber. All dives were completed following a 60-minute exposure at 12,000 feet. Following the dive, the chamber was decompressed back to altitude for two hours. Echocardiograph measurements were performed every 20 minutes post-dive. Bubbles were counted and graded using the Germonpré and Eftedal and Brubakk method, respectively. No diver presented with symptoms of DCS following the dive or two hours post-dive at altitude. Despite inter- and intra-diver variability of VGE grade following the dives, the majority (11/20 dives) presented a peak VGE Grade 0, three VGE Grade 1, one VGE Grade 2, four VGE Grade 3, and one VGE Grade 4. Using the Cross correction method for a 66-fsw dive at 12,000 feet of altitude resulted in a relatively low decompression stress and no cases of DCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden W Hess
- University at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Courtney E Wheelock
- University at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Erika St James
- University at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Buffalo, New York U.S
- University at Buffalo, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Jocelyn L Stooks
- University at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Brian M Clemency
- University at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Buffalo, New York U.S
- University at Buffalo, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - David Hostler
- University at Buffalo, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Buffalo, New York U.S
- University at Buffalo, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York U.S
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Markley E, Le DQ, Germonpré P, Balestra C, Tillmans F, Denoble P, Freiberger JJ, Moon RE, Dayton PA, Papadopoulou V. A fully automated method for late ventricular diastole frame selection in post-dive echocardiography without ECG gating. Undersea Hyperb Med 2021; 48:73-80. [PMID: 33648036 DOI: 10.22462/01.03.2021.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Venous gas emboli (VGE) are often quantified as a marker of decompression stress on echocardiograms. Bubble-counting has been proposed as an easy to learn method, but remains time-consuming, rendering large dataset analysis impractical. Computer automation of VGE counting following this method has therefore been suggested as a means to eliminate rater bias and save time. A necessary step for this automation relies on the selection of a frame during late ventricular diastole (LVD) for each cardiac cycle of the recording. Since electrocardiograms (ECG) are not always recorded in field experiments, here we propose a fully automated method for LVD frame selection based on regional intensity minimization. The algorithm is tested on 20 previously acquired echocardiography recordings (from the original bubble-counting publication), half of which were acquired at rest (Rest) and the other half after leg flexions (Flex). From the 7,140 frames analyzed, sensitivity was found to be 0.913 [95% CI: 0.875-0.940] and specificity 0.997 [95% CI: 0.996-0.998]. The method's performance is also compared to that of random chance selection and found to perform significantly better (p≺0.0001). No trend in algorithm performance was found with respect to VGE counts, and no significant difference was found between Flex and Rest (p>0.05). In conclusion, full automation of LVD frame selection for the purpose of bubble counting in post-dive echocardiography has been established with excellent accuracy, although we caution that high quality acquisitions remain paramount in retaining high reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Markley
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, U.S
| | - David Q Le
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, U.S
| | - Peter Germonpré
- Center for Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Military Hospital Brussels, Belgium
- Environmental and Occupational (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Costantino Balestra
- Environmental and Occupational (Integrative) Physiology Laboratory, Haute Ecole Bruxelles-Brabant (HE2B), Brussels, Belgium
- European Research Division, Divers Alert Network, Belgium
| | | | | | - John J Freiberger
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, North Carolina, U.S
| | - Richard E Moon
- Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University, North Carolina, U.S
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S
| | - Virginie Papadopoulou
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S
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Schellart NAM. Breathing through a diving snorkel; theory and experiment of air flow resistance and cost of breathing. Undersea Hyperb Med 2021; 48:81-88. [PMID: 33648037 DOI: 10.22462/01.03.2021.