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Regnery J, Riegraf C, Jacob S, Friesen A. New insights on in vitro biotransformation of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133727. [PMID: 35085616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals is an essential and mandatory part of their regulatory environmental risk and hazard assessment. So far, in vitro data on fish metabolism is rarely available for biocidal active substances such as anticoagulant rodenticides. In this case study we present in vitro biotransformation rates of eight biocidal and one pharmaceutical anticoagulants in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver subcellular S9 fraction (RT-S9) determined following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 319B method at two different incubation temperatures (i.e., 12 ± 1 °C and 23 ± 2 °C). Furthermore, we address challenges associated with the usability and interpretation of in vitro data to support the decision making within the regulatory bioaccumulation assessment in bridging the gap between in silico methods and in vivo studies. According to our results, four of the tested substances (i.e., chlorophacinone, coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, and difenacoum) exhibited significant intrinsic clearance (p < .001) in the RT-S9 assay. Overall, the observed metabolism was (very) slow and clearance rates were temperature-dependent. Whether the determined in vitro biotransformation rate had a substantial influence on the predicted bioconcentration factor during extrapolation was subject to the lipophilicity of the test substance. Further improvements of existing concepts are needed to overcome uncertainties in the prediction of bioconcentration factors for chemicals such as anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Regnery
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department of Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Carolin Riegraf
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Department of Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jacob
- German Environment Agency, Section IV 1.2 Biocides, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - Anton Friesen
- German Environment Agency, Section IV 1.2 Biocides, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
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2
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Esther A, Hansen SC, Klemann N, Gabriel D. Sanitary measures considerably improve the management of resistant Norway rats on livestock farms. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1620-1629. [PMID: 34989096 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) need to be controlled to prevent transmission of pathogens and damages to stored products and material, leading to considerable economic risks and losses. Given increasing resistance in Norway rats, the most persistent, bio-accumulative and toxic anticoagulant rodenticides are widely used for management, which presents hazards to the environment especially for non-target species. We investigated how sanitary measures improved management of Norway rats on 12 paired livestock farms in a region of Germany with a high population of resistant rats for reducing application of rodenticides. We recorded food intake, and tracked activity and resistance frequency during the pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment periods. RESULTS In the post-treatment period, farms using sanitary measures had a higher control success with > 13% more bait boxes without feeding than farms not using sanitary measures. In addition, the reoccurrence of rats was delayed by 85 days. With increasing accessibility to buildings and more precise positioning of the boxes, control success improved, especially when rats could not spread from water-bearing ditches through the sewer system, and when rat-hunting animals were present. Resistant animals were more common indoors than outdoors, and there were more resistant rats recorded before and during treatment than in the post-treatment period. CONCLUSION The control success was substantially higher and reoccurrence was delayed using sanitary measures on farms. Sanitary measures can reduce resistance indirectly due to delayed re-colonization and establishment of resistant populations inside buildings. Hence, sanitary measures help to reduce economic losses, rodenticides required for rat management and environmental risk especially in the resistance area. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Esther
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine C Hansen
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Doreen Gabriel
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Chua C, Humaidi M, Neves ES, Mailepessov D, Ng LC, Aik J. VKORC1 mutations in rodent populations of a tropical city-state as an indicator of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4553. [PMID: 35296766 PMCID: PMC8927331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides are commonly used in rodent control because they are economical and have great deployment versatility. However, rodents with Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) mutations within the Vkorc1 gene are resistant to the effects of anticoagulant rodenticide use and this influences the effectiveness of control strategies that rely on such rodenticides. This study examined the prevalence of rat SNP mutations in Singapore to inform the effectiveness of anticoagulant rodenticide use. A total of 130 rat tail samples, comprising 83 Rattus norvegicus (63.8%) and 47 Rattus rattus complex (36.2%) were conveniently sampled from November 2016 to December 2019 from urban settings and sequenced at exon 3 of Vkorc1. Sequencing analysis revealed 4 synonymous and 1 non-synonymous mutations in Rattus rattus complex samples. A novel synonymous mutation of L108L was identified and not previously reported in other studies. Non-synonymous SNPs were not detected in the notable codons of 120, 128 and 139 in R. norvegicus, where these regions are internationally recognised to be associated with resistance from prior studies. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide resistance in Singapore is low. Continued monitoring of rodenticide resistance is important for informing rodent control strategies aimed at reducing rodent-borne disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cliff Chua
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, Singapore, 228231, Singapore.
