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Updates in neuroendocrine neoplasms: From mechanisms to the clinic. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2023; 84:291-297. [PMID: 36690074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2022.12.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Scientific advances constantly improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis, allowing us now to analyze cancer in a more precise manner and to identify at an earlier stage the tumors that have greater risk of aggressive behavior. Understanding neuroendocrine neoplasms at molecular level has enabled increasingly targeted treatments, with safety and efficacy validated in large randomized trials. Moreover, the first studies of targeted therapies after molecular profiling of neuroendocrine neoplasms have shown encouraging results, allowing us to foresee ever more personalized medical treatments in the future. This literature review aims to summarize recent advances in the study of neuroendocrine neoplasms and to show how identification of new mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis can be of benefit in clinical practice.
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Jones TE, La HS, Upadhyay-Baskota S, Bhargava R, Jones MW. The Potential Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of Prolactin Receptor and Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone Receptor Expression in Uterine Leiomyosarcomas. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2022; 41:566-572. [PMID: 34856572 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The management of uterine leiomyosarcomas (uLMS) remains challenging. The rate of recurrence and metastasis is high, with 5-yr survival reaching only 40% to 50% in patients with tumor confined to the uterus (FIGO stage I or II). Prolactin receptor (PRLR) and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) have been implicated in the carcinogenesis of malignant tumors of the breast, endometrium, ovary, liver, and prostate. GHRHR antagonists inhibit in vitro growth of many human tumors and the expression of PRLR is associated with resistance to chemotherapy. The immunohistochemical expression of PRLR and GHRH in 24 primary and 2 recurrent uLMS was evaluated. Representative sections were stained with PRLR and GHRHR antibodies and immunoreactivity was calculated using H -score. The results were correlated with clinicopathologic data using Kaplan-Meier survival and multivariable Cox proportion hazard regression analyses. All tumors were positive for both markers with predominantly moderate to strong expression of PRLR (89%) and GHRHR (82%). Patients with tumors showing moderate to strong expression of PRLR were significantly less likely to achieve disease-free survival ( P =0.004) and significantly more likely to have a poor overall survival ( P =0.049). No significant difference in mean PRLR expression was found between tumors with higher mitotic counts (>20/10 hpf) and lower mitotic counts (20 or less/10 hpf). Furthermore, in 2 patients where the primary and recurrent tumors were tested, there was stronger expression of PRLR in the recurrence compared with the primary. This correlation was not found with GHRHR. Both PRLR and GHRHR may play a role in carcinogenesis in uLMS, as they do in other malignant neoplasms. To our knowledge, this study is the first evaluating the expression of these receptors in uLMS. Moderate or high expression of PRLR may serve as a prognostic marker associated with recurrences and increased mortality in uLMS patients.
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Antagonist of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Potentiates the Antitumor Effect of Pemetrexed and Cisplatin in Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911248. [PMID: 36232554 PMCID: PMC9569772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis and no effective therapies, mainly caused by exposure to asbestos. Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) display strong antitumor effects in many experimental cancers, including lung cancer and mesothelioma. Here, we aimed to determine whether GHRH antagonist MIA-690 potentiates the antitumor effect of cisplatin and pemetrexed in PM. In vitro, MIA-690, in combination with cisplatin and pemetrexed, synergistically reduced cell viability, restrained cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis, compared with drugs alone. In vivo, the same combination resulted in a strong growth inhibition of MSTO-211H xenografts, decreased tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, MIA-690, particularly with chemotherapeutic drugs, inhibited proliferative and oncogenic pathways, such as MAPK ERK1/2 and cMyc, and downregulated cyclin D1 and B1 mRNAs. Inflammatory pathways such as NF-kB and STAT3 were also reduced, as well as oxidative, angiogenic and tumorigenic markers (iNOS, COX-2, MMP2, MMP9 and HMGB1) and growth factors (VEGF and IGF-1). Overall, these findings strongly suggest that GHRH antagonists of MIA class, such as MIA-690, could increase the efficacy of standard therapy in PM.