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The snorkel allows a surface swimmer to observe the underwater world through the face mask without being disturbed by inhaling. The effect of a snorkel on breathing resistance and cost is widely held to be substantial. This study aims to model these parameters and to measure indirectly the actual increases. Further, resistances of differing designs and dimensions were assessed and recommendations were made concerning use and choice. Maximal voluntary ventilation in 12 seconds (MVV12) was measured in 19 volunteers seated on dry land with and without a classic J-type snorkel (inner diameter 20.5 mm). The extra and total resistances and costs were calculated using the MVV12 data and using estimated airways resistance extrapolated from subject's demography and spirometric literature data. MVV12 measurements with snorkel showed a minute volume of 152 ±38 L∙min-1, 6.0 ±3.7% lower than without snorkel (p = 7.0x10-6). The theoretical MVV12, calculated from snorkel and airways resistances, decreased by 3.2%. Experimental total breathing resistance (457±83 Pa∙s∙L-1) was 6.5 ± 3.2% higher than without snorkel (p = 2.6x10-7), but the total mechanical breathing cost was unaffected by the snorkel (13.58 Watts with; 13.64 Watts without). Divers' estimations of resistance increase were exaggerated (8.8% at rest, 23% swimming). Classical J-type snorkels with an inner diameter ≥19.5 mm add 3-16% resistance . There is no risk of hypercapnia. Scuba divers are recommended to use their snorkel to breathe more comfortably on the surface. It is recommended the snorkel be made a mandatory safety accessory. The best multipurpose snorkel (19-21 mm) has no top appendages and no water release valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A M Schellart
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Foundation for Dive Research (SDR), Aerdenhout, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Multiday hyperbaric exposure has been shown to reduce the incidence of decompression sickness (DCS) of compressed-air workers. This effect, termed acclimatization, has been addressed in a number of studies, but no comprehensive review has been published. This systematic review reports the findings of a literature search. PubMed, Ovid Embase, The Cochrane Library and Rubicon Research Repository were searched for studies reporting DCS incidence, venous gas embolism (VGE) or subjective health reports after multiday hyperbaric exposure in man and experimental animals. Twenty-nine studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. Three epidemiological studies reported statistically significant acclimatization to DCS in compressed-air workers after multiday hyperbaric exposure. One experimental study observed less itching after standardized simulated dives. Two human experimental studies reported lower DCS incidence after multiday immersed diving. Acclimatization to DCS has been observed in six animal species. Multiday diving had less consistent effect on VGE after hyperbaric exposure in man. Four studies observed acclimatization while no statistically significant acclimatization was reported in the remaining eight studies. A questionnaire study did not report any change in self-perceived health after multiday diving. This systematic review has not identified any study suggesting a sensitizing effect of multiday diving, and there is a lack of data supporting benefit of a day off diving after a certain number of consecutive diving days. The results suggest that multiday hyperbaric exposure probably will have an acclimatizing effect and protects from DCS. The mechanisms causing acclimatization, extent of protection and optimal procedure for acclimatization has been insufficiently investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Risberg
- Office of Submarine and Diving Medicine, Norwegian Armed Forces Joint Medical Services
- NUI AS, Bergen, Norway
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Wheelock CE, Hess HW, Stooks J, Schwob J, Johnson BD, Schlader ZJ, Clemency BM, St James E, Hostler D. Respiratory muscle training and exercise ventilation while diving at altitude. Undersea Hyperb Med 2021; 48:107-117. [PMID: 33975401 DOI: 10.22462/03.04.2021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre-dive altitude exposure may increase respiratory fatigue and subsequently augment exercise ventilation at depth. This study examined pre-dive altitude exposure and the efficacy of resistance respiratory muscle training (RMT) on respiratory fatigue while diving at altitude. METHODS Ten men (26±5 years; VO2peak: 39.8±3.3 mL• kg-1•min-1) performed three dives; one control (ground level) and two simulated altitude dives (3,658 m) to 17 msw, relative to ground level, before and after four weeks of resistance RMT. Subjects performed pulmonary function testing (e.g., inspiratory [PI] and expiratory [PE] pressure testing) pre- and post-RMT and during dive visits. During each dive, subjects exercised for 18 minutes at 55% VO2peak, and ventilation (VE), breathing frequency (ƒb,), tidal volume (VT) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. RESULTS Pre-dive altitude exposure reduced PI before diving (p=0.03), but had no effect on exercise VE, ƒb, or VT at depth. At the end of the dive in the pre-RMT condition, RPE was lower (p=0.01) compared to control. RMT increased PI and PE (p<0.01). PE was reduced from baseline after diving at altitude (p<0.03) and this was abated after RMT. RMT did not improve VE or VT at depth, but decreased ƒb (p=0.01) and RPE (p=0.048) during the final minutes of exercise. CONCLUSION Acute altitude exposure pre- and post-dive induces decrements in PI and PE before and after diving, but does not seem to influence ventilation at depth. RMT reduced ƒb and RPE during exercise at depth, and may be useful to reduce work of breathing and respiratory fatigue during dives at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E Wheelock
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Hayden W Hess
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Jocelyn Stooks
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Jacqueline Schwob
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Blair D Johnson
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - Brian M Clemency
