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Wang BB, Li YL, Tian SY, Wang HZ, Li X, Wang FH, Cai KZ. Chlamydospore dormancy and predatory activity of nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300365. [PMID: 38012466 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans are an essential survival and reproductive structure and also an effective ingredient for the biocontrol of parasitic nematodes in livestock. In this study, entering and exiting dormancy conditions and predatory activity of the fungal chlamydospores were conducted. During this fungal growth process, the cultivation time is negatively correlated with spore germination rates. After the spores were processed by vacuum drying for 168 h, their germination rate dropped to 0.94%. In contrast, the percentage of living spores remained 54.82%, suggesting that the spores entered structural dormancy in the arid environment. Meanwhile, the efficacies of the spore against Haemonchus contortus larvae were 93.05% (0 h), 92.19% (16 h), 92.77% (96 h), and 86.45% (168 h), respectively. After dormant spores were stored at 4°C, -20°C, and 28°C (RH90 ~ 95%) for 7 days, their germination rate began to increase significantly (p < 0.05). For in vitro predation assay under the condition of 28°C (RH90 ~ 95%), the predation rate was significantly higher on the 7th day after incubation than that on the 3rd day (p < 0.05). During the period when spores were stored at room temperature for 8 months, their germination rate decreased in the first 5 months and then increased slowly to reach a peak in the 7th month. However, the reduction rate of H. contortus L3 in feces captured by spores remained above 71% for the first 7 months. These results will help us increase the end products yield and the quality of biological control of parasitic nematodes in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Yan'an Key Laboratory of Zoonotic Parasitology Laboratory, Yan'an, China
| | - You-Lei Li
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Shu-Yue Tian
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Feng-Hui Wang
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
- Yan'an Key Laboratory of Fungi Resources Development and Biological Control, Yan'an, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- Department of Medicine, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
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Jaramillo-Tlalapango J, Mendoza-de Gives P, Isabel-Higuera-Piedrahita R, Ocampo-Gutiérrez AY, Eugenia-López-Arellano M, Pérez-Anzúrez G, Olmedo-Juárez A, Hernández-Romano J, Maza-Lopez J, Delgado-Núñez EJ, González-Cortázar M. Study of a Mexican isolate of Arthrobotrys musiformis (Orbiliales): Predatory behavior and nematocidal activity of liquid culture filtrates against Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae), protein profile and myco-constituent groups. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1345-1361. [PMID: 37993246 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A Mexican isolate of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys musiformis was obtained from a soil sample from the Chapultepec ecological reserve zone, in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. This isolate demonstrated an important predatory activity (74.9%) against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (L3) and its fungal liquid culture filtrates (LCF) grown in two media showed the following highest nematocidal activities (NA): In Czapek-DoxBroth (CzDoxB) 80.66% and potato-dextrose broth (PDB) 49.84%. Additionally, two major compounds derived from carboxylic acids and two derivates from alkane group were identified by GC-MS. These compounds have been associated to many biological activities. On the other hand, the protein profile analysis by SDS-electrophoresis followed by a zymogram revealed a 10 kDa protein with protease activity. This study provides important information for future experiments focused to explore the potential use of this protein as well as the identified bioactive compounds presents in the LCF as potential candidates against sheep haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jaramillo-Tlalapango
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico; Department of Research, Polytechnic University of Morelos State (UPEMOR), Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Colonia Lomas del Texcal, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico.
| | | | - Ana Yuridia Ocampo-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico; Faculty of Advanced Studies Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico.
