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Vanhoffelen E, Vermoesen L, Michiels L, Lagrou K, Reséndiz-Sharpe A, Vande Velde G. Sensitive bioluminescence imaging of cryptococcosis in Galleria mellonella improves antifungal screening under in vivo conditions. Virulence 2024; 15:2327883. [PMID: 38465639 PMCID: PMC10939141 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2327883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an environmental yeast that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, causing respiratory infections and life-threatening meningoencephalitis. Treatment is complicated by limited antifungal options, with concerns such as adverse effects, dose-limiting toxicity, blood-brain barrier permeability, and resistance development, emphasizing the critical need to optimize and expand current treatment options against invasive cryptococcosis. Galleria mellonella larvae have been introduced as an ethical intermediate for in vivo testing, bridging the gap between in vitro antifungal screening and mouse studies. However, current infection readouts in G. mellonella are indirect, insensitive, or invasive, which hampers the full potential of the model. To address the absence of a reliable non-invasive method for tracking infection, we longitudinally quantified the cryptococcal burden in G. mellonella using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). After infection with firefly luciferase-expressing C. neoformans, the resulting bioluminescence signal was quantitatively validated using colony-forming unit analysis. Longitudinal comparison of BLI to health and survival analysis revealed increased sensitivity of BLI in discriminating cryptococcal burden during early infection. Furthermore, BLI improved the detection of treatment efficacy using first-line antifungals, thereby benchmarking this model for antifungal testing. In conclusion, we introduced BLI as a real-time, quantitative readout of cryptococcal burden in G. mellonella over time, enabling more sensitive and reliable antifungal screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Vanhoffelen
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lori Vermoesen
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauren Michiels
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Center for Mycosis, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI unit/MoSAIC, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Szabó MPJ, Queiroz CL, Suzin A, Rodrigues VDS, Vieira RBK, Martins MM, Rezende LM, Sousa ACP, Ramos VDN, Muraro FM, Fernandes LK, Santos LCM, Maia RDC, Rezende AF. Density and behavior of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Amblyomma sculptum and Amblyomma dubitatum with notes on Rickettsia bellii infection: Assessing human exposure risk. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102330. [PMID: 38460340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In several urban and peri‑urban areas of Brazil, populations of Amblyomma sculptum and Amblyomma dubitatum ticks are maintained by capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). In some of these areas, this host and these tick species are associated with Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a lethal human disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. In this work, we evaluated the risk of human exposure to these tick species using four collection techniques to discern host-seeking behavior. The study was carried out in 10 urban sites inhabited by capybaras in Uberlândia, a BSF-free municipality in southeastern Brazil. Ticks were collected in areas of 400 m2 at each site and at three seasons. Within the same municipality, the distance and speed of A. sculptum nymphs moving towards the CO2 traps were evaluated. In a sample of ticks Rickettsia DNA was investigated. During the study period, 52,953 ticks were collected. Among these, 83.4 % were A. sculptum (1,523 adults, 10,545 nymphs and 32,104 larvae) and 16.6 % were A. dubitatum (464 adults, 2,153 nymphs and 6,164 larvae). An average annual questing tick density of 4.4/m² was observed, with the highest density recorded at one site in autumn (31.8/m²) and the lowest in summer at another site (0.03/m²). The visual search yielded the highest proportion of A. sculptum larvae, constituting 47 % of the total and 63.6 % of all A. sculptum larvae. In contrast, CO2 traps collected a greater proportion of nymphs and adults of A. sculptum ticks. In the case of A. dubitatum, the CO2 trap was the most efficient technique with 57.7 % of captures of this species, especially of nymphs (94.5 % of captures) and adults (97.8 % of captures). Ticks' ambush height on vegetation (9 to 77 cm), observed by visual search 30 times, yielded a total of 20,771 ticks. Of these, 28 (93 %) were A. sculptum ticks, with only two (7 %) identified as A. dubitatum ticks. Among A. sculptum ticks, the nymph was the most attracted stage to humans and larva in the case of A. dubitatum. Amblyomma sculptum adults and nymphs were significantly more attracted to humans than those of A. dubitatum, but A. dubitatum larvae were significantly more attracted than the same stage of A. sculptum. The maximum distance and speed of horizontal displacement for A. sculptum nymphs were five meters and 2.0 m/h, respectively. The only species of Rickettsia detected in ticks, exclusively in A. dubitatum, was R. bellii. Importantly, it was observed that the higher the proportion of A. sculptum in the community of ticks, the lower the rate of infection of A. dubitatum by R. bellii. In conclusion, host-seeking behavior differed between the two tick species, as well as between stages of the same species. A greater restriction of A. dubitatum ticks to the soil was observed, while larvae and nymphs of A. sculptum dispersed higher in the vegetation. The behavior presented by A. sculptum provides greater opportunities for contact with the hosts, while A. dubitatum depends more on an active search for a host, the hunter behavior. Taken together, these observations show that a human being crossing an area infested with A. sculptum and A. dubitatum ticks will have almost exclusive contact with A. sculptum larvae and/or nymphs. Humans in a stationary position (sitting, lying or immobile) are exposed to both tick species, but they are more attractive to adults and mainly nymphs of A. sculptum compared to the corresponding stages of the tick A. dubitatum. The negative effect of A. sculptum on A. dubitatum infection by R. bellii deserves further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias P J Szabó
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Lopes Queiroz
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriane Suzin
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinicius da Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Brauner Kamla Vieira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Clínica e Reprodução, Animal da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Marlene Martins
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lais Miguel Rezende
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P Sousa
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa do Nascimento Ramos
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marinho Muraro
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lais Keocheguerian Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lorena C M Santos
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo da Costa Maia
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda Ferreira Rezende
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, Campus Umuarama-Bloco 6T, CEP 38405-302, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ríos-López AL, Dávila-Aviña J, González GM, Flores-Maldonado O. Antifungal and Antivirulence Activity of Vanillin and Tannic Acid Against Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:156. [PMID: 38656548 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03678-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani infections have become severe health threat; both pathogens are considered a priority due to the increasing emergence of antifungal-resistant strains and high mortality rates. Therefore, the discovery of new therapeutic strategies has become crucial. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal and antivirulence effects of vanillin and tannic acid against Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds were determined by the microdilution method in RPMI broth in 96-well microplates according to CLSI. Conidial germination, protease production, biofilm formation, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy assays were performed. The results demonstrated that vanillin and tannic acid had antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus, while tannic acid only exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium solani. We found that vanillin and tannic acid inhibited conidial germination and secreted protease production and biofilm formation of the fungal pathogens using sub-inhibitory concentrations. Besides, vanillin and tannic acid altered the fungal membrane permeability, and both compounds showed therapeutic effect against aspergillosis and fusariosis in an infection model in Galleria mellonella larvae. Our results highlight the antivirulence effect of vanillin and tannic acid against priority pathogenic fungi as a possible therapeutic alternative for human fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ríos-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jorge Dávila-Aviña
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolas, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gloria M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Orlando Flores-Maldonado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I. Madero, Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Ochieng TA, Akutse KS, Ajene IJ, Kilalo DC, Muiru M, Khamis FM. Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis and selected plant extracts for sustainable management of Phthorimaea absoluta. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9299. [PMID: 38653843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthorimaea absoluta is a global constraint to tomato production and can cause up to 100% yield loss. Farmers heavily rely on synthetic pesticides to manage this pest. However, these pesticides are detrimental to human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, exploring eco-friendly, sustainable Integrated Pest Management approaches, including biopesticides as potential alternatives, is of paramount importance. In this context, the present study (i) evaluated the efficacy of 10 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates, neem, garlic, and fenugreek; (ii) assessed the interactions between the most potent plant extracts and B. thuringiensis isolates, and (iii) evaluated the gut microbial diversity due to the treatments for the development of novel formulations against P. absoluta. Neem recorded the highest mortality of 93.79 ± 3.12% with an LT50 value of 1.21 ± 0.24 days, Bt HD263 induced 91.3 ± 3.68% mortality with LT50 of 2.63 ± 0.11 days, compared to both Bt 43 and fenugreek that caused < 50% mortality. Larval mortality was further enhanced to 99 ± 1.04% when Bt HD263 and neem were combined. Furthermore, the microbiome analyses showed that Klebsiella, Escherichia and Enterobacter had the highest abundance in all treatments with Klebsiella being the most abundant. In addition, a shift in the abundance of the bacterial genera due to the treatments was observed. Our findings showed that neem, garlic, and Bt HD263 could effectively control P. absoluta and be integrated into IPM programs after validation by field efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry A Ochieng
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Inusa J Ajene
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dora C Kilalo
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maina Muiru
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00199, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Guo W, Song Y, Chen H, Li X. Dietary potential of the symbiotic fungus Penicillium herquei for the larvae of a nonsocial fungus-cultivating weevil Euops chinensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0153723. [PMID: 38445862 PMCID: PMC11022562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01537-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect taxa cultivate fungi for food. Compared to well-known fungus cultivation in social insects, our knowledge on fungus cultivation in nonsocial insects is still limited. Here, we studied the nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar, Penicillium herquei, for the larvae of its nonsocial insect farmer, Euops chinensis, a specialist on Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica. Overall, fungal hyphae and leaf rolls contained significantly higher carbon (C), stable isotopes of C (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N) but significantly lower C/N ratios compared to unrolled leaves, whereas insect bodies contained significantly higher N contents but lower C and C/N ratios compared to other types of samples. The MixSIAR model indicated that fungal hyphae contributed a larger proportion (0.626-0.797) to the diet of E. chinensis larvae than leaf materials. The levels of ergosterol, six essential amino acids, seven nonessential amino acids, and three B vitamins tested in fungal hyphae and/or leaf rolls were significantly higher than in unrolled leaves and/or larvae. The P. herquei genome contains the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the essential amino acids valine and threonine, nine nonessential amino acids, and vitamins B2 and B3, whereas some genes associated with five essential and one nonessential amino acid were lost in the P. herquei genome. These suggest that P. herquei is capable of providing the E. chinensis larvae food with ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins. P. herquei appears to be able to synthesize or concentrate these nutrients considering that they were specifically concentrated in fungal hyphae. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food has occurred across divergent insect lineages such as social ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles, as well as some seldom-reported solitary insects. Although the fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, the dietary potential of fungal cultivars for their hosts (especially for those nonsocial insects) is largely unknown. Our research on the mutualistic system Euops chinensis-Penicillium herquei represents an example of the diverse nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar P. herquei in the diet of the larvae of its solitary host, E. chinensis. These results demonstrate that P. herquei has the potential to synthesize or concentrate ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins and benefits the larvae of E. chinensis. Our findings would shed light on poorly understood fungal cultivation mutualisms in nonsocial insects and underscore the nutritional importance of fungal cultivars in fungal cultivation mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Humphries JE, Lanctôt CM, McCallum HI, Newell DA, Grogan LF. Chytridiomycosis causes high amphibian mortality prior to the completion of metamorphosis. Environ Res 2024; 247:118249. [PMID: 38244972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Amphibian populations are undergoing extensive declines globally. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is a primary contributor to these declines. The amphibian metamorphic stages (Gosner stages 42-46) are particularly vulnerable to a range of stressors, including Bd. Despite this, studies that explicitly examine host response to chytridiomycosis throughout the metamorphic stages are lacking. We aimed to determine how Bd exposure during the larval stages impacts metamorphic development and infection progression in the endangered Fleay's barred frog (Mixophyes fleayi). We exposed M. fleayi to Bd during pro-metamorphosis (Gosner stages 35-38) and monitored infection dynamics throughout metamorphosis. We took weekly morphological measurements (weight, total body length, snout-vent-length and Gosner stage) and quantified Bd load using qPCR. While we observed minimal impact of Bd infection on animal growth and development, Bd load varied throughout ontogeny, with an infection load plateau during the tadpole stages (Gosner stages 35-41) and temporary infection clearance at Gosner stage 42. Bd load increased exponentially between Gosner stages 42 and 45, with most exposed animals becoming moribund at Gosner stage 45, prior to the completion of metamorphosis. There was variability in infection outcome of exposed individuals, with a subgroup of animals (n = 5/29) apparently clearing their infection while the majority (n = 21/29) became moribund with high infection burdens. This study demonstrates the role that metamorphic restructuring plays in shaping Bd infection dynamics and raises the concern that substantial Bd-associated mortality could be overlooked in the field due to the often cryptic nature of these latter metamorphic stages. We recommend future studies that directly examine the host immune response to Bd infection throughout metamorphosis, incorporating histological and molecular methods to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the observed trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E Humphries
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia.
