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Rivest S, Lee ST, Cook D, Forrest JRK. Consequences of pollen defense compounds for pollinators and antagonists in a pollen-rewarding plant. Ecology 2024; 105:e4306. [PMID: 38590050 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce an array of defensive compounds with toxic or deterrent effects on insect herbivores. Pollen can contain relatively high concentrations of such defense compounds, but the causes and consequences of this enigmatic phenomenon remain mostly unknown. These compounds could potentially protect pollen against antagonists but could also reduce flower attractiveness to pollinators. We combined field observations of the pollen-rewarding Lupinus argenteus with chemical analysis and laboratory assays to test three hypotheses for the presence of pollen defense compounds: (1) these compounds are the result of spillover from adjacent tissues, (2) they protect against pollen thieves, and (3) they act as antimicrobial compounds. We also tested whether pollen defense compounds affect pollinator behavior. We found a positive relationship between alkaloid concentrations in pollen and petals, supporting the idea that pollen defense compounds partly originate from spillover. However, pollen and petals exhibited quantitatively (but not qualitatively) distinct alkaloid profiles, suggesting that plants can adjust pollen alkaloid composition independently from that of adjacent tissues. We found no relationship between pollen alkaloid concentration and the abundance of pollen thieves in Lupinus flowers. However, pollen alkaloids were negatively associated with bacterial abundance. Finally, plants with more alkaloids in their pollen received more pollinator visits, but these visits were shorter, resulting in no change in the overall number of flowers visited. We propose that pollen defense compounds are partly the result of spillover from other tissues, while they also play an antimicrobial role. The absence of negative effects of these compounds on pollinator visitation likely allows their maintenance in pollen at relatively high concentrations. Taken together, our results suggest that pollen alkaloids affect and are mediated by the interplay of multiple interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Rivest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen T Lee
- USDA ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Jessica R K Forrest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, Colorado, USA
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V FA, Gil S R, A S, G M, Schneider MI. Evaluation of imidacloprid (Confidor OD®) genotoxicity in Chrysoperla externa eggs (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) through comet assay. Chemosphere 2024; 356:141819. [PMID: 38575080 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The comet assay allows the analysis of DNA damage caused by different genotoxins. This assay has recently gained interest because of its ease of studying the interactions of xenobiotics with different organisms. Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) is a species of great economic relevance because it is a predator of major agricultural pests during its larval stage. Neonicotinoids are the most important chemical class of insecticides introduced into markets. A previous imidacloprid toxicity assessment on C. externa showed that this neonicotinoid insecticide reduced the egg viability. The objective of this study was to analyze the genotoxicity of Confidor OD® (imidacloprid 20% a.i., LS, Bayer CropScience) on the biological control agent C. externa at DNA level using the comet assay as an ecotoxicological biomarker. A comet assay protocol has been developed for this species at first time. For the bioassays, the commercial product formulated Confidor OD® was used at two concentrations: 100 and 180 mg/l of the active ingredient. Selected eggs were dipped in a Confidor OD® solution for 15 s. Descriptors evaluated in the comet assay were damage index, % DNA damage, and tail length. The damage index did not show any significant differences between the different concentrations evaluated, but differences were observed for tail length, because at higher concentrations of Confidor OD®, there were greater DNA breaks. The DNA of the cells from treated eggs analyzed at 48 h and 96 h of development showed the same % DNA damage; that is, they had no recovery capacity. Application of Confidor OD® to C. externa eggs produced irreparable breaks at the DNA level. The technique adjusted for C. externa can be used in other beneficial insects to study pesticide genotoxicity using a comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernández Acevedo V
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-UNLP CICPBA. Boulevard 120 s/n entre Av. 60 y Calle 64. La Plata (1900), Argentina.
| | - Rodriguez Gil S
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-UNLP CICPBA. Boulevard 120 s/n entre Av. 60 y Calle 64. La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - Seoane A
- .Instituto de Genética Veterinaria, CONICET-UNLP. Avenida 60 y 118 S/N (1900) La Plata, Argentina
| | - Minardi G
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-UNLP CICPBA. Boulevard 120 s/n entre Av. 60 y Calle 64. La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - M I Schneider
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET-UNLP CICPBA. Boulevard 120 s/n entre Av. 60 y Calle 64. La Plata (1900), Argentina
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Morrison WR, Agrafioti P, Domingue MJ, Scheff DS, Lampiri E, Gourgouta M, Baliota GV, Sakka M, Myers SW, Athanassiou CG. Comparison of different traps and attractants in 3 food processing facilities in Greece on the capture of stored product insects. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:1432-1446. [PMID: 37352550 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Certain lures are marketed toward particular pests or classes of pests, while others might be multi-species lures. Investigative aims for this study included both which trap was most sensitive and whether different combinations of traps and attractants were delivering novel information about the stored product insect community. Comparisons were made for all combinations of 3 commercial traps and 4 different attractants plus an untreated control on the capture of stored-product insects for 2 consecutive years in 3 food processing facilities in Central Greece. The traps used in the experiments were Dome Trap (Trécé Inc., USA), Wall Trap (Trécé) and Box Trap (Insects Limited, Ltd., USA). The attractants that were evaluated were 0.13 g of (i) PantryPatrol gel (Insects Limited), (ii) Storgard kairomone food attractant oil (Trécé), (iii) wheat germ (Honeyville, USA), and (iv) Dermestid tablet attractant (Insects Limited). The traps were inspected approximately every 15 days and rotated. A total of 34,000+ individuals were captured belonging to 26 families and at least 48 species. The results indicated that Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) were the most abundant. Although there were noticeable differences among the different traps and attractants for specific species, all combinations provided similar information on population dynamics. Generally, Dome traps baited with either the oil or the gel, were found to be the most sensitive. The results of the present study demonstrate the importance of long-term trapping protocols, as a keystone in IPM-based control strategies in food processing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Morrison
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Paraskevi Agrafioti
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Street, Nea Ionia, Magnesia 38446, Greece
| | - Michael J Domingue
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, Science and Technology, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Deanna S Scheff
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Evagelia Lampiri
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Street, Nea Ionia, Magnesia 38446, Greece
| | - Marina Gourgouta
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Street, Nea Ionia, Magnesia 38446, Greece
| | - Georgia V Baliota
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Street, Nea Ionia, Magnesia 38446, Greece
| | - Maria Sakka
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Street, Nea Ionia, Magnesia 38446, Greece
| | - Scott W Myers
- Forest Pest Methods Laboratory, Science and Technology, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Buzzards Bay, MA, USA
| | - Christos G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou Street, Nea Ionia, Magnesia 38446, Greece
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Guo B, Jiang B, Wang C, Jin X, Wang L, Yang Z, Luo S, Yang Q, Zhang L, Yang X. A Potential Lead for Insect Growth Regulator: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity Evaluation of Novel Hexacyclic Pyrazolamide Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:3741. [PMID: 37175151 PMCID: PMC10179764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and chitinase play a critical role in the molting stage of insect pests. Each of them is considered a promising target for the development of novel insect growth regulators (IGRs). In the present paper, a total of 24 (23 novel) hexacyclic pyrazolamide derivatives were designed and synthesized by reducing the heptacycle and inserting small flexible linkers on the basis of the previously discovered dual-target compound D-27 acting simultaneously on EcR and Ostrinia furnacalis chitinase (OfChtI). Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Ostrinia furnacalis larvae were evaluated. The results revealed that the insecticidal activity was not significantly enhanced when the heptacycle on the pyrazole ring was reduced to a hexacycle. However, the insertion of an additional methylene spacer between the substituted phenyl ring and the amide bond can improve the insecticidal activity. Among the derivatives, the most potent compound, 6j, exhibited promising insecticidal activities against P. xylostella and S. frugiperda. Further protein binding assays and molecular docking indicated that 6j could target both EcR and OfChtI, and is a potential lead compound for IGRs. The present work provides valuable clues for the development of new dual-target IGRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbo Guo
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Biaobiao Jiang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunying Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jin
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaokai Yang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shihui Luo
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinling Yang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Ji Y, Ma S, Lv S, Wang Y, Lü S, Liu M. Nanomaterials for Targeted Delivery of Agrochemicals by an All-in-One Combination Strategy and Deep Learning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:43374-43386. [PMID: 34469104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of modern agriculture has prompted the greater input of herbicides, insecticides, and fertilizers. However, precision release and targeted delivery of these agrochemicals still remain a challenge. Here, a pesticide-fertilizer all-in-one combination (PFAC) strategy and deep learning are employed to form a system for controlled and targeted delivery of agrochemicals. This system mainly consists of three components: (1) hollow mesoporous silica (HMS), to encapsulate herbicides and phase-change material; (2) polydopamine (PDA) coating, to provide a photothermal effect; and (3) a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF8), to provide micronutrient Zn2+ and encapsulate insecticides. Results show that the PFAC at concentration of 5 mg mL-1 reaches the phase transition temperature of 1-tetradecanol (37.5 °C) after 5 min of near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (800 nm, 0.5 W cm-2). The data of corn and weed are collected and relayed to deep learning algorithms for model building to realize object detection and further targeted weeding. In-field treatment results indicated that the growth of chicory herb was significantly inhibited when treated with the PFAC compared with the blank group after 24 h under NIR irradiation for 2 h. This system combines agrochemical innovation and artificial intelligence technology, achieves synergistic effects of weeding and insecticide and nutrient supply, and will potentially achieve precision and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Song Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shaoqing Lv
- School of Communication and Information Engineering, Xi'an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi'an 710121, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shaoyu Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Abstract
Invertebrate pests, such as insects and nematodes, not only cause or transmit human and livestock diseases but also impose serious crop losses by direct injury as well as vectoring pathogenic microbes. The damage is global but greater in developing countries, where human health and food security are more at risk. Although synthetic pesticides have been in use, biological control measures offer advantages via their biodegradability, environmental safety and precise targeting. This is amply demonstrated by the successful and widespread use of Bacillusthuringiensis to control mosquitos and many plant pests, the latter by the transgenic expression of insecticidal proteins from B. thuringiensis in crop plants. Here, I discuss the prospects of using bacterial and fungal toxins for pest control, including the molecular basis of their biocidal activity.