| | - María Eugenia-López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pérez-Anzúrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Romano
- Department of Research, Polytechnic University of Morelos State (UPEMOR), Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Colonia Lomas del Texcal, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia 40040, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortázar
- South Biochemical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina street No. 1, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
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Gives PMD, Rodríguez-Labastida M, Olmedo-Juárez A, Gamboa-Angulo MM, Reyes-Estebanez M. A Nematode Crude Extract Acts as an Elicitor of the Nematocidal Activity of Nematophagous Fungi Liquid Culture Filtrates Against Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:678-686. [PMID: 35013941 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to investigate if culturing nematophagous fungi (NF) in the presence of a Haemonchus contortus larva crude extract (HcCE) enhances the nematocidal activity of nematophagous fungi liquid culture filtrates (NFCF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four NF Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. musiformis, Duddingtonia flagrans and Clonostachys rosea were cultured in flasks (n = 5) containing Czapek-Dox broth medium (CDB) in the presence or absence of HcCE. NFCF recovered by filtration of each fungus (200 mg/mL) were assessed on H. contortus infective larvae (L3) using 96-well micro-titer plates (n = 4). Additionally, CDB and water were considered negative controls, while Ivermectin acted as a positive control. After 48 h confrontation, ten 10-μL aliquots of each well were deposited on slides and observed under the microscope (40 ×). Dead and alive larvae in the aliquots were quantified, and a mortality rate (MR) was estimated. RESULTS The MR of the different NFCF was greatly enhanced by the presence of HcCE. The four NF incubated in the absence of HcCE showed low mortality percentages from 8.2 to 25.8%; in contrast, when the assessed NF growth in the presence of HcCE showed a lethal activity ranging from 66.8 to 80.5%. Only C. rosea showed a moderate increase in the presence of the elicitor (42.7%). CONCLUSION This study shows evidence about the HcCE enhances the production of nematocidal activity in NFCF. Future studies should be performed to elucidate the compounds responsible of the nematocidal activity that could have important implications in the control of sheep haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Unidad de Investigación en Helmintología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Boulevar Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Marilem Rodríguez-Labastida
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación en Helmintología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Boulevar Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Marcela Gamboa-Angulo
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Manuela Reyes-Estebanez
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar S/N Entre Calle 20 y Juan de la Barrera, Col. Buenavista, 24039, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.
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Xue YJ, Li EL, Jing CX, Ma L, Cai KZ. Isolation, identification and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) sinense from China. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:325-332. [PMID: 29654670 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development of anthelmintic resistance of parastic nematodes, it is necessary to isolate and study nematophagous fungi to screen out the native isolates for their potential in the biocontrol of domestic animal nematodosis. This study aimed to isolate the Arthrobotrys sinense (Monacrosporium sinense) of nematophagous fungus, to characterize representative molecular isolates using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to determine the effect of the temperature and pH values on radial growth of the isolate. Five isolates were isolated from 1532 samples of different types, and their occurrence frequencies were 0.32% of the total samples. They were identified as A. sinense by means of morphology and the sequence of the 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA, as well as internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2. The isolate NBS003 could grow from 11°C to 35°C and had optimal growth at 30°C. The isolate could grow at pH 4 to 11, and its optimal value was obtained at pH 9. SEM results showed that 6 h after their addition, the second stage larvae (L2) and the third stage infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus were captured. L2 and L3 were penetrated by the fungus at 18 and 24 h post-capture, respectively. L2 and L3 were completely digested at 84 and 90 h post-capture, respectively. The NBS003 of the A. sinense should have a certain potential to be used for capturing the free-living stage of nematodes in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Xue
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Er-Le Li
- Yan'an People's Hospital, Yan'an, 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Jing
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Li Ma
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030, People's Republic of China