| | - Chantal M Lanctôt
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Hamish I McCallum
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - David A Newell
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Laura F Grogan
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia; Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Hu XM, Peng L, Wu J, Wu G, Liang X, Yang JL. Bacterial c-di-GMP signaling gene affects mussel larval metamorphosis through outer membrane vesicles and lipopolysaccharides. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:38. [PMID: 38575604 PMCID: PMC10994910 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms serve as crucial cues for settlement and metamorphosis in marine invertebrates. Within bacterial systems, c-di-GMP functions as a pivotal signaling molecule regulating both biofilm formation and dispersion. However, the molecular mechanism of how c-di-GMP modulates biofilm-induced larval metamorphosis remains elusive. Our study reveals that the deletion of a c-di-GMP related gene in Pseudoalteromonas marina led to an increase in the level of bacterial c-di-GMP by knockout technique, and the mutant strain had an enhanced ability to produce more outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The mutant biofilms had higher induction activity for larval metamorphosis in mussels Mytilus coruscus, and OMVs play a major role in the induction activity. We further explored the function of LPS in OMVs. Extracted LPS induced high larval metamorphosis rate, and LPS content were subject to c-di-GMP and LPS-biosynthesis gene. Thus, we postulate that the impact of c-di-GMP on biofilm-induced metamorphosis is mediated through OMVs and LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Meng Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lihua Peng
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jingxian Wu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guanju Wu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-Culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Vlkova K, Erban T, Kamler M, Titera D, Bitar I, Hrabak J. Simultaneous PCR detection of Paenibacillus larvae targeting insertion sequence IS256 and Melissococcus plutonius targeting pMP1 plasmid from hive specimens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:415-421. [PMID: 38180723 PMCID: PMC11003898 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius represent the most threatening bacterial diseases of honeybee (Apis mellifera)-American and European foulbrood, respectively. For efficient control of those diseases, rapid and accurate detection of the pathogens is crucial. Therefore, we developed a novel multiplex PCR method simultaneously detecting both pathogens. To design and optimize multiplex PCR reaction, four strains of P. larvae representing four ERIC genotypes I-IV (strain DSM 7030-ERIC I, DSM 25430-ERIC II, LMG 16252-ERIC III, DSM 3615-ERIC IV) were selected. Those strains were fully sequenced using long-read sequencing (Sequel I, Pacific Biosciences). For P. larvae, the multicopy insertion sequence IS256 identified in all genotypes of P. larvae was selected to provide high sensitivity. M. plutonius was detected by plasmid pMP1 sequence and the virulence verified by following detection of ETX/MTX2 toxin responsible for pore formation in the cell membrane. As an internal control, a gene encoding for major royal jelly protein 1 specific for honeybees was selected. The method was validated on 36 clinical specimens collected from the colonies suffering from American and European foulbrood in the Czech Republic. Based on the results, sensitivity of PCR was calculated to 93.75% and specificity to 100% for P. larvae diagnosed from hive debris and 100% sensitivity and specificity for honeybee workers and larval scales as well as for diseased brood infected by M. plutonius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Vlkova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 80, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Erban
- Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kamler
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Titera
- Bee Research Institute at Dol, Libcice nad Vltavou, Czech Republic
| | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 80, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hrabak
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 76, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, alej Svobody 80, 323 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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9
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Wielkopolan B, Szabelska‐Beręsewicz A, Gawor J, Obrępalska‐Stęplowska A. Cereal leaf beetle-associated bacteria enhance the survival of their host upon insecticide treatments and respond differently to insecticides with different modes of action. Environ Microbiol Rep 2024; 16:e13247. [PMID: 38644048 PMCID: PMC11033208 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The cereal leaf beetle (CLB, Oulema melanopus) is one of the major cereal pests. The effect of insecticides belonging to different chemical classes, with different mechanisms of action and the active substances' concentrations on the CLB bacterial microbiome, was investigated. Targeted metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal gene was used to determine the composition of the CLB bacterial microbiome. Each of the insecticides caused a decrease in the abundance of bacteria of the genus Pantoea, and an increase in the abundance of bacteria of the genus Stenotrophomonas, Acinetobacter, compared to untreated insects. After cypermethrin application, a decrease in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas was noted. The dominant bacterial genera in cypermethrin-treated larvae were Lactococcus, Pantoea, while in insects exposed to chlorpyrifos or flonicamid it was Pseudomonas. Insecticide-treated larvae were characterized, on average, by higher biodiversity and richness of bacterial genera, compared to untreated insects. The depletion of CLB-associated bacteria resulted in a decrease in larval survival, especially after cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos treatments. The use of a metagenome-based functional prediction approach revealed a higher predicted function of bacterial acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase in flonicamid and chlorpyrifos-treated larvae and tRNA dimethyltransferase in cypermethrin-treated insects than in untreated insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Wielkopolan
- Department of Monitoring and Signaling of AgrophagesInstitute of Plant Protection–National Research InstitutePoznanPoland
| | | | - Jan Gawor
- DNA Sequencing and Synthesis FacilityInstitute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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10
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Caixeta BT, Tolesano-Pascoli GV, Mundim FL, Pascoal JDO, Rodrigues VDS, Martins MM, Ramos VDN, Torga K, Costa LF, Miranda VC, Benfatti LR, Silva LM, Limongi JE, Szabó MPJ, Yokosawa J. Survey of Rickettsia spp. in ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting opossums (Didelphis albiventris) and capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from an urban park in southeastern Brazil. Exp Appl Acarol 2024; 92:463-477. [PMID: 38361037 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are hematophagous arthropods and, during feeding, may transmit pathogens to vertebrate hosts, including humans. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected between 2010 and 2013 from free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and opossums (Didelphis albiventris) that inhabit Sabiá Park in Uberlândia, Brazil. Overall, 1,860 ticks were collected: 1,272 (68.4%) from capybaras (487 of the species Amblyomma sculptum, 475 adults and 12 nymphs; 778 Amblyomma dubitatum, 727 adults and 51 nymphs; and seven larva clusters of the genus Amblyomma); and 588 (31.6%) from opossums (21 A. sculptum, one adult and 20 nymphs; 79 A. dubitatum, all nymphs; 15 Ixodes loricatus, 12 adults and three nymphs; 457 Amblyomma sp. larva clusters; 15 Ixodes sp. larva clusters; and one Argasidae larva cluster). Out of 201 DNA samples tested for the presence of Rickettsia spp. DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 12 showed amplification of a gtlA gene segment that was specific to Rickettsia bellii, a bacterium non-pathogenic to humans. As there has been a report showing serological evidence of infections caused by Rickettsia species of the spotted fever group (SFG) in capybaras and opossums in the park, including Rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of Brazilian spotted fever, and considering the presence of A. sculptum ticks, which are aggressive to humans, as well as these vertebrate hosts, which are amplifiers of R. rickettsii, it is important to monitor the presence of SFG rickettsiae in the Sabiá Park, which is visited daily by thousands of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tolentino Caixeta
- Laboratory of Microorganisms of Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil.
| | | | - Flávia Lúcio Mundim
- Laboratory of Microorganisms of Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Jamile de Oliveira Pascoal
- Laboratory of Ixodology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vinícius da Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Ixodology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Maria Marlene Martins
- Laboratory of Ixodology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vanessa do Nascimento Ramos
- Laboratory of Ixodology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Khelma Torga
- Laboratory of Ixodology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Lourenço Faria Costa
- Instituto Acadêmico de Ciências da Saúde e Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Quirinópolis, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Campos Miranda
- Laboratory of Microorganisms of Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luisa Rodrigues Benfatti
- Laboratory of Microorganisms of Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Leticia Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Microorganisms of Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Matias Pablo Juan Szabó
- Laboratory of Ixodology, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil.
| | - Jonny Yokosawa
- Laboratory of Microorganisms of Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil.
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11
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Oviedo Á, Rodríguez MM, Flores FS, Castro LR. New hard tick (Acari: Ixodidae) reports and detection of Rickettsia in ticks from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Exp Appl Acarol 2024; 92:507-528. [PMID: 38485886 PMCID: PMC11035439 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), located in northern Colombia, is considered a geographical island with high levels of biodiversity and endemism. However, little is known about tick species and their associated microorganisms at the SNSM. In this study we sampled host-seeking ticks in areas of the town of Minca within the SNSM. We collected 47 ticks identified as Amblyomma pacae, Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma mixtum, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi, Ixodes sp. cf. Ixodes affinis and Ixodes sp. Of these ticks, we tested for Rickettsia spp. by amplifying the gltA, SCA1, and 16S rRNA genes via PCR. Rickettsia amblyommatis was detected in one pool of 3 larvae and in a female of A. pacae. Additonally, we isolated Rickettsia sp. belonging to the group of spotted fevers in larvae of A. longirostre. This study reports new findings of six species of ticks and two species of Rickettsia within the SNSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Oviedo
- Grupo de investigación Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular (GIESEMOL), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Miguel M Rodríguez
- Grupo de investigación Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular (GIESEMOL), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Fernando S Flores
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lyda R Castro
- Grupo de investigación Evolución, Sistemática y Ecología Molecular (GIESEMOL), Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia.