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Muñoz‐Moreno L, Carmena MJ, Prieto JC, Schally AV, Bajo AM. Tumorigenic transformation of human prostatic epithelial cell line RWPE-1 by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Prostate 2022; 82:933-941. [PMID: 35322894 PMCID: PMC9310601 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its receptors have been implicated in the progression of various tumors. In this study, we analyzed the carcinogenetic potential of exposure to GHRH of a nontumor human prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1) as well as its transforming effect in a xenograft model. METHODS We performed cell viability, cell proliferation, adhesion and migration assays. In addition, metalloprotease (MMP)-2 activity by means gelatin zymography, GHRH-R subcellular location using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels by enzyme-linked immunoassay were assessed. Besides, we developed an in vivo model in order vivo model to determine the role of GHRH on tumorigenic transformation of RWPE-1 cells. RESULTS In cell cultures, we observed development of a migratory phenotype consistent with the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2, expression of VEGF, as well as E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and increased cell motility. Treatment with 0.1 µM GHRH for 24 h significantly increased cell viability and cell proliferation. Similar effects of GHRH were seen in RWPE-1 tumors developed by subcutaneous injection of GHRH-treated cells in athymic nude mice, 49 days after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS Thus, GHRH appears to act as a cytokine in the transformation of RWPE-1 cells by mechanisms that likely involve epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thus reinforcing the role of GHRH in tumorigenesis of prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Muñoz‐Moreno
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
| | - M. José Carmena
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
| | - Juan C. Prieto
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer InstituteVeterans Affairs Medical CenterMiamiFloridaUSA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Ana M. Bajo
- Grupo de Investigación Cánceres de Origen Epitelial, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresMadridSpain
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Gesmundo I, Granato G, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Alvarez CV, Dieguez C, Zatelli MC, Congiusta N, Banfi D, Prencipe N, Leone S, Brunetti L, Castaño JP, Luque RM, Cai R, Sha W, Ghigo E, Schally AV, Granata R. Antagonists of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Inhibit the Growth of Pituitary Adenoma Cells by Hampering Oncogenic Pathways and Promoting Apoptotic Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163950. [PMID: 34439107 PMCID: PMC8393969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many studies have demonstrated that the antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) exert inhibitory activities in a variety of experimental cancers; however, their potential antitumor role in pituitary adenomas (PAs) remains largely unknown. Here, we show that GHRH antagonists of Miami (MIA) class, MIA-602 and MIA-690, are able to reduce the growth and promote cell death in hormone-secreting PA cell lines, through the inhibition of mechanisms implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. MIA-602 and MIA-690 also decreased the viability of tumor cells derived from human pituitary tumors. Overall, these findings suggest that GHRH antagonists may represent new therapeutic tools for the treatment of PAs, both alone or in combination with standard pharmacological treatments. Abstract Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are intracranial tumors, often associated with excessive hormonal secretion and severe comorbidities. Some patients are resistant to medical therapies; therefore, novel treatment options are needed. Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) exert potent anticancer effects, and early GHRH antagonists were found to inhibit GHRH-induced secretion of pituitary GH in vitro and in vivo. However, the antitumor role of GHRH antagonists in PAs is largely unknown. Here, we show that the GHRH antagonists of MIAMI class, MIA-602 and MIA-690, inhibited cell viability and growth and promoted apoptosis in GH/prolactin-secreting GH3 PA cells transfected with human GHRH receptor (GH3-GHRHR), and in adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH-secreting AtT20 PA cells. GHRH antagonists also reduced the expression of proteins involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, upregulated proapoptotic molecules, and lowered GHRH receptor levels. The combination of MIA-690 with temozolomide synergistically blunted the viability of GH3-GHRHR and AtT20 cells. Moreover, MIA-690 reduced both basal and GHRH-induced secretion of GH and intracellular cAMP levels. Finally, GHRH antagonists inhibited cell viability in human primary GH- and ACTH-PA cell cultures. Overall, our results suggest that GHRH antagonists, either alone or in combination with pharmacological treatments, may be considered for further development as therapy for PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Giuseppina Granato
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Antonio C. Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.C.F.-F.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara V. Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas (CIMUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela and Complexo Hospitalario Universitario of Santiago de Compostela, 14004 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.V.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas (CIMUS) e Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, University of Santiago de Compostela and Complexo Hospitalario Universitario of Santiago de Compostela, 14004 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.V.A.); (C.D.)
| | - Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 15706 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Noemi Congiusta
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Dana Banfi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Nunzia Prencipe
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.C.F.-F.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba and Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (A.C.F.-F.); (J.P.C.); (R.M.L.)