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Cai KZ, Wang BB, Xu Q, Liu JL, Wang KY, Xue YJ, Zhang HY, Wang HY, Cao X, Ma ZR. In vitro and in vivo studies of nematophagous fungi Arthrobotrys musiformis and Arthrobotrys robusta against the larvae of the trichostrongylides. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:666-674. [PMID: 28682779 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Six isolates of Arthrobotrys musiformis and five isolates of Arthrobotrys robusta were assessed in in vitro test regarding the capacity of prey larvae of the natural mixed trichostrongylides. In 5 isolates of A. robusta, the decrease percentage of infective larvae (L3) of trichostrongylides ranged from 97.71%-99.98% and for the isolates of A. musiformis, 5 isolates ranged from 97.99%-99.95% and only NF015 isolate 60.72%. In the following, the isolate (NPS045) of A. musiformis was selected to assess its excretion time in feces after oral administration of goats. Regarding L3 reduction rate, results demonstrated by NPS045 at each time point after fungal administration were 31.65% (12 h), 51.25% (24 h), 41.07% (48 h), 6.44% (72 h), 0% (96 h) and (120 h) (p<0.05) respectively, when compared to the control group. In the plates of the treated groups, the presence of the isolate (NPS045) was detected in samples at 12, 24 and 48 h after the fungus dose and 72 h later was not done. All native isolates of nematophagous fungi, including 6 isolates of A. musiformis and 5 isolates of A. robusta were assessed in vivo regarding the capacity of supporting the passage through goat gastrointestinal tract. The 3 isolates of A. musiformis could be able to pass through the digestive tract of goats without complete loss of ability of preying larvae of trichostrongylides in feces and their efficacies ranged from 47.60% to 55.93%. The two isolates of A. robusta survived the passage and the percentage reduction of L3 in feces were 41.96% and 66.97%, respectively. The remaining isolates were negative for both the efficacy of L3 reduction and the fungal examination in feces. In this study, the native isolates whose efficacies are good in vivo test have preliminarily demonstrated to be potential for the biological control of small ruminant parasite.
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Braga FR, Carvalho RO, Silva AR, Araújo JV, Frassy LN, Lafisca A, Soares FEF. Predatory capability of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys robusta preserved in silica gel on infecting larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:571-4. [PMID: 24510197 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biological control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in ruminants is an alternative to reduce the number of infective larvae. The fungal isolates predatory activity preservation is a basic requirement for the success of this control type. The aim of this work is to evaluate the predatory capacity of the fungus Arthrobotrys robusta (isolate I-31), preserved on silica gel on infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus under laboratory conditions on 2 % water agar (2 % WA). In this essay, A. robusta storage on silica gel showed successful predatory activity on H. contortus L3 larvae (p < 0.01) compared to the control group. Nematophagous fungi were not observed in the control group during the experiment. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of 73.84 % in the means of H. contortus (L3) recovered from treatment with isolate I-31 compared to the control without fungi. Results indicate that A. robusta (I-31) could survive stored on silica gel for at least 7 years and keep its predatory activity on H. contortus (L3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Braga
- Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Cep: 3657000, Brazil,
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Kahn LP, Norman TM, Walkden-Brown SW, Crampton A, O'Connor LJ. Trapping efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans against Haemonchus contortus at temperatures existing at lambing in Australia. Vet Parasitol 2007; 146:83-9. [PMID: 17349746 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the trapping efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans against Haemonchus contortus at the temperature ranges experienced around lambing in the major sheep producing regions of Australia. Faeces were collected from Merino wethers, maintained in an animal house and which had received either D. flagrans chlamydospores for a 6-day period (DF) or not (NIL). Faeces were incubated at one of four daily temperature regimens which were composed of hourly steps to provide 6-19 degrees C, 9-25 degrees C, 14-34 degrees C and 14-39 degrees C to mimic normal diurnal air temperature variation. Enumeration of the number of preinfective and infective larvae that had migrated from or remained in faecal pellets was used to calculate percentage recovery and trapping efficacy of D. flagrans. Recovery of H. contortus larvae of both stages was significantly lower in DF faeces but the magnitude of the effect was considerably greater for infective larvae. Mean recovery of infective larvae from NIL and DF faeces was 10.6 and 0.4%, respectively, indicating a mean trapping efficacy of 96.4%. The lowest trapping efficacy (80.7%) was observed at 6-19 degrees C but total recovery of infective larvae, from DF faeces, was greatest at the two highest temperature regimens, although still less than 0.9%. The results of this study indicate that typical Australian lambing temperatures should not be a barrier to the use of D. flagrans as an effective biocontrol of H. contortus in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Kahn
