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Shu W, Price GW, Jamieson R, Lake C. Simulating fate and transport of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using Root Zone Water Quality Model 2. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:1178-1192. [PMID: 37661655 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The fate and transport of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in soil are determined by various processes, and the complexity of the system lends itself to the use of computer simulation models to help understand it. This study demonstrated the first attempt to use empirical data from lab incubation and field studies to parameterize and test a process-based agricultural systems model, Root Zone Water Quality Model 2 (RZWQM2), to simulate the fate and transport of naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBF), and ketoprofen (KTF) in field-based lysimeters amended with alkaline-treated biosolids (ATBs). The model calibrated for the soil-water balance module and contaminant transport module was used to predict water seepage through the soil profile in 2017 and 2018 within a 15% error of the field measured data, with model performance statistics such as Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) and R2 all greater than 0.70. The overall predicted percent recovery of initial spiked NSAIDs in both soil and water samples, after further calibration of the contaminant transport module, was within the same order of magnitude as the measured data. The model underestimated the percent recovery of initial spiked NSAIDs at the 30- to 55-cm soil depth for all treatments on day 3. The calibrated soil subsurface aerobic half-lives of NPX and IBF were found to be considerably lower than their laboratory-measured half-lives obtained from the incubation study. The overall performance of RZWQM2 in simulating the soil hydrology and behavior of NSAIDs in soil profiles receiving various rates of ATB amendments was satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixi Shu
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gordon W Price
- Department of Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rob Jamieson
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Craig Lake
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhong L, Wu C, Li M, Wu J, Chen Y, Ju Z, Tan C. 1,2,4-Oxadiazole as a potential scaffold in agrochemistry: a review. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:7511-7524. [PMID: 37671568 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00934c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
N,O-containing heterocycles have been incorporated into various approved pesticides and pesticide candidates. The persistent challenge in contemporary crop protection lies in the continuous pursuit of novel N,O-heterocycle-containing compounds with pesticidal properties. Among them, the 1,2,4-oxadiazole scaffold is one of the most extensively explored heterocycles in new pesticide discovery and development. This review focuses on elucidating the molecular design strategy employed along with highlighting the bioactivity of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives since 2012. Throughout this time frame, tioxazafen and flufenoxadiazam have emerged as prominent examples in which 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives were utilized as the core active structure within numerous applications. Additionally, the preparation methods for substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives are elaborated upon, and their potential value within agrochemistry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Zhong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Changyuan Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Mimi Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Junhui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Zhiran Ju
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Chengxia Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Duke SO, Dayan FE. The search for new herbicide mechanisms of action: Is there a 'holy grail'? PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1303-1313. [PMID: 34796620 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
New herbicide modes of action (MOAs) are in great demand because of the burgeoning evolution of resistance of weeds to existing commercial herbicides. This need has been exacerbated by the almost complete lack of introduction of herbicides with new MOAs for almost 40 years. There are many highly phytotoxic compounds with MOAs not represented by commercial herbicides, but neither these compounds nor structural analogues have been developed as herbicides for a variety of reasons. Natural products provide knowledge of many MOAs that are not being utilized by commercial herbicides. Other means of identifying new herbicide targets are discussed, including pharmaceutical target sites and metabolomic and proteomic information, as well as the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict herbicidal compounds with new MOAs. Information about several newly discovered herbicidal compounds with new MOAs is summarized. The currently increased efforts of both established companies and start-up companies are likely to result in herbicides with new MOAs that can be used in herbicide resistance management within the next decade. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Abdullah HSTSH, Chia PW, Omar D, Chuah TS. Herbicidal properties of antihypertensive drugs: calcium channel blockers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14227. [PMID: 34244589 PMCID: PMC8270911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicide resistance is a worldwide problem in weed control. This prompts researchers to look for new modes of action to slow down the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. This research aims to determine the herbicidal action of thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines derivatives, which are well known as antihypertensive drugs. The phytotoxic effects of ten compounds were investigated using leaf disc discoloration test and seed germination bioassay. At concentrations of 125 to 250 mg/L, the 5-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-7-methyl-5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (c) was highly active against Oldenlandia verticillata and Eleusine indica. At application rates of 1.25 to 2.5 kg ai/ha, formulated c demonstrated selective post-emergence and pre-emergence herbicidal activity against O. verticillata, E. indica and Cyperus iria. In the crop tolerance test, formulated c outperformed the commercial herbicide diuron, with aerobic Oryza sativa being the most tolerant, followed by Zea mays, and Brassica rapa. The addition of calcium chloride partially nullified compound c's inhibitory effects on weed shoot growth, indicating that it has potential as a calcium channel blocker. Compound c acted by triggering electrolyte leakage without affecting photosystem II. These findings imply that c could be explored further as a template for developing new herbicides with novel modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poh Wai Chia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Dzolkhifli Omar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tse Seng Chuah