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12
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Han CJ, Cheng CH, Yeh TF, Pauchet Y, Shelomi M. Coconut rhinoceros beetle digestive symbiosis with potential plant cell wall degrading microbes. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:34. [PMID: 38555351 PMCID: PMC10981690 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB, Oryctes rhinoceros) is an invasive palm pest whose larvae eat wood, yet lack the necessary digestive enzymes. This study confirmed endogenous CRB cellulase is inactive, suggesting microbial fermentation. The inner lining of the CRB hindgut has tree-like structures covered with a conspicuous biofilm. To identify possible symbionts, 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used on individuals from across Taiwan. Several taxa of Clostridia, an anaerobic class including many cellulolytic bacteria, were highly abundant in most individuals from all locations. Whole metagenome sequencing further confirmed many lignocellulose degrading enzymes are derived from these taxa. Analyses of eggs, larvae, adults, and soil found these cellulolytic microbes are not transmitted vertically or transstadially. The core microbiomes of the larval CRB are likely acquired and enriched from the environment with each molt, and enable efficient digestion of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Jung Han
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Cheng
- School of Forestry & Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Feng Yeh
- School of Forestry & Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Matan Shelomi
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Farias IF, de Oliveira GMB, Lima EVM, Labruna MB, Horta MC. Parasitism on domestic cats by Amblyomma auricularium and serological evidence of exposure to Rickettsia amblyommatis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2024; 33:e018123. [PMID: 38511817 PMCID: PMC10954250 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The domestic cat is not considered a primary host for any specific tick species; however, it can be affected by some Ixodidae species, such as Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and Amblyomma spp. The study reports parasitism by Amblyomma auricularium and the detection of anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies in domestic cats from a rural property in the Afrânio municipality, Pernambuco, Brazil. Amblyomma auricularium (24 nymphs, six females, and four males) and Amblyomma sp. (42 larvae) parasitized three cats, and 73 free-living ticks were captured in armadillo burrows: A. auricularium (36 nymphs, six females, five males) and Amblyomma sp. (26 larvae). Blood samples from cats were collected and the obtained plasma were subjected to indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect antibodies against Rickettsia antigens. Thus, anti-Rickettsia spp. antibodies were determined (titers ranging from 128 to 512) and showed a predominant antibody response to Rickettsia amblyommatis or a very closely related genotype. This study reports the first infestation of nymphs and adults of A. auricularium on cats in a new area of occurrence in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil and reports for the first time the presence of anti-Ricketsia antibodies in cats in the region, with R. amblyommatis as the probable infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Ferreira Farias
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias no Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - Glauber Meneses Barboza de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Erisson Victor Macedo Lima
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mauricio Claudio Horta
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias no Semiárido, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF, Petrolina, PE, Brasil
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14
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Abdisa E, Park H, Kwon J, Jin G, Esmaeily M, Kim Y. Enhancement of an entomopathogenic fungal virulence against the seedcorn maggot, Delia platura, by suppressing immune responses with a bacterial culture broth of Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2024; 115:e22103. [PMID: 38517449 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In Korea, there are two maggot species in the Delia genus that commonly infest the roots and stems of the Welsh onion, thus causing serious economic damage on the crop at the seedling stage. In this study, the seedcorn maggot (Delia platura) was detected in onion fields in two different localities in Korea. After overwintering, maggot infestations occurred throughout the entire growing seasons from transplantation to harvest, but their specific patterns of occurrence varied in the two localities examined. Entomopathogenic fungi induced significant virulence against the maggot larvae, in which a strain of Beauveria bassiana was effective, though it exhibited limited mortality in its insecticidal activity. To enhance this insecticidal activity, a culture broth from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Photorhabdus temperata temperata (Ptt), was added to B. bassiana treatment. The addition of Ptt broth significantly increased the insecticidal activity of B. bassiana in a dose-dependent manner. To elucidate this enhancement in insecticidal activity, the immunosuppressive activity of Ptt broth was assessed by identifying the immune responses of the seedcorn maggots. The seedcorn maggots possessed at least three different hemocytes with plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. These hemocytes exhibited nodule formation in response to the fungal infection. In addition to the cellular immunity, the maggots exhibited inducible expressions of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as cecropin and defensin. The addition of Ptt broth suppressed the nodule formation and the AMP expressions in response to the fungal infection. Altogether, this study demonstrated the innate immune responses in a non-model insect, D. platura, along with the application of immunosuppression to develop a highly efficient biological control by enhancing the virulence of B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eticha Abdisa
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Hyunje Park
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kwon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Gahyeon Jin
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Mojtaba Esmaeily
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, Korea
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15
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Wang BB, Li YL, Tian SY, Wang HZ, Li X, Wang FH, Cai KZ. Chlamydospore dormancy and predatory activity of nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300365. [PMID: 38012466 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans are an essential survival and reproductive structure and also an effective ingredient for the biocontrol of parasitic nematodes in livestock. In this study, entering and exiting dormancy conditions and predatory activity of the fungal chlamydospores were conducted. During this fungal growth process, the cultivation time is negatively correlated with spore germination rates. After the spores were processed by vacuum drying for 168 h, their germination rate dropped to 0.94%. In contrast, the percentage of living spores remained 54.82%, suggesting that the spores entered structural dormancy in the arid environment. Meanwhile, the efficacies of the spore against Haemonchus contortus larvae were 93.05% (0 h), 92.19% (16 h), 92.77% (96 h), and 86.45% (168 h), respectively. After dormant spores were stored at 4°C, -20°C, and 28°C (RH90 ~ 95%) for 7 days, their germination rate began to increase significantly (p < 0.05). For in vitro predation assay under the condition of 28°C (RH90 ~ 95%), the predation rate was significantly higher on the 7th day after incubation than that on the 3rd day (p < 0.05). During the period when spores were stored at room temperature for 8 months, their germination rate decreased in the first 5 months and then increased slowly to reach a peak in the 7th month. However, the reduction rate of H. contortus L3 in feces captured by spores remained above 71% for the first 7 months. These results will help us increase the end products yield and the quality of biological control of parasitic nematodes in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Yan'an Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Parasitology Laboratory, Yan'an, China
| | - You-Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Shu-Yue Tian
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Feng-Hui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Yan'an Key Laboratory of Fungi Resources Development and Biological Control, Yan'an, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
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16
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Li J, Zhang Y, Jiao S, He L, Fan Y, Han X, Sun B, Zhao W, Mei Y, Wei N, Zeng H, Jin D. Bbhox2 is a key regulator for conidiation and virulence in Beauveria bassiana. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108059. [PMID: 38199517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana, a well-known filamentous biocontrol fungus, is the main pathogen of numerous field and forest pests. To explore the potential factors involved in the fungal pathogenicity, Bbhox2, an important and conserved functional transcription factor containing homeodomain was carried out by functional analysis. Homologous recombination was used to disrupt the Bbhox2 gene in B.bassiana. The conidia yield of the deletant fungal strain was significantly reduced. The conidial germination was faster, and stress tolerance to Congo red and high osmotic agents were decreased compared with that in the wildtype. Additionally, ΔBbhox2 showed a dramatic reduction in virulence no matter in topical inoculations or in intra-hemolymph injections against Galleria mellonella larvae, which is likely due to the failure of appressorium formation and the defect in producing hyphal body. These results indicate that the Bbhox2 gene markedly contributes to conidiation and pathogenicity in B. bassiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; Hubei Province Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, College of Life Science and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China; School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shouhao Jiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian He
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanhua Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemeng Han
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Binda Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenqi Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanlin Mei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyue Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China.
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17
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Rajabloo A, Karimi J, Mehrabadi M. Differential induction of NF-κB pathways by non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria in Helicoverpa armigera is critical for an efficient immune response and survival. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108049. [PMID: 38159795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Following pathogen infection in a host, extensive changes occur in the host's gene expression pattern to suppress infection and increase the chance of host survival. Likewise, many pathogens have evolved to evade/suppress host immunity and increase their survival within the host. In this study, we assessed the NF-κB (Imd and Toll) essential gene expression response of Helicoverpa armigera to an entomopathogenic Serratia marcescens and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli. Bacterial cells of S. marcescens or E. coli were injected into the haemocoel of fifth-instar larvae of H. armigera, whereas distilled water was injected into control insects. Our results showed that the expression levels of the Imd and Toll pathway genes (i.e., Relish, imd, spätzle and dif) and the antimicrobial peptides (i.e., gloverin, transferin, gallerimycin, and galiomicin) were differentially expressed following the bacterial injections while control larvae showed no differences. The E. coli injection induced higher and longer-lasted gene expression than the S. marcescens injected larvae, in which the gene expressions were diminished from 24 h post injection. Transcript Knockdown of Relish increased the replication rates of S. marcescens and E. coli, and lowered the infected larvae survival rates. These results showed that H. armigera NF-κB immunity pathways (particularly Imd pathway) play a vital role in immunity against bacterial infections, and S. marcescens might modulate these pathways to survive and replicate in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Rajabloo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Karimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehrabadi
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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da Silva JR, Silva JFM, Pereira MF, Torres AR, Gonçalves MS, de Azevedo Prata MC, Vasconcelos Paiva E Brito MA, da Costa GM, Ribeiro JB. Is Galleria mellonella model a good alternative to study virulence in Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis? Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:889-900. [PMID: 38049660 PMCID: PMC10920502 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the agents of bovine mastitis of hardest control due to a complex pathogenesis comprising a variety of virulence factors, which ensures its persistence in the mammary gland, causing significant health and economic losses. Therefore, understanding the pathogenesis of this agent is imperative. Galleria mellonella has stood out as an invertebrate animal model for the study of infectious diseases that affect several hosts. This work aimed to evaluate G. mellonella larvae as an experimental model for the study of virulence phenotypes in an S. aureus population isolated from bovine mastitis. Thirty genetically divergent S. aureus strains were chosen based on PFGE analysis. After experimental infection, larvae survival rates, bacterial growth in hemolymph, melanization intensity of the dorsal vessel, and histological characteristics of the infected tissues were evaluated. The G. mellonella model showed a clear diversity in the S. aureus pathogenicity pattern, allowing the differentiation of strains with virulence phenotypes ranging from high to low degrees. Histological analysis confirmed that the strains tested were capable of inducing the formation of nodules and melanization spots in the dorsal vessels of the larvae in different magnitudes. The strains 16S-717, 19C-828, and 31S-1443 presented the highest virulence intensity among the bacteria tested and will be used further for the generation of S. aureus mutant populations to prospect genetic targets aimed to develop control strategies of bovine mastitis. Altogether, our results suggest that G. mellonella is an attractive and low-cost animal model for characterizing virulence phenotypes of large S. aureus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rosa da Silva
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | - Monalessa Fábia Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Minas Gerais, Carangola, MG, 36800-000, Brazil
| | | | - Maysa Serpa Gonçalves
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Geraldo Márcio da Costa
- Department of Veterinay Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Ribeiro
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil.