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, School of Rural Science and Agriculture, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Burke JM, Miller JE, Larsen M, Terrill TH. Interaction between copper oxide wire particles and Duddingtonia flagrans in lambs. Vet Parasitol 2005; 134:141-6. [PMID: 16085365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was completed to determine if copper oxide wire particles (COWP) had any effect on the activity of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in growing lambs. COWP has been used recently as a dewormer in small ruminants because of nematode resistance to anthelmintics. D. flagrans has been used to control free-living stages of parasitic nematodes in livestock. Katahdin and Dorper lambs, 4 months of age, were administered no or 4 g COWP (n=24/dose) in early October 2003. Haemonchus contortus was the predominant gastrointestinal parasite during the trial, which was acquired naturally from pasture. Half the lambs from each COWP group were supplemented with corn/soybean meal with or without D. flagrans for 35 days. Fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined weekly between days 0 (day of COWP administration) and 35. Feces from lambs in each treatment group were pooled and three replicates per group were cultured for 14 days at room temperature. Larvae (L3) were identified and counted per gram of feces cultured. Treatment with COWP was effective in decreasing FEC, which remained low compared with FEC from lambs not treated with COWP. This led to an increase in PCV in these lambs (COWP x day, P<0.001). Number of larvae was decreased in feces from lambs treated with COWP and D. flagrans between days 14 and 35 compared to the other groups of lambs (COWP x D. flagrans x day, P<0.003). Percentage of larvae identified as H. contortus decreased in feces collected from lambs treated with COWP and D. flagrans between days 14 and 28 compared with other treatments (COWP x D. flagrans x day, P<0.05). Other trichostrongyles were present and remained less than 7% in feces collected from control lambs. There was no adverse effect of COWP on the ability of D. flagrans to trap residual larvae after COWP treatment. With fewer eggs being excreted due to the effect of copper on H. contortus, and the additional larval reducing effect exerted by the nematode destroying fungus D. flagrans, the expected result would be a much lower larval challenge on pasture when these two tools are used together in a sustainable control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Burke
- Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, USDA, ARS, Booneville, AR 72927, USA.
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Abstract
Three hundred and eighty-four samples of leaf litter, soil, faeces from domestic and game animals, compost and aqueous cultures of infective nematode larvae contaminated with unidentified fungi were plated out on water agar, baited with pure infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus, incubated and examined for the presence of nematophagous fungi. Duddingtonia flagrans was isolated from five samples, and 73 samples were positive for other nematophagous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Durand
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
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Kotze AC, O'Grady J, Gough JM, Pearson R, Bagnall NH, Kemp DH, Akhurst RJ. Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to parasitic and free-living life-stages of nematode parasites of livestock. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:1013-22. [PMID: 15964574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A collection of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains (Bts) were screened for activity against the free-living larval stages of nematode parasites of livestock. Two strains were identified with significant activity in inhibiting larval development of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta. These strains were also toxic to the adult parasitic stages of these nematode species in vitro. Adult H. contortus and O. circumcincta showed complete cessation of movement within 2 and 4 days, respectively. Trichostrongylus colubriformis adults were less affected, however, movement was still significantly reduced compared with controls. The in vitro activity against the larval stages was of a magnitude similar to or greater than that seen with the anthelmintic drugs thiabendazole and levamisole. N-terminal amino acid sequencing indicated that the two Bts contained either Cry5A and Cry5B proteins, or a Cry13 protein, and the presence of the corresponding cry5A, cry5B and cry13 genes was confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Bacillus thuringiensis spore-crystal suspensions exposed to acidic pH conditions (pH<or=3) showed greatly reduced toxicity in subsequent bioassays with nematode larvae, highlighting the need to protect the toxin from the acidic conditions of the sheep abomasum if it were to be administered per os as an anthelmintic. This study indicates that both the parasitic adult stages and the free-living larval stages of economically significant nematode parasites are susceptible to the effects of Bt, thus identifying this group of toxins as potential biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kotze
