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Ibrahim KA, Naidu AS, Miljkovic H, Radenovic A, Yang W. Label-Free Techniques for Probing Biomolecular Condensates. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10738-10757. [PMID: 38609349 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates play important roles in a wide array of fundamental biological processes, such as cellular compartmentalization, cellular regulation, and other biochemical reactions. Since their discovery and first observations, an extensive and expansive library of tools has been developed to investigate various aspects and properties, encompassing structural and compositional information, material properties, and their evolution throughout the life cycle from formation to eventual dissolution. This Review presents an overview of the expanded set of tools and methods that researchers use to probe the properties of biomolecular condensates across diverse scales of length, concentration, stiffness, and time. In particular, we review recent years' exciting development of label-free techniques and methodologies. We broadly organize the set of tools into 3 categories: (1) imaging-based techniques, such as transmitted-light microscopy (TLM) and Brillouin microscopy (BM), (2) force spectroscopy techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the optical tweezer (OT), and (3) microfluidic platforms and emerging technologies. We point out the tools' key opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives and analyze their correlative potential as well as compatibility with other techniques. Additionally, we review emerging techniques, namely, differential dynamic microscopy (DDM) and interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT), that have huge potential for future applications in studying biomolecular condensates. Finally, we highlight how some of these techniques can be translated for diagnostics and therapy purposes. We hope this Review serves as a useful guide for new researchers in this field and aids in advancing the development of new biophysical tools to study biomolecular condensates.
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2
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Davis RB, Supakar A, Ranganath AK, Moosa MM, Banerjee PR. Heterotypic interactions can drive selective co-condensation of prion-like low-complexity domains of FET proteins and mammalian SWI/SNF complex. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1168. [PMID: 38326345 PMCID: PMC10850361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion-like domains (PLDs) are low-complexity protein sequences enriched within nucleic acid-binding proteins including those involved in transcription and RNA processing. PLDs of FUS and EWSR1 play key roles in recruiting chromatin remodeler mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) complex to oncogenic FET fusion protein condensates. Here, we show that disordered low-complexity domains of multiple SWI/SNF subunits are prion-like with a strong propensity to undergo intracellular phase separation. These PLDs engage in sequence-specific heterotypic interactions with the PLD of FUS in the dilute phase at sub-saturation conditions, leading to the formation of PLD co-condensates. In the dense phase, homotypic and heterotypic PLD interactions are highly cooperative, resulting in the co-mixing of individual PLD phases and forming spatially homogeneous condensates. Heterotypic PLD-mediated positive cooperativity in protein-protein interaction networks is likely to play key roles in the co-phase separation of mSWI/SNF complex with transcription factors containing homologous low-complexity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richoo B Davis
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Anushka Supakar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | | | | | - Priya R Banerjee
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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3
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Welles RM, Sojitra KA, Garabedian MV, Xia B, Wang W, Guan M, Regy RM, Gallagher ER, Hammer DA, Mittal J, Good MC. Determinants that enable disordered protein assembly into discrete condensed phases. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-023-01423-7. [PMID: 38316988 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cells harbour numerous mesoscale membraneless compartments that house specific biochemical processes and perform distinct cellular functions. These protein- and RNA-rich bodies are thought to form through multivalent interactions among proteins and nucleic acids, resulting in demixing via liquid-liquid phase separation. Proteins harbouring intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) predominate in membraneless organelles. However, it is not known whether IDR sequence alone can dictate the formation of distinct condensed phases. We identified a pair of IDRs capable of forming spatially distinct condensates when expressed in cells. When reconstituted in vitro, these model proteins do not co-partition, suggesting condensation specificity is encoded directly in the polypeptide sequences. Through computational modelling and mutagenesis, we identified the amino acids and chain properties governing homotypic and heterotypic interactions that direct selective condensation. These results form the basis of physicochemical principles that may direct subcellular organization of IDRs into specific condensates and reveal an IDR code that can guide construction of orthogonal membraneless compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Welles
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kandarp A Sojitra
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mikael V Garabedian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Boao Xia