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Velázquez-Sarmiento F, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A, Romero-Salas D. METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE SENSU LATO NATIVE TO LIVESTOCK SOILS CAUSES HIGH MORTALITY ON RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS LARVAE, ADULTS AND AFFECTS THEIR REPRODUCTION. J Parasitol 2024; 110:106-113. [PMID: 38503316 DOI: 10.1645/23-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The acaricidal effect of 14 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato isolated from soil of livestock farms in the Mexican tropics was evaluated against larvae and engorged females, and during the laying and hatching of eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). For each fungal strain, the larvae mortality percentage was evaluated through a larval immersion test, while the reproductive efficiency indices in engorged females were measured using adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. All strains of M. anisopliae (s.l.) proved to be highly effective against R. microplus larvae (66-100%) and engorged females (100%). The strains also showed a good effect in inhibiting egg laying (16.45-56.38%) and a moderate effect in decreasing egg hatching (5.24-32.68%). Two strains demonstrated to be effective against all development phases of R. microplus in an integrated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Velázquez-Sarmiento
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M A Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - A Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - D Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
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20
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El-Dougdoug NK, Magistrado D, Short SM. An obligate microsporidian parasite modulates defense against opportunistic bacterial infection in the yellow fever mosquito , Aedes aegypti. mSphere 2024; 9:e0067823. [PMID: 38323845 PMCID: PMC10900900 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00678-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to transmit vertebrate pathogens depends on multiple factors, including the mosquitoes' life history traits, immune response, and microbiota (i.e., the microbes associated with the mosquito throughout its life). The microsporidium Edhazardia aedis is an obligate intracellular parasite that specifically infects Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and severely affects mosquito survival and other life history traits critical for pathogen transmission. In this work, we investigated how E. aedis impacts bacterial infection with Serratia marcescens in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. We measured development, survival, and bacterial load in both larval and adult stages of mosquitoes. In larvae, E. aedis exposure was either horizontal or vertical and S. marcescens was introduced orally. Regardless of the route of transmission, E. aedis exposure resulted in significantly higher S. marcescens loads in larvae. E. aedis exposure also significantly reduced larval survival but subsequent exposure to S. marcescens had no effect. In adult females, E. aedis exposure was only horizontal and S. marcescens was introduced orally or via intrathoracic injection. In both cases, E. aedis infection significantly increased S. marcescens bacterial loads in adult female mosquitoes. In addition, females infected with E. aedis and subsequently injected with S. marcescens suffered 100% mortality which corresponded with a rapid increase in bacterial load. These findings suggest that exposure to E. aedis can influence the establishment and/or replication of other microbes in the mosquito. This has implications for understanding the ecology of mosquito immune defense and potentially disease transmission by mosquito vector species. IMPORTANCE The microsporidium Edhazardia aedis is a parasite of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This mosquito transmits multiple viruses to humans in the United States and around the world, including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide will become infected with one of these viruses each year. E. aedis infection significantly reduces the lifespan of Ae. aegypti and is therefore a promising novel biocontrol agent. Here, we show that when the mosquito is infected with this parasite, it is also significantly more susceptible to infection by an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens. This novel discovery suggests the mosquito's ability to control infection by other microbes is impacted by the presence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha K El-Dougdoug
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Dom Magistrado
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Emerson KJ, Woodley SK. Something in the water: aquatic microbial communities influence the larval amphibian gut microbiota, neurodevelopment and behaviour. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232850. [PMID: 38412968 PMCID: PMC10898966 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms colonize the gastrointestinal tract of animals and establish symbiotic host-associated microbial communities that influence vertebrate physiology. More specifically, these gut microbial communities influence neurodevelopment through the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis. We tested the hypothesis that larval amphibian neurodevelopment is affected by the aquatic microbial community present in their housing water. Newly hatched Northern Leopard Frog (Lithobates pipiens) tadpoles were raised in pond water that was unmanipulated (natural) or autoclaved. Tadpoles raised in autoclaved pond water had a gut microbiota with reduced bacterial diversity and altered community composition, had decreased behavioural responses to sensory stimuli, were larger in overall body mass, had relatively heavier brains and had altered brain shape when compared with tadpoles raised in natural pond water. Further, the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were associated with tadpole behavioural responses and brain measurements. Our results suggest that aquatic microbial communities shape tadpole behaviour and brain development, providing strong support for the occurrence of the MGB axis in amphibians. Lastly, the dramatic role played by aquatic microbial communities on vertebrate neurodevelopment and behaviour should be considered in future wildlife conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Emerson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15220, USA
| | - Sarah K Woodley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15220, USA
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22
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Tejerina MR, Cabana MJ, Enríquez PA, Benítez-Ahrendts MR, Fonseca MI. Bacterial Strains Isolated from Stingless Bee Workers Inhibit the Growth of Apis mellifera Pathogens. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:106. [PMID: 38418777 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Apis mellifera bees are an important resource for the local economy of various regions in Argentina and the maintenance of natural ecosystems. In recent years, different alternatives have been investigated to avoid the reduction or loss of colonies caused by pathogens and parasites such as Ascosphaera apis, Aspergillus flavus, and Paenibacillus larvae. We focused on bacterial strains isolated from the intestine of native stingless bees, to elucidate their antagonistic effect on diseases of A. mellifera colonies. For this purpose, worker bees of the species Tetragonisca fiebrigi, Plebeia spp., and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis were captured from the entrance to tree hives and transported to the laboratory, where their intestines were extracted. Twenty bacterial colonies were isolated from the intestines, and those capable of inhibiting enterobacteria in vitro and producing organic acids, proteases, and chitinases were selected. Four genera, Levilactobacillus, Acetobacter, Lactiplantibacillus, and Pantoea, were selected and identified by the molecular marker that codes for the 16S rRNA gene. For inhibition assays, cell suspensions and cell-free suspensions were performed. All treatments showed significant antibacterial effects, in comparison with the controls, against P. larvae and antifungal effects against A. apis and A. flavus. However, the mechanisms by which these bacteria inhibit the growth of these pathogens were not studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Raúl Tejerina
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad Apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina.
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Bolivia 1239, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina.
| | - María José Cabana
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad Apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Pablo Adrián Enríquez
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad Apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rafael Benítez-Ahrendts
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Sanidad Apícola y Meliponícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47, 4600, Jujuy, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Bolivia 1239, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Fonseca
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Biotecnología "Dra. María Ebe Reca" (INBIOMIS), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Misiones, Argentina
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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23
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Zhao P, Hong S, Li Y, Chen H, Gao H, Wang C. From phyllosphere to insect cuticles: silkworms gather antifungal bacteria from mulberry leaves to battle fungal parasite attacks. Microbiome 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38409012 PMCID: PMC10895815 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-024-01764-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial transfers from plants to insect herbivore guts have been well investigated. However, bacterial exchanges between plant phyllospheres and insect cuticles remain unclear, as does their related biological function. RESULTS Here, we report that the cuticular bacterial loads of silkworm larvae quickly increased after molting and feeding on the white mulberry (Morus alba) leaves. The isolation and examination of silkworm cuticular bacteria identified one bacterium Mammaliicoccus sciuri that could completely inhibit the spore germination of fungal entomopathogens Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana. Interestingly, Ma. sciuri was evident originally from mulberry leaves, which could produce a secreted chitinolytic lysozyme (termed Msp1) to damage fungal cell walls. In consistency, the deletion of Msp1 substantially impaired bacterial antifungal activity. Pretreating silkworm larvae with Ma. sciuri cells followed by fungal topical infections revealed that this bacterium could help defend silkworms against fungal infections. Unsurprisingly, the protective efficacy of ΔMsp1 was considerably reduced when compared with that of wild-type bacterium. Administration of bacterium-treated diets had no negative effect on silkworm development; instead, bacterial supplementation could protect the artificial diet from Aspergillus contamination. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study evidence that the cross-kingdom transfer of bacteria from plant phyllospheres to insect herbivore cuticles can help protect insects against fungal parasite attacks. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Song Hong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuekun Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hanchun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Elhoseny MMM, El-Didamony SE, Atwa WAA, Althoqapy AA, Gouda HIA. New insights into changing honey bee (Apis mellifera) immunity molecules pattern and fatty acid esters, in responses to Ascosphaera apis infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108028. [PMID: 38065241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring of metabolite changes could provide valuable insights into disturbances caused by an infection and furthermore, could be used to define the status of an organism as healthy or diseased and define what could be defensive elements against the infection. The present investigation conducted a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for haemolymph of larval honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) infected with the fungal pathogen Ascosphaera apis in comparison with control haemolymph non-infected insects. Results revealed that the pathogen caused a general disturbance of metabolites detected in the haemolymph of the honey bee. The majority of metabolites identified before and after infection were fatty acid esters. The disease caused an elevation in levels of methyl oleate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate, respectively. Further, the disease drove to the disappearance of methyl palmitoleate, and methyl laurate. Conversely, methyl linolelaidate, and ethyl oleate were identified only in infected larvae. A high reduction in diisooctyl phthalate was recorded after the infection. Interestingly, antimicrobial activities were confirmed for haemolymph of infected honey bee larvae. In spite of the presence of some previously known bioactive compounds in healthy larvae there were no antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M M Elhoseny
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Samia E El-Didamony
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Wedad A A Atwa
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Azza A Althoqapy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls (FMG), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hend I A Gouda
- Honey Bee Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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25
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Solomon S, Babu DT, Gopalakrishnan S, Augustine D, Kachiprath B, Kesavan D, Sarasan M, Philip R. Marine actinomycete Streptomyces variabilis S26 as a biocontrol agent for vibriosis in shrimp larval rearing systems. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300225. [PMID: 37906111 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microbes and the loss of natural flora in aquaculture systems necessitating the ban of many of these chemotherapeutants in aquaculture. Actinobacteria play a profound role in the biogeochemical cycling in the marine environment and represent the principal source of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial property. In the present study, 98 marine-derived actinomycete isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity against the common aquatic pathogens. A potent actinomycete isolate S26, identified as Streptomyces variabilis based on 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing was then checked for the production of antibiotic in five different fermentation media and the one which showed maximum production was chosen for further study. Optimization of the fermentation medium for secondary metabolite production was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM) using DESIGN EXPERT. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic regression model demonstrated that the model was highly significant for the response concerned that is, antimicrobial activity as evident from the Fisher's F- test with a very low probability value [(P model>F) = 0.0001]. Of the 10 different solutions suggested by the software, the most suitable composition was found to be starch, 1.38%; soy powder, 0.88%; ammonium sulfate, 0.16% and salinity, 27.76‰. S. variabilis S26 cultured in the optimized production medium was applied in the Penaeus monodon larval rearing system and the total Vibrio count and survival rate were estimated. S. variabilis S26 treatment showed a significant reduction in vibrios and conferred better protection to P. monodon in culture system compared with control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solly Solomon
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
- Fishery Survey of India, Cochin Zonal Base, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Divya T Babu
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Sumitha Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Deepthi Augustine
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Bhavya Kachiprath
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Dhanya Kesavan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Manomi Sarasan
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Rosamma Philip
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
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Dzięgielewska M, Bartoszewicz M, Książczyk M, Dudek B, Brożyna M, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Gruber P, Pawlak J, Kozłowska W, Zielińska S, Fischer J, Woytoń A, Junka A. Abietic Acid as a Novel Agent against Ocular Biofilms: An In Vitro and Preliminary In Vivo Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1528. [PMID: 38338807 PMCID: PMC10855443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related ocular infections can lead to vision loss and are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to challenges with application and increasing microbial resistance. In turn, the design and testing of new synthetic drugs is a time- and cost-consuming process. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, we assessed the in vitro efficacy of the plant-based abietic acid molecule, both alone and when introduced to a polymeric cellulose carrier, against biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in standard laboratory settings as well as in a self-designed setting using the topologically challenging surface of the artificial eye. These analyses were performed using the standard microdilution method, the biofilm-oriented antiseptic test (BOAT), a modified disk-diffusion method, and eyeball models. Additionally, we assessed the cytotoxicity of abietic acid against eukaryotic cell lines and its anti-staphylococcal efficacy in an in vivo model using Galleria mellonella larvae. We found that abietic acid was more effective against Staphylococcus than Pseudomonas (from two to four times, depending on the test applied) and that it was generally more effective against the tested bacteria (up to four times) than against the fungus C. albicans at concentrations non-cytotoxic to the eukaryotic cell lines and to G. mellonella (256 and 512 µg/mL, respectively). In the in vivo infection model, abietic acid effectively prevented the spread of staphylococcus throughout the larvae organisms, decreasing their lethality by up to 50%. These initial results obtained indicate promising features of abietic acid, which may potentially be applied to treat ocular infections caused by pathogenic biofilms, with higher efficiency manifested against bacterial than fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzenna Bartoszewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Książczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Malwina Brożyna
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.S.-Z.); (P.G.)