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - EriKa St James
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
| | - David Hostler
- Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York U.S
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Hicks O, Kato A, Angelier F, Wisniewska DM, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Marciau C, Ropert-Coudert Y. Acceleration predicts energy expenditure in a fat, flightless, diving bird. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21493. [PMID: 33299039 PMCID: PMC7726140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drives behaviour and life history decisions, yet it can be hard to measure at fine scales in free-moving animals. Accelerometry has proven a powerful tool to estimate energy expenditure, but requires calibration in the wild. This can be difficult in some environments, or for particular behaviours, and validations have produced equivocal results in some species, particularly air-breathing divers. It is, therefore, important to calibrate accelerometry across different behaviours to understand the most parsimonious way to estimate energy expenditure in free-living conditions. Here, we combine data from miniaturised acceleration loggers on 58 free-living Adélie penguins with doubly labelled water (DLW) measurements of their energy expenditure over several days. Across different behaviours, both in water and on land, dynamic body acceleration was a good predictor of independently measured DLW-derived energy expenditure (R2 = 0.72). The most parsimonious model suggested different calibration coefficients are required to predict behaviours on land versus foraging behaviour in water (R2 = 0.75). Our results show that accelerometry can be used to reliably estimate energy expenditure in penguins, and we provide calibration equations for estimating metabolic rate across several behaviours in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hicks
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
| | - Akiko Kato
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Frederic Angelier
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Danuta M Wisniewska
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Coline Marciau
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre D'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers-en-Bois, France
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Rejman M, Siemontowski P, Siemienski A. Comparison of performance of various leg-kicking techniques in fin swimming in terms of achieving the different goals of underwater activities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236504. [PMID: 32745109 PMCID: PMC7398542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare underwater fin swimming performance using dolphin, flutter and breaststroke kicks with and without diving gear. Performance was evaluated in terms of average swimming velocity. The parameters of spatiotemporal structure of the stroke reflecting to the swimming economy were employed. Conscious modifications in propulsion technique were considered here with the aim of controlling swimming performance. A total of ten professional scuba divers swam at maximal speed underwater for 50m using each of three techniques: dolphin, flutter, or breaststroke kicks. Swimmers' performance was compared between holding their breath and using breathing apparatus. Two cameras recorded their movements in sagittal and transverse planes. The average swimming velocity (vav), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), index of variation of intracycle velocity (VIVIndex) and stroke index (SI) were estimated. Relative to the other techniques, the dolphin kick without a diving gear demonstrated the highest vav and low SI and VIVIndex values, which reflects the most advantageous economy of propulsion at given velocity. Given the lack of statistical differences, using the breaststroke kick and flutter kick when swimming with a diving gear seems to be comparable to dolphin-kick in terms of average velocity and parameters reflecting the economy of propulsion. Thus, a search for fin swimming techniques with the aim of achieving specific goals seemed reasonable. The results suggest, that performance achieved while using various fin swimming techniques was probably controlled by different strategies of leg movements. These strategies revealed differences in a spatiotemporal (SR-SL) structure of the stroke and they were closely associated in terms of the velocity variation decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Rejman
- Department of Swimming, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Siemontowski
- Department of Technology in Underwater Activities, Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Siemienski