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
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Silva VKA, May RC, Rodrigues ML. Pyrifenox, an ergosterol inhibitor, differentially affects Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Med Mycol 2021; 58:928-937. [PMID: 31915833 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection. New therapeutic approaches are necessary to combat cryptococcosis, as the currently available therapeutic protocols are expensive and generally result in deleterious side effects. Pyrifenox is an antifungal compound that affects phytopathogens by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol. In this study, we investigated the effects of pyrifenox on Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii growth, capsule architecture and export of the major capsule component, glucuroxylomannan (GXM). Pyrifenox inhibited the growth of C. neoformans, but was significantly less effective against C. gattii. The resistance of C. gattii to pyrifenox was associated with the expression of efflux pump genes, particularly AFR1 and AFR2, since mutant cells lacking expression of these genes became sensitive to pyrifenox. Analysis of the cryptococcal capsule by India ink counterstaining, immunofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy showed that pyrifenox affected capsular dimensions in both species. However, GXM fibers were shorter and uniformly distributed in C. neoformans, whereas in C. gattii the number of fibers was reduced. Pyrifenox-treated C. gattii developed unusually long chains of undivided cells. The secretion of GXM was markedly reduced in both species after treatment with pyrifenox. Altogether, the results indicated that pyrifenox differently affects C. neoformans and C. gattii. In addition, it highlights a potential role for pyrifenox as an inhibitor of GXM export in experimental models involving pathogenic cryptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa K A Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas (ICC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Brazil.,Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ogawa Y, Tokunaga E, Kobayashi O, Hirai K, Shibata N. Current Contributions of Organofluorine Compounds to the Agrochemical Industry. iScience 2020; 23:101467. [PMID: 32891056 PMCID: PMC7479632 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, more than 1,200 agrochemicals are listed and many of these are regularly used by farmers to generate the food supply to support the expanding global population. However, resistance to pesticides is an ever more frequently occurring phenomenon, and thus, a continuous supply of novel agrochemicals with high efficiency, selectivity, and low toxicity is required. Moreover, the demand for a more sustainable society, by reducing the risk chemicals pose to human health and by minimizing their environmental footprint, renders the development of novel agrochemicals an ever more challenging undertaking. In the last two decades, fluoro-chemicals have been associated with significant advances in the agrochemical development process. We herein analyze the contribution that organofluorine compounds make to the agrochemical industry. Our database covers 424 fluoro-agrochemicals and is subdivided into several categories including chemotypes, mode of action, heterocycles, and chirality. This in-depth analysis reveals the unique relationship between fluorine and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ogawa
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tokunaga
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Sagami Chemical Research Institute, 2743-1 Hayakawa, Ayase, Kanagawa 252-1193, Japan
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Fluorine-Containing Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Avenue, 321004 Jinhua, China
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Wu S, Zhou H, Luo L, Zhou Y. Response to comment on "Chiral pharmaceuticals: Environment sources, potential human health impacts, remediation technologies and future perspective". ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:1-4. [PMID: 30889397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Hawkins NJ, Bass C, Dixon A, Neve P. The evolutionary origins of pesticide resistance. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:135-155. [PMID: 29971903 PMCID: PMC6378405 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Durable crop protection is an essential component of current and future food security. However, the effectiveness of pesticides is threatened by the evolution of resistant pathogens, weeds and insect pests. Pesticides are mostly novel synthetic compounds, and yet target species are often able to evolve resistance soon after a new compound is introduced. Therefore, pesticide resistance provides an interesting case of rapid evolution under strong selective pressures, which can be used to address fundamental questions concerning the evolutionary origins of adaptations to novel conditions. We ask: (i) whether this adaptive potential originates mainly from de novo mutations or from standing variation; (ii) which pre-existing traits could form the basis of resistance adaptations; and (iii) whether recurrence of resistance mechanisms among species results from interbreeding and horizontal gene transfer or from independent parallel evolution. We compare and contrast the three major pesticide groups: insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Whilst resistance to these three agrochemical classes is to some extent united by the common evolutionary forces at play, there are also important differences. Fungicide resistance appears to evolve, in most cases, by de novo point mutations in the target-site encoding genes; herbicide resistance often evolves through selection of polygenic metabolic resistance from standing variation; and insecticide resistance evolves through a combination of standing variation and de novo mutations in the target site or major metabolic resistance genes. This has practical implications for resistance risk assessment and management, and lessons learnt from pesticide resistance should be applied in the deployment of novel, non-chemical pest-control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola J. Hawkins
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 4SEU.K.