| | - Piotr Gruber
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.S.-Z.); (P.G.)
| | - Jacek Pawlak
- Medical Department, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Weronika Kozłowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jędrzej Fischer
- Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Woytoń
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Adam Junka
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
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Kang Z, Martinson VG, Wang Y, Coon KL, Valzania L, Strand MR. Increased environmental microbial diversity reduces the disease risk of a mosquitocidal pathogen. mBio 2024; 15:e0272623. [PMID: 38055338 PMCID: PMC10790785 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02726-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The host-specific microbiotas of animals can both reduce and increase disease risks from pathogens. In contrast, how environmental microbial communities affect pathogens is largely unexplored. Aquatic habitats are of interest because water enables environmental microbes to readily interact with animal pathogens. Here, we focused on mosquitoes, which are important disease vectors as terrestrial adults but are strictly aquatic as larvae. We identified a pathogen of mosquito larvae from the field as a strain of Chromobacterium haemolyticum. Comparative genomic analyses and functional assays indicate this strain and other Chromobacterium are mosquitocidal but are also opportunistic pathogens of other animals. We also identify a critical role for diversity of the environmental microbiota in disease risk. Our study characterizes both the virulence mechanisms of a pathogen and the role of the environmental microbiota in disease risk to an aquatic animal of significant importance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Kang
- Hebei University, College of Life Sciences, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Vincent G. Martinson
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kerri L. Coon
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Luca Valzania
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Roodsant TJ, van der Putten B, Brizuela J, Coolen JPM, Baltussen TJH, Schipper K, Pannekoek Y, van der Ark KCH, Schultsz C. The streptococcal phase-variable type I restriction modification system SsuCC20p dictates the methylome of Streptococcus suis impacting the transcriptome and virulence in a zebrafish larvae infection model. mBio 2024; 15:e0225923. [PMID: 38063379 PMCID: PMC10790761 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02259-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Phase variation allows a single strain to produce phenotypic diverse subpopulations. Phase-variable restriction modification (RM) systems are systems that allow for such phase variation via epigenetic regulation of gene expression levels. The phase-variable RM system SsuCC20p was found in multiple streptococcal species and was acquired by an emerging zoonotic lineage of Streptococcus suis. We show that the phase variability of SsuCC20p is dependent on a recombinase encoded within the SsuCC20p locus. We characterized the genome methylation profiles of the different phases of SsuCC20p and demonstrated the consequential impact on the transcriptome and virulence in a zebrafish infection model. Acquiring mobile genetic elements containing epigenetic regulatory systems, like phase-variable RM systems, enables bacterial pathogens to produce diverse phenotypic subpopulations that are better adapted to specific (host) environments encountered during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Roodsant
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Boas van der Putten
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaime Brizuela
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy P. M. Coolen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tim J. H. Baltussen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Schipper
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kees C. H. van der Ark
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zwyssig M, Spescha A, Patt T, Belosevic A, Machado RAR, Regaiolo A, Keel C, Maurhofer M. Entomopathogenic pseudomonads can share an insect host with entomopathogenic nematodes and their mutualistic bacteria. ISME J 2024; 18:wrae028. [PMID: 38381653 PMCID: PMC10945363 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
A promising strategy to overcome limitations in biological control of insect pests is the combined application of entomopathogenic pseudomonads (EPPs) and nematodes (EPNs) associated with mutualistic bacteria (NABs). Yet, little is known about interspecies interactions such as competition, coexistence, or even cooperation between these entomopathogens when they infect the same insect host. We investigated the dynamics of bacteria-bacteria interactions between the EPP Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 and the NAB Xenorhabdus bovienii SM5 isolated from the EPN Steinernema feltiae RS5. Bacterial populations were assessed over time in experimental systems of increasing complexity. In vitro, SM5 was outcompeted when CHA0 reached a certain cell density, resulting in the collapse of the SM5 population. In contrast, both bacteria were able to coexist upon haemolymph-injection into Galleria mellonella larvae, as found for three further EPP-NAB combinations. Finally, both bacteria were administered by natural infection routes i.e. orally for CHA0 and nematode-vectored for SM5 resulting in the addition of RS5 to the system. This did not alter bacterial coexistence nor did the presence of the EPP affect nematode reproductive success or progeny virulence. CHA0 benefited from RS5, probably by exploiting access routes formed by the nematodes penetrating the larval gut epithelium. Our results indicate that EPPs are able to share an insect host with EPNs and their mutualistic bacteria without major negative effects on the reproduction of any of the three entomopathogens or the fitness of the nematodes. This suggests that their combination is a promising strategy for biological insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zwyssig
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Spescha
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tabea Patt
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Belosevic
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Regaiolo
- Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Keel
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monika Maurhofer
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mirza KA, Nietzsche S, Makarewicz O, Pletz MW, Thieme L. Bacteriophage-mediated decolonization of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a novel Galleria mellonella gut colonization model with Enterobacteriaceae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:318. [PMID: 38172281 PMCID: PMC10764950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Galleria mellonella larvae have emerged as an invertebrate model for investigating bacterial pathogenesis and potential therapies, addressing ethical concerns related to mammalian models. This model has the advantage of having a simple gut microbiome, which is suitable for gut colonization studies. Intestinal colonization by Enterobacteriaceae significantly contributes to the spread of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to establish a novel Enterobacteriaceae gut colonization larval model and assess its suitability for evaluating distinct antimicrobial efficacies. Larvae were force-fed sequentially with bacterial doses of K. pneumoniae and E. coli at 0, 24, and 48 h, with survival monitoring at 24 h intervals. Bacterial counts were assessed after 48 h and 120 h of force-feeding. Successfully colonized larvae were subjected to one-time force feeding of a bacteriophage cocktail (107 PFU/larvae) or MIC-based meropenem and ciprofloxacin. The colonized bacterial load was quantified by CFU count. Three doses of 106 CFU/larvae resulted in stable gut colonization, independent of the K. pneumoniae or E. coli strain. Compared with the control, force-feeding of the bacteriophage reduced the colonization of the strain Kp 419614 by 5 log10 CFU/larvae, while antibiotic treatment led to a 3 log10 CFU/larval reduction. This novel G. mellonella model provides a valuable alternative for gut colonization studies, facilitating proof-of-concept investigations and potentially reducing or replacing follow-up experiments in vertebrate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran A Mirza
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Jena University Hospital, Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center for Electron Microscope, Jena University Hospital, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliwia Makarewicz
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena University Hospital, Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Lara Thieme
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Jena University Hospital, Leibniz Center for Photonics in Infection Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Paixão FRS, Falvo ML, Huarte-Bonnet C, Santana M, García JJ, Fernandes ÉKK, Pedrini N. Pathogenicity of microsclerotia from Metarhizium robertsii against Aedes aegypti larvae and antimicrobial peptides expression by mosquitoes during fungal-host interaction. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107061. [PMID: 37918505 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a vector of various disease-causing arboviruses. Chemical insecticide-based methods for mosquito control have increased resistance in different parts of the world. Thus, alternative control agents such as the entomopathogenic fungi are excellent candidates to control mosquitoes as part of an ecofriendly strategy. There is evidence of the potential of entomopathogenic fungal conidia and blastospores for biological control of eggs, larval and adult stages, as well as the pathogenicity of fungal microsclerotia against adults and eggs. However, there are no studies on the pathogenicity of microsclerotia against either aquatic insects or insects that develop part of their life cycle in the water, such as the A. aegypti larvae. In this study, we assayed the production of microsclerotia and their pathogenicity against A. aegypti larvae of two isolates of Metarhizium robertsii, i.e., CEP 423 isolated in La Plata, Argentina, and the model ARSEF 2575. Both isolates significantly reduced the survival of A. aegypti exposed to their microsclerotia. The fungus-larva interaction resulted in a delayed response in the host. This was evidenced by the expression of some humoral immune system genes such as defensins and cecropin on the 9th day post-infection, when the fungal infection was consolidated as a successful process that culminates in larvae mortality. In conclusion, M. robertsii microsclerotia are promising propagules to be applied as biological control agents against mosquitoes since they produce pathogenic conidia against A. aegypti larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R S Paixão
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marianel L Falvo
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 122, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marianela Santana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan J García
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 122, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Bing XL, Liang ZJ, Tian J, Gong X, Huang SQ, Chen J, Hong XY. The influence of Acetobacter pomorum bacteria on the developmental progression of Drosophila suzukii via gluconic acid secretion. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17202. [PMID: 37947376 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Insects are rich in various microorganisms, which play diverse roles in affecting host biology. Although most Drosophila species prefer rotten fruits, the agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii attacks ripening fruits before they are harvested. We have reported that the microbiota has positive and negative impacts on the agricultural pest D. suzukii on nutrient-poor and -rich diets, respectively. On nutrient-poor diets, microbes provide protein to facilitate larval development. But how they impede D. suzukii development on nutrient-rich diets is unknown. Here we report that Acetobacter pomorum (Apo), a commensal bacterium in many Drosophila species and rotting fruit, has several detrimental effects in D. suzukii. Feeding D. suzukii larvae nutrient-rich diets containing live Apo significantly delayed larval development and reduced the body weight of emerged adults. Apo induced larval immune responses and downregulated genes of digestion and juvenile hormone metabolism. Knockdown of these genes in germ-free larvae reproduced Apo-like weakened phenotypes. Apo was confirmed to secrete substantial amounts of gluconic acid. Adding gluconic acid to the D. suzukii larval diet hindered larval growth and decreased adult body weight. Moreover, the dose of gluconic acid that adversely affected D. suzukii did not negatively affect Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that D. suzukii is less tolerant to acid than D. melanogaster. Taken together, these findings indicate that D. suzukii is negatively affected by gluconic acid, which may explain why it prefers ripening fruit over Apo-rich rotting fruit. These results show an insect's tolerance to microbes can influence its ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Bing
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Jian Liang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shao-Qiu Huang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wang G, Wang X, Yang Z, Wang S, Li W, Shang S, Luo Y, Wang L. Effects of Fusarium solani on the Growth and Development of Anoplophora glabripennis Larvae. Microb Ecol 2023; 87:23. [PMID: 38159169 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle) is a wood-boring pest that can inhabit a wide range of healthy deciduous host trees in native and non-native habitats. Lignocellulose degradation plays a major role in the acquisition of nutrients during the growth and development of A. glabripennis larvae. In this study, the lignocellulose degradation capacity of Fusarium solani, a fungal symbiont of A. glabripennis, was investigated in fermentation culture and in four host tree species. The impact of F. solani on larval growth and survival parameters was assessed. Fermentation culture demonstrated continuous and stable production of lignocellulolytic enzymes over the cultivation period. Furthermore, F. solani was able to degrade host tree lignocellulose, as shown by decreased soluble sugar and cellulose contents and an increase in protein content. No significant differences in larval survival were observed in larvae fed with or without F. solani. However, weight and head capsule width were higher in larvae fed on F. solani, and gut lignocellulose activities were elevated in fed larvae. Our results indicate a role for F. solani in the predigestion of lignocellulose during the colonization and parasitic stages of A. glabripennis larval development, and also the F. solani an important symbiotic partner to A. glabripennis, lowering barriers to colonization and development in a range of habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaijin Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zongji Yang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Senshan Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Wenxing Li