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wentao Wang
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muyang Guan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Roshan M Regy
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Gallagher
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A Hammer
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeetain Mittal
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Matthew C Good
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Alshareedah I, Borcherds WM, Cohen SR, Singh A, Posey AE, Farag M, Bremer A, Strout GW, Tomares DT, Pappu RV, Mittag T, Banerjee PR. Sequence-specific interactions determine viscoelasticity and aging dynamics of protein condensates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.06.535902. [PMID: 37066350 PMCID: PMC10104120 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are viscoelastic materials. Here, we report results from investigations into molecular-scale determinants of sequence-encoded and age-dependent viscoelasticity of condensates formed by prion-like low-complexity domains (PLCDs). The terminally viscous forms of PLCD condensates are Maxwell fluids. Measured viscoelastic moduli of these condensates are reproducible using a Rouse-Zimm model that accounts for the network-like organization engendered by reversible physical crosslinks among PLCDs in the dense phase. Measurements and computations show that the strengths of aromatic inter-sticker interactions determine the sequence-specific amplitudes of elastic and viscous moduli as well as the timescales over which elastic properties dominate. PLCD condensates also undergo physical aging on sequence-specific timescales. This is driven by mutations to spacer residues that weaken the metastability of terminally viscous phases. The aging of PLCD condensates is accompanied by disorder-to-order transitions, leading to the formation of non-fibrillar, beta-sheet-containing, semi-crystalline, terminally elastic, Kelvin-Voigt solids. Our results suggest that sequence grammars, which refer to the identities of stickers versus spacers in PLCDs, have evolved to afford control over the metastabilities of terminally viscous fluid phases of condensates. This selection can, in some cases, render barriers for conversion from metastable fluids to globally stable solids to be insurmountable on functionally relevant timescales.
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Davis RB, Supakar A, Ranganath AK, Moosa MM, Banerjee PR. Heterotypic interactions in the dilute phase can drive co-condensation of prion-like low-complexity domains of FET proteins and mammalian SWI/SNF complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536623. [PMID: 37090622 PMCID: PMC10120661 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Prion-like domains (PLDs) are low-complexity protein sequences enriched within nucleic acid-binding proteins including those involved in transcription and RNA processing. PLDs of FUS and EWSR1 play key roles in recruiting chromatin remodeler mammalian SWI/SNF complex to oncogenic FET fusion protein condensates. Here, we show that disordered low-complexity domains of multiple SWI/SNF subunits are prion-like with a strong propensity to undergo intracellular phase separation. These PLDs engage in sequence-specific heterotypic interactions with the PLD of FUS in the dilute phase at sub-saturation conditions, leading to the formation of PLD co-condensates. In the dense phase, homotypic and heterotypic PLD interactions are highly cooperative, resulting in the co-mixing of individual PLD phases and forming spatially homogeneous co-condensates. Heterotypic PLD-mediated positive cooperativity in protein-protein interaction networks is likely to play key roles in the co-phase separation of mSWI/SNF complex with transcription factors containing homologous low-complexity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richoo B. Davis
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260, USA
| | - Anushka Supakar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260, USA
| | | | | | - Priya R. Banerjee
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14260, USA
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Welles RM, Sojitra KA, Garabedian MV, Xia B, Wang W, Guan M, Regy RM, Gallagher ER, Hammer DA, Mittal J, Good MC. Determinants of Disordered Protein Co-Assembly Into Discrete Condensed Phases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.10.532134. [PMID: 36945618 PMCID: PMC10028963 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells harbor numerous mesoscale membraneless compartments that house specific biochemical processes and perform distinct cellular functions. These protein and RNA-rich bodies are thought to form through multivalent interactions among proteins and nucleic acids resulting in demixing via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Proteins harboring intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) predominate in membraneless organelles. However, it is not known whether IDR sequence alone can dictate the formation of distinct condensed phases. We identified a pair of IDRs capable of forming spatially distinct condensates when expressed in cells. When reconstituted in vitro, these model proteins do not co-partition, suggesting condensation specificity is encoded directly in the polypeptide sequences. Through computational modeling and mutagenesis, we identified the amino acids and chain properties governing homotypic and heterotypic interactions that direct selective condensation. These results form the basis of physicochemical principles that may direct subcellular organization of IDRs into specific condensates and reveal an IDR code that can guide construction of orthogonal membraneless compartments.