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Thabet AF, Boraei HA, Galal OA, El-Samahy MFM, Mousa KM, Zhang YZ, Tuda M, Helmy EA, Wen J, Nozaki T. Silica nanoparticles as pesticide against insects of different feeding types and their non-target attraction of predators. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14484. [PMID: 34262071 PMCID: PMC8280210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The agricultural use of silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) has the potential to control insect pests while the safety and tritrophic effects on plants and beneficial natural enemies remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the effects of silica NPs on insect pests with different feeding niches, natural enemies, and a plant. Silica NPs were applied at different concentrations (75-425 mg/L) on field-cultivated faba bean and soybean for two growing seasons. The faba bean pests, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora and the American serpentine leafminer Liriomyza trifolii, and the soybean pest, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, were monitored along with their associated predators. Additional laboratory experiments were performed to test the effects of silica NPs on the growth of faba bean seedlings and to determine whether the rove beetle Paederus fuscipes is attracted to cotton leafworm-infested soybean treated with silica NPs. In the field experiments, silica NPs reduced the populations of all three insect pests and their associated predators, including rove beetles, as the concentration of silica NPs increased. In soybean fields, however, the total number of predators initially increased after applying the lowest concentration. An olfactometer-based choice test found that rove beetles were more likely to move towards an herbivore-infested plant treated with silica NPs than to a water-treated control, suggesting that silica NPs enhance the attraction of natural enemies via herbivore-induced plant volatiles. In the laboratory, while silica NPs inhibited the development of faba bean roots at 400 mg/L, they did not affect germination percentage, germination time, shoot length, or vigor index compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Thabet
- Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
- Field Crop Pests Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt.
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Hessien A Boraei
- Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ola A Galal
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Magdy F M El-Samahy
- Field Crop Pests Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
| | - Kareem M Mousa
- Economic Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yao Z Zhang
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Midori Tuda
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Eman A Helmy
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jian Wen
- Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Institute of Biological Control, Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Nozaki
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- The Kyushu University Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
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Liu N, Li T, Wang Y, Liu S. G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Insects-A Potential Target for New Insecticide Development. Molecules 2021; 26:2993. [PMID: 34069969 PMCID: PMC8157829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in cell biology and insects' physiological processes, toxicological response and the development of insecticide resistance. New information on genome sequences, proteomic and transcriptome analysis and expression patterns of GPCRs in organs such as the central nervous system in different organisms has shown the importance of these signaling regulatory GPCRs and their impact on vital cell functions. Our growing understanding of the role played by GPCRs at the cellular, genome, transcriptome and tissue levels is now being utilized to develop new targets that will sidestep many of the problems currently hindering human disease control and insect pest management. This article reviews recent work on the expression and function of GPCRs in insects, focusing on the molecular complexes governing the insect physiology and development of insecticide resistance and examining the genome information for GPCRs in two medically important insects, mosquitoes and house flies, and their orthologs in the model insect species Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue specific distribution and expression of the insect GPCRs is discussed, along with fresh insights into practical aspects of insect physiology and toxicology that could be fundamental for efforts to develop new, more effective, strategies for pest control and resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (T.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shikai Liu
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
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Smith DFQ, Camacho E, Thakur R, Barron AJ, Dong Y, Dimopoulos G, Broderick NA, Casadevall A. Glyphosate inhibits melanization and increases susceptibility to infection in insects. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001182. [PMID: 33979323 PMCID: PMC8115815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin, a black-brown pigment found throughout all kingdoms of life, has diverse biological functions including UV protection, thermoregulation, oxidant scavenging, arthropod immunity, and microbial virulence. Given melanin's broad roles in the biosphere, particularly in insect immune defenses, it is important to understand how exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminants affects melanization. Glyphosate-the most widely used herbicide globally-inhibits melanin production, which could have wide-ranging implications in the health of many organisms, including insects. Here, we demonstrate that glyphosate has deleterious effects on insect health in 2 evolutionary distant species, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting a broad effect in insects. Glyphosate reduced survival of G. mellonella caterpillars following infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased the size of melanized nodules formed in hemolymph, which normally help eliminate infection. Glyphosate also increased the burden of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum in A. gambiae mosquitoes, altered uninfected mosquito survival, and perturbed the microbial composition of adult mosquito midguts. Our results show that glyphosate's mechanism of melanin inhibition involves antioxidant synergy and disruption of the reaction oxidation-reduction balance. Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosate's environmental accumulation could render insects more susceptible to microbial pathogens due to melanin inhibition, immune impairment, and perturbations in microbiota composition, potentially contributing to declines in insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Q. Smith
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emma Camacho
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Raviraj Thakur
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander J. Barron
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nichole A. Broderick
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Savadogo EH, Shiomi Y, Yasuda J, Akino T, Yamaguchi M, Yoshida H, Umegawachi T, Tanaka R, Suong DNA, Miura K, Yazaki K, Kitajima S. Gene expression of PLAT and ATS3 proteins increases plant resistance to insects. Planta 2021; 253:37. [PMID: 33464406 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Genes of the PLAT protein family, including PLAT and ATS3 subfamilies of higher plants and homologs of liverwort, are involved in plant defense against insects. Laticifer cells in plants contain large amounts of anti-microbe or anti-insect proteins and are involved in plant defense against biotic stresses. We previously found that PLAT proteins accumulate in laticifers of fig tree (Ficus carica) at comparable levels to those of chitinases, and the transcript level of ATS3, another PLAT domain-containing protein, is highest in the transcriptome of laticifers of Euphorbia tirucalli. In this study, we investigated whether the PLAT domain-containing proteins are involved in defense against insects. Larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera litura showed retarded growth when fed with Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing F. carica PLAT or E. tirucalli ATS3 genes, introduced by agroinfiltration using expression vector pBYR2HS. Transcriptome analysis of these leaves indicated that ethylene and jasmonate signaling were activated, leading to increased expression of genes for PR-1, β-1,3-glucanase, PR5 and trypsin inhibitors, suggesting an indirect mechanism of PLAT- and ATS3-induced resistance in the host plant. Direct cytotoxicity of PLAT and ATS3 to insects was also possible because heterologous expression of the corresponding genes in Drosophila melanogaster caused apoptosis-mediated cell death in this insect. Larval growth retardation of S. litura occurred when they were fed radish sprouts, a good host for agroinfiltration, expressing any of nine homologous genes of dicotyledon Arabidopsis thaliana, monocotyledon Brachypodium distachyon, conifer Picea sitchensis and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Of these nine genes, the heterologous expression of A. thaliana AT5G62200 and AT5G62210 caused significant increases in larval death. These results indicated that the PLAT protein family has largely conserved anti-insect activity in the plant kingdom (249 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hyrmeya Savadogo
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yui Shiomi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Yasuda
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Akino
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Takanari Umegawachi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Dang Ngoc Anh Suong
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Miura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
- The Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan.
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11
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Liu F, Luo J, Zhu X, Zhao C, Niu L, Cui J. Transgenic Cry1Ac/CpTI cotton assessment finds no detrimental effects on the insect predator Chrysoperla sinica. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111680. [PMID: 33396012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread commercialization of genetically modified (GM) cotton makes it important to assess the potential impact of this recombinant crop on non-target organisms. As important natural enemies of cotton field predators, green lacewing Chrysoperla sinica larvae are exposed to Bt insecticidal proteins expressed by GM cotton by feeding on herbivorous pests, and adults are directly exposed to Bt proteins by cotton pollen consumption. However, potential impacts of transgenic Bt cotton on C. sinica remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two transgenic cotton varieties, CCRI41 and CCRI45, which express Cry1Ac (Bt toxin) and CpTI (Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor), on C. sinica larvae and adults. After being fed with cotton aphids Aphis gossypii reared on transgenic cotton, the survival rate, developmental duration, pupation rate, and emergence rate of larvae were not adversely affected. After being fed two types of transgenic cotton pollen, the 7-day weight of adults and the preoviposition period and the cumulative oviposition of females were not significantly different from control specimen. Taken together, these results indicate that the potential risks of the two tested GM cotton varieties for the predator C. sinica are negligible. CAPSULE: Our study indicated that GM cotton varieties CCRI41 and CCRI45 have no adverse effects on insect predator C. sinica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Niu
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China.