- Department of Biomechanics, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Gea-García GM, Espeso-García A, Marcos-Pardo PJ, Menayo-Antúnez R. Fin type and flutter technique: a study to optimise the oxygen consumption in divers. Ergonomics 2020; 63:756-768. [PMID: 32200696 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1745899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to assess the variability of the oxygen consumption (VO2) depending on fin type and the flutter technique used for the different divers' profile. Twenty-three SCUBA divers took part in four 2.5 hour sessions to evaluate a total of six fin models and two flutter techniques. The flutter routines lasted 30 minutes per fin and per technique. Measurements of VO2 significantly decreased on Jet (20.42 ml*min-1*kg-1) and XShot fin (20.87 ml*min-1*kg-1) compared to Twin Jet fin (22.81 ml, p < 0.05). In addition, the VO2 was in all cases higher in certified divers than in professional divers (23.87 and 19.00 ml*min-1*kg-1, p = 0.00). These differences were significant between divers' profile and flutter technique (p < 0.05). Similarly, measurements of VO2 were higher in frog kick technique than crawl kick technique (22.97 ml*min-1*kg-1 and 19.96 ml*min-1*kg-1, p = 0.00). These differences were significant between fin type and flutter technique in all fins (p = 0.03). Practitioner summary: This study investigated the impact of fin type, flutter technique and divers' profile on VO2 during diving. Results of this research suggest that combination a diving different factors significantly impacts the divers' VO2, thus providing new perspective for election of fin type and flutter technique according to the divers' profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Gea-García
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Espeso-García
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo J Marcos-Pardo
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Sport Sciences, San Antonio Catholic University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ruperto Menayo-Antúnez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Teacher Training College, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Zimmerman S, Abdelkefi A. Investigations on the buckling and dynamics of diving-inspired systems when entering water. Bioinspir Biomim 2020; 15:036015. [PMID: 32066135 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab76d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work provides comparative modeling approaches to determine the velocities and natural frequencies of plunge-diving bird and bioinspired drone systems when entering water. These systems are chosen to further explain the survival of diving birds as they impact water and to provide insight into the design geometry and material choice of bioinspired diving drones. A nonlinear reduced-order model is developed and utilized to analyze the dive at impact considering both Timoshenko and Euler-Bernoulli beam theories. Using Hamilton's principle, the equations of motion are first derived. Then, static and dynamic buckling analyses are conducted. For this study, a geometrically simplified cone-beam system is considered, where the cone represents the head and the beam represents both the neck and body of the plunge-diving systems. The first study is to analyze the effects different diving drone materials and cone dimensions play on the sensitivity of the system. The second study applies geometric parameters to the cone-beam system representative of a plunge-diving bird (Northern gannet) and a surface-diving bird (Double-crested cormorant). The results show that choosing a material with a higher Young's modulus and a cone with a smaller half angle increase the velocity at which buckling occurs. The buckling velocities of the predicted Northern gannet model appear to be much greater than the average recorded diving speeds, suggesting that the bird is capable of plunge-diving at more extreme conditions. The natural frequencies are found for the aforementioned plunge-diving systems to predict failure if any external frequencies are known to act on the system while on a mission, such as conditions dependent on the climate or environment. It is shown in all buckling studies that the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory consistently overestimates the responses when compared with the Timoshenko beam theory. In the dynamic responses, Euler-Bernoulli beam theory overestimates for the pre-buckling region, then underestimates at the start of the post-buckling region until a point where the two theories cross paths. The amount of error with Euler-Bernoulli beam theory depends heavily on the slenderness ratio of the beam due to the theory being a simplification of the Timoshenko beam theory. It is noted that as the development of a more realistic bird model improves, the thickness will become significant and the use of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory at the point of impact will no longer be a valid assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zimmerman
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, United States of America
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Lassauce H, Chateau O, Erdmann MV, Wantiez L. Diving behavior of the reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi) in New Caledonia: More frequent and deeper night-time diving to 672 meters. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228815. [PMID: 32187197 PMCID: PMC7080230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) from the scientific community is growing in reaction to the major decline of populations around the world. Studies have highlighted the need to further investigate the spatial ecology of this species to inform conservation and management initiatives. Here we briefly report the results from nine SPLASH10-F-321A pop-off satellite archival tags (PSAT-tags) deployed in New Caledonia that recorded the world’s deepest known dives for reef manta rays. All tagged individuals performed dives exceeding 300 m in depth, with a maximum depth recorded of 672 ± 4 m. Diel comparisons revealed that most of the deepest dives occurred during night-time. We hypothesize this deep-diving behaviour is employed to access important food resources at these depths during the night and may also indicate that zooplankton abundance in the surface waters surrounding New Caledonian coral reefs is insufficient to sustain these megafauna. These results add new information on the habitat use of this species in a region where manta behaviour has not previously been studied, and increase the known depth range of M. alfredi by more than 200 m.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Lassauce