| | - Mahathir Humaidi
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Erica Sena Neves
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Joel Aik
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 40 Scotts Road, Environment Building, #13-00, Singapore, 228231, Singapore.,Pre-Hospital and Emergency Research Centre, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
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4
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Rached A, Moriceau MA, Serfaty X, Lefebvre S, Lattard V. Biomarkers Potency to Monitor Non-target Fauna Poisoning by Anticoagulant Rodenticides. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:616276. [PMID: 33426034 PMCID: PMC7785832 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.616276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides to control agricultural pests is a hot topic on the public scene of environmental health. Selective pest control for minimum environmental impact is a major goal of the environmental toxicology field, notably to avoid unintended poisoning in different organisms. Anticoagulant rodenticides cause abnormal blood coagulation process; they have been widely used to control rodents, allowing inadvertent primary and secondary exposure in domestic animals and non-target predatory wildlife species through direct ingestion of rodenticide-containing bait or by consumption of poisoned prey. To report toxic effect, the most common approach is the measurement of liver or plasma residues of anticoagulant rodenticides in dead or intoxicated animals showing clinical symptoms. However, one major challenge is that literature currently lacks a hepatic or plasma concentration threshold value for the differentiation of exposure from toxicity. Regarding the variation in pharmacology properties of anticoagulant rodenticides inter- and intra-species, the dose-response relationship must be defined for each species to prejudge the relative risk of poisoning. Beyond that, biomarkers are a key solution widely used for ecological risk assessment of contaminants. Since anticoagulant rodenticides (AR) have toxic effects at the biochemical level, biomarkers can serve as indicators of toxic exposure. In this sense, toxicological knowledge of anticoagulant rodenticides within organisms is an important tool for defining sensitive, specific, and suitable biomarkers. In this review, we provide an overview of the toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic parameters of anticoagulant rodenticides in different animal species. We examine different types of biomarkers used to characterize and differentiate the exposure and toxic effects of anticoagulant rodenticide, showing the strengths and weaknesses of the assays. Finally, we describe possible new biomarkers and highlight their capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Fourel I, Berlioz-Barbier A, Benoit E. Mass spectrometry characterization of anticoagulant rodenticides and hydroxyl metabolites. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8871. [PMID: 32585774 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are used worldwide for rodent population control to protect human health and biodiversity, and to prevent agricultural and economic losses. Rodents may develop a metabolic resistance to ARs. In order to help understand such metabolic resistance, mass spectrometry was used to position the hydroxylated group of hydroxyl metabolites of second-generation ARs (SGARs). METHODS Most AR pesticides are derived from the 4-hydroxycoumarin/thiocoumarin family. We used low-resolution and high-resolution mass spectrometry to understand the fragmentation pathways of the ARs and their respective metabolites, and to better define the structure of their tandem mass spectrometry product ions. RESULTS Seven specific product ions were evidenced for five ARs, with their respective chemical structures. Those ions were obtained as well from the mass spectra of the hydroxyl metabolites of four SGARs, difenacoum (DFM), brodifacoum (BFM), difethialone (DFTL) and flocoumafen (FLO), with different positions of the hydroxyl group. CONCLUSIONS The differences in chemical structure between DFM on the one hand and BFM, FLO and DFTL on the other could explain the differences in bioavailability between these two groups of molecules. The defined product ions will be used to investigate the part played by the metabolic issue in the field resistance of SGARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourel
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, F-69280, France
| | | | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, F-69280, France
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Seljetun KO, Sandvik M, Vindenes V, Eliassen E, Øiestad EL, Madslien K, Moe L. Comparison of anticoagulant rodenticide concentrations in liver and feces from apparently healthy red foxes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:560-564. [PMID: 32476615 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720927365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of wildlife and domestic animals to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is a worldwide concern, but few methods exist to determine residue levels in live animals. Traditional liver detection methods preclude determining exposure in live wildlife. To determine the value of assessing AR exposure by fecal analysis, we compared fecal and liver residues of ARs in the same animals. We collected liver and fecal samples from 40 apparently healthy red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) potentially exposed to ARs, and quantified brodifacoum, bromadiolone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, and flocoumafen residues by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Residues of ARs were detected in 53% of the fecal samples and 83% of the liver samples. We found good concordance between AR residues in feces and liver for coumatetralyl, difenacoum, and difethialone. Bromadiolone occurred in significantly greater frequency in livers compared to feces, but no significant difference in concentration between feces and liver in individual foxes could be detected. Brodifacoum displayed a significant difference in concentration and occurrence of positive samples between liver and feces. Our findings demonstrate that fecal analysis of ARs provides a feasible and valuable non-lethal means of determine AR exposure in live wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin O Seljetun