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12
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Kou H, Sun Y, Dong Z, Zhang Z. Comparison between sustained effects of spray and injection thiamethoxam on apple aphids and non-target insects in apple orchard. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 207:111307. [PMID: 32931968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spray application is considered to be the most common method of insecticide use in apple orchard, while trunk injection has often be used in labor-intensive areas. Here, a comparison of both methods in aphid control efficiency and non-target effects was conducted. We evaluated the effects of thiamethoxam by either spray or injection on apple aphid Aphis citricola, and examined the temporal dynamic of thiamethoxam in leaves by using residue analysis. Results showed that thiamethoxam had a remarkable suppression effect on Aphis citricola, and both application methods had obvious control efficiency with the highest value above 90%. The control effect of spray method on Aphis citricola reached the maximum at 7 days after application, while that of injection method reached the maximum at 14 days after application. Moreover, the control effect of injection after 14 days and that of spray after 7 days were not significant, suggesting the spray method had a higher quick-acting effect than the injection method, and the two methods had a similar persistence effect. The population dynamics of non-target insects (ladybugs, parasitoid wasps and predatory bugs) showed basically the same as that of blank controlled. The control effect evaluation of thiamethoxam on Aphis citricola suggest that injection treatment was more effective in protecting natural enemies than spray treatment, and thiamethoxam didn't interfere with natural enemies to control Aphis citricola with both two application methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Kou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yanchao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhaoke Dong
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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13
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Zou J, Zhao L, Yi P, An Q, He L, Li Y, Lou H, Yuan C, Gu W, Huang L, Hu Z, Hao X. Quinolizidine Alkaloids with Antiviral and Insecticidal Activities from the Seeds of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:15015-15026. [PMID: 33285067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel, effective, and botanical pesticides is one of the main strategies for modern plant protection and insect pest control. During the search for novel botanical pesticides from natural sources, the seeds of Sophora tonkinensis were systematically investigated to obtain 11 new matrine-type alkaloids (1-11), including one novel matrine-type alkaloid featuring an unprecedented 5/6/6/6 tetracyclic skeleton (1), along with 16 known compounds (12-27). Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis (IR, UV, NMR, and HRESIMS), ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activity and insecticidal activities against Aphis fabae and Tetranychus urticae of the compounds were also respectively screened using the half-leaf method and spray method. Biological tests indicated that compounds 2, 4, 6, and 26 displayed significant anti-TMV biological activities compared with the positive control ningnanmycin. Compounds 7, 17, and 26 presented moderate activities against A. fabae with LC50 values of 38.29, 18.63, and 23.74 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, compounds 13 and 26 exhibited weak activities against T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Lihua Zhao
- The Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650204, PR China
| | - Ping Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Qiao An
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Longxiang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Huayong Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Chunmao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Liejun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Zhanxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, PR China
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14
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Rumschlag SL, Mahon MB, Hoverman JT, Raffel TR, Carrick HJ, Hudson PJ, Rohr JR. Consistent effects of pesticides on community structure and ecosystem function in freshwater systems. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6333. [PMID: 33303740 PMCID: PMC7730384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting ecological effects of contaminants remains challenging because of the sheer number of chemicals and their ambiguous role in biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. We evaluate responses of experimental pond ecosystems to standardized concentrations of 12 pesticides, nested in four pesticide classes and two pesticide types. We show consistent effects of herbicides and insecticides on ecosystem function, and slightly less consistent effects on community composition. Effects of pesticides on ecosystem function are mediated by alterations in the abundance and community composition of functional groups. Through bottom-up effects, herbicides reduce respiration and primary productivity by decreasing the abundance of phytoplankton. The effects of insecticides on respiration and primary productivity of phytoplankton are driven by top-down effects on zooplankton composition and abundance, but not richness. By demonstrating consistent effects of pesticides on communities and ecosystem functions and linking pesticide-induced changes in functional groups of organisms to ecosystem functions, the study suggests that ecological risk assessment of registered chemicals could be simplified to synthetic chemical classes or types and groups of organisms with similar functions and chemical toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Rumschlag
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - Michael B Mahon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Thomas R Raffel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Hunter J Carrick
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Hudson
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Jason R Rohr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
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15
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Mansoor MM, Shad SA. Biochemical mechanism, inheritance and cross-resistance to cyromazine in a non-target Chrysoperla carnea: A potential predator of whiteflies and aphids. Chemosphere 2020; 260:127620. [PMID: 32758770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing an eco-friendly Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach is only possible by minimizing the use of insecticides and their effects on non-targets such as natural enemies. Chrysoperla carnea is a potential predator of several economic pests including whiteflies and aphids. C. carnea selected with cyromazine for 15 generations indicated a great increase in resistance to this Insect Growth Regulator (IGR). There was no cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and nitenpyram in Cyro-SEL population. Inheritance to cyromazine was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. A high realized heritability (h2) value (0.37) confirmed more genetic variability. Synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) showed a significant involvement of P-450 monooxygenase and esterase in cyromazine resistance development. These findings are helpful to design a natural enemy-friendly IPM strategy resulting in increased survival and performance of C. carnea controlling economic pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mudassir Mansoor
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Sarfraz Ali Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
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16
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Mollah MMI, Kim Y. Virulent secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic bacteria genera, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, inhibit phospholipase A 2 to suppress host insect immunity. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:359. [PMID: 33228536 PMCID: PMC7684946 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-02042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that cause septicemia and toxemia in insects. They produce secondary metabolites to induce host immunosuppression. Their metabolite compositions vary among bacterial species. Little is known about the relationship between metabolite compositions and the bacterial pathogenicity. The objective of this study was to compare pathogenicity and production of secondary metabolites of 14 bacterial isolates (species or strains) of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. RESULTS All bacterial isolates exhibited insecticidal activities after hemocoelic injection to Spodoptera exigua (a lepidopteran insect) larvae, with median lethal doses ranging from 168.8 to 641.3 CFU per larva. Bacterial infection also led to immunosuppression by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. Bacterial culture broth was fractionated into four different organic extracts. All four organic extracts of each bacterial species exhibited insecticidal activities and resulted in immunosuppression. These organic extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis which predicted 182 compounds, showing differential compositions for 14 bacteria isolates. There were positive correlations between total number of secondary metabolites produced by each bacterial culture broth and its bacterial pathogenicity based on immunosuppression and insecticidal activity. From these correlation results, 70 virulent compounds were selected from secondary metabolites of high virulent bacterial isolates by deducting those of low virulent bacterial isolates. These selected virulent compounds exhibited significant immunosuppressive activities by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. They also exhibited relatively high insecticidal activities. CONCLUSION Virulence variation between Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus is determined by their different compositions of secondary metabolites, of which PLA2 inhibitors play a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
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17
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Huang X, Li T, Shan X, Lu R, Hao M, Lv M, Sun Z, Xu H. High Value-Added Use of Citrus Industrial Wastes in Agriculture: Semisynthesis and Anti-Tobacco Mosaic Virus/Insecticidal Activities of Ester Derivatives of Limonin Modified in the B Ring. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:12241-12251. [PMID: 33103899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the citrus industry produces various wastes, which contain a great deal of limonoids. In order for the sustainable development of the citrus industry, and considering the diverse bioactivities of limonoids, a series of ester derivatives were constructed by structural modification of limonin in the B ring. Furthermore, two seven-membered lactone derivatives of limonin and obacunone with a novel skeleton in the B ring were obtained by the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation rearrangement. The steric structures of six key compounds 3a, 3b, 4m, 4n, 6, and 7 were determined by X-ray crystallography. It demonstrated that the molar ratio of 3a (7α-isomer) and 3b (7β-isomer) depended on the mixed solvents in the reduction system. The anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activities under three different modes of action for most of the tested compounds were as the following sequence: inactivation effect > protection effect > curative effect. It was noteworthy that compound 4aa displayed the most potent anti-TMV/insect growth inhibitory activities, which indicated that the introduction of the phenylacryloyloxy group at the C-7β position of limonin could significantly improve its agricultural biological activities. This study will pave the way for future value-added application of citrus industrial wastes and provide strong evidence for the discovery of sustainable biopesticides based on limonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Tianze Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijie Shan
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rongfei Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Meng Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
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18
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Meunier J, Dufour J, Van Meyel S, Rault M, Lécureuil C. Sublethal exposure to deltamethrin impairs maternal egg care in the European earwig Forficula auricularia. Chemosphere 2020; 258:127383. [PMID: 32559491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The application of pesticides typically leads to lethal and sublethal exposure of non-target insects. Whereas our current understanding of these sublethal effects typically focuses on reproductive and physiological parameters, recent works emphasize that sublethal effects on behaviors such as maternal care could be of major importance in non-target species. However, it remained unknown whether these sublethal effects occur in insects. Here, we tested if exposure to sublethal doses of deltamethrin - a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in crops - alters the expression of maternal egg care in females of the European earwig Forficula auricularia, a predator insect and pest control. Our results first reveal that deltamethrin exposure impaired the expression of three forms of maternal egg care: It decreased the likelihood of mothers to gather their otherwise scattered clutch of eggs, increased the time during which the female abandoned the clutch after a predator attack and reduced egg grooming duration. These sublethal effects did not reflect a lower activity of deltamethrin-exposed females, as these females increased their expression of self-grooming, and deltamethrin exposure did not affect females' exploration and mobility. Finally, we found that the negative effects of deltamethrin on egg care did not modify egg development, hatching rate and juvenile weight, possibly due to the transient effects of deltamethrin on maternal behaviors. Overall, our results reveal that sublethal exposure to a pesticide may diminish maternal egg care in a natural pest control and call for the integration of this measurement in assays on pesticides application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Juliette Dufour
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sophie Van Meyel
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Magali Rault
- Avignon University, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Pôle Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, 84916, Avignon, France
| | - Charlotte Lécureuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, University of Tours, Tours, France.
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19
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Boncan DAT, Tsang SS, Li C, Lee IH, Lam HM, Chan TF, Hui JH. Terpenes and Terpenoids in Plants: Interactions with Environment and Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7382. [PMID: 33036280 PMCID: PMC7583029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions of plants with environment and insects are bi-directional and dynamic. Consequently, a myriad of mechanisms has evolved to engage organisms in different types of interactions. These interactions can be mediated by allelochemicals known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which include volatile terpenes (VTs). The emission of VTs provides a way for plants to communicate with the environment, including neighboring plants, beneficiaries (e.g., pollinators, seed dispersers), predators, parasitoids, and herbivores, by sending enticing or deterring signals. Understanding terpenoid distribution, biogenesis, and function provides an opportunity for the design and implementation of effective and efficient environmental calamity and pest management strategies. This review provides an overview of plant-environment and plant-insect interactions in the context of terpenes and terpenoids as important chemical mediators of these abiotic and biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delbert Almerick T. Boncan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Stacey S.K. Tsang
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
| | - Chade Li
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
| | - Ivy H.T. Lee
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jerome H.L. Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;
- Center for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; (S.S.K.T.); (C.L.); (I.H.T.L.)