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Tripathi S, Shirnekhi HK, Gorman SD, Chandra B, Baggett DW, Park CG, Somjee R, Lang B, Hosseini SMH, Pioso BJ, Li Y, Iacobucci I, Gao Q, Edmonson MN, Rice SV, Zhou X, Bollinger J, Mitrea DM, White MR, McGrail DJ, Jarosz DF, Yi SS, Babu MM, Mullighan CG, Zhang J, Sahni N, Kriwacki RW. Defining the condensate landscape of fusion oncoproteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6008. [PMID: 37770423 PMCID: PMC10539325 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion oncoproteins (FOs) arise from chromosomal translocations in ~17% of cancers and are often oncogenic drivers. Although some FOs can promote oncogenesis by undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form aberrant biomolecular condensates, the generality of this phenomenon is unknown. We explored this question by testing 166 FOs in HeLa cells and found that 58% formed condensates. The condensate-forming FOs displayed physicochemical features distinct from those of condensate-negative FOs and segregated into distinct feature-based groups that aligned with their sub-cellular localization and biological function. Using Machine Learning, we developed a predictor of FO condensation behavior, and discovered that 67% of ~3000 additional FOs likely form condensates, with 35% of those predicted to function by altering gene expression. 47% of the predicted condensate-negative FOs were associated with cell signaling functions, suggesting a functional dichotomy between condensate-positive and -negative FOs. Our Datasets and reagents are rich resources to interrogate FO condensation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendu Tripathi
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hazheen K Shirnekhi
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott D Gorman
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Arrakis Therapeutics, 830 Winter St, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Bappaditya Chandra
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David W Baggett
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Cheon-Gil Park
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ramiz Somjee
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Benjamin Lang
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hadi Hosseini
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brittany J Pioso
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Qingsong Gao
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephen V Rice
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John Bollinger
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Diana M Mitrea
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Dewpoint Therapeutics, 451 D Street, Suite 104, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Michael R White
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., One IDEXX Drive, Westbrook, ME, 04092, USA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel F Jarosz
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Stephen Yi
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center of Excellence for Data-Driven Discovery, Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard W Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Frenkel M, Hujoel ML, Morris Z, Raman S. Discovering chromatin dysregulation induced by protein-coding perturbations at scale. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.20.555752. [PMID: 37781603 PMCID: PMC10541138 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.555752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Although population-scale databases have expanded to millions of protein-coding variants, insight into variant mechanisms has not kept pace. We present PROD-ATAC, a high-throughput method for discovering the effects of protein-coding variants on chromatin. A pooled library of variants is expressed in a disease-agnostic cell line, and single-cell ATAC resolves each variant's effect on chromatin. Using PROD-ATAC, we characterized the effects of >100 oncofusions (a class of cancer-causing chimeric proteins) and controls and revealed that pioneer activity is a common feature of fusions spanning an enormous range of fusion frequencies. Further, fusion-induced dysregulation can be context-agnostic as observed mechanisms often overlapped with cancer and cell-type specific prior knowledge. We also showed that gain-of-function pioneering is common among oncofusions. This work provides a global view of fusion-induced chromatin. We uncovered convergent mechanisms among disparate oncofusions and shared modes of dysregulation across different cancers. PROD-ATAC is generalizable to any set of protein-coding variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Frenkel
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Margaux L.A. Hujoel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zachary Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Liu Z, Qin Z, Liu Y, Xia X, He L, Chen N, Hu X, Peng X. Liquid‒liquid phase separation: roles and implications in future cancer treatment. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4139-4156. [PMID: 37705755 PMCID: PMC10496506 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a phenomenon driven by weak interactions between biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, that leads to the formation of distinct liquid-like condensates. Through LLPS, membraneless condensates are formed, selectively concentrating specific proteins while excluding other molecules to maintain normal cellular functions. Emerging evidence shows that cancer-related mutations cause aberrant condensate assembly, resulting in disrupted signal transduction, impaired DNA repair, and abnormal chromatin organization and eventually contributing to tumorigenesis. The objective of this review is to summarize recent advancements in understanding the potential implications of LLPS in the contexts of cancer progression and therapeutic interventions. By interfering with LLPS, it may be possible to restore normal cellular processes and inhibit tumor progression. The underlying mechanisms and potential drug targets associated with LLPS in cancer are discussed, shedding light on promising opportunities for novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheran Liu
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zijian Qin