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Eliassen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth L Øiestad
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Madslien
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Moe
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway (Seljetun, Moe).,Norwegian Poisons Information Centre, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway (Seljetun).,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway (Sandvik, Madslien).,Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Vindenes, Eliassen).,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Vindenes) and School of Pharmacy (Øiestad), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Boitet M, Hammed A, Chatron N, Debaux JV, Benoit E, Lattard V. Elevated difenacoum metabolism is involved in the difenacoum-resistant phenotype observed in Berkshire rats homozygous for the L120Q mutation in the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1328-1334. [PMID: 29155484 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soon after difenacoum began to be used, resistance to this rodenticide was detected in rats in northeast Hampshire and northwest Berkshire in England. Resistance to difenacoum has been reported to be stronger in rats from Berkshire than in rats from Hampshire. Surprisingly, after the discovery of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene, rats from Berkshire and Hampshire were all shown to be homozygous for the L120Q mutation in Vkorc1. RESULTS This study aimed to evaluate the resistance of Berkshire rats to confirm their extreme resistance and determine mechanisms supporting this resistance. For this purpose, we created a quasicongenic rat F7 strain by using a Berkshire rat as a donor to introduce the L120Q mutation in Vkorc1 into the genetic background of an anticoagulant-susceptible recipient strain. The use of F7 rats enabled demonstration of (i) the level of resistance to difenacoum conferred by the L120Q mutation, (ii) co-dominance of the L120 and Q120 alleles, (iii) the extreme resistance of Berkshire rats compared with Q120/Q120 rats as a consequence of additional resistance mechanisms, and (iv) the involvement of cytochrome P 450 (CYP450) enzymes in this extreme resistance. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that elevated CYP450 oxidative metabolism leading to accelerated difenacoum detoxification is involved in the Berkshire phenotype. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylis Boitet
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Abdessalem Hammed
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Nolan Chatron
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Jean Valéry Debaux
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRA, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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8
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Lefebvre S, Hascoët C, Damin-Pernik M, Rannou B, Benoit E, Lattard V. Monitoring of antivitamin K-dependent anticoagulation in rodents - Towards an evolution of the methodology to detect resistance in rodents. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 138:29-36. [PMID: 28456301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin K antagonists are used as rodenticides for pest control management. In rodents, prothrombin time is used to monitor their effect despite its limits and the emergence of many coagulation methods. The aim of this study is to explore different coagulation monitoring methods in order to propose the best method and the best parameter to monitor vitamin K antagonists effect in rodents. The coagulation function was thus monitored with global coagulation assays and specialty assays after difethialone administration in rats. Despite many parameters obtained by thromboelastometry, only clotting time and clot formation time obtained by ExTEM were modified. Their evolution was fast with doubling time respectively of 4.0h and 3.7h but their increases were delayed with a lag time higher than 8h. Conversely, prothrombin time evolution presented a lag time of only 2h, but a higher doubling time of 7.2h. The measurements of factor VII and X activities were the most sensitive assays to monitor vitamin K antagonists effect with almost no lag time and the fastest evolution. Nevertheless, factor X was shown to be the only key factor driving prothrombin time. Monitoring factor X activity enables to follow most effectively the anticoagulation status in rats after rodenticides administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lefebvre
- USC 1233 INRA-Vetagro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Claire Hascoët
- USC 1233 INRA-Vetagro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Marlène Damin-Pernik
- USC 1233 INRA-Vetagro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Benoit Rannou
- USC 1233 INRA-Vetagro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 INRA-Vetagro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 INRA-Vetagro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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9