- ISEA, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia
- Conservation International New-Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia
- The Manta Trust, Corscombe, Dorchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Olivier Chateau
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Aquarium des Lagons, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Mark V. Erdmann
- Conservation International Asia-Pacific Field Division, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Denk M, Fahlman A, Dennison-Gibby S, Song Z, Moore M. Hyperbaric tracheobronchial compression in cetaceans and pinnipeds. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb217885. [PMID: 32041809 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.217885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the compressibility of marine mammal airways at depth is crucial to understanding vital physiological processes such as gas exchange during diving. Very few studies have directly assessed changes in cetacean and pinniped tracheobronchial shape, and none have quantified changes in volume with increasing pressure. A harbor seal, gray seal, harp seal, harbor porpoise and common dolphin were imaged promptly post mortem via computed tomography in a radiolucent hyperbaric chamber. Volume reconstructions were performed of segments of the trachea and bronchi of the pinnipeds and bronchi of the cetaceans for each pressure treatment. All specimens examined demonstrated significant decreases in airway volume with increasing pressure, with those of the harbor seal and common dolphin nearing complete collapse at the highest pressures. The common dolphin bronchi demonstrated distinctly different compression dynamics between 50% and 100% lung inflation treatments, indicating the importance of air in maintaining patent airways, and collapse occurred caudally to cranially in the 50% treatment. Dynamics of the harbor seal and gray seal airways indicated that the trachea was less compliant than the bronchi. These findings indicate potential species-specific variability in airway compliance, and cessation of gas exchange may occur at greater depths than those predicted in models assuming rigid airways. This may potentially increase the likelihood of decompression sickness in these animals during diving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Denk
- Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Andreas Fahlman
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, Gran Vía Marqués del Turia 19, 46005 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Zhongchang Song
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Communication and Marine Information Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Michael Moore
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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50
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Gil KN, Lillie MA, Vogl AW, Shadwick RE. Rorqual whale nasal plugs: protecting the respiratory tract against water entry and barotrauma. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb219691. [PMID: 31974219 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.219691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract of rorquals, lunge-feeding baleen whales, must be protected against water incursion and the risk of barotrauma at depth, where air-filled spaces like the bony nasal cavities may experience high adverse pressure gradients. We hypothesize these two disparate tasks are accomplished by paired cylindrical nasal plugs that attach on the rostrum and deep inside the nasal cavity. Here, we present evidence that the large size and deep attachment of the plugs is a compromise, allowing them to block the nasal cavities to prevent water entry while also facilitating pressure equilibration between the nasal cavities and ambient hydrostatic pressure (Pamb) at depth. We investigated nasal plug behaviour using videos of rorquals surfacing, plug morphology from dissections, histology and MRI scans, and plug function by mathematically modelling nasal pressures at depth. We found each nasal plug has three structurally distinct regions: a muscular rostral region, a predominantly fatty mid-section and an elastic tendon that attaches the plug caudally. We propose muscle contraction while surfacing pulls the fatty sections rostrally, opening the nasal cavities to air, while the elastic tendons snap the plugs back into place, sealing the cavities after breathing. At depth, we propose Pamb pushes the fatty region deeper into the nasal cavities, decreasing air volume by about half and equilibrating nasal cavity to Pamb, preventing barotrauma. The nasal plugs are a unique innovation in rorquals, which demonstrate their importance and novelty during diving, where pressure becomes as important an issue as the danger of water entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey N Gil
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Margo A Lillie
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Robert E Shadwick
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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