| | - Chris Bass
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Exeter, Penryn CampusCornwallTR10 9FEU.K.
| | - Andrea Dixon
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 4SEU.K.
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA 30602U.S.A.
| | - Paul Neve
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop ProtectionRothamsted ResearchHarpendenAL5 4SEU.K.
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Fisher MC, Hawkins NJ, Sanglard D, Gurr SJ. Worldwide emergence of resistance to antifungal drugs challenges human health and food security. Science 2018; 360:739-742. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aap7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Liang Z, Li QX. π-Cation Interactions in Molecular Recognition: Perspectives on Pharmaceuticals and Pesticides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3315-3323. [PMID: 29522678 PMCID: PMC7357627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The π-cation interaction that differs from the cation-π interaction is a valuable concept in molecular design of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. In this Perspective we present an up-to-date review (from 1995 to 2017) on bioactive molecules involving π-cation interactions with the recognition site, and categorize into systems of inhibitor-enzyme, ligand-receptor, ligand-transporter, and hapten-antibody. The concept of π-cation interactions offers use of π systems in a small molecule to enhance the binding affinity, specificity, selectivity, lipophilicity, bioavailability, and metabolic stability, which are physiochemical features desired for drugs and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing X. Li
- Corresponding Author: . Fax: (808) 965-3542
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Abstract
While it is true that only a small fraction of fungal species are responsible for human mycoses, the increasing prevalence of fungal diseases has highlighted an urgent need to develop new antifungal drugs, especially for systemic administration. This contribution focuses on the similarities between agricultural fungicides and drugs. Inorganic, organometallic and organic compounds can be found amongst agricultural fungicides. Furthermore, fungicides are designed and developed in a similar fashion to drugs based on similar rules and guidelines, with fungicides also having to meet similar criteria of lead-likeness and/or drug-likeness. Modern approved specific-target fungicides are well-characterized entities with a proposed structure-activity relationships hypothesis and a defined mode of action. Extensive toxicological evaluation, including mammalian toxicology assays, is performed during the whole discovery and development process. Thus modern agrochemical research (design of modern agrochemicals) comes close to drug design, discovery and development. Therefore, modern specific-target fungicides represent excellent lead-like structures/models for novel drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- a Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
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12
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Jaimes-Correa JC, Snow DD, Bartelt-Hunt SL. Seasonal occurrence of antibiotics and a beta agonist in an agriculturally-intensive watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:87-96. [PMID: 26025261 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the occurrence of 12 veterinary antibiotics and a beta agonist over spatial and temporal scales in Shell Creek, an intensively agricultural watershed in Nebraska, using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS). Twelve pharmaceuticals were detected with concentrations ranging from 0.0003 ng/L to 68 ng/L. The antibiotics measured at the highest time-weighted average concentrations were lincomycin (68 ng/L) and monensin (49 ng/L), and both compounds were detected at increased concentrations in summer months. Analysis of variance indicates that mean concentrations of detected pharmaceuticals have no significant (p > 0.01) spatial variation. However, significant temporal differences (p < 0.01) were observed. This study demonstrates the utility of passive samplers such as POCIS for monitoring ambient levels of pharmaceuticals in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel D Snow
- Water Sciences Laboratory, Nebraska Water Center & School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States
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Synthesis and antimycobacterial and photosynthesis-inhibiting evaluation of 2-[(E)-2-substituted-ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazoles. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:705973. [PMID: 25197708 PMCID: PMC4146477 DOI: 10.1155/2014/705973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of twelve 2-[(E)-2-substituted-ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazoles was designed. All the synthesized compounds were tested against three mycobacterial strains. The compounds were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. 2-[(E)-2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazole, 2-[(E)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazole and 2-{(E)-2-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]ethenyl}-1,3-benzoxazole showed the highest activity against M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, and M. avium, and they demonstrated significantly higher activity against M. avium and M. kansasii than isoniazid. The PET-inhibiting activity of the most active ortho-substituted compound 2-[(E)-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazole was IC₅₀ = 76.3 μmol/L, while the PET-inhibiting activity of para-substituted compounds was significantly lower. The site of inhibitory action of tested compounds is situated on the donor side of photosystem II. The structure-activity relationships are discussed.