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20
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Namba H, Iwasaki Y, Heino J, Matsuda H. What to Survey? A Systematic Review of the Choice of Biological Groups in Assessing Ecological Impacts of Metals in Running Waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:1964-1972. [PMID: 32609909 PMCID: PMC7590085 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Which biological groups (in the present study, periphyton, macroinvertebrates, and fishes) are surveyed is a fundamental question in environmental impact assessment programs in metal-contaminated rivers. We performed a systematic review of 202 studies that investigated the ecological impacts of metal contamination on aquatic populations and communities in streams and rivers to examine 1) which biological groups were surveyed, 2) whether their responses were correlated with each other, and 3) which biological group was most responsive to changes in metal contamination level. In these studies, published from 1991 to 2015, benthic macroinvertebrates were most frequently chosen throughout the period (59-76% in different 5-yr periods), followed by periphyton and fishes, and the number of studies that surveyed at least 2 or 3 biological groups was very limited (10%). Pearson's correlation coefficients calculated between the metrics of different biological groups were often low, emphasizing the importance of investigating multiple biological groups to better understand the responses of aquatic communities to metal contamination in running waters. Despite the limited data collected, our meta-analysis showed that, in most cases, biological metrics based on macroinvertebrates were more responsive to changes in metal contamination level than those based on periphyton or fishes. This finding suggests that benthic macroinvertebrates could be a reasonable choice to detect the ecological impacts of metal contamination on a local scale. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1964-1972. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Namba
- Graduate School of Environment and Information SciencesYokohama National UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
- Nippon KoeiTokyoJapan
| | - Yuichi Iwasaki
- ResearchInstitute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Jani Heino
- Freshwater Center, Finnish Environment InstituteOuluFinland
| | - Hiroyuki Matsuda
- Faculty of Environment and Information SciencesYokohama National UniversityYokohamaKanagawaJapan
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21
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Abstract
Molecular targets play important roles in agrochemical discovery. Numerous pesticides target the key proteins in pathogens, insect, or plants. Investigating ligand-binding pockets and/or active sites in the proteins' structures is usually the first step in designing new green pesticides. Thus, molecular target structures are extremely important for the discovery and development of such pesticides. In this manuscript, we present a review of the molecular target structures, including those of antiviral, fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal, herbicidal, and plant growth-regulator targets, currently used in agrochemical research. The data will be helpful in pesticide design and the discovery of new green pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Xueqing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | - Miao Bai
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
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22
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de Oliveira Pimenta IC, da Silva Nunes G, de Magalhães GO, Dos Santos NA, Pinto MMD, De Bortoli SA. Effects of a Bt-based insecticide on the functional response of Ceraeochrysa cincta preying on Plutella xylostella. Ecotoxicology 2020; 29:856-865. [PMID: 32613481 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella, is the main pest infesting Brassica crops, and products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are frequently used in strategies for its biocontrol. The present study aimed to evaluate whether a Bt-based bioinsecticide affects the predation behavior of Ceraeochrysa cincta when preying on P. xylostella. Three larval instars of the predator and the eggs and second-instar larvae of the moth were used, with the prey either untreated or treated with a Bt-based product (Xentari®). Results showed that, the first larval instar of C. cincta presented a type II functional response when preying upon untreated eggs, and a type III response when preying upon Bt-treated eggs, while the second and third instars presented type II and III responses, respectively, in both situations. The predator's first and third larval instars presented a type II functional response when preying upon untreated larvae and a type III response when preying upon Bt-treated larvae. However, the predator's second-instar larvae showed a type II response in both treatments. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that the Bt-based insecticide tested affects the predation behavior of the first-instar larvae of C. cincta on eggs and of both the first- and third-instar larvae of this predator on P. xylostella larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilmar da Silva Nunes
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nathália Alves Dos Santos
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio Antonio De Bortoli
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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23
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Finch SC, Prinsep MR, Popay AJ, Wilkins AL, Webb NG, Bhattarai S, Jensen JG, Hawkes AD, Babu JV, Tapper BA, Lane GA. Identification and Structure Elucidation of Epoxyjanthitrems from Lolium perenne Infected with the Endophytic Fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii and Determination of the Tremorgenic and Anti-Insect Activity of Epoxyjanthitrem I. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E526. [PMID: 32824608 PMCID: PMC7472112 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxyjanthitrems I-IV (1-4) and epoxyjanthitriol (5) were isolated from seed of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with the endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii. Although structures for epoxyjanthitrems I-IV have previously been proposed in the literature, this is the first report of a full structural elucidation yielding NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) assignments for all five epoxyjanthitrem compounds, and additionally, it is the first isolation of epoxyjanthitriol (5). Epoxyjanthitrem I induced tremors in mice and gave a dose dependent reduction in weight gain and feeding for porina (Wiseana cervinata), a common pasture pest in New Zealand. These data suggest that epoxyjanthitrems are involved in the observed effects of the AR37 endophyte on livestock and insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Finch
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (M.R.P.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Alison J. Popay
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (M.R.P.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Nicola G. Webb
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Sweta Bhattarai
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Joanne G. Jensen
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Allan D. Hawkes
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Jacob V. Babu
- Ruakura Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.J.P.); (N.G.W.); (S.B.); (J.G.J.); (A.D.H.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Brian A. Tapper
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (B.A.T.); (G.A.L.)
| | - Geoffrey A. Lane
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (B.A.T.); (G.A.L.)
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Lahondère C, Tu ZJ. Editorial overview: Vectors and medical and veterinary entomology. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 40:iii-iv. [PMID: 32912620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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25
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Liu XH, Yu W, Min LJ, Wedge DE, Tan CX, Weng JQ, Wu HK, Cantrell CL, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Hua XW, Duke SO. Synthesis and Pesticidal Activities of New Quinoxalines. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:7324-7332. [PMID: 32530612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are a source of many novel compounds with biological activity for the discovery of new pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Quinoxaline is a fused N-heterocycle in many natural products and synthetic compounds, and seven novel quinoxaline derivatives were designed and synthesized via three steps. Pesticidal activities of title quinoxaline derivatives were bioassayed. Most of these compounds had herbicidal, fungicidal, and insecticidal activities. The compounds 2-(6-methoxy-2-oxo-3-phenylquinoxalin-1(2H)-yl)acetonitrile (3f) and 1-allyl-6-methoxy-3-phenylquinoxalin-2(1H)-one (3g) were the most active herbicides and fungicides. Mode-of-action studies indicated that 3f is a protoprophyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. Compound 3f also possessed broad-spectrum fungicidal activity against the plant pathogen Colletotrichum species. Some of these compounds also had insecticidal activity. Molecular docking and DFT analysis can potentially be used to design more active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Research Institue of Pesticide, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Research Institue of Pesticide, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Li-Jing Min
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou Cent. Hosp., Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - David E Wedge
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Cheng-Xia Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Research Institue of Pesticide, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jian-Quan Weng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Research Institue of Pesticide, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hong-Ke Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Research Institue of Pesticide, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Xue-Wen Hua
- College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Stephen O Duke
- National Center for Natural Product Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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26
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Mahdjoub H, Blanckenhorn WU, Lüpold S, Roy J, Gourgoulianni N, Khelifa R. Fitness consequences of the combined effects of veterinary and agricultural pesticides on a non-target insect. Chemosphere 2020; 250:126271. [PMID: 32114345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and veterinary products that are globally used in farming against pests and parasites are known to impact non-target beneficial organisms. While most studies have tested the lethal and sub-lethal effects of single chemicals, species are exposed to multiple contaminants that might interact and exacerbate the toxic responses of life-history fitness components. Here we experimentally tested an ecotoxicological scenario that is likely to be widespread in nature, with non-target dung communities being exposed both to cattle parasiticides during the larval stage and to agricultural insecticides during their adult life. We assessed the independent and combined consumptive effects of varying ivermectin and spinosad concentration on juvenile life-history and adult reproductive traits of the widespread yellow dung fly (Scathophaga stercoraria; Diptera: Scathophagidae). Larval exposure to ivermectin prolonged development time and reduced egg-to-adult survival, body size, and the magnitude of the male-biased sexual size dimorphism. The consumption by the predatory adult flies of spinosad-contaminated prey showed an additional, independent (from ivermectin) negative effect on female clutch size, and subsequent egg hatching success, but not on the body size and sexual size dimorphism of their surviving offspring. However, there were interactive synergistic effects of both contaminants on offspring emergence and body size. Our results document adverse effects of the combination of different chemicals on fitness components of a dung insect, highlighting transgenerational effects of adult exposure to contaminants for their offspring. These findings suggest that ecotoxicological tests should consider the combination of different contaminants for more accurate eco-assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Mahdjoub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Lüpold
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rassim Khelifa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Botany, 2212 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Biodiversity Research Centre, 2212 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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27
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Shan YX, Zhu Y, Li JJ, Wang NM, Yu QT, Xue CB. Acute lethal and sublethal effects of four insecticides on the lacewing (Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder). Chemosphere 2020; 250:126321. [PMID: 32135440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lacewing, Chrysoperla sinica, is an important predatory insect, which plays an important role in the integrated pest management of agroforestry pests. However, the extensive use of insecticides negatively affects C. sinica. The acute toxicity, risk level, and, sublethal effects on growth and production, predation ability, protective enzyme activity and genotoxicity of four insecticides: indoxacarb, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin to C. sinica were studied. The results showed that all four insecticides had lethal toxicity to larvae of C. sinica. Among them, emamectin benzoate had the highest toxicity with LC50 value of 7.41 mg/L. The insecticides also had different effects on the growth and reproduction of C. sinica, of which lambda-cyhalothrin had the greatest impacts. Even at a very low LC1 concentration (3.37 mg/L), it had strong impacts on the growth, reproduction and predatory ability of C. sinica. The four insecticides also caused a decrease in the predatory ability of the lacewing, of which lambda-cyhalothrin had the greatest effect. During the larval stage, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly decreased by the four insecticides. At the pupal and adult stages, the effects of the four insecticides on the activities of protective enzymes were different, and the activities of SOD, CAT and POD decreased or increased. Indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin exposure induced DNA damage in the haemocytes of C. sinica and produced obvious genotoxicity. These results provide important scientific basis for the rational use of these insecticides and the protection and utilization of lacewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Nian-Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Qi-Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Chao-Bin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology and Application Technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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28
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Palli SR. CncC/Maf-mediated xenobiotic response pathway in insects. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2020; 104:e21674. [PMID: 32281173 PMCID: PMC9939232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects have evolved resistance to almost all insecticides developed for their control. Multiple mechanisms of resistance, including enhanced metabolism and excretion of insecticides, target-site insensitivity, reduced penetration of insecticides, and avoidance behavior, have been reported. The genes coding for proteins involved in resistance have been identified in numerous insects. The enzymes and transporters required for all three phases of insecticide metabolism and excretion including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, carboxylesterases, and ATP-binding cassette transmembrane transporters have been identified. Recent research in multiple insect species identified CNC-bZIP transcription factor superfamily members as regulators of genes coding for enzymes and transporters involved in insecticide metabolic resistance. The information on the pathway including reactive oxygen species, cap "n" collar isoform-C, and its heterodimer partner, muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis transcription factors involved in overexpression of enzymes and transporters involved insecticide resistance will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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29
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Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W, Mavridis K, Vontas J. Significance and interpretation of molecular diagnostics for insecticide resistance management of agricultural pests. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2020; 39:69-76. [PMID: 32361620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistant pests become increasingly difficult to control in current day agriculture. Because of environmental and health concerns, the insecticide portfolio to combat agricultural pests is gradually decreasing. It is therefore crucial to make rational decisions on insecticide use to assure effective resistance management. However, resistance monitoring programs that inform on pest susceptibility and resistance are not yet common practice in agriculture. Molecular markers of resistance that are turned into convenient diagnostic tools are urgently needed and will only increase in importance. This review investigates which factors determine the strength, diagnostic value, and success of a diagnostic marker, and in which cases recent technical advances might provide new opportunities for decision making in an operational meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Molecuar Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Molecuar Entomology Lab, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Nikolaou Plastira Street 100, 70013, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
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30
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Brock TCM, Romão J, Yin X, Osman R, Roessink I. Sediment toxicity of the fungicide fludioxonil to benthic macroinvertebrates -evaluation of the tiered effect assessment procedure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 195:110504. [PMID: 32220792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
28-Day sediment-spiked laboratory toxicity tests with eight benthic macroinvertebrates and the lipophilic fungicide fludioxonil were conducted to verify the proposed tiered sediment effect assessment procedure as recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The test species were the oligochaetes Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex, the insects Chironomus riparius and Caenis horaria, the crustaceans Hyalella azteca and Asellus aquaticus and the bivalves Corbicula fluminalis and Pisidium amnicum. Toxicity estimates were expressed in terms of total concentration of dry sediment as well as in pore water concentration. Field-collected sediment, also used in a previously performed sediment-spiked microcosm experiment, was used in tests with all species. L. variegatus and C. riparius had similar lowest 28d-L(E)C10 values when expressed in terms of total sediment concentration, but in terms of pore water concentration L. variegatus was more sensitive. Three of the six additional benthic test species (A. aquaticus, C. horaria, C. fluminalis) had 28d-EC10 values a factor of 2-6 lower than that of L. variegatus. Comparing different effect assessment tiers for sediment organisms, i.e. Tier-0 (Modified Equilibrium Partitioning approach), Tier-1 (Standard Test Species approach), Tier-2 (Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) approach) and Tier-3 (Model Ecosystem approach), it is concluded that the tiers based on sediment-spiked laboratory toxicity tests provide sufficient protection when compared with the Tier-3 Regulatory Acceptable Concentration (RAC). Differences between Tier-1 and Tier-2 RACs, however, appear to be relatively small and not always consistent, irrespective of expressing the RAC in terms of total sediment or pore water concentration. Derivation of RACs by means of the SSD approach may be a challenge, because it is difficult obtaining a sufficient number of valid chronic EC10 values with appropriate 95% confidence bands for sediment-dwelling macroinvertebrates. Therefore, this paper proposes a Tier-2 Weight-of-Evidence approach to be used in case an insufficient number of valid additional toxicity data is made available. Similar studies with pesticides that differ in fate properties and toxic mode-of-action are necessary for further validation of the tiered effect assessment approach for sediment organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo C M Brock
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Romão
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Xiao Yin
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Current Address: Zhe Jiang Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Agricultural and Food Science, 88 North Road of Huan Cheng, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 311300, China
| | - Rima Osman
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivo Roessink
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Heckel DG. How do toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis kill insects? An evolutionary perspective. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2020; 104:e21673. [PMID: 32212396 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Three-domain Cry toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are increasingly used in agriculture to replace chemical insecticides in pest control. Most chemical insecticides kill pest insects swiftly, but are also toxic to beneficial insects and other species in the agroecosystem. Cry toxins enjoy the advantages of high selectivity and the possibility of the application by sprays or transgenic plants. However, these benefits are offset by the limited host range and the evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by insect pests. Understanding how Bt toxins kill insects will help to understand the nature of both problems. The recent realization that ABC transporters play a central role in the killing mechanism will play an important role in devising solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Rodríguez-Sifuentes L, Marszalek JE, Chuck-Hernández C, Serna-Saldívar SO. Legumes Protease Inhibitors as Biopesticides and Their Defense Mechanisms against Biotic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3322. [PMID: 32397104 PMCID: PMC7246880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes are affected by biotic factors such as insects, molds, bacteria, and viruses. These plants can produce many different molecules in response to the attack of phytopathogens. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are proteins produced by legumes that inhibit the protease activity of phytopathogens. PIs are known to reduce nutrient availability, which diminishes pathogen growth and can lead to the death of the pathogen. PIs are classified according to the specificity of the mechanistic activity of the proteolytic enzymes, with serine and cysteine protease inhibitors being studied the most. Previous investigations have reported the efficacy of these highly stable proteins against diverse biotic factors and the concomitant protective effects in crops, representing a possible replacement of toxic agrochemicals that harm the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Rodríguez-Sifuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Carretera Torreón-Matamoros Km 7.5, Torreón Coahuila 27104, Mexico; (L.R.-S.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Jolanta Elzbieta Marszalek
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Carretera Torreón-Matamoros Km 7.5, Torreón Coahuila 27104, Mexico; (L.R.-S.); (J.E.M.)
| | - Cristina Chuck-Hernández
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey Nuevo León 64849, Mexico;
| | - Sergio O. Serna-Saldívar
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Col. Tecnológico, Monterrey Nuevo León 64849, Mexico;
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Liu G, Wu Y, Gao Y, Ju X, Ozoe Y. Potential of Competitive Antagonists of Insect Ionotropic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors as Insecticides. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:4760-4768. [PMID: 32243147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (GABARs) represent an important insecticide target. Currently used GABAR-targeting insecticides are non-competitive antagonists (NCAs) of these receptors. Recent studies have demonstrated that competitive antagonists (CAs) of GABARs have functions of inhibiting insect GABARs similar to NCAs and that they also exhibit insecticidal activity. CAs have different binding sites and different mechanisms of action compared to those of NCAs. Therefore, GABAR CAs should have the potential to be developed into novel insecticides, which could be used to overcome the developed resistance of insect pests to conventional NCA insecticides. Although research on insect GABAR CAs has lagged behind that on mammalian GABAR CAs, research on the CAs of insect ionotropic GABARs has made great progress in recent years, and several series of heterocyclic compounds, such as 3-isoxazolols and 6-iminopyridazines, have been identified as insect GABAR CAs. In this review, we briefly summarize the design strategies, structures, and biological activities of the novel GABAR CAs that have been found in the past decade. Updated information about GABAR CAs may benefit the design and development of novel GABAR-targeting insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulian Ju
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430205, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoshihisa Ozoe
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Abstract
Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) is an enzyme to breakdown β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in chitin and chitooligosaccharides. The loss of chitinase enzymatic activity in insects results in severe exoskeleton defects and lethality at all developmental stages, indicating that insect chitinases can be promising pesticide targets. However, there are no pesticides known to target chitinases. This perspective will focus on the latest research progress of insect chitinases, paying special attention to crystal structures and chemical biology advances in the field. The physiological importance and unique structural features of insect chitinases may ensure the development of new pesticides through a novel acting mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
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López-Rojo N, Pérez J, Alonso A, Correa-Araneda F, Boyero L. Microplastics have lethal and sublethal effects on stream invertebrates and affect stream ecosystem functioning. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113898. [PMID: 31927275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are contaminants of increasing concern due to their abundance, ubiquity and persistence over time. However, knowledge about MP distribution in fresh waters and their effects on freshwater organisms is still scarce, and there is virtually no information about their potential influence on ecosystem functioning. We used a microcosm experiment to examine the effects of MPs (fluorescent, 10-μm polystyrene microspheres) at different concentrations (from 0 to 103 particles mL-1) on leaf litter decomposition (a key process in stream ecosystems) and associated organisms (the caddisfly detritivore Sericostoma pyrenaicum), and the extent to which MPs were attached to leaf litter and ingested and egested by detritivores, thus assessing mechanisms of MP trophic transfer. We found that MPs caused detritivore mortality (which increased 9-fold at the highest concentration) but did not affect their growth. Analysis of fluorescence in samples suggested that MPs were rapidly ingested (most likely through ingestion of particles attached to leaf litter) and egested. Leaf litter decomposition was reduced as a result of increasing MP concentrations; the relationship was significant only in the presence of detritivores, but microbially-mediated decomposition showed a similar trend. Our findings provide novel evidence of harmful effects of MPs on aquatic insects and stream ecosystem functioning, and highlight the need for the standardization of methods in future experiments with MPs in order to allow comparisons and generalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara López-Rojo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Javier Pérez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alberto Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Correa-Araneda
- Unidad de Cambio Climático y Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Estudios del Hábitat, Facultad de Arquitectura y Construcción, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luz Boyero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940, Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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Shikov AE, Malovichko YV, Skitchenko RK, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. No More Tears: Mining Sequencing Data for Novel Bt Cry Toxins with CryProcessor. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030204. [PMID: 32210056 PMCID: PMC7150774 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a natural pathogen of insects and some other groups of invertebrates that produces three-domain Cry (3d-Cry) toxins, which are highly host-specific pesticidal proteins. These proteins represent the most commonly used bioinsecticides in the world and are used for commercial purposes on the market of insecticides, being convergent with the paradigm of sustainable growth and ecological development. Emerging resistance to known toxins in pests stresses the need to expand the list of known toxins to broaden the horizons of insecticidal approaches. For this purpose, we have elaborated a fast and user-friendly tool called CryProcessor, which allows productive and precise mining of 3d-Cry toxins. The only existing tool for mining Cry toxins, called a BtToxin_scanner, has significant limitations such as limited query size, lack of accuracy and an outdated database. In order to find a proper solution to these problems, we have developed a robust pipeline, capable of precise 3d-Cry toxin mining. The unique feature of the pipeline is the ability to search for Cry toxins sequences directly on assembly graphs, providing an opportunity to analyze raw sequencing data and overcoming the problem of fragmented assemblies. Moreover, CryProcessor is able to predict precisely the domain layout in arbitrary sequences, allowing the retrieval of sequences of definite domains beyond the bounds of a limited number of toxins presented in CryGetter. Our algorithm has shown efficiency in all its work modes and outperformed its analogues on large amounts of data. Here, we describe its main features and provide information on its benchmarking against existing analogues. CryProcessor is a novel, fast, convenient, open source (https://github.com/lab7arriam/cry_processor), platform-independent, and precise instrument with a console version and elaborated web interface (https://lab7.arriam.ru/tools/cry_processor). Its major merits could make it possible to carry out massive screening for novel 3d-Cry toxins and obtain sequences of specific domains for further comprehensive in silico experiments in constructing artificial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.E.S); (K.S.A.); Tel.: +7-812-470-5100 (A.E.S.); +7-812-470-5100 (K.S.A.)
| | - Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.E.S); (K.S.A.); Tel.: +7-812-470-5100 (A.E.S.); +7-812-470-5100 (K.S.A.)
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Kavallieratos NG, Boukouvala MC, Ntalli N, Skourti A, Karagianni ES, Nika EP, Kontodimas DC, Cappellacci L, Petrelli R, Cianfaglione K, Morshedloo MR, Tapondjou LA, Rakotosaona R, Maggi F, Benelli G. Effectiveness of eight essential oils against two key stored-product beetles, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and Trogoderma granarium Everts. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111255. [PMID: 32165233 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemical pesticides to preserve food commodities is a global issue of concern due to their negative effect on the environment and public health. In recent years, the European Union is trying to reduce their use, favoring alternative or complementary approaches based on natural products. In this scenario, plant-borne essential oils (EOs) represent valid options for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. In the present study, the insecticidal effect of eight EOs obtained from plants from different parts of the world, namely Mentha longifolia, Dysphania ambrosioides, Carlina acaulis, Trachyspermum ammi, Pimpinella anisum, Origanum syriacum, Cannabis sativa and Hazomalania voyronii, were evaluated against two stored-product insect species of economic importance, Prostephanus truncatus and Trogoderma granarium. Simulating a small-scale stored-product conservation environment, an AG-4 airbrush was used to spray maize and wheat with 500 and 1000 ppm of EOs, then T. granarium and P. truncatus were exposed to the stored products and mortality was evaluated over selected time intervals (4, 8, and 16 h, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days). The EO of C. acaulis exhibited high efficacy against P. truncatus adults at both tested concentrations by killing > 97% of the individuals exposed to treated maize within 3 days at 500 ppm. The EO of D. ambrosioides eliminated all T. granarium adults exposed to 1000 ppm-treated wheat 2 days post-exposure. At this exposure interval, 91.1% of the exposed T. granarium adults died on wheat treated with 1000 ppm of C. acaulis EO. The EO of M. longifolia at both tested concentrations was the most effective against T. granarium larvae, leading to 97.8% mortality at 500 ppm after 3 days of exposure, and 100% mortality at 1000 pm 2 days post-exposure. At 1000 ppm, the EOs of D. ambrosioides and P. anisum led to 95.6 and 90% mortality, respectively, to larvae exposed to treated wheat for 7 days. Overall, our research shed light on the potential of selected EOs, with special reference to M. longifolia, D. ambrosioides, C. acaulis and P. anisum, which could be considered further to develop effective and alternative grain protectants to manage P. truncatus and T. granarium infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolas G Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece.
| | - Maria C Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Ntalli
- Laboratory of Biological Control of Pesticides, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytropharmacy, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta str., 14561, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Anna Skourti
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Effrosyni S Karagianni
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Erifili P Nika
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str, 11855, Athens, Attica, Greece
| | - Demetrius C Kontodimas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta str., 14561, Kifissia, Attica, Greece
| | - Loredana Cappellacci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Kevin Cianfaglione
- EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences & Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 29200, Brest, France; School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Mohammad Reza Morshedloo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, 55136-553, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Léon Azefack Tapondjou
- Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Rianasoambolanoro Rakotosaona
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Association-Fondation Rakoto Ratsimamanga, Avarabohitra Itaosy, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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van Koppenhagen N, Gourgoulianni N, Rohner PT, Roy J, Wegmann A, Blanckenhorn WU. Sublethal effects of the parasiticide ivermectin on male and female reproductive and behavioural traits in the yellow dung fly. Chemosphere 2020; 242:125240. [PMID: 31896183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The veterinary pharmaceutical ivermectin is commonly used against parasites of livestock. Excreted in dung it can have lethal and sublethal effects on non-target organisms developing in and living around cattle dung. Research in this realm typically investigates the impact of pharmaceuticals on dung-feeding insects by looking at juvenile development and survival, while fitness effects of adult exposure are largely neglected. We conducted laboratory experiments to assess combined effects of ivermectin on life history and reproductive traits of juvenile and adult yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria). Two treatments (12 and 24 μg ivermectin/kg wet dung) were used for the larvae reared in dung, and one much higher concentration (3000 μg ivermectin/kg sugar) for the adult flies (in addition to uncontaminated controls). Juvenile ivermectin exposure lead to smaller body size of male and female flies. Adult feeding on ivermectin-contaminated dung additionally resulted in adult male flies with smaller testes (and likely fewer sperm) that experienced reduced mating durations, resulting in lower probability of producing offspring. Exposure of adult flies to ivermectin lowered offspring production and survival for both sexes. Thus, treatment of livestock with pharmaceuticals such as ivermectin appears to have even more far-reaching sublethal ecological consequences than previously assumed by affecting not only flies at their larval stage but also adult mating behaviour and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola van Koppenhagen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Wegmann
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Penha RO, Vandenberghe LPS, Faulds C, Soccol VT, Soccol CR. Bacillus lipopeptides as powerful pest control agents for a more sustainable and healthy agriculture: recent studies and innovations. Planta 2020; 251:70. [PMID: 32086615 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lipopeptides could help to overcome a large concern in agriculture: resistance against chemical pesticides. These molecules have activity against various phytopathogens and a potential to be transformed by genetic engineering. The exponential rise of pest resistances to different chemical pesticides and the global appeal of consumers for a sustainable agriculture and healthy nutrition have led to the search of new solutions for pest control. Furthermore, new laws require a different stance of producers. Based on that, bacteria of the genus Bacillus present a great agricultural potential, producing lipopeptides (LPs) that have high activity against insects, mites, nematodes, and/or phytopathogens that are harmful to plant cultures. Biopesticide activity can be found mainly in three families of Bacillus lipopeptides: surfactin, iturin, and fengycin. These molecules have an amphiphilic nature, interfering with biological membrane structures. Their antimicrobial properties include activity against bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and viruses. Recent studies also highlight the ability of these compounds to stimulate defense mechanisms of plants and biofilm formation, which is a key factor for the successful colonization of biocontrol organisms. The use of molecular biology has also recently been researched for continuous advances and discoveries of new LPs, avoiding possible future problems of resistance against these molecules. As a consequence of the properties and possibilities of LPs, numerous studies and developments as well as the attention of large companies in the field is expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela O Penha
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba, PR, 81531-908, Brazil
| | - Luciana P S Vandenberghe
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba, PR, 81531-908, Brazil
| | - Craig Faulds
- Aix-Marseille Université, POLYTECH Marseille, UMR 1163 Biotechnologie Des Champignons Filamenteux, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Vanete T Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba, PR, 81531-908, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CP 19011, Curitiba, PR, 81531-908, Brazil.
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Song QY, Li F, Nan ZB, Coulter JA, Wei WJ. Do Epichloë Endophytes and Their Grass Symbiosis Only Produce Toxic Alkaloids to Insects and Livestock? J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:1169-1185. [PMID: 31922733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Epichloë endophytes in forage grasses have attracted widespread attention and interest of chemistry researchers as a result of the various unique chemical structures and interesting biological activities of their secondary metabolites. This review describes the diversity of unique chemical structures of taxa from Epichloë endophytes and grass infected with Epichloë endophytes and demonstrates their reported biological activities. Until now, nearly 160 secondary metabolites (alkaloids, peptides, indole derivatives, pyrimidines, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, phenol and phenolic acid derivatives, aliphatic metabolites, sterols, amines and amides, and others) have been reported from Epichloë endophytes and grass infected with Epichloë endophytes. Among these, non-alkaloids account for half of the population of total metabolites, indicating that they also play an important role in Epichloë endophytes and grass infected with Epichloë endophytes. Also, a diverse array of secondary metabolites isolated from Epichloë endophytes and symbionts is a rich source for developing new pesticides and drugs. Bioassays disclose that, in addition to toxic alkaloids, the other metabolites isolated from Epichloë endophytes and symbionts have notable biological activities, such as antifungal, anti-insect, and phytotoxic activities. Accordingly, the biological functions of non-alkaloids should not be neglected in the future investigation of Epichloë endophytes and symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730020 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730020 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Biao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730020 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jeffrey A Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics , University of Minnesota , St. Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , People's Republic of China
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Gomis-Cebolla J, Ferreira dos Santos R, Wang Y, Caballero J, Caballero P, He K, Jurat-Fuentes JL, Ferré J. Domain Shuffling between Vip3Aa and Vip3Ca: Chimera Stability and Insecticidal Activity against European, American, African, and Asian Pests. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E99. [PMID: 32033215 PMCID: PMC7076965 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal Vip3 proteins during the vegetative growth phase with activity against several lepidopteran pests. To date, three different Vip3 protein families have been identified based on sequence identity: Vip3A, Vip3B, and Vip3C. In this study, we report the construction of chimeras by exchanging domains between Vip3Aa and Vip3Ca, two proteins with marked specificity differences against lepidopteran pests. We found that some domain combinations made proteins insoluble or prone to degradation by trypsin as most abundant insect gut protease. The soluble and trypsin-stable chimeras, along with the parental proteins Vip3Aa and Vip3Ca, were tested against lepidopteran pests from different continents: Spodopteraexigua, Spodopteralittoralis, Spodopterafrugiperda,Helicoverpaarmigera, Mamestrabrassicae, Anticarsiagemmatalis, and Ostriniafurnacalis. The exchange of the Nt domain (188 N-terminal amino acids) had little effect on the stability and toxicity (equal or slightly lower) of the resulting chimeric protein against all insects except for S.frugiperda, for which the chimera with the Nt domain from Vip3Aa and the rest of the protein from Vip3Ca showed a significant increase in toxicity compared to the parental Vip3Ca. Chimeras with the C-terminal domain from Vip3Aa (from amino acid 510 of Vip3Aa to the Ct) with the central domain of Vip3Ca (amino acids 189-509 based on the Vip3Aa sequence) made proteins that could not be solubilized. Finally, the chimera including the Ct domain of Vip3Ca and the Nt and central domain from Vip3Aa was unstable. Importantly, an insect species tolerant to Vip3Aa but susceptible to Vip3Ca, such as Ostriniafurnacalis, was also susceptible to chimeras maintaining the Ct domain from Vip3Ca, in agreement with the hypothesis that the Ct region of the protein is the one conferring specificity to Vip3 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Gomis-Cebolla
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46100-Burjassot, Spain;
| | - Rafael Ferreira dos Santos
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.F.d.S.); (J.L.J.-F.)
| | - Yueqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Javier Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (J.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (J.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Kanglai He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (K.H.)
| | - Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (R.F.d.S.); (J.L.J.-F.)
| | - Juan Ferré
- ERI de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Department of Genetics, Universitat de València, 46100-Burjassot, Spain;
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Bergmann M, Graça MAS. Bioaccumulation and Dispersion of Uranium by Freshwater Organisms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 78:254-266. [PMID: 31650202 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-019-00677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Uranium is the heaviest naturally occurring element on Earth. Uranium mining may result in ground and surface water contamination with potential bioaccumulation and dispersion by aquatic invertebrates with aerial stages. We investigated the effects of uranium contamination at community level in terms of abundance, richness, the composition of invertebrate communities, and functional traits. We also investigated uranium mobility across aquatic food webs and its transfer to land via the emergence of aquatic insects. We sampled water, sediment, biofilm, macrophytes, aquatic invertebrates, adult insects, and spiders in the riparian zone across sites with a gradient of uranium concentrations in stream water (from 2.1 to 4.7 µg L-1) and sediments (from 10.4 to 41.8 µg g-1). Macroinvertebrate assemblages differed between sites with a higher diversity and predominance of Nemouridae and Baetidae at the reference site and low diversity and predominance of Chironomidae in sites with the highest uranium concentration. Uranium concentrations in producers and consumers increased linearly with uranium concentration in stream water and sediment (p < 0.05). The highest accumulation was found in litter (83.76 ± 5.42 µg g-1) and macrophytes (47.58 ± 6.93 µg g-1) in the most contaminated site. Uranium was highest in scrapers (14.30 ± 0.98 µg g-1), followed by shredders (12.96 ± 0.81 µg g-1) and engulfer predators (7.01 ± 1.3 µg g-1). Uranium in adults of aquatic insects in the riparian zone in all sites ranged from 0.25 to 2.90 µg g-1, whereas in spiders it ranged from 0.96 to 1.73 µg g-1, with no differences between sites (p > 0.05). There was a negative relationship between δ15N and uranium, suggesting there is no biomagnification along food webs. We concluded that uranium is accumulated by producers and consumers but not biomagnified nor dispersed to land with the emergence of aquatic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bergmann
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Manuel A S Graça
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-456, Coimbra, Portugal
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Bruus M, Rasmussen JJ, Strandberg M, Strandberg B, Sørensen PB, Larsen SE, Kjær C, Lorenz S, Wiberg-Larsen P. Terrestrial adult stages of freshwater insects are sensitive to insecticides. Chemosphere 2020; 239:124799. [PMID: 31518926 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial adult stages of freshwater insects may be exposed to pesticides by wind drift, over-spray, contact or feeding. However, studies addressing insecticide effects on freshwater invertebrates focus primarily on the impact of pesticides reaching the streams and potentially harming the aquatic juvenile stages. This is also reflected in the current risk assessment procedures, which do not include testing of adult freshwater insects. In order to assess the potential impact of insecticides on adult stages of freshwater insects, we exposed six common species to the insecticides Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) and Confidor (imidacloprid). Dose-response relations were established, and LD50 estimates were compared to those of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which is the standard terrestrial test insect when pesticides are evaluated prior to commercial release. Generally, the tested species were more sensitive to the studied insecticides than the honey bee. In order to examine whether the sensitivity of adult stages of freshwater insects corresponds with the sensitivity of the juvenile stages of the same species, the ranking of the two life stages with respect to the toxicity of Karate was compared, revealing some correspondence, but also some dissimilarities. Our results strongly indicate that terrestrial adult stages of aquatic insects are not adequately protected by current risk assessment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Bruus
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Jes Jessen Rasmussen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Morten Strandberg
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Beate Strandberg
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Peter Borgen Sørensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Søren Erik Larsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Christian Kjær
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Stefan Lorenz
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Wiberg-Larsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Vejlsøvej 25, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark.
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Zaitoon A, Lim LT, Scott-Dupree C. Synthesis and Characterization of Ethyl Formate Precursor for Activated Release Application. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13914-13921. [PMID: 31757122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethyl formate (EF) is a generally recognized-as-safe flavoring agent commonly used in the food industry. It is a naturally occurring volatile with insecticidal and antimicrobial properties, promising as an alternate fumigant to methyl bromide which is undesirable due to its ozone depletion in the stratosphere and toxic properties. However, EF is highly volatile, flammable, and susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. These properties present considerable end-use challenges. In this study, a precursor of EF was synthesized via the condensation reaction of adipic acid dihydrazide and triethyl orthoformate to form diethyl N,N'-adipoyldiformohydrazonate, as confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the precursor had a melting point of 174 °C. The physical properties of the precursor were studied using scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis, which showed that the precursor was made up of agglomerated particulates with irregular shapes and sizes. The resulting precursor was nonvolatile and remained stable under dry conditions but could be hydrolyzed readily to trigger the release of EF. The release behaviors of EF from the precursor was evaluated by citric acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, showing that 0.38 ± 0.008 mg EF/mg precursor was released after 2 h at 25 °C, representing about 98% of the theoretical loading. Both EF release rate and its total release amount decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with decreasing temperature and relative humidity. The conversion of the highly volatile EF into a solid-state precursor, in conjunction with the activated release strategy, can be useful for controlled release of EF for fumigation and other applications in destroying insect pests and inhibiting the proliferation of spoilage microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Zaitoon
- Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G2W1 , Canada
| | - Loong-Tak Lim
- Department of Food Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G2W1 , Canada
| | - Cynthia Scott-Dupree
- School of Environmental Science , University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario N1G2W1 , Canada
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45
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Cui C, Yang Y, Zhao T, Zou K, Peng C, Cai H, Wan X, Hou R. Insecticidal Activity and Insecticidal Mechanism of Total Saponins from Camellia oleifera. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244518. [PMID: 31835551 PMCID: PMC6943515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical pesticides are commonly used during the cultivation of agricultural products to control pests and diseases. Excessive use of traditional pesticides can cause environmental and human health risks. There are ongoing searches for new plant-derived pesticides to reduce the use of chemical pesticides. In this study, tea saponin extracts of different purities were extracted from Camellia oleifera seeds using AB-8 macroporous resin and gradient elution with ethanol. The insecticidal effects of the tea saponin extracts were evaluated by contact toxicity tests and stomach toxicity tests using the lepidopteran pest of tea plantation, Ectropis obliqua. The total saponins extracted using 70% ethanol showed strong contact toxicity (LC50 = 8.459 mg/L) and stomach toxicity (LC50 = 22.395 mg/L). In-depth mechanistic studies demonstrated that tea saponins can disrupt the waxy layer of the epidermis, causing serious loss of water, and can penetrate the inside of the intestine of E. obliqua. After consumption of the tea saponins, the intestinal villi were shortened and the cavities of the intestinal wall were disrupted, which resulted in larval death. This study highlights the potential of tea saponins as a natural, plant-derived pesticide for the management of plant pests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruyan Hou
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-65786765
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46
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Li ZH, Wang Y, Sun JS, Li JG, Zou KX, Liu H, Li GX, Hu ZZ, Nong LZ, Ning ZX, Wu Y, Du SS. Repellent activities of essential oils rich in sesquiterpenoids from Saussurea amara (L.) DC. and Sigesbeckia pubescens Makino against two stored-product insects. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:36048-36054. [PMID: 31745787 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts of Saussurea amara (L.) DC. (SAEO) and Sigesbeckia pubescens Makino (SPEO) were analyzed for their chemical composition by GC-MS, and their repellent activities against adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, as well as the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, were evaluated for the first time. Results of GC-MS analysis indicated that both SAEO and SPEO were characterized by high content of sesquiterpenoids (relative content > 70%) including oxygenated sesquiterpenoids. The two oil samples and their major component caryophyllene oxide exerted beneficial repellent effects on T. castaneum and L. bostrychophila at 2 and 4 h post-exposure. At 4 h post-exposure, the PR value of caryophyllene oxide could still reach 92% (class V) against T. castaneum at minimum testing concentration of 3.15 nL/cm2, and this compound was observed to result in the greatest repellency (PR = 100%) against L. bostrychophila at 12.63 nL/cm2. This work confirmed the potent repellent efficacy of SAEO and SPEO for controlling pest damage and suggested their potential to be developed into botanical repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Sun
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Ji-Gang Li
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Ke-Xing Zou
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Li
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhi-Zhong Hu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Li-Zheng Nong
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Ning
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Technical Center of China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Co., Ltd, Nanning, 530001, Guangxi, China
| | - Shu-Shan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Protection and Utilization, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Al-Harbi A, Lary S, Edwards MG, Qusti S, Cockburn A, Poulsen M, Gatehouse AMR. A proteomic-based approach to study underlying molecular responses of the small intestine of Wistar rats to genetically modified corn (MON810). Transgenic Res 2019; 28:479-498. [PMID: 31172414 PMCID: PMC6848250 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A genetically modified (GM) commercial corn variety, MON810, resistant to European corn borer, has been shown to be non-toxic to mammals in a number of rodent feeding studies carried out in accordance with OECD Guidelines. Insect resistance results from expression of the Cry1Ab gene encoding an insecticidal Bt protein that causes lysis and cell death in susceptible insect larvae by binding to midgut epithelial cells, which is a key determinant of Cry toxin species specificity. Whilst whole animal studies are still recognised as the 'gold standard' for safety assessment, they only provide indirect evidence for changes at the cellular/organ/tissue level. In contrast, omics-based technologies enable mechanistic understanding of toxicological or nutritional events at the cellular/receptor level. To address this important knowledge-gap and to gain insights into the underlying molecular responses in rat to MON810, differential gene expression in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of rats fed formulated diets containing MON810, its near isogenic line, two conventional corn varieties, and a commercial (Purina™) corn-based control diet were investigated using comparative proteomic profiling. Pairwise and five-way comparisons showed that the majority of proteins that were differentially expressed in the small intestine epithelial cells in response to consumption of the different diets in both 7-day and 28-day studies were related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and protein biosynthesis. Irrespective of the diet, a limited number of stress-related proteins were shown to be differentially expressed. However these stress-related proteins differed between diets. No adverse clinical or behavioural effects, or biomarkers of adverse health, were observed in rats fed GM corn compared to the other corn diets. These findings suggest that MON810 has negligible effects on the small intestine of rats at the cellular level compared with the well-documented toxicity observed in susceptible insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Al-Harbi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahira Lary
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin G Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Safaa Qusti
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 42805, Jeddah, 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew Cockburn
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Morten Poulsen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Angharad M R Gatehouse
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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48
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Sohail M, Khan SS, Muhammad R, Soomro QA, Asif MU, Solangi BK. Impact of insect growth regulators on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Ecotoxicology 2019; 28:1115-1125. [PMID: 31587131 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of four insect growth regulators (IGRs) on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea. IGRs were sprayed on eggs, larvae (~24-h old), and pupae at recommended doses along with their relatively low and high dose. Eggs, larval, and pupal survival were assessed along with effects on fecundity and fertility of C. carnea adults emerged when pupae were treated. IOBC (International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control) proposed toxicity scale was used to categorize the IGRs. Concerning the eggs lufenuron, pyriproxyfen, and diflubenzuron were categorized as slightly harmful (class 2), whereas buprofezin was categorized as moderately harmful (class 3). Lufenuron and diflubenzuron were classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to C. carnea larvae, while pyriproxyfen and buprofezin were categorized as harmless (class 1). Buprofezin did not affect the locomotion behavior of the larvae as time proportion spent in the treated and untreated zone was equal, while all others were affected significantly. Regarding the pupae, pyriproxyfen and buprofezin were found slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3), respectively, and considerably reduced fecundity and fertility of the C. carnea adults. Lufenuron and diflubenzuron did not affect significantly when pupae were treated. Based on combined effect, the IGRs lufenuron and diflubenzuron did nott influence the significantly on population parameters comparatively. This could be helpful for the use of IGRs in integration with C. carnea towards their conservation in agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubasshir Sohail
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tando Jam, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Saboor Khan
- Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Raza Muhammad
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Qadeer Ahmed Soomro
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Asif
- Plant Protection Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Bhai Khan Solangi
- Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan
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49
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Gastelbondo-Pastrana BI, Fernandes FH, Salvadori DMF, Santos DCD. The comet assay in Ceraeochrysa claveri (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): A suitable approach for detecting somatic and germ cell genotoxicity induced by agrochemicals. Chemosphere 2019; 235:70-75. [PMID: 31255767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some agrochemicals are genotoxic to several organisms. Nevertheless, few protocols are currently available for measuring the toxicogenetic effects of these compounds in target and non-target field-collected species of insects important to agriculture. Herein, we used the species Ceraeochrysa claveri (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), a non-target predator insect, to investigate the ability of an azadirachtin-based biopesticide (Azamax™) to induce DNA damage. The alkaline version of the comet assay was standardized to evaluate genetic instability caused by the toxicant in somatic (gut) and germ (nurse cells and oocytes) cells of C. claveri. For this, C. claveri larvae were distributed into three groups (10/each) and treated with Azamax™ at 0, 0.3% or 0.5% throughout the larval stage. DNA damage (tail intensity) was measured in adult insects, four days after emerged. The data showed that both doses of Azamax™ (0.3% and 0.5%) were able to significantly (p < 0.05) increase DNA damage in somatic and germ cells of C. claveri. In conclusion, C. claveri (intestinal and ovarian cells) was a sensitive bioindicator for identifying Azamax™ genotoxic potential, whereas the comet assay was a useful tool for detecting the genotoxic hazard of the pesticide in the field-collected insect species. Given that estimation of adverse effects of pollutants on ecosystems is an essential component of environmental risk assessment, the approach used can be recommended to estimate the ecotoxicity of agricultural chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Irina Gastelbondo-Pastrana
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Henrique Fernandes
- Laboratory of Toxicogenomic and Nutrigenomic, Department of Pathology, Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Daisy Maria Fávero Salvadori
- Laboratory of Toxicogenomic and Nutrigenomic, Department of Pathology, Medical School, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Insects, Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil; Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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50
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Clements WH, Cadmus P, Kotalik CJ, Wolff BA. Context-Dependent Responses of Aquatic Insects to Metals and Metal Mixtures: A Quantitative Analysis Summarizing 24 Yr of Stream Mesocosm Experiments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019; 38:2486-2496. [PMID: 31403735 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modernizing water quality criteria to predict how contaminants affect natural aquatic communities requires that we utilize data obtained across multiple lines of evidence, including laboratory, mesocosm, and field studies. We report the results of 29 mesocosm experiments conducted from 1994 to 2017 at the Colorado State University Stream Research Laboratory (Fort Collins, CO, USA). The primary goal of the present study was to quantify responses of aquatic insect communities collected from 8 different locations to different combinations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Treatments that included Cu or Fe, either alone or in combination with other metals, were especially toxic to aquatic insects. The results showed that effects of metals were context dependent and varied significantly among the 8 sites where communities were collected. In particular, effects on communities from smaller streams were significantly greater than those from larger streams. Our analyses also showed that several morphological (body size, shape, gills, degree of sclerotization) and life history (voltinism) traits were significantly correlated with sensitivity to metals. Across all taxa and experiments, aquatic insects broadly classified as small (maximum body length <8 mm) were significantly more sensitive to metals than medium or large individuals. These findings demonstrate the advantages of integrating results of mesocosm experiments with species traits to develop a mechanistic understanding of biotic and abiotic factors that influence community responses to contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2486-2496. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Pete Cadmus
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Christopher J Kotalik
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Brian A Wolff
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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