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.C.); (W.S.); (A.V.S.)
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Wei Sha
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.C.); (W.S.); (A.V.S.)
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (R.C.); (W.S.); (A.V.S.)
- Endocrine, Polypeptide and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (I.G.); (G.G.); (N.C.); (D.B.); (N.P.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Chang Y, Huang R, Zhai Y, Huang L, Feng Y, Wang D, Chai R, Zhang W, Hu H. A potentially effective drug for patients with recurrent glioma: sermorelin. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:406. [PMID: 33842627 PMCID: PMC8033379 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Treatment insensitivity is the main cause of glioma. This study was designed to screen out effective drugs for recurrent gliomas based on the transcriptomics data. Methods A total of 1,018 glioma patients with transcriptome sequencing data and clinical data were included in this study. There were 325 patients in the discovery cohort, including 229 primary patients and 92 recurrent patients. There were 693 patients in the validation cohort, including 422 primary patients and 271 relapsed patients. Drug Resistant Scores (DRS) of 4,865 drugs of each patient were used for screening. The analysis and drawing in this study were mainly based on R language. Results After high-throughput drug screening, we found that recurrent glioma patients were most sensitive to sermorelin. Further analysis revealed that sermorelin was suitable for recurrent patients with high grade, IDH-wildtype and 1p/19q non-codeletion status. GO and KEGG analyses found that sermorelin may inhibit tumor cell proliferation by cell cycle blocking. Moreover, sermorelin was also related to the immune system process and negatively regulated immune checkpoints and M0 macrophages. Lastly, the Kaplan-Meier method showed the patient's benefit from sermorelin was independent of postoperative adjuvant treatment. Conclusions Recurrent glioma patients are sensitive to sermorelin and it makes effect through glioma cells proliferation inhibiting and immune response enhancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Chang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - You Zhai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuemei Feng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruichao Chai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, China
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Splice variant of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor drives esophageal squamous cell carcinoma conferring a therapeutic target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6726-6732. [PMID: 32156725 PMCID: PMC7104313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913433117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An explanation has been lacking for the suppressive action of antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors (GHRH-Rs) on cancers that do not express GHRH-Rs, an established target of the antagonists. We demonstrate here that esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a representative cancer type that barely expresses GHRH-Rs, responds to GHRH-R antagonists. Hypoxia induces GHRH-R splice variant 1 (SV1) and activates a key glycolytic enzyme. Glycolytic metabolism and tumor progression are promoted by activation of SV1 and reversed by the GHRH-R antagonist MIA-602. A high expression of SV1 in ESCC patients predicts a poor prognosis. These findings document the importance of SV1 as a target of GHRH-R antagonists and underline the therapeutic potential of GHRH-R antagonists against SV1-expressing cancers. The extrahypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and its cognate receptors (GHRH-Rs) and splice variants are expressed in a variety of cancers. It has been shown that the pituitary type of GHRH-R (pGHRH-R) mediates the inhibition of tumor growth induced by GHRH-R antagonists. However, GHRH-R antagonists can also suppress some cancers that do not express pGHRH-R, yet the underlying mechanisms have not been determined. Here, using human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) as a model, we were able to reveal that SV1, a known splice variant of GHRH-R, is responsible for the inhibition induced by GHRH-R antagonist MIA-602. We demonstrated that GHRH-R splice variant 1 (SV1) is a hypoxia-driven promoter of tumor progression. Hypoxia-elevated SV1 activates a key glycolytic enzyme, muscle-type phosphofructokinase (PFKM), through the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, which enhances glycolytic metabolism and promotes progression of ESCC. The malignant actions induced by the SV1–NF-κB–PFKM pathway could be reversed by MIA-602. Altogether, our studies demonstrate a mechanism by which GHRH-R antagonists target SV1. Our findings suggest that SV1 is a hypoxia-induced oncogenic promoter which can be an alternative target of GHRH-R antagonists.