- Jiayuguan City Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiayuguan, 735000, Gansu, China
| | - Suqin Shang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Youqing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Sino-France Joint Laboratory for Invasive Forest Pests in Eurasia, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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Vivekanandhan P, Swathy K, Lucy A, Sarayut P, Patcharin K. Entomopathogenic fungi based microbial insecticides and their physiological and biochemical effects on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1254475. [PMID: 38149005 PMCID: PMC10750404 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1254475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 'The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda', represents a significant threat to maize production, a major staple crop in Asian countries. Methods In pursuit of more effective control of this insect pest, our study assessed the physiological and biochemical effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against the larvae of S. frugiperda. Results Results revealed that, following nine days of treatment, a high concentration of conidia (1.5x107 conidia/mL-1) was toxic to all stages of larvae (second to fifth instar), resulting in 97% mortality of the second instar, 89% mortality of the third instar, 77% mortality of the fourth instar, and 72% mortality of fifth instar. All larval instars were found to have dose-dependent mortality effects. Treated S. frugiperda larvae further displayed significant physiological, morphological, and behavioral changes. Here, treated larvae displayed significantly lower levels of acetylcholinesterase, α-carboxylesterase, and β-carboxylesterase enzyme activity when compared to control groups. Treated larvae underwent an outward morphological change as the result of a decrease in the exterior cuticle of the anal papillae and a demelanization of the interior cuticle. Treated larvae also exhibited abnormal feeding behaviors as a consequence of the negative impact of conidia treatment on the neuromuscular system. Investigation into the effect of M. anisopliae on the non-target organism, the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae, revealed that M. anisopliae conidia did not produce significant pathogenicity following three days of treatment. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed no significant effect of the entomopathogenic fungi on the gut tissue of the non-target organism. Conclusion This study highlights the potential of M. anisopliae in the control of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Vivekanandhan
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kannan Swathy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Alford Lucy
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pittarate Sarayut
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Krutmuang Patcharin
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Barragan EM, Hoskins TD, Allmon EB, McQuigg JL, Hamilton MT, Christian EN, Coogan GSM, Searle CL, Choi YJ, Lee LS, Hoverman JT, Sepúlveda MS. Toxicities of Legacy and Current-Use PFAS in an Anuran: Do Larval Exposures Influence Responses to a Terrestrial Pathogen Challenge? Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19180-19189. [PMID: 37962853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Legacy polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) [perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)] are being replaced by various other fluorinated compounds, such as hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX). These alternatives are thought to be less bioaccumulative and, therefore, less toxic than legacy PFAS. Contaminant exposures occur concurrently with exposure to natural stressors, including the fungal pathogen Batrachocytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Despite evidence that other pollutants can increase the adverse effects of Bd on anurans, no studies have examined the interactive effects of Bd and PFAS. This study tested the growth and developmental effects of PFOS, PFOA, and GenX on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles, followed by a Bd challenge after metamorphosis. Despite PFAS exposure only occurring during the larval stage, carry-over effects on growth were observed post metamorphosis. Further, PFAS interacted with Bd exposure to influence growth; Bd-exposed animals had significantly shorter SVL [snout-vent length (mm)] with significantly increased body condition, among other time-dependent effects. Our data suggest that larval exposure to PFAS can continue to impact growth in the juvenile stage after exposure has ended. Contrary to predictions, GenX affected terrestrial performance more consistently than its legacy congener, PFOA. Given the role of Bd in amphibian declines, further investigation of interactions of PFAS with Bd and other environmentally relevant pathogens is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Barragan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tyler D Hoskins
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Elizabeth B Allmon
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jessica L McQuigg
- Department of Biology, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940, United States
| | - Matthew T Hamilton
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Erin N Christian
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Grace S M Coogan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Catherine L Searle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Youn Jeong Choi
- Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linda S Lee
- Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Sustainability Research Center and PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7550196, Chile
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Yin Y, Wang S, Zhang K, Li Y, Liu W, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Kong X, An S, Zhang R, Zhang Z. Klebsiella pneumoniae in the intestines of Musca domestica larvae can assist the host in antagonizing the poisoning of the heavy metal copper. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:383. [PMID: 38049761 PMCID: PMC10694927 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musca domestica larvae are common saprophytes in nature, promoting the material-energy cycle in the environment. However, heavy metal pollution in the environment negatively affects their function in material circulation. Our previous research found that some intestinal bacteria play an important role in the development of housefly, but the responses of microbial community to heavy metal stresses in Musca domestica is less studied. RESULTS In this study, CuSO4, CuSO4-Klebsiella pneumoniae mixture and CuSO4-K. pneumoniae phage mixture were added to the larval diet to analyze whether K. pneumoniae can protect housefly larvae against Cu2+ injury. Our results showed that larval development was inhibited when were fed with CuSO4, the bacterial abundance of Providencia in the intestine of larvae increased. However, the inhibition effects of CuSO4 was relieved when K. pneumoniae mixed and added in larval diets, the abundance of Providencia decreased. Electron microscope results revealed that K. pneumoniae showed an obvious adsorption effect on copper ion in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results we assume that K. pneumoniae could adsorb Cu2+, reduce Cu2+ impact on gut community structure. Our study explains the role of K. pneumoniae antagonizing Cu2+, which could be applied as a probiotic to saprophytic bioantagonistic metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Yin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- School of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - WenJuan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Xinxin Kong
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Sha An
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), No. 619, Changchen Road, Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, 271016, Shandong, China.
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261021, Shandong, China.
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Zhong B, Lv C, Li W, Li C, Chen T. Virulence of entomopathogenic bacteria Serratia marcescens against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier). PeerJ 2023; 11:e16528. [PMID: 38054022 PMCID: PMC10695106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), is an important quarantine pest, which has caused serious economic losses in various palm species, such as coconut, oil palm and date palm. Finding effective biocontrol resources is important for the control of this pest and the protection of palm crops. Methods A pathogenic strain HJ-01 was isolated from infected and dead pupa of Tenebrio molitor using tissue separation method. The HJ-01 strain was streak cultured and purified, and its morphological, physiological, biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA homology were identified after conducting a pathogenicity test on RPW larvae. Results Strain HJ-01 exhibited remarkable pathogenicity against RPW larvae. Under the concentration of HJ-01 suspension was 1.0 × 108 cfu/mL, the mortality rate of RPW reached 82.22%, and the half-lethal time (LT50) was 4.72 days. RPW larvae infected with strain HJ-01 showed reduced movement, decreased appetite, and eventual death. As the treatment progresses, the larvae's bodies turned red, became soft, and started to rot, resulting in the discharge of liquid. HJ-01 demonstrated the ability to produce scarlet pigment after 24 h of culture on a basic medium. Colonies of HJ-01 appeared convex, bright red, moist, and viscous, opaque in the center, irregular at the edges, and emitted an unpleasant odor. Under microscopic observation, the cells of HJ-01 appeared as short rod-shaped and flagellate, with a size ranging from (1.2-1.8) μm × (1.0-1.2) μm. Genomic DNA extraction was performed on the strain, and the 16S rDNA sequence was amplified, yielding a sequence length of 1445 bp. The sequence of strain HJ-01 displayed a 99.72% similarity to that of Serratia marcescens. Phylogenetic tree analysis further confirmed that strain HJ-01 belonged to S. marcescens. Therefore, the strain HJ-01 has a very good lethal effect on RPW larvae, and it may be used as an effective bacterium for the control of RPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhu Zhong
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chaojun Lv
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan Province, China
| | - Wenlian Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan Province, China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan Province, China
| | - Tuo Chen
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan Province, China
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Chen K, Lu S, Song J, Dou X, Wei X, Wang X, Liu X, Feng C. The selective regulation of immune responses by matrix metalloproteinase MMP14 in Ostrinia furnacalis. Insect Sci 2023; 30:1622-1636. [PMID: 37209089 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucial for tissue remodeling and immune responses in insects, yet it remains unclear how MMPs affect the various immune processes against pathogenic infections and whether the responses vary among insects. In this study, we used the lepidopteran pest Ostrinia furnacalis larvae to address these questions by examining the changes of immune-related gene expression and antimicrobial activity after the knockdown of MMP14 and bacterial infections. We identified MMP14 in O. furnacalis using the rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE), and found that it was conserved and belonged to the MMP1 subfamily. Our functional investigations revealed that MMP14 is an infection-responsive gene, and its knockdown reduces phenoloxidase (PO) activity and Cecropin expression, while the expressions of Lysozyme, Attacin, Gloverin, and Moricin are enhanced after MMP14 knockdown. Further PO and lysozyme activity determinations showed consistent results with gene expression of these immune-related genes. Finally, the knockdown of MMP14 decreased larvae survival to bacterial infections. Taken together, our data indicate that MMP14 selectively regulates the immune responses, and is required to defend against bacterial infections in O. furnacalis larvae. Conserved MMPs may serve as a potential target for pest control using a combination of double-stranded RNA and bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiqi Lu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xiangyi Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Wang S, Yin Y, Zai X, Gu Y, Guo F, Shao F, Zhang Y, Li Y, Li R, Zhang J, Xu J, Chen W. A novel Galleria mellonella experimental model for zoonotic pathogen Brucella. Virulence 2023; 14:2268496. [PMID: 37817444 PMCID: PMC10599192 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2268496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a major threat to public health and animal husbandry. Several in vivo vertebrate models, such as mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates, have been used to study Brucella pathogenesis, bacteria-host interactions, and vaccine efficacy. However, these models have limitations whereas the invertebrate Galleria mellonella model is a cost-effective and ethical alternative. The aim of the present study was to examine the invertebrate G. mellonella as an in vivo infection model for Brucella. Infection assays were employed to validate the fitness of the larval model for Brucella infection and virulence evaluation. The protective efficacy of immune sera was evaluated by pre-incubated with a lethal dose of bacteria before infection. The consistency between the mouse model and the larval model was confirmed by assessing the protective efficacy of two Brucella vaccine strains. The results show that G. mellonella could be infected by Brucella strains, in a dose- and temperature-dependent way. Moreover, this larval model can effectively evaluate the virulence of Brucella strains in a manner consistent with that of mammalian infection models. Importantly, this model can assess the protective efficacy of vaccine immune sera within a day. Further investigation implied that haemolymph played a crucial role in the protective efficacy of immune sera. In conclusion, G. mellonella could serve as a quick, efficient, and reliable model for evaluating the virulence of Brucella strains and efficacy of immune sera in an ethical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yin
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zai
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Gu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyu Guo
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Fangze Shao