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingtong Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Shanghai ETERN Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Xindu Avenue No 783, Chengdu, 610500, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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10
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Tzeplaeff L, Seguin J, Le Gras S, Megat S, Cosquer B, Plassard D, Dieterlé S, Paiva I, Picchiarelli G, Decraene C, Alcala-Vida R, Cassel JC, Merienne K, Dupuis L, Boutillier AL. Mutant FUS induces chromatin reorganization in the hippocampus and alters memory processes. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 227:102483. [PMID: 37327984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic mislocalization of the nuclear Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) protein is associated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Cytoplasmic FUS accumulation is recapitulated in the frontal cortex and spinal cord of heterozygous Fus∆NLS/+ mice. Yet, the mechanisms linking FUS mislocalization to hippocampal function and memory formation are still not characterized. Herein, we show that in these mice, the hippocampus paradoxically displays nuclear FUS accumulation. Multi-omic analyses showed that FUS binds to a set of genes characterized by the presence of an ETS/ELK-binding motifs, and involved in RNA metabolism, transcription, ribosome/mitochondria and chromatin organization. Importantly, hippocampal nuclei showed a decompaction of the neuronal chromatin at highly expressed genes and an inappropriate transcriptomic response was observed after spatial training of Fus∆NLS/+ mice. Furthermore, these mice lacked precision in a hippocampal-dependent spatial memory task and displayed decreased dendritic spine density. These studies shows that mutated FUS affects epigenetic regulation of the chromatin landscape in hippocampal neurons, which could participate in FTD/ALS pathogenic events. These data call for further investigation in the neurological phenotype of FUS-related diseases and open therapeutic strategies towards epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tzeplaeff
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France; Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR-S1118, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jonathan Seguin
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Stéphanie Le Gras
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, GenomEast Platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Salim Megat
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR-S1118, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brigitte Cosquer
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Damien Plassard
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, GenomEast Platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Isabel Paiva
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | | | - Charles Decraene
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Rafael Alcala-Vida
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Karine Merienne
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France; CNRS, UMR 7364, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Luc Dupuis
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, UMR-S1118, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Anne-Laurence Boutillier
- Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Neuroscience Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), Strasbourg, France.
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11
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Guo G, Wang X, Zhang Y, Li T. Sequence variations of phase-separating proteins and resources for studying biomolecular condensates. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1119-1132. [PMID: 37464880 PMCID: PMC10423696 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase separation (PS) is an important mechanism underlying the formation of biomolecular condensates. Physiological condensates are associated with numerous biological processes, such as transcription, immunity, signaling, and synaptic transmission. Changes in particular amino acids or segments can disturb the protein's phase behavior and interactions with other biomolecules in condensates. It is thus presumed that variations in the phase-separating-prone domains can significantly impact the properties and functions of condensates. The dysfunction of condensates contributes to a number of pathological processes. Pharmacological perturbation of these condensates is proposed as a promising way to restore physiological states. In this review, we characterize the variations observed in PS proteins that lead to aberrant biomolecular compartmentalization. We also showcase recent advancements in bioinformatics of membraneless organelles (MLOs), focusing on available databases useful for screening PS proteins and describing endogenous condensates, guiding researchers to seek the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of biomolecular condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaigai Guo
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
- Key Laboratory for NeuroscienceMinistry of Education/National Health Commission of ChinaPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
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12
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Ji J, Wang W, Chen C. Single-molecule techniques to visualize and to characterize liquid-liquid phase separation and phase transition. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1023-1033. [PMID: 36876423 PMCID: PMC10415186 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomolecules forming membraneless structures via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a common event in living cells. Some liquid-like condensates can convert into solid-like aggregations, and such a phase transition process is related to some neurodegenerative diseases. Liquid-like condensates and solid-like aggregations usually exhibit distinctive fluidity and are commonly distinguished via their morphology and dynamic properties identified through ensemble methods. Emerging single-molecule techniques are a group of highly sensitive techniques, which can offer further mechanistic insights into LLPS and phase transition at the molecular level. Here, we summarize the working principles of several commonly used single-molecule techniques and demonstrate their unique power in manipulating LLPS, examining mechanical properties at the nanoscale, and monitoring dynamic and thermodynamic properties at the molecular level. Thus, single-molecule techniques are unique tools to characterize LLPS and liquid-to-solid phase transition under close-to-physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Ji
- School of Life SciencesBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural BiologyBeijing Frontier Research Center of Biological StructureTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- School of Life SciencesTechnology Center for Protein SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
| | - Chunlai Chen
- School of Life SciencesBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural BiologyBeijing Frontier Research Center of Biological StructureTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China
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13
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Li W, Jiang H. Analysis of Phase-Separated Biomolecular Condensates in Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2660:345-356. [PMID: 37191808 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3163-8_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase-separated biomolecular condensates play important roles in virtually all cellular processes, and their dysregulation is associated with many pathological processes including cancer. Here we concisely review some basic methodologies and strategies to analyze the phase-separated biomolecular condensates in cancer, including physical characterization of phase separation for the protein of interest, functional demonstration of this property in cancer regulation, as well as mechanistic studies on how phase separation regulates the protein's function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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14
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Emerging Roles of RNA-Binding Proteins in Neurodevelopment. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020023. [PMID: 35735914 PMCID: PMC9224834 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse cell types in the central nervous system (CNS) are generated by a relatively small pool of neural stem cells during early development. Spatial and temporal regulation of stem cell behavior relies on precise coordination of gene expression. Well-studied mechanisms include hormone signaling, transcription factor activity, and chromatin remodeling processes. Much less is known about downstream RNA-dependent mechanisms including posttranscriptional regulation, nuclear export, alternative splicing, and transcript stability. These important functions are carried out by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Recent work has begun to explore how RBPs contribute to stem cell function and homeostasis, including their role in metabolism, transport, epigenetic regulation, and turnover of target transcripts. Additional layers of complexity are provided by the different target recognition mechanisms of each RBP as well as the posttranslational modifications of the RBPs themselves that alter function. Altogether, these functions allow RBPs to influence various aspects of RNA metabolism to regulate numerous cellular processes. Here we compile advances in RNA biology that have added to our still limited understanding of the role of RBPs in neurodevelopment.
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Quiroga IY, Ahn JH, Wang GG, Phanstiel D. Oncogenic fusion proteins and their role in three-dimensional chromatin structure, phase separation, and cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 74:101901. [PMID: 35427897 PMCID: PMC9156545 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2022.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure plays a critical role in development, gene regulation, and cellular identity. Alterations to this structure can have profound effects on cellular phenotypes and have been associated with a variety of diseases including multiple types of cancer. One of several forces that help shape 3D chromatin structure is liquid-liquid phase separation, a form of self-association between biomolecules that can sequester regions of chromatin into subnuclear droplets or even membraneless organelles like nucleoli. This review focuses on a class of oncogenic fusion proteins that appear to exert their oncogenic function via phase-separation-driven alterations to 3D chromatin structure. Here, we review what is known about the mechanisms by which these oncogenic fusion proteins phase separate in the nucleus and their role in shaping the 3D chromatin structure. We discuss the potential for this phenomenon to be a more widespread mechanism of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Y Quiroga
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeong Hyun Ahn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gang Greg Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Douglas Phanstiel
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Phase transition and remodeling complex assembly are important for SS18-SSX oncogenic activity in synovial sarcomas. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2724. [PMID: 35585082 PMCID: PMC9117659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncoprotein SS18-SSX is a hallmark of synovial sarcomas. However, as a part of the SS18-SSX fusion protein, SS18’s function remains unclear. Here, we depict the structures of both human SS18/BRG1 and yeast SNF11/SNF2 subcomplexes. Both subcomplexes assemble into heterodimers that share a similar conformation, suggesting that SNF11 might be a homologue of SS18 in chromatin remodeling complexes. Importantly, our study shows that the self-association of the intrinsically disordered region, QPGY domain, leads to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of SS18 or SS18-SSX and the subsequent recruitment of BRG1 into phase-separated condensates. Moreover, our results show that the tyrosine residues in the QPGY domain play a decisive role in the LLPS of SS18 or SS18-SSX. Perturbations of either SS18-SSX LLPS or SS18-SSX’s binding to BRG1 impair NIH3T3 cell transformation by SS18-SSX. Our data demonstrate that both LLPS and assembling into chromatin remodelers contribute to the oncogenic activity of SS18-SSX in synovial sarcomas. Oncoprotein SS18-SSX is a hallmark of synovial sarcoma. Here the authors report phase separation of SS18-SSX and the binding of SS18-SSX to chromatin remodeling complex are important for the transformation activity of the oncoprotein SS18-SSX.
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Ectopic biomolecular phase transitions: fusion proteins in cancer pathologies. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:681-695. [PMID: 35484036 PMCID: PMC9288518 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are membraneless organelles (MLOs) that are enriched in specific proteins and nucleic acids, compartmentalized to perform biochemical functions. Such condensates are formed by phase separation (PS) enabled by protein domains that allow multivalent interactions. Chromosomal translocation-derived in-frame gene fusions often generate proteins with non-native domain combinations that rewire protein-protein interaction networks. Several recent studies have shown that, for a subset of these fusion proteins, pathogenesis can be driven by the ability of the fusion protein to undergo phase transitions at non-physiological cellular locations to form ectopic condensates. We highlight how such ectopic phase transitions can alter biological processes and posit that dysfunction via protein PS at non-physiological locations represents a generic route to oncogenic transformation.
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Lindén M, Vannas C, Österlund T, Andersson L, Osman A, Escobar M, Fagman H, Ståhlberg A, Åman P. FET fusion oncoproteins interact with BRD4 and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex subtypes in sarcoma. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2470-2495. [PMID: 35182012 PMCID: PMC9251840 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FET fusion oncoproteins containing one of the FET (FUS, EWSR1, TAF15) family proteins juxtaposed to alternative transcription‐factor partners are characteristic of more than 20 types of sarcoma and leukaemia. FET oncoproteins bind to the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex, which exists in three subtypes: cBAF, PBAF and GBAF/ncBAF. We used comprehensive biochemical analysis to characterize the interactions between FET oncoproteins, SWI/SNF complexes and the transcriptional coactivator BRD4. Here, we report that FET oncoproteins bind all three main SWI/SNF subtypes cBAF, PBAF and GBAF, and that FET oncoproteins interact indirectly with BRD4 via their shared interaction partner SWI/SNF. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and proteomic analysis showed that FET oncoproteins, SWI/SNF components and BRD4 co‐localize on chromatin and interact with mediator and RNA Polymerase II. Our results provide a possible molecular mechanism for the FET‐fusion‐induced oncogenic transcriptional profiles and may lead to novel therapies targeting aberrant SWI/SNF complexes and/or BRD4 in FET‐fusion‐caused malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lindén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Vannas
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tobias Österlund
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Andersson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ayman Osman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mandy Escobar
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.,Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pierre Åman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 425, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Davis RB, Kaur T, Moosa MM, Banerjee PR. FUS oncofusion protein condensates recruit mSWI/SNF chromatin remodeler via heterotypic interactions between prion-like domains. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1454-1466. [PMID: 34018649 PMCID: PMC8197437 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusion transcription factors generated by genomic translocations are common drivers of several types of cancers including sarcomas and leukemias. Oncofusions of the FET (FUS, EWSR1, and TAF15) family proteins result from the fusion of the prion-like domain (PLD) of FET proteins to the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of certain transcription regulators and are implicated in aberrant transcriptional programs through interactions with chromatin remodelers. Here, we show that FUS-DDIT3, a FET oncofusion protein, undergoes PLD-mediated phase separation into liquid-like condensates. Nuclear FUS-DDIT3 condensates can recruit essential components of the global transcriptional machinery such as the chromatin remodeler SWI/SNF. The recruitment of mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) is driven by heterotypic PLD-PLD interactions between FUS-DDIT3 and core subunits of SWI/SNF, such as the catalytic component BRG1. Further experiments with single-molecule correlative force-fluorescence microscopy support a model wherein the fusion protein forms condensates on DNA surface and enrich BRG1 to activate transcription by ectopic chromatin remodeling. Similar PLD-driven co-condensation of mSWI/SNF with transcription factors can be employed by other oncogenic fusion proteins with a generic PLD-DBD domain architecture for global transcriptional reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richoo B. Davis
- Department of PhysicsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Taranpreet Kaur
- Department of PhysicsUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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