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Goulois J, Lambert V, Legros L, Benoit E, Lattard V. Adaptative evolution of the Vkorc1 gene in Mus musculus domesticus is influenced by the selective pressure of anticoagulant rodenticides. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2767-2776. [PMID: 28428867 PMCID: PMC5395456 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides are commonly used to control rodent pests worldwide. They specifically inhibit the vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), which is an enzyme encoded by the Vkorc1 gene, involved in the recycling of vitamin K. Therefore, they prevent blood clotting. Numerous mutations of Vkorc1 gene were reported in rodents, and some are involved in the resistant to rodenticides phenotype. Two hundred and sixty‐six mice tails were received from 65 different locations in France. Coding sequences of Vkorc1 gene were sequenced in order to detect mutations. Consequences of the observed mutations were evaluated by the use of recombinant VKORC1. More than 70% of mice presented Vkorc1 mutations. Among these mice, 80% were homozygous. Contrary to brown rats for which only one predominant Vkorc1 genotype was found in France, nine missense single mutations and four double mutations were observed in house mice. The single mutations lead to resistance to first‐generation antivitamin K (AVKs) only and are certainly associated with the use of these first‐generation molecules by nonprofessionals for the control of mice populations. The double mutations, probably obtained by genetic recombination, lead to in vitro resistance to all AVKs. They must be regarded as an adaptive evolution to the current use of second‐generation AVKs. The intensive use of first‐generation anticoagulants probably allowed the selection of a high diversity of mutations, which makes possible the genetic recombination and consequently provokes the emergence of the more resistant mutated Vkorc1 described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Goulois
- USC 1233 RS2GPVetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ LyonF‐69280MARCY L’ETOILEFrance
- Liphatech, BonnelPont du CasseFrance
| | - Véronique Lambert
- USC 1233 RS2GPVetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ LyonF‐69280MARCY L’ETOILEFrance
| | | | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 RS2GPVetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ LyonF‐69280MARCY L’ETOILEFrance
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 RS2GPVetAgro Sup, INRA, Univ LyonF‐69280MARCY L’ETOILEFrance
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10
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Goulois J, Hascoët C, Dorani K, Besse S, Legros L, Benoit E, Lattard V. Study of the efficiency of anticoagulant rodenticides to control Mus musculus domesticus introgressed with Mus spretus Vkorc1. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:325-331. [PMID: 27196872 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antivitamin K anticoagulant (AVK) rodenticides are commonly used to control rodent pests worldwide. They specifically inhibit the VKORC1 enzyme essential for the recycling of vitamin K, and thus prevent blood clotting and cause death by haemorrhage. Numerous mutations or polymorphisms of the Vkorc1 gene were reported in rodents, and some led to resistance to rodenticides. In house mice (Mus musculus domesticus), adaptive introgression of the Vkorc1 gene from the Algerian mouse (Mus spretus) was reported. This adaptive introgression causes the substitution of four amino acids in M. musculus domesticus. RESULTS The consequences of introgression were assessed by (i) the characterisation of the in vivo resistant phenotype of adaptive Vkorc1spr -introgressed mice, (ii) the characterisation of the ex vivo resistance phenotype of the liver VKOR activity and (iii) the comparison of these results with the properties of recombinant VKORC1spr protein expressed in yeast. The resistance factor (from 1 to 120) induced by the four introgressed polymorphisms obtained using these three approaches was dependent on the AVKs used but were highly correlated among the three approaches. CONCLUSION The four introgressed polymorphisms were clearly the cause of the strong resistant phenotype observed in the field. In the context of strong selection pressure due to the extensive use of AVKs, this resistant phenotype may explain the widespread distribution of this genotype from Spain to Germany. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joffrey Goulois
- USC 1233 INRA-VetAgro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
- Liphatech, Bonnel, Pont du Casse, France
| | | | - Khedidja Dorani
- USC 1233 INRA-VetAgro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Stéphane Besse
- USC 1233 INRA-VetAgro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Etienne Benoit
- USC 1233 INRA-VetAgro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233 INRA-VetAgro Sup, Veterinary School of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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11
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Takeda K, Ikenaka Y, Tanikawa T, Tanaka KD, Nakayama SMM, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. Novel revelation of warfarin resistant mechanism in roof rats (Rattus rattus) using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 134:1-7. [PMID: 27914534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Roof rats (Rattus rattus) live mainly in human habitats. Heavy use of rodenticides, such as warfarin, has led to the development of drug resistance, making pest control difficult. There have been many reports regarding mutations of vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), the target enzyme of warfarin, in resistant rats. However, it has been suggested there are other mechanisms of warfarin resistance. To confirm these possibilities, closed colonies of warfarin-susceptible roof rats (S) and resistant rats from Tokyo (R) were established, and the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats from both colonies was investigated. R rats had low levels of warfarin in serum and high clearance activity. These rats can rapidly metabolize warfarin by hydroxylation. The levels of accumulation in the organs were lower than those of S rats. R rats administered warfarin showed high expression levels of CYP2B, 2C, and 3A, which play roles in warfarin hydroxylation, and may explain the high clearance ability of R rats. The mechanism of warfarin resistance in roof rats from Tokyo involved not only mutation of VKOR but also high clearance ability due to high levels of CYP2B, 2C and 3A expression possibly induced by warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Takeda
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tsutomu Tanikawa
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Corporation, Chiba 260-0844, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki D Tanaka
- Technical Research Laboratory, Ikari Corporation, Chiba 260-0844, Japan
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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Lefebvre S, Rannou B, Besse S, Benoit E, Lattard V. Origin of the gender differences of the natural resistance to antivitamin K anticoagulants in rats. Toxicology 2016; 344-346:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Vein J, Grandemange A, Cosson JF, Benoit E, Berny PJ. Are water vole resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides following field treatments? ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:1432-1441. [PMID: 21630005 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The anti-vitamin Ks (AVKs) are widely used to control rodent populations. They inhibit Vitamin K regeneration by the Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase (VKOR) and cause a fatal hemorrhagic syndrome. Because of repeated use, some populations of commensal rodents have expressed resistance to these compounds. In Franche-Comté (France), the water vole exhibits cyclic population outbreaks. A second generation AVK, bromadiolone, has been used for the last 20 years to control vole populations. The aim of this study is to determine whether these repeated treatments could have led to the development of resistance to AVKs in water vole populations. We conducted enzymatic and genetic studies on water voles trapped in treated and non treated plot. The results indicate that voles from the most heavily treated area exhibit enzymatic changes in VKOR activity hence arguing for resistance to AVKs and that an intronic haplotype on the vkorc1 gene seems to be associated with these enzymatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Vein
- UMR 1233 INRA, VetAgro Sup, VetAgro Sup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon 1 Avenue Bourgelat, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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14
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Sage M, Fourel I, Cœurdassier M, Barrat J, Berny P, Giraudoux P. Determination of bromadiolone residues in fox faeces by LC/ESI-MS in relationship with toxicological data and clinical signs after repeated exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:664-674. [PMID: 20692656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In many countries, the fox (Vulpes vulpes), predator of small mammals, is particularly affected by anticoagulant rodenticides such as bromadiolone due to secondary poisoning. Nevertheless, to date, no method of exposure monitoring is applicable in the field over large areas, and no toxicological data are available concerning sensitivity of foxes to bromadiolone. The aim of this work was to compare excretion kinetics of bromadiolone in fox faeces with clinical and haemostatic effects after repeated exposure to intoxicated voles. A sensitive method for the quantification of bromadiolone excretion in fox faeces and plasma was developed, using liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS). The LoD was 0.9microg/kg and 0.15microg/L, and the LoQ was 3.0microg/kg and 0.5microg/L, in faeces and in plasma, respectively. Four captive foxes were fed for 2 or 5 days with water voles (Arvicola terrestris Sherman) spiked with bromadiolone at concentrations close to those measured in the field. Faeces and blood were collected for bromadiolone titration, and blood-clotting tests were performed to monitor fox health daily during 10 days and then every 3-4 days until the end of the experiment (D28). Then, after euthanasia, a complete necropsy was performed, and levels of bromadiolone residues in the liver were determined. Bromadiolone residues were detected in faeces 15h after the first exposure. They increased dramatically during the exposure period and then gradually decreased, but they remained detectable at the end of the experiment, i.e., 26 days after the last exposure. Bromadiolone residues in plasma showed a similar pattern but were no longer detectable 7-24 days after the last exposure. Two foxes presented very severe external haemorrhages, requiring the administration of the antidote vitamin-K1. Bromadiolone residues in faeces and their relationships with exposure and other direct-markers that were measured are discussed. Liver residues and the toxicity data of our study will help to interpret data from fox carcasses collected by wildlife disease surveillance networks. These findings provide a basis for programs aiming to monitor the exposure of wild fox populations to bromadiolone using non-invasive methods based on standard sampling and analysis of residues in faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Sage
- University of Franche-Comte, Department of Chrono-Environment, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 UsC INRA, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.
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Grandemange A, Lasseur R, Longin-Sauvageon C, Benoit E, Berny P. Distribution of VKORC1 single nucleotide polymorphism in wild Rattus norvegicus in France. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:270-276. [PMID: 19890940 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticoagulant rodenticides are commonly used to control rodent pests all over the world. These pesticides inhibit one enzyme of the vitamin K cycle, Vkorc1, and thus prevent blood clotting and cause death by haemorrhage. Resistance to anticoagulants was first observed in Scotland in 1958, and more potent anticoagulants have been developed to overcome this obstacle. Unfortunately, these chemicals are very toxic and cannot be used everywhere. Some authors have shown that resistance to anticoagulants seems closely linked with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Vkorc1 gene. RESULTS This study draws a map of SNP and haplotypes found in Vkorc1 in rats from different areas of France. Some of them had never been described before. Moreover, the Y139F mutation, described previously in France and Belgium, is the most frequent in France. This mutation is known to be associated with a strong resistance to anticoagulants, and it was found in 28% of the samples. CONCLUSION This biomolecular approach to studying and detecting resistance is easier to carry out than the phenotypic approach measuring blood coagulation time because it can be conducted on biological samples from dead animals, and it is less dangerous for the operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Grandemange
- UMR 1233 INRA/DGER Université de Lyon, National Veterinary School of Lyon, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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Consequences of the Y139F Vkorc1 mutation on resistance to AVKs: in-vivo investigation in a 7th generation of congenic Y139F strain of rats. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:742-50. [PMID: 19752778 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32832ee55b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans, warfarin is used as an anticoagulant to reduce the risk of thromboembolic clinical events. Warfarin derivatives are also used as rodenticides in pest control. The gene encoding the protein targeted by anticoagulants is the Vitamin K-2,3-epoxide reductase subunit 1 (VKORC1). Since its discovery in 2004, various amino acid and transcription-regulatory altering VKORC1 mutations have been identified in patients who required extreme antivitamin K dosages, or wild populations of rodents that were difficult to control with anticoagulant rodenticides. One unresolved question concerns the dependency of the VKORC1 on the genetic background in humans and rodents that respond weakly or not at all to anticoagulants. Moreover, an important question requiring further analyses concerns the role of the Vkorc1 gene in mediating resistance to more recently developed warfarin derivatives (superwarfarins). METHODS In this study, we bred a quasicongenic rat strain by using a wild-caught anticoagulant resistant rat as a donor to introduce the Y>F amino acid change at position 139 in the Vkorc1 into the genetic background of an anticoagulant susceptible Spraque-Dawley recipient strain. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In this manuscript we report the prothrombin times measured in the F7 generation after exposure to chlorophacinone, bromadiolone, difenacoum and difethialone. We observed that the mutation Y139F mediates resistance in an otherwise susceptible genetic background when exposed to chlorophacinone and bromadiolone. However, the physiological response to the super-warfarins, difenacoum and difethialone, may be strongly dependent on other genes located outside the congenic interval (28.3 cM) bracketing the Vkorc1 in our F7 generation congenic strain.
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Heiberg AC. Anticoagulant resistance: a relevant issue in sewer rat (Rattus norvegicus) control? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:444-449. [PMID: 19165753 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of rat problems in cities are thought to be related to defective sewers, and the use of anticoagulant rodenticides in such places is often implemented as part of regular urban rodent control. Knowledge pertaining to the resistance status of sewer rat populations is non-existent, which may be leading to control problems in cities. It has become crucial to provide knowledge on the prevalence of resistance and how different control strategies have affected its prevalence among sewer rat populations. The prevalence of resistance was investigated in six sewer locations in Copenhagen and its suburban area by means of the blood clotting response (BCR) test and amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction (ARMS PCR) analysis, and by additional sequencing of the VKORC1 gene. The sewer locations were chosen to represent three different control strategies: (i) no anticoagulant use for approximately 20 years; (ii) no anticoagulant use for the last 5 years; (iii) continuous use for several decades up to the present. RESULTS A low level of anticoagulant resistance was found in the sewers regardless of control strategy. Surprisingly, none of the rats, including the resistant rats, had resistance-related mutations in the VKORC1 gene. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the genetic background of anticoagulant resistance may have to be redefined in respect of resistance-related changes in the VKORC1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Charlotte Heiberg
- Danish Pest Infestation Laboratory, Department of Integrated Pest Management, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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