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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Cunha F, Burne A, Casaro S, Brown MB, Bisinotto RS, Galvao KN. Establishing Galleria mellonella as an invertebrate model for the emerging multi-host pathogen Helcococcus ovis. Virulence 2023; 14:2186377. [PMID: 36862000 PMCID: PMC10026881 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2186377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Helcococcus ovis (H. ovis) can cause disease in a broad range of animal hosts, including humans, and has been described as an emerging bacterial pathogen in bovine metritis, mastitis, and endocarditis. In this study, we developed an infection model that showed H. ovis can proliferate in the hemolymph and induce dose-dependent mortality in the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella (G. mellonella). We applied the model and identified H. ovis isolates with attenuated virulence originating from the uterus of a healthy post-partum dairy cow (KG38) and hypervirulent isolates (KG37, KG106) originating from the uterus of cows with metritis. Medium virulence isolates were also isolated (KG36, KG104) from the uterus of cows with metritis. A major advantage of this model is that a clear differentiation in induced mortality between H. ovis isolates was detected in just 48 h, resulting in an effective infection model able to identify virulence differences between H. ovis isolates with a short turnaround time. Histopathology showed G. mellonella employs hemocyte-mediated immune responses to H. ovis infection, which are analogous to the innate immune response in cows. In summary, G. mellonella can be used as an invertebrate infection model for the emerging multi-host pathogen Helcococcus ovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cunha
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandra Burne
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and PerinatalBiology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Segundo Casaro
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary B Brown
- D. H. Barron Reproductive and PerinatalBiology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rafael S Bisinotto
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Klibs N Galvao
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Viana JL, da Silva JS, de Mattos GC, Pinto MCC, Dutra LDS, Carvalho LLDA, Pinto JCCDS, Pinheiro VCS, Roque RA. Microencapsulation of Bacillus thuringiensis strains for the control of Aedes aegypti. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108654. [PMID: 37956783 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the microencapsulation of two strains of the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis) (BtMA-750 and BtMA-1114), which are biopesticides of high toxicity for the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. The encapsulation of different concentrations of microorganisms in starch microparticles was evaluated, and the inverse suspension polymerization technique was explored. It was possible to observe that the higher amounts of the biopesticide caused a slight decrease in the diameter of the particles; however, even when encapsulated, the biopesticide still presents an average diameter that is able to be consumed by the larvae of Aedes aegypti. Furthermore, it was noticed that the presence of both of the B. thuringiensis strains did not affect the thermal stability of the particles. The microencapsulated bacterial strains presented a high number of viable spores and preserved the expression of proteins with molecular masses corresponding to the insecticidal toxins Cry and Cyt, indicating that the encapsulation process was conducted satisfactorily. Finally, the encapsulated strains were tested against Ae. aegypti larvae and maintained 100% larval mortality even after 35 days. Therefore, microencapsulation of B. thuringiensis not only guarantees the bacterial activity, but also prolongs the action of the biopesticide. Collectively, such findings highlight the great potential of the new biopesticides, which may help to reduce the population indices of the mosquito vector Ae. aegypti via a sustainable and environment-friendly route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete L Viana
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Rede BIONORTE - PPG BIONORTE, Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777, Ed. Anexo, 4° andar, Cachoeirinha, Manaus, CEP 69065001, AM, Brazil.
| | - Joelma S da Silva
- Curso Ciências Naturais, Campus VII, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida Dr. José Anselmo, 2008, São Sebastião, Codó, CEP 65400-000, MA, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C de Mattos
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martina C C Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana da S Dutra
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Larissa L de A Carvalho
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Carlos C da S Pinto
- Programa de Engenharia Química/COPPE - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria Cristina S Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Departamento de Química e Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão Campus Caxias, Praça Duque de Caxias, s/n, Morro do Alecrim, Caxias, CEP 65604-380, MA, Brazil
| | - Rosemary A Roque
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Controle Biológico e Biotecnologia da Malária e Dengue, Manaus, CEP 69060-001, AM, Brazil
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Oliveira TMP, Rojas MVR, Amorim JA, Alonso DP, de Carvalho DP, Ribeiro KAN, Sallum MAM. Bacterial diversity on larval and female Mansonia spp. from different localities of Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293946. [PMID: 38011160 PMCID: PMC10681206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies based on the bacterial diversity present in Mansonia spp. are limited; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial diversity in females and larvae of Mansonia spp., describe the differences between the groups identified, and compare the microbiota of larvae from different collection sites. Sequences of the 16S rRNA region from the larvae and females of Mansonia spp. were analyzed. Diversity analyzes were performed to verify the possible bacterial differences between the groups and the collection sites. The results showed Pseudomonas was the most abundant genus in both females and larvae, followed by Wolbachia in females and Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrio in larvae. Desulfovibrio and Sulfurospirillum, sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria, respectively, were abundant on the larvae. Aminomonas, an amino acid-degrading bacterium, was found only in larvae, whereas Rickettsia was identified in females. Bacterial diversity was observed between females and larvae of Mansonia and between larvae from different collection sites. In addition, the results suggest that the environment influenced bacterial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha V. R. Rojas
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jandui A. Amorim
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego P. Alonso
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia da UNESP (IBTEC-Campus Botucatu), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dudek B, Bąchor U, Drozd-Szczygieł E, Brożyna M, Dąbrowski P, Junka A, Mączyński M. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Water-Soluble Isoxazole-Linked 1,3,4-Oxadiazole with Delocalized Charge: In Vitro and In Vivo Results. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16033. [PMID: 38003222 PMCID: PMC10671643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The distinct structure of cationic organic compounds plays a pivotal role in enhancing their water solubility, which in turn influences their bioavailability. A representative of these compounds, which contains a delocalized charge, is 5-amino-2-(5-amino-3-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-ylium bromide (ED). The high-water solubility of ED obviates the need for potentially harmful solvents during in vitro testing. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the ED compound were assessed in vitro using the microtiter plate method and a biocellulose-based biofilm model. Additionally, its cytotoxic effects on wound bed fibroblasts and keratinocytes were examined. The antistaphylococcal activity of ED was also evaluated using an in vivo larvae model of Galleria mellonella. Results indicated that ED was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative ones, exhibiting bactericidal properties. Furthermore, ED demonstrated greater efficacy against biofilms formed by Gram-positive bacteria. At bactericidal concentrations, ED was non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts and keratinocytes. In in vivo tests, ED was non-toxic to the larvae. When co-injected with a high load of S. aureus, it reduced the average larval mortality by approximately 40%. These findings suggest that ED holds promise for further evaluation as a potential treatment for biofilm-based wound infections, especially those caused by Gram-positive pathogens like S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Dudek
- Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Urszula Bąchor
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (U.B.); (E.D.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ewa Drozd-Szczygieł
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (U.B.); (E.D.-S.); (M.M.)
| | - Malwina Brożyna
- Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Medical Department, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Adam Junka
- Platform for Unique Models Application (P.U.M.A), Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcin Mączyński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Drug Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211A Borowska Street, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (U.B.); (E.D.-S.); (M.M.)
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Obshta O, Zabrodski MW, Soomro T, Wilson G, Masood F, Thebeau J, Silva MCB, Biganski S, Kozii IV, Koziy RV, Raza MF, Jose MS, Simko E, Wood SC. Oxytetracycline-resistant Paenibacillus larvae identified in commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan using pooled honey sampling. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:645-654. [PMID: 37705301 PMCID: PMC10621554 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
American foulbrood (AFB) is an infectious disease of honey bee brood caused by the endospore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae. P. larvae spores are resilient in the environment, thus colonies with clinical signs of AFB are often destroyed by burning to eradicate the causative agent. To prevent outbreaks of AFB, oxytetracycline metaphylaxis is widely used in North America, resulting in sustained selective pressure for oxytetracycline resistance in P. larvae. To determine if antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is present among P. larvae isolates from commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan, Canada, we performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 718 P. larvae samples cultured from pooled, extracted honey collected from 52 beekeepers over a 2-y period, 2019 and 2020. We found that 65 of 718 (9%) P. larvae samples collected from 8 beekeepers were resistant to oxytetracycline with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64-256 µg/mL. Eight of 718 (1%) samples from 4 beekeepers had intermediate resistance to oxytetracycline (MIC: 4-8 µg/mL). Susceptibility testing for tylosin and lincomycin indicated that P. larvae in Saskatchewan continue to be susceptible to these antimicrobials (tylosin MIC: <1 µg/mL, lincomycin MIC: ≤2 µg/mL). Most oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae samples were identified in northeastern Saskatchewan. Whole-genome sequence analysis identified the P. larvae-specific plasmid pMA67 with tetracycline-resistance gene tet(L) in 9 of 11 oxytetracycline-resistant P. larvae isolates sequenced. Our results highlight the advantage of using pooled, extracted honey as a surveillance tool for monitoring AMR in P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii Obshta
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | | | - Tayab Soomro
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Crops and Irrigation Branch, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Saskatchewan, Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Fatima Masood
- Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Jenna Thebeau
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Marina C. B. Silva
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah Biganski
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | | | - Roman V. Koziy
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - M. Fahim Raza
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Midhun S. Jose
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Elemir Simko
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
| | - Sarah C. Wood
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada
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Karaoğlu ŞA, Bıyık S, Nisbet C, Akpınar R, Bozdeveci A, Suyabatmaz Ş, Güler A, Kaya S, Yeşilyurt A, Batan N, Yaylı N. Use of Dicranum polysetum extract against Paenibacillus larvae causing American Foulbrood under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Int Microbiol 2023; 26:1087-1101. [PMID: 37097489 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent research shows that Dicranum species can be used to ameliorate the negative effects of honeybee bacterial diseases and that novel compounds isolated from these species may have the potential to treat bacterial diseases. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Dicranum polysetum Sw. against American Foulbrood using toxicity and larval model. The effectiveness of D. polysetum Sw. ethanol extract in combating AFB was investigated in vitro and in vivo. This study is important in finding an alternative treatment or prophylactic method to prevent American Foulbrood disease in honey bee colonies. Spore and vegetative forms of Paenibacillus larvae PB31B with ethanol extract of D. polysetum were tested on 2040 honey bee larvae under controlled conditions. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of D. polysetum ethanol extracts were determined as 80.72 mg/GAE(Gallic acid equivalent) and 303.20 µg/mL, respectively. DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging percent inhibition value was calculated as 4.32%. In Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) and Lymantria dispar (LD652) cell lines, the cytotoxic activities of D. polysetum extract were below 20% at 50 µg/mL. The extract was shown to considerably decrease infection in the larvae, and the infection was clinically halted when the extract was administered during the first 24 h after spore contamination. The fact that the extract contains potent antimicrobial/antioxidant activity does not reduce larval viability and live weight, and does not interact with royal jelly is a promising development, particularly regarding its use to treat early-stage AFB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şengül Alpay Karaoğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Selim Bıyık
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cevat Nisbet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Rahşan Akpınar
- Laboratory of Bee Diseases, Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, 55200, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Arif Bozdeveci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey.