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
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Chandrawathani P, Jamnah O, Adnan M, Waller PJ, Larsen M, Gillespie AT. Field studies on the biological control of nematode parasites of sheep in the tropics, using the microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans. Vet Parasitol 2004; 120:177-87. [PMID: 15041093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term field studies were conducted on two government managed small ruminant research farms, located in different geo-climatic regions and approximately 300 km separate from each other, on Peninsula Malaysia. The Infoternak trial (48 weeks) and the Chalok trial (43 weeks) each compared nematode parasite control in separately managed groups of young sheep, either short-term rotationally grazed around a suite of 10 paddocks in addition to receiving a daily supplement of Duddingtonia flagrans spores (Fungus Group); or similar groups of sheep being rotationally grazed alone (Control Group). The prevailing weather conditions at Infoternak farm were of below average rainfall conditions for the most of the trial. As a consequence, only very low worm infections (almost exclusively Haemonchus contortus) were acquired by the 17 sets of tracer lambs that grazed sequentially with the experimental lambs. However on all except 2 occasions in the early part of the trial, the mean tracer worm burdens were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and the experimental lambs grew significantly better (P = 0.054) in the Fungus Group. Rainfall at Chalok farm during the course of the trial was also below average. As a consequence infectivity of pastures was assumed to be relatively low based on faecal egg counts (epg) of the experimental sheep, which following an anthelmintic treatment prior to allocation, remained very low in both treatment groups. Faecal egg counts of undosed replacement lambs in the latter half of the Chalok study, showed a progressive increase in the Control Group to levels exceeding 3000 epg, whereas the Fungus Group remained static at approximately 500 epg. These results show that the deployment of the nematophagous fungus, D. flagrans, can improve the level of parasite control of sheep in the tropics above that which can be achieved by the short-term rotational grazing strategy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chandrawathani
- Veterinary Research Institute, 59 Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Malaysia
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Fontenot ME, Miller JE, Peña MT, Larsen M, Gillespie A. Efficiency of feeding Duddingtonia flagrans chlamydospores to grazing ewes on reducing availability of parasitic nematode larvae on pasture. Vet Parasitol 2003; 118:203-13. [PMID: 14729168 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are of concern in sheep production because of production and economic losses. Control of these nematodes is primarily based on the use of anthelmintic treatment and pasture management. The almost exclusive use of anthelmintic treatment has resulted in development of anthelmintic resistance which has led to the need for other parasite control options to be explored. The blood sucking abomasal parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus causes severe losses in small ruminant production in the warm, humid sub-tropic and tropics. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a nematode trapping fungus, Duddingtonia flagrans, in reducing availability of parasitic nematode larvae, specifically H. contortus, on pasture. Chlamydospores of D. flagrans were mixed with a supplement feed which was fed daily to a group of crossbred ewes for the duration of the summer grazing season. A control group was fed the same supplement feed without chlamydospores. A reduction in infective larval numbers was observed in fecal cultures of the fungus-fed group. Herbage samples from the pasture grazed by the fungus-fed group also showed a reduction in infective larvae. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in overall fecal egg count, packed cell volume or animal weight between fungus-fed and control groups. Tracer animals were placed on the study pastures at the end of the study to assess pasture infectivity. Although tracer animals were only two per group, those that grazed with the fungus-fed group had substantially reduced (96.8%) nematode burdens as compared to those from the control group pasture. Results demonstrated that the fungus did have activity against nematode larvae in the feces which reduced pasture infectivity and subsequently nematode burdens in tracer animals. This study showed that D. flagrans, fed daily to grazing ewes, was an effective biological control agent in reducing a predominantly H. contortus larval population on pasture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Fontenot
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Sanyal PK, Mukhopadhyaya PN. Top dressing of feed with desiccated chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans for biological control of the pre-parasitic stages of ovine Haemonchus contortus. Vet Res Commun 2003; 27:381-90. [PMID: 14509452 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024758104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Feeding trials were conducted with stall-fed sheