1
|
Chen J, Zheng Q, Hicks JL, Trabzonlu L, Ozbek B, Jones T, Vaghasia AM, Larman TC, Wang R, Markowski MC, Denmeade SR, Pienta KJ, Hruban RH, Antonarakis ES, Gupta A, Dang CV, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM. MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169868. [PMID: 37971875 PMCID: PMC10807718 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased mitochondrial function may render some cancers vulnerable to mitochondrial inhibitors. Since mitochondrial function is regulated partly by mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), accurate measurements of mtDNAcn could help reveal which cancers are driven by increased mitochondrial function and may be candidates for mitochondrial inhibition. However, prior studies have employed bulk macrodissections that fail to account for cell type-specific or tumor cell heterogeneity in mtDNAcn. These studies have often produced unclear results, particularly in prostate cancer. Herein, we developed a multiplex in situ method to spatially quantify cell type-specific mtDNAcn. We show that mtDNAcn is increased in luminal cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), is increased in prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCa), and is further elevated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Increased PCa mtDNAcn was validated by 2 orthogonal methods and is accompanied by increases in mtRNAs and enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, MYC inhibition in prostate cancer cells decreases mtDNA replication and expression of several mtDNA replication genes, and MYC activation in the mouse prostate leads to increased mtDNA levels in the neoplastic prostate cells. Our in situ approach also revealed elevated mtDNAcn in precancerous lesions of the pancreas and colon/rectum, demonstrating generalization across cancer types using clinical tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L. Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Levent Trabzonlu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Busra Ozbek
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy Jones
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tatianna C. Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Sam R. Denmeade
- Department of Oncology and
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Department of Oncology and
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology and
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Chi V. Dang
- Department of Oncology and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology and
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology and
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soh PXY, Mmekwa N, Petersen DC, Gheybi K, van Zyl S, Jiang J, Patrick SM, Campbell R, Jaratlerdseri W, Mutambirwa SBA, Bornman MSR, Hayes VM. Prostate cancer genetic risk and associated aggressive disease in men of African ancestry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8037. [PMID: 38052806 PMCID: PMC10697980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African ancestry is a significant risk factor for prostate cancer and advanced disease. Yet, genetic studies have largely been conducted outside the context of Sub-Saharan Africa, identifying 278 common risk variants contributing to a multiethnic polygenic risk score, with rare variants focused on a panel of roughly 20 pathogenic genes. Based on this knowledge, we are unable to determine polygenic risk or differentiate prostate cancer status interrogating whole genome data for 113 Black South African men. To further assess for potentially functional common and rare variant associations, here we interrogate 247,780 exomic variants for 798 Black South African men using a case versus control or aggressive versus non-aggressive study design. Notable genes of interest include HCP5, RFX6 and H3C1 for risk, and MKI67 and KLF5 for aggressive disease. Our study highlights the need for further inclusion across the African diaspora to establish African-relevant risk models aimed at reducing prostate cancer health disparities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela X Y Soh
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Naledi Mmekwa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Desiree C Petersen
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kazzem Gheybi
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Smit van Zyl
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, South Africa
| | - Jue Jiang
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sean M Patrick
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Weerachai Jaratlerdseri
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shingai B A Mutambirwa
- Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Ancestry and Health Genomics Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, South Africa.
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4GJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Zheng Q, Hicks JL, Trabzonlu L, Ozbek B, Jones T, Vaghasia A, Larman TC, Wang R, Markowski MC, Denmeade SR, Pienta KJ, Hruban RH, Antonarakis ES, Gupta A, Dang CV, Yegnasubramanian S, De Marzo AM. MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529259. [PMID: 36865273 PMCID: PMC9979994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Increased mitochondrial function may render some cancers vulnerable to mitochondrial inhibitors. Since mitochondrial function is regulated partly by mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), accurate measurements of mtDNAcn could help reveal which cancers are driven by increased mitochondrial function and may be candidates for mitochondrial inhibition. However, prior studies have employed bulk macrodissections that fail to account for cell type-specific or tumor cell heterogeneity in mtDNAcn. These studies have often produced unclear results, particularly in prostate cancer. Herein, we developed a multiplex in situ method to spatially quantify cell type specific mtDNAcn. We show that mtDNAcn is increased in luminal cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), is increased in prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCa), and is further elevated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Increased PCa mtDNAcn was validated by two orthogonal methods and is accompanied by increases in mtRNAs and enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, MYC inhibition in prostate cancer cells decreases mtDNA replication and expression of several mtDNA replication genes, and MYC activation in the mouse prostate leads to increased mtDNA levels in the neoplastic prostate cells. Our in situ approach also revealed elevated mtDNAcn in precancerous lesions of the pancreas and colon/rectum, demonstrating generalization across cancer types using clinical tissue samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qizhi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica L. Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Levent Trabzonlu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Busra Ozbek
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tracy Jones
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ajay Vaghasia
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tatianna C. Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rulin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark C. Markowski
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam R. Denmeade
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chi V Dang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Unraveling the Peculiar Features of Mitochondrial Metabolism and Dynamics in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041192. [PMID: 36831534 PMCID: PMC9953833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among men in Western countries. Mitochondria, the "powerhouse" of cells, undergo distinctive metabolic and structural dynamics in different types of cancer. PCa cells experience peculiar metabolic changes during their progression from normal epithelial cells to early-stage and, progressively, to late-stage cancer cells. Specifically, healthy cells display a truncated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and inefficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) due to the high accumulation of zinc that impairs the activity of m-aconitase, the enzyme of the TCA cycle responsible for the oxidation of citrate. During the early phase of cancer development, intracellular zinc levels decrease leading to the reactivation of m-aconitase, TCA cycle and OXPHOS. PCa cells change their metabolic features again when progressing to the late stage of cancer. In particular, the Warburg effect was consistently shown to be the main metabolic feature of late-stage PCa cells. However, accumulating evidence sustains that both the TCA cycle and the OXPHOS pathway are still present and active in these cells. The androgen receptor axis as well as mutations in mitochondrial genes involved in metabolic rewiring were shown to play a key role in PCa cell metabolic reprogramming. Mitochondrial structural dynamics, such as biogenesis, fusion/fission and mitophagy, were also observed in PCa cells. In this review, we focus on the mitochondrial metabolic and structural dynamics occurring in PCa during tumor development and progression; their role as effective molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies in PCa patients is also discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mitochondrial DNA Changes in Genes of Respiratory Complexes III, IV and V Could Be Related to Brain Tumours in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012131. [PMID: 36292984 PMCID: PMC9603055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA changes can contribute to both an increased and decreased likelihood of cancer. This process is complex and not fully understood. Polymorphisms and mutations, especially those of the missense type, can affect mitochondrial functions, particularly if the conservative domain of the protein is concerned. This study aimed to identify the possible relationships between brain gliomas and the occurrence of specific mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms and mutations in respiratory complexes III, IV and V. The investigated material included blood and tumour material collected from 30 Caucasian patients diagnosed with WHO grade II, III or IV glioma. The mitochondrial genetic variants were investigated across the mitochondrial genome using next-generation sequencing (MiSeq/FGx system—Illumina). The study investigated, in silico, the effects of missense mutations on the biochemical properties, structure and functioning of the encoded protein, as well as their potential harmfulness. The A14793G (MTCYB), A15758G, (MT-CYB), A15218G (MT-CYB), G7444A (MT-CO1) polymorphisms, and the T15663C (MT-CYB) and G8959A (ATP6) mutations were assessed in silico as harmful alterations that could be involved in oncogenesis. The G8959A (E145K) ATP6 missense mutation has not been described in the literature so far. In light of these results, further research into the role of mtDNA changes in brain tumours should be conducted.
Collapse
|
6
|
Samtal C, El Jaddaoui I, Hamdi S, Bouguenouch L, Ouldim K, Nejjari C, Ghazal H, Bekkari H. Review of prostate cancer genomic studies in Africa. Front Genet 2022; 13:911101. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.911101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most commonly diagnosed in men worldwide and one of the most frequent cancers in men in Africa. The heterogeneity of this cancer fosters the need to identify potential genetic risk factors/biomarkers. Omics variations may significantly contribute to early diagnosis and personalized treatment. However, there are few genomic studies of this disease in African populations. This review sheds light on the status of genomics research on PCa in Africa and outlines the common variants identified thus far. The allele frequencies of the most significant SNPs in Afro-native, Afro-descendants, and European populations were compared. We advocate how these few but promising data will aid in understanding, better diagnosing, and precisely treating this cancer and the need for further collaborative research on the genomics of PCa in the African continent.
Collapse
|
7
|
Papachristodoulou A, Abate-Shen C. Precision intervention for prostate cancer: Re-evaluating who is at risk. Cancer Lett 2022; 538:215709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
8
|
Fernandez PW. Prostate Cancer Genomics Research Disparities in Africa: Advancing Knowledge in Resource Constrained Settings. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748221095952. [PMID: 35475404 PMCID: PMC9087236 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221095952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer disproportionately affects men of African descent and it is
estimated that Africa will bear the highest disease burden in the next decade.
Underlying genomic factors may contribute to prostate cancer disparities;
however, it is unclear whether Africa has prioritised genomics research toward
addressing these disparities. A Pubmed review was performed of publications
spanning a 15-year period, with specific focus on prostate cancer genomics
research that included samples from Africa and investigators in Africa. Data are
presented on research publications from Africa relative to similar publications
from different geographical regions, and more specifically, the extent of
disparities and the contributions to prostate cancer knowledge as a result of
genomics research that included African samples and African institutions.
Limited publication output may reflect the infrastructure and funding challenges
in Africa. Widespread cooperation should be fostered by sharing capacity and
leveraging existing expertise to address the growing cancer burden facing the
continent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Fernandez
- Division of Urology, 26697Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy Shifting as a Potential Biomarker of Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147369. [PMID: 34298989 PMCID: PMC8304746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious health problem with a high mortality rate worldwide. Given the relevance of mitochondria in numerous physiological and pathological mechanisms, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, apoptosis, metabolism, cancer progression and drug resistance, mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) analysis has become of great interest in the study of human diseases, including cancer. To date, a high number of variants and mutations have been identified in different types of tumors, which coexist with normal alleles, a phenomenon named heteroplasmy. This mechanism is considered an intermediate state between the fixation or elimination of the acquired mutations. It is suggested that mutations, which confer adaptive advantages to tumor growth and invasion, are enriched in malignant cells. Notably, many recent studies have reported a heteroplasmy-shifting phenomenon as a potential shaper in tumor progression and treatment response, and we suggest that each cancer type also has a unique mitochondrial heteroplasmy-shifting profile. So far, a plethora of data evidencing correlations among heteroplasmy and cancer-related phenotypes are available, but still, not authentic demonstrations, and whether the heteroplasmy or the variation in mtDNA copy number (mtCNV) in cancer are cause or consequence remained unknown. Further studies are needed to support these findings and decipher their clinical implications and impact in the field of drug discovery aimed at treating human cancer.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kozakiewicz P, Grzybowska-Szatkowska L, Ciesielka M, Rzymowska J. The Role of Mitochondria in Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105100. [PMID: 34065857 PMCID: PMC8151940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are essential for normal cell functioning. Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may affect the occurrence of some chronic diseases and cancer. This process is complex and not entirely understood. The assignment to a particular mitochondrial haplogroup may be a factor that either contributes to cancer development or reduces its likelihood. Mutations in mtDNA occurring via an increase in reactive oxygen species may favour the occurrence of further changes both in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in postmitotic cells are not inherited, but may play a role both in initiation and progression of cancer. One of the first discovered polymorphisms associated with cancer was in the gene NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 3 (mt-ND3) and it was typical of haplogroup N. In prostate cancer, these mutations and polymorphisms involve a gene encoding subunit I of respiratory complex IV cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI). At present, a growing number of studies also address the impact of mtDNA polymorphisms on prognosis in cancer patients. Some of the mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms occur in both chronic disease and cancer, for instance polymorphism G5913A characteristic of prostate cancer and hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kozakiewicz
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.-S.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, St. John’s Cancer Centre, The Regional Oncology Centre of Lublin Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Ludmiła Grzybowska-Szatkowska
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.-S.); (M.C.)
- Department of Radiotherapy, St. John’s Cancer Centre, The Regional Oncology Centre of Lublin Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marzanna Ciesielka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University in Lublin, Chodźki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (L.G.-S.); (M.C.)
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rzymowska
- Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
El Jaddaoui I, Allali I, Sehli S, Ouldim K, Hamdi S, Al Idrissi N, Nejjari C, Amzazi S, Bakri Y, Ghazal H. Cancer Omics in Africa: Present and Prospects. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606428. [PMID: 33425763 PMCID: PMC7793679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last century, cancer biology has been arguably one of the most investigated research fields. To gain deeper insight into cancer mechanisms, scientists have been attempting to integrate multi omics data in cancer research. Cancer genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and metagenomics are the main multi omics strategies used currently in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and biomarker discovery in cancer. In this review, we describe the use of different multi omics strategies in cancer research in the African continent and discuss the main challenges facing the implementation of these approaches in African countries such as the lack of training programs in bioinformatics in general and omics strategies in particular and suggest paths to address deficiencies. As a way forward, we advocate for the establishment of an "African Cancer Genomics Consortium" to promote intracontinental collaborative projects and enhance engagement in research activities that address indigenous aspects for cancer precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam El Jaddaoui
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Imane Allali
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sofia Sehli
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, School of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Salsabil Hamdi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Pasteur Institute, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najib Al Idrissi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Chakib Nejjari
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Saaïd Amzazi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, School of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
- National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oliveira GL, Coelho AR, Marques R, Oliveira PJ. Cancer cell metabolism: Rewiring the mitochondrial hub. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1867:166016. [PMID: 33246010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To adapt to tumoral environment conditions or even to escape chemotherapy, cells rapidly reprogram their metabolism to handle adversities and survive. Given the rapid rise of studies uncovering novel insights and therapeutic opportunities based on the role of mitochondria in tumor metabolic programing and therapeutics, this review summarizes most significant developments in the field. Taking in mind the key role of mitochondria on carcinogenesis and tumor progression due to their involvement on tumor plasticity, metabolic remodeling, and signaling re-wiring, those organelles are also potential therapeutic targets. Among other topics, we address the recent data intersecting mitochondria as of prognostic value and staging in cancer, by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) determination, and current inhibitors developments targeting mtDNA, OXPHOS machinery and metabolic pathways. We contribute for a holistic view of the role of mitochondria metabolism and directed therapeutics to understand tumor metabolism, to circumvent therapy resistance, and to control tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ana R Coelho
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Marques
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UC-Biotech, University of Coimbra, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rangel-Pozzo A, Liu S, Wajnberg G, Wang X, Ouellette RJ, Hicks GG, Drachenberg D, Mai S. Genomic Analysis of Localized High-Risk Prostate Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells at the Single-Cell Level. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081863. [PMID: 32784507 PMCID: PMC7466090 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate risk classification of men with localized high-risk prostate cancer directly affects treatment management decisions and patient outcomes. A wide range of risk assessments and classifications are available. However, each one has significant limitations to distinguish between indolent and aggressive prostate cancers. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an alternate additional source, beyond tissue biopsies, to enable individual patient-specific clinical assessment, simply because CTCs can reveal both tumor-derived and germline-specific genetic information more precisely than that gained from a single diagnostic biopsy. In this study, we combined a filtration-based CTC isolation technology with prostate cancer CTC immunophenotyping to identify prostate cancer CTCs. Next, we performed 3-D telomere profiling prior to laser microdissection and single-cell whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 21 CTCs and 4 lymphocytes derived from 10 localized high-risk prostate cancer patient samples. Localized high-risk prostate cancer patient CTCs present a high number of telomere signals with lower signal intensities (short telomeres). To capture the genetic diversity/heterogeneity of high-risk prostate cancer CTCs, we carried out whole-exome sequencing. We identified 202,241 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 137,407 insertion-deletions (indels), where less than 10% of these genetic variations were within coding regions. The genetic variation (SNVs + indels) and copy number alteration (CNAs) profiles were highly heterogeneous and intra-patient CTC variation was observed. The pathway enrichment analysis showed the presence of genetic variation in nine telomere maintenance pathways (patients 3, 5, 6, and 7), including an important gene for telomere maintenance called telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 (TRF2). Using the PharmGKB database, we identified nine genetic variations associated with response to docetaxel. A total of 48 SNVs can affect drug response for 24 known cancer drugs. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) (patients 1, 3, 6, and 8) identified the presence of CNAs in 11 different pathways, including the DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway. In conclusion, single-cell approaches (WES and 3-D telomere profiling) showed to be useful in unmasking CTC heterogeneity. DDR pathway mutations have been well-established as a target pathway for cancer therapy. However, the frequent CNA amplifications found in localized high-risk patients may play critical roles in the therapeutic resistance in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Rangel-Pozzo
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Hematology and Oncology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-204-787-2135 (S.M.)
| | - Songyan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Research Institute of Hematology and Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B1, Canada; (S.L.); (G.G.H.)
| | - Gabriel Wajnberg
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Pavillon Hôtel-Dieu, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada; (G.W.); (R.J.O.)
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Hematology and Oncology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B1, Canada;
| | - Rodney J. Ouellette
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Pavillon Hôtel-Dieu, 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada; (G.W.); (R.J.O.)
| | - Geoffrey G. Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Research Institute of Hematology and Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B1, Canada; (S.L.); (G.G.H.)
| | - Darrel Drachenberg
- Manitoba Prostate Center, Cancer Care Manitoba, Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Sabine Mai
- Cell Biology, Research Institute of Hematology and Oncology, University of Manitoba, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3C 2B1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.R.-P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-204-787-2135 (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
OXPHOS remodeling in high-grade prostate cancer involves mtDNA mutations and increased succinate oxidation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1487. [PMID: 32198407 PMCID: PMC7083862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rewiring of energy metabolism and adaptation of mitochondria are considered to impact on prostate cancer development and progression. Here, we report on mitochondrial respiration, DNA mutations and gene expression in paired benign/malignant human prostate tissue samples. Results reveal reduced respiratory capacities with NADH-pathway substrates glutamate and malate in malignant tissue and a significant metabolic shift towards higher succinate oxidation, particularly in high-grade tumors. The load of potentially deleterious mitochondrial-DNA mutations is higher in tumors and associated with unfavorable risk factors. High levels of potentially deleterious mutations in mitochondrial Complex I-encoding genes are associated with a 70% reduction in NADH-pathway capacity and compensation by increased succinate-pathway capacity. Structural analyses of these mutations reveal amino acid alterations leading to potentially deleterious effects on Complex I, supporting a causal relationship. A metagene signature extracted from the transcriptome of tumor samples exhibiting a severe mitochondrial phenotype enables identification of tumors with shorter survival times.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chan EKF, Timmermann A, Baldi BF, Moore AE, Lyons RJ, Lee SS, Kalsbeek AMF, Petersen DC, Rautenbach H, Förtsch HEA, Bornman MSR, Hayes VM. Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations. Nature 2019; 575:185-189. [PMID: 31659339 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa around 200 thousand years ago (ka)1-4. Although some of the oldest skeletal remains suggest an eastern African origin2, southern Africa is home to contemporary populations that represent the earliest branch of human genetic phylogeny5,6. Here we generate, to our knowledge, the largest resource for the poorly represented and deepest-rooting maternal L0 mitochondrial DNA branch (198 new mitogenomes for a total of 1,217 mitogenomes) from contemporary southern Africans and show the geographical isolation of L0d1'2, L0k and L0g KhoeSan descendants south of the Zambezi river in Africa. By establishing mitogenomic timelines, frequencies and dispersals, we show that the L0 lineage emerged within the residual Makgadikgadi-Okavango palaeo-wetland of southern Africa7, approximately 200 ka (95% confidence interval, 240-165 ka). Genetic divergence points to a sustained 70,000-year-long existence of the L0 lineage before an out-of-homeland northeast-southwest dispersal between 130 and 110 ka. Palaeo-climate proxy and model data suggest that increased humidity opened green corridors, first to the northeast then to the southwest. Subsequent drying of the homeland corresponds to a sustained effective population size (L0k), whereas wet-dry cycles and probable adaptation to marine foraging allowed the southwestern migrants to achieve population growth (L0d1'2), as supported by extensive south-coastal archaeological evidence8-10. Taken together, we propose a southern African origin of anatomically modern humans with sustained homeland occupation before the first migrations of people that appear to have been driven by regional climate changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva K F Chan
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel Timmermann
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea. .,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea.
| | - Benedetta F Baldi
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andy E Moore
- Department of Geology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Ruth J Lyons
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sun-Seon Lee
- Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea.,Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Anton M F Kalsbeek
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Desiree C Petersen
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hannes Rautenbach
- Climate Change and Variability, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Akademia, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. .,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa. .,Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petersen DC, Jaratlerdsiri W, van Wyk A, Chan EKF, Fernandez P, Lyons RJ, Mutambirw SBA, van der Merwe A, Venter PA, Bates W, Bornman MSR, Hayes VM. African KhoeSan ancestry linked to high-risk prostate cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:82. [PMID: 31164124 PMCID: PMC6549381 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Genetic diversity is greatest within Africa, in particular the KhoeSan click-speaking peoples of southern Africa. South African populations represent admixture fractions including differing degrees of African, African-KhoeSan and non-African genetic ancestries. Within the United States, African ancestry has been linked to prostate cancer presentation and mortality. Together with environmental contributions, genetics is a significant risk factor for high-risk prostate cancer, defined by a pathological Gleason score ≥ 8. Methods Using genotype array data merged with ancestry informative reference data, we investigate the contribution of African ancestral fractions to high-risk prostate cancer. Our study includes 152 South African men of African (Black) or African-admixed (Coloured) ancestries, in which 40% showed high-risk prostate cancer. Results Genetic fractions were determined for averaging an equal African to non-African genetic ancestral contribution in the Coloured; we found African ancestry to be linked to high-risk prostate cancer (P-value = 0.0477). Adjusting for age, the associated African ancestral fraction was driven by a significant KhoeSan over Bantu contribution, defined by Gleason score ≥ 8 (P-value = 0.02329) or prostate specific antigen levels ≥20 ng/ml (P-value = 0.03713). Additionally, we observed the mean overall KhoeSan contribution to be increased in Black patients with high-risk (11.8%) over low-risk (10.9%) disease. Linking for the first time KhoeSan ancestry to a common modern disease, namely high-risk prostate cancer, we tested in this small study the validity of using KhoeSan ancestry as a surrogate for identifying potential high-risk prostate cancer risk loci. As such, we identified four loci within chromosomal regions 2p11.2, 3p14, 8q23 and 22q13.2 (P-value = all age-adjusted < 0.01), two of which have previously been associated with high-risk prostate cancer. Conclusions Our study suggests that ancient KhoeSan ancestry may be linked to common modern diseases, specifically those of late onset and therefore unlikely to have undergone exclusive selective pressure. As such we show within a uniquely admixed South African population a link between KhoeSan ancestry and high-risk prostate cancer, which may explain the 2-fold increase in presentation in Black South Africans compared with African Americans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0537-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desiree C Petersen
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Proteomic and Genomic Research (CPGR), 1st Floor, St. Peters Mall, Cnr. Anzio and Main Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Weerachai Jaratlerdsiri
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Abraham van Wyk
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, NHLS Tygerberg and Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Eva K F Chan
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Pedro Fernandez
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ruth J Lyons
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Shingai B A Mutambirw
- Department of Urology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Medunsa, South Africa
| | - Andre van der Merwe
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Philip A Venter
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa
| | - William Bates
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, NHLS Tygerberg and Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - M S Riana Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa. .,School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. .,Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar R, Bhat TA, Walsh EM, Chaudhary AK, O'Malley J, Rhim JS, Wang J, Morrison CD, Attwood K, Bshara W, Mohler JL, Yadav N, Chandra D. Cytochrome c Deficiency Confers Apoptosome and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in African-American Men with Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1353-1368. [PMID: 30765600 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although African-American (AA) patients with prostate cancer tend to develop greater therapeutic resistance and faster prostate cancer recurrence compared with Caucasian-American (CA) men, the molecular mechanisms of this racial prostate cancer disparity remain undefined. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive evidence that cytochrome c deficiency in AA primary tumors and cancer cells abrogates apoptosome-mediated caspase activation and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby promoting therapeutic resistance and prostate cancer aggressiveness in AA men. In AA prostate cancer cells, decreased nuclear accumulation of nuclear respiration factor 1 (Nrf1) and its subsequent loss of binding to the cytochrome c promoter mediated cytochrome c deficiency. The activation of cellular Myc (c-Myc) and NF-κB or inhibition of AKT prevented nuclear translocation of Nrf1. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of c-Myc and NF-κB or activation of AKT promoted Nrf1 binding to cytochrome c promoter, cytochrome c expression, caspase activation, and cell death. The lack of p-Drp1S616 in AA prostate cancer cells contributed to defective cytochrome c release and increased resistance to apoptosis, indicating that restoration of cytochrome c alone may be insufficient to induce effective apoptosis. Cytochrome c deficiency promoted the acquisition of glycolytic phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas cytochrome c restoration via inhibition of c-Myc and NF-κB or activation of AKT attenuated glycolysis in AA prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of c-Myc and NF-κB enhanced the efficacy of docetaxel in tumor xenografts. Therefore, restoring cytochrome c may overcome therapeutic resistance and prostate cancer aggressiveness in AA men. Overall, this study provides the first comprehensive experimental, mechanistic, and clinical evidence for apoptosome and mitochondrial dysfunction in prostate cancer racial disparity. SIGNIFICANCE: Mechanistic insights on prostate cancer health disparity among American men provide novel approaches to restore mitochondrial function, which can address therapeutic resistance and aggressiveness in African-American men with prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elise M Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ajay K Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jordan O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Johng S Rhim
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carl D Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Pathology Resource Network, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential intracellular organelles that are responsible for energy metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation, redox homeostasis, oncogenic signaling, and apoptosis. These multifunctional organelles have been implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, relapse, and acquired drug resistance due to metabolic alterations in transformed cells. Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is thought to contribute to cancer development and prognosis and proposed as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mtDNA alterations, with a specific focus on somatic changes, germline variants, haplogroups, large deletions, and mtDNA content changes associated with cancer susceptibility and prognosis. We also discuss the potential of mtDNA as biomarkers of cancer detection and targets of cancer treatment. Deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these associations requires further investigation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jaratlerdsiri W, Chan EK, Gong T, Petersen DC, Kalsbeek AM, Venter PA, Stricker PD, Bornman MR, Hayes VM. Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Elevated Tumor Mutational Burden and Initiating Driver Mutations in African Men with Treatment-Naïve, High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6736-6746. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Kalsbeek AMF, Chan EFK, Grogan J, Petersen DC, Jaratlerdsiri W, Gupta R, Lyons RJ, Haynes AM, Horvath LG, Kench JG, Stricker PD, Hayes VM. Mutational load of the mitochondrial genome predicts pathological features and biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 8:2702-2712. [PMID: 27705925 PMCID: PMC5191864 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer management is complicated by extreme disease heterogeneity, which is further limited by availability of prognostic biomarkers. Recognition of prostate cancer as a genetic disease has prompted a focus on the nuclear genome for biomarker discovery, with little attention given to the mitochondrial genome. While it is evident that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are acquired during prostate tumorigenesis, no study has evaluated the prognostic value of mtDNA variation. Here we used next-generation sequencing to interrogate the mitochondrial genomes from prostate tissue biopsies and matched blood of 115 men having undergone a radical prostatectomy for which there was a mean of 107 months clinical follow-up. We identified 74 unique prostate cancer specific somatic mtDNA variants in 50 patients, providing significant expansion to the growing catalog of prostate cancer mtDNA mutations. While no single variant or variant cluster showed recurrence across multiple patients, we observe a significant positive correlation between the total burden of acquired mtDNA variation and elevated Gleason Score at diagnosis and biochemical relapse. We add to accumulating evidence that total acquired genomic burden, rather than specific mtDNA mutations, has diagnostic value. This is the first study to demonstrate the prognostic potential of mtDNA mutational burden in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton M F Kalsbeek
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Eva F K Chan
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Judith Grogan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Desiree C Petersen
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Weerachai Jaratlerdsiri
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ruth J Lyons
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anne-Maree Haynes
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre/Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Phillip D Stricker
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Vanessa M Hayes
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hopkins JF, Sabelnykova VY, Weischenfeldt J, Simon R, Aguiar JA, Alkallas R, Heisler LE, Zhang J, Watson JD, Chua MLK, Fraser M, Favero F, Lawerenz C, Plass C, Sauter G, McPherson JD, van der Kwast T, Korbel J, Schlomm T, Bristow RG, Boutros PC. Mitochondrial mutations drive prostate cancer aggression. Nat Commun 2017; 8:656. [PMID: 28939825 PMCID: PMC5610241 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear mutations are well known to drive tumor incidence, aggression and response to therapy. By contrast, the frequency and roles of mutations in the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome are poorly understood. Here we sequence the mitochondrial genomes of 384 localized prostate cancer patients, and identify a median of one mitochondrial single-nucleotide variant (mtSNV) per patient. Some of these mtSNVs occur in recurrent mutational hotspots and associate with aggressive disease. Younger patients have fewer mtSNVs than those who diagnosed at an older age. We demonstrate strong links between mitochondrial and nuclear mutational profiles, with co-occurrence between specific mutations. For example, certain control region mtSNVs co-occur with gain of the MYC oncogene, and these mutations are jointly associated with patient survival. These data demonstrate frequent mitochondrial mutation in prostate cancer, and suggest interplay between nuclear and mitochondrial mutational profiles in prostate cancer. In prostate cancer, the role of mutations in the maternally-inherited mitochondrial genome are not well known. Here, the authors demonstrate frequent, age-dependent mitochondrial mutation in prostate cancer. Strong links between mitochondrial and nuclear mutational profiles are associated with clinical aggressivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Hopkins
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3.
| | - Veronica Y Sabelnykova
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Joachim Weischenfeldt
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Aguiar
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Rached Alkallas
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Lawrence E Heisler
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - John D Watson
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Michael Fraser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Francesco Favero
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC) and Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Chris Lawerenz
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - John D McPherson
- Genome Technologies Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3
| | - Theodorus van der Kwast
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto General Hospital/University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4
| | - Jan Korbel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 1P5.
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A3. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kalsbeek AM, Chan EK, Corcoran NM, Hovens CM, Hayes VM. Mitochondrial genome variation and prostate cancer: a review of the mutational landscape and application to clinical management. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71342-71357. [PMID: 29050365 PMCID: PMC5642640 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a genetic disease. While next generation sequencing has allowed for the emergence of molecular taxonomy, classification is restricted to the nuclear genome. Mutations within the maternally inherited mitochondrial genome are known to impact cancer pathogenesis, as a result of disturbances in energy metabolism and apoptosis. With a higher mutation rate, limited repair and increased copy number compared to the nuclear genome, the clinical relevance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation requires deeper exploration. Here we provide a systematic review of the landscape of prostate cancer associated mtDNA variation. While the jury is still out on the association between inherited mtDNA variation and prostate cancer risk, we collate a total of 749 uniquely reported prostate cancer associated somatic mutations. Support exists for number of somatic events, extent of heteroplasmy, and rate of recurrence of mtDNA mutations, increasing with disease aggression. While, the predicted pathogenic impact for recurrent prostate cancer associated mutations appears negligible, evidence exists for carcinogenic mutations impacting the cytochrome c oxidase complex and regulating metastasis through elevated reactive oxygen species production. Due to a lack of lethal cohort analyses, we provide additional unpublished data for metastatic disease. Discussing the advantages of mtDNA as a prostate cancer biomarker, we provide a review of current progress of including elevated mtDNA levels, of a large somatic deletion, acquired tRNAs mutations, heteroplasmy and total number of somatic events (mutational load). We confirm via meta-analysis a significant association between mtDNA mutational load and pathological staging at diagnosis or surgery (p < 0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton M.F. Kalsbeek
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Medical Faculty, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eva K.F. Chan
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Medical Faculty, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Niall M. Corcoran
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Hovens
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Urology and Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa M. Hayes
- Laboratory for Human Comparative and Prostate Cancer Genomics, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- Medical Faculty, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oxidative Stress Gene Expression Profile Correlates with Cancer Patient Poor Prognosis: Identification of Crucial Pathways Might Select Novel Therapeutic Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2597581. [PMID: 28770020 PMCID: PMC5523271 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2597581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of altered redox status and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still controversial in cancer development and progression. Intracellular levels of ROS are elevated in cancer cells suggesting a role in cancer initiation and progression; on the contrary, ROS elevated levels may induce programmed cell death and have been associated with cancer suppression. Thus, it is crucial to consider the double-face of ROS, for novel therapeutic strategies targeting redox regulatory mechanisms. In this review, in order to derive cancer-type specific oxidative stress genes' profile and their potential prognostic role, we integrated a publicly available oxidative stress gene signature with patient survival data from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Overall, we found several genes statistically significant associated with poor prognosis in the examined six tumor types. Among them, FoxM1 and thioredoxin reductase1 expression showed the same pattern in four out of six cancers, suggesting their specific critical role in cancer-related oxidative stress adaptation. Our analysis also unveiled an enriched cellular network, highlighting specific pathways, in which many genes are strictly correlated. Finally, we discussed novel findings on the correlation between oxidative stress and cancer stem cells in order to define those pathways to be prioritized in drug development.
Collapse
|
24
|
Moretton A, Morel F, Macao B, Lachaume P, Ishak L, Lefebvre M, Garreau-Balandier I, Vernet P, Falkenberg M, Farge G. Selective mitochondrial DNA degradation following double-strand breaks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176795. [PMID: 28453550 PMCID: PMC5409072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can undergo double-strand breaks (DSBs), caused by defective replication, or by various endogenous or exogenous sources, such as reactive oxygen species, chemotherapeutic agents or ionizing radiations. MtDNA encodes for proteins involved in ATP production, and maintenance of genome integrity following DSBs is thus of crucial importance. However, the mechanisms involved in mtDNA maintenance after DSBs remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the consequences of the production of mtDNA DSBs using a human inducible cell system expressing the restriction enzyme PstI targeted to mitochondria. Using this system, we could not find any support for DSB repair of mtDNA. Instead we observed a loss of the damaged mtDNA molecules and a severe decrease in mtDNA content. We demonstrate that none of the known mitochondrial nucleases are involved in the mtDNA degradation and that the DNA loss is not due to autophagy, mitophagy or apoptosis. Our study suggests that a still uncharacterized pathway for the targeted degradation of damaged mtDNA in a mitophagy/autophagy-independent manner is present in mitochondria, and might provide the main mechanism used by the cells to deal with DSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Moretton
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bertil Macao
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Philippe Lachaume
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Layal Ishak
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Isabelle Garreau-Balandier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrick Vernet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maria Falkenberg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Géraldine Farge
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang HF, Wang KH. Relationship between mutations of mitochondrial DNA control region and tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:2676-2681. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i17.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion is the main place of cell respiration and participates in the process of cell apoptosis and proliferation, nucleic acid synthesis, and the production of free radicals. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is susceptible to the attack by oxygen free radicals and their products, and tends to develop somatic mutations, because of the lack of protection by histones and complete repair system. Somatic mutations in mtDNA will finally promote tumorigenesis. The control region of mtDNA is a region with a high mutation frequency. The association between control region mutations and tumorigenesis has attracted wide attention. Therefore, it is of great significance to elucidate the relationship between mtDNA control region mutations and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|