| | - Şeyma Suyabatmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Güler
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Selma Kaya
- Laboratory of Bee Diseases, Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, 55200, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Aydın Yeşilyurt
- Tonya Vocational School, Trabzon University, 61500, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Batan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Yaylı
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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Mannala GK, Rupp M, Walter N, Scholz KJ, Simon M, Riool M, Alt V. Galleria mellonella as an alternative in vivo model to study implant-associated fungal infections. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2547-2559. [PMID: 37080929 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal implant-associated bone infections are rare but difficult to treat and often associated with a poor outcome for patients. Candida species account for approximately 90% of all fungal infections. In vivo biofilm models play a major role to study biofilm development and potential new treatment options; however, there are only a very few in vivo models to study fungi-associated biofilms. Furthermore, mammalian infection models are replaced more and more due to ethical restrictions with other alternative models in basic research. Recently, we developed an insect infection model with Galleria mellonella larvae to study biofilm-associated infections with bacteria. Here, we further expanded the G. mellonella model to study in vivo fungal infections using Candida albicans and Candida krusei. We established a planktonic and biofilm-implant model to test different antifungal medication with amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole against the two species and assessed the fungal biofilm-load on the implant surface. Planktonic infection with C. albicans and C. krusei showed the killing of the G. mellonella larvae at 5 × 105 colony forming units (CFU). Treatment of larvae with antifungal compounds with amphotericin B and fluconazole showed significant survival improvement against planktonic C. albicans infection, but voriconazole had no effect. Titanium and stainless steel K-wires were preincubated with C. albicans and implanted inside the larvae to induce biofilm infection on the implant surface. The survival analysis revealed significantly reduced survival of the larvae with Candida spp. infection compared to noninfected implants. The treatment with antifungal amphotericin B and fluconazole resulted in a slight and nonsignificant improvement survival of the larvae. The treatment with the antifungal compounds in the biofilm-infection model was not as effective as in the planktonic infection model, which highlights the resistance of fungal biofilms to antifungal compounds like in bacterial biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the formation of a fungal biofilm with hyphae and spores associated with larvae tissue on the implant surface. Thus, our study highlights the use of G. mellonella larvae as alternative in vivo model to study biofilm-associated implant fungal infections and that fungal biofilms exhibit high resistance profiles comparable to bacterial biofilms. The model can be used in the future to test antifungal treatment options for fungal biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala K Mannala
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rupp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nike Walter
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Simon
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martijn Riool
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Volker Alt
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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47
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Korpita TM, Muths EL, Watry MK, McKenzie VJ. Captivity, Reintroductions, and the Rewilding of Amphibian-associated Bacterial Communities. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:2271-2281. [PMID: 37222806 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have noted differences in microbes associated with animals reared in captivity compared to their wild counterparts, but few studies have examined how microbes change when animals are reintroduced to the wild after captive rearing. As captive assurance populations and reintroduction programs increase, a better understanding of how microbial symbionts respond during animal translocations is critical. We examined changes in microbes associated with boreal toads (Anaxyrus boreas), a threatened amphibian, after reintroduction to the wild following captive rearing. Previous studies demonstrate that developmental life stage is an important factor in amphibian microbiomes. We collected 16S marker-gene sequencing datasets to investigate: (i) comparisons of the skin, mouth, and fecal bacteria of boreal toads across four developmental life stages in captivity and the wild, (ii) tadpole skin bacteria before and after reintroduction to the wild, and (iii) adult skin bacteria during reintroduction to the wild. We demonstrated that differences occur across skin, fecal, and mouth bacterial communities in captive versus wild boreal toads, and that the degree of difference depends on developmental stage. Skin bacterial communities from captive tadpoles were more similar to their wild counterparts than captive post-metamorphic individuals were to their wild counterparts. When captive-reared tadpoles were introduced to a wild site, their skin bacteria changed rapidly to resemble wild tadpoles. Similarly, the skin bacterial communities of reintroduced adult boreal toads also shifted to resemble those of wild toads. Our results indicate that a clear microbial signature of captivity in amphibians does not persist after release into natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Korpita
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin L Muths
- United States Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave. Bldg C, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mary Kay Watry
- National Park Service, Rocky Mountain National Park, 1000 US Highway 36, Estes Park, CO, 80517, USA
| | - Valerie J McKenzie
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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48
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Länger ZM, Baur M, Korša A, Eirich J, Lindeza AS, Zanchi C, Finkemeier I, Kurtz J. Differential proteome profiling of bacterial culture supernatants reveals candidates for the induction of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230322. [PMID: 37909056 PMCID: PMC10618857 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are host to symbionts and pathogens, which led to the evolution of immune strategies to prevent harm. Whilst the immune defences of vertebrates are classically divided into innate and adaptive, insects lack specialized cells involved in adaptive immunity, but have been shown to exhibit immune priming: the enhanced survival upon infection after a first exposure to the same pathogen or pathogen-derived components. An important piece of the puzzle are the pathogen-associated molecules that induce these immune priming responses. Here, we make use of the model system consisting of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and its bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, to compare the proteomes of culture supernatants of two closely related B. thuringiensis strains that either induce priming via the oral route, or not. Among the proteins that might be immunostimulatory to T. castaneum, we identify the Cry3Aa toxin, an important plasmid-encoded virulence factor of B. thuringiensis. In further priming-infection assays we test the relevance of Cry-carrying plasmids for immune priming. Our findings provide valuable insights for future studies to perform experiments on the mechanisms and evolution of immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Marie Länger
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Moritz Baur
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Korša
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Sofia Lindeza
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline Zanchi
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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49
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Luo X, Fang G, Chen K, Song Y, Lu T, Tomberlin JK, Zhan S, Huang Y. A gut commensal bacterium promotes black soldier fly larval growth and development partly via modulation of intestinal protein metabolism. mBio 2023; 14:e0117423. [PMID: 37706881 PMCID: PMC10653789 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01174-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Black solider fly larvae and the gut microbiota can recycle nutrients from various organic wastes into valuable insect biomass. We found that Citrobacter amalonaticus, a gut commensal bacterium of the insect, exerts beneficial effects on larval growth and development and that the expression of many metabolic larval genes was significantly impacted by the symbiont. To identify the larval genes involved in the host-symbiont interaction, we engineered the symbiont to produce double-strand RNA and enabled the strain to silence host genes in the larval gut environment where the interaction takes place. With this approach, we confirmed that two intestinal protease families are involved in the interaction and provided further evidence that intestinal protein metabolism plays a role in the interaction. This work expands the genetic toolkits available to study the insect functional genomics and host-symbiont interaction and provide the prospective for the future application of gut microbiota on the large-scale bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gangqi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuangqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Song
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shuai Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Mendonça GRQ, Peters LP, Lopes LM, Sousa AH, Carvalho CM. Native fungi from Amazon with potential for control of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e274954. [PMID: 37909558 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is the main transmitter of pathogens that cause human diseases, including dengue, chikungunya, zika and yellow fever. Faced with this problem, this study aims to select fungi with entomopathogenic potential against Ae. aegypti and develop formulations that optimize the control action of entomopathogenic fungi in the semi-field condition. 23 fungal strains native from Amazon were inoculated in Potato-Dextrose-Agar (PDA) culture medium for 14 days and then transferred by scraping to tubes containing 0.9% NaCl solution. To obtain the larvae, eggs were collected using traps in peridomestic environments for 7 days. 20 larvae of Ae. aegypti in 125 mL erlenmeyers containing 20 mL of conidial suspension at a concentration of 1x106 conidia/mL for initial selection and 1×104, 1×105, 1×106 and 1×107 conidia/mL for determination of LC50. Mortality was checked every 24 h for 5 days. The three fungi with the best virulence rates were identified using molecular techniques. The compatibility between fungi at a concentration of 1×106 conidia/mL and oily adjuvants, mineral oil and vegetable oil (andiroba, chestnut and copaiba) at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1% was evaluated. The germination capacity of 100 conidia per treatment was evaluated after incubation at 28 ºC for 24 h. To evaluate the entomopathogenic potential of the fungal formulations, conidial suspensions (1×106 conidia/mL) were added with 0.1% mineral and vegetable oil. The treatments were submitted to laboratory and semi-field conditions and mortality was verified every 24 h for 5 days. Beauveria sp. (4,458) (LC50 = 8.66× 103), Metarhizium anisopliae (4,420) (LC50 = 5.48×104) and M. anisopliae (4,910) (LC50 = 1.13×105) were significantly more effective in the larval control of Ae. aegypti, in relation to the other fungal morphospecies evaluated. Mineral oil was better compatible in all treatments evaluated. Beauveria sp. (4,458) was considerably less virulent under semi-field conditions. M. anisopliae (4,910) formulated with mineral oil increased larval mortality to 100% on the 4th day in the laboratory and on the 5th day in the semi-field. Fungal formulations developed from native Amazonian isolates represent a promising tool for the development of strategies to control Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Q Mendonça
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência, Inovação e Tecnologia para Amazônia, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - L P Peters
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e do Desporto, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - L M Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - A H Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
| | - C M Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência, Inovação e Tecnologia para Amazônia, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
- Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil
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