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Ilie MD, Vasiljevic A, Raverot G, Bertolino P. The Microenvironment of Pituitary Tumors-Biological and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101605. [PMID: 31640258 PMCID: PMC6826349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) includes resident and infiltrative non-tumor cells, as well as blood and lymph vessels, extracellular matrix molecules, and numerous soluble factors, such as cytokines and chemokines. While the TME is now considered to be a prognostic tool and a therapeutic target for many cancers, little is known about its composition in pituitary tumors. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the TME within pituitary tumors and the strong interest in TME as a therapeutic target. While we cover the importance of angiogenesis and immune infiltrating cells, we also address the role of the elusive folliculostellate cells, the emerging literature on pituitary tumor-associated fibroblasts, and the contribution of extracellular matrix components in these tumors. The cases of human pituitary tumors treated with TME-targeting therapies are reviewed and emerging concepts of vascular normalization and combined therapies are presented. Together, this snapshot overview of the current literature pinpoints not only the underestimated role of TME components in pituitary tumor biology, but also the major promise it may offer for both prognosis and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Diana Ilie
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, 69008 Lyon, France, (M.D.I.).
- "Claude Bernard" Lyon 1 University, University of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
- Endocrinology Department, "C.I.Parhon" National Institute of Endocrinology, 011863 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, 69008 Lyon, France, (M.D.I.).
- "Claude Bernard" Lyon 1 University, University of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
- Pathology Department, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France.
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, 69008 Lyon, France, (M.D.I.).
- "Claude Bernard" Lyon 1 University, University of Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
- Endocrinology Department, "Groupement Hospitalier Est" Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France.
| | - Philippe Bertolino
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University, 69008 Lyon, France, (M.D.I.).
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Antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) inhibit the growth of human malignant pleural mesothelioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2226-2231. [PMID: 30659154 PMCID: PMC6369772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818865116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. MPM remains a serious public health problem, and novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. The antitumor properties of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists have been demonstrated in different cancers; however, their influence in MPM remains unexplored. Our work shows that GHRH antagonists MIA-602 and MIA-690 reduce survival, proliferation, and migration of human MPM cell lines and primary MPM cells in vitro by modulating apoptotic and oncogenic pathways. In vivo, GHRH antagonists inhibited the growth of MPM xenografts and blunted the production of growth factors in tumors. Overall, the inhibitory activities described in this study suggest that GHRH antagonists may be considered for development of therapies for MPM. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy associated with exposure to asbestos, with poor prognosis and no effective therapies. The strong inhibitory activities of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists have been demonstrated in different experimental human cancers, including lung cancer; however, their role in MPM remains unknown. We assessed the effects of the GHRH antagonists MIA-602 and MIA-690 in vitro in MPM cell lines and in primary MPM cells, and in vivo in MPM xenografts. GHRH, GHRH receptor, and its main splice variant SV1 were found in all the MPM cell types examined. In vitro, MIA-602 and MIA-690 reduced survival and proliferation in both MPM cell lines and primary cells and showed synergistic inhibitory activity with the chemotherapy drug pemetrexed. In MPM cells, GHRH antagonists also regulated activity and expression of apoptotic molecules, inhibited cell migration, and reduced the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. These effects were accompanied by impairment of mitochondrial activity and increased production of reactive oxygen species. In vivo, s.c. administration of MIA-602 and MIA-690 at the dose of 5 μg/d for 4 wk strongly inhibited the growth of MPM xenografts in mice, along with reduction of tumor insulin-like growth factor-I and vascular endothelial growth factor. Overall, these results suggest that treatment with GHRH antagonists, alone or in association with chemotherapy, may offer an approach for the treatment of MPM.
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