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Brooks GT. The IUPAC International Congresses of Pesticide Chemistry (1963-2014) and Pest Management Science: a half-century of progress. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:1165-1168. [PMID: 24852234 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As we approach the 2014 San Francisco IUPAC Pesticide Chemistry Congress, we reflect on the 51 years of such congresses every 4 years since 1963. Meanwhile, our journal, Pesticide Science/Pest Management Science, has in parallel continually published relevant science for nearly as long (44 years from 1970).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Brooks
- Emeritus Editor-in-Chief, Pest Management Science, Brighton, UK
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15
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Antimycobacterial and photosynthetic electron transport inhibiting activity of ring-substituted 4-arylamino-7-chloroquinolinium chlorides. Molecules 2013; 18:10648-70. [PMID: 24002140 PMCID: PMC6270397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of twenty-five ring-substituted 4-arylamino-7-chloroquinolinium chlorides were prepared and characterized. The compounds were tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts and also primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against mycobacterial species. 4-[(2-Bromophenyl)amino]-7-chloroquinolinium chloride showed high biological activity against M. marinum, M. kansasii, M. smegmatis and 7-chloro-4-[(2-methylphenyl)amino]quinolinium chloride demonstrated noteworthy biological activity against M. smegmatis and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. The most effective compounds demonstrated quite low toxicity (LD₅₀ > 20 μmol/L) against the human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line within preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity screening. The tested compounds were found to inhibit PET in photosystem II. The PET-inhibiting activity expressed by IC₅₀ value of the most active compound 7-chloro-4-[(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino]quinolinium chloride was 27 μmol/L and PET-inhibiting activity of ortho-substituted compounds was significantly lower than this of meta- and para-substituted ones. The structure-activity relationships are discussed for all compounds.
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Witschel M, Rottmann M, Kaiser M, Brun R. Agrochemicals against malaria, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1805. [PMID: 23145187 PMCID: PMC3493374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In tropical regions, protozoan parasites can cause severe diseases with malaria, leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease standing in the forefront. Many of the drugs currently being used to treat these diseases have been developed more than 50 years ago and can cause severe adverse effects. Above all, resistance to existing drugs is widespread and has become a serious problem threatening the success of control measures. In order to identify new antiprotozoal agents, more than 600 commercial agrochemicals have been tested on the pathogens causing the above mentioned diseases. For all of the pathogens, compounds were identified with similar or even higher activities than the currently used drugs in applied in vitro assays. Furthermore, in vivo activity was observed for the fungicide/oomyceticide azoxystrobin, and the insecticide hydramethylnon in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model, and for the oomyceticide zoxamide in the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense STIB900 mouse model, respectively. Even though agrochemistry and infectious disease control have the same principle goal – the suppression of harmful organisms without harming human health and the environment – there have been only very limited activities to exploit this overlap for the development of new antiinfectious drugs so far. In this study and for the first time, over 600 commercial agrochemicals were systematically screened against the infectious pathogens causing malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Many highly active compounds with known low mammalian toxicity were identified in cell based assays, and the activity of some of them could even be confirmed in first animal model studies. Further expansion of this concept to other pathogens and the examination of analogues of the identified hits, potentially available from agrochemical companies, would allow for a very efficient source of novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Witschel
- BASF SE, Global Research Herbicides, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- * E-mail: (MW); (RB)
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (MW); (RB)
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17
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Brooks G. Editorial for January 2012. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1-2. [PMID: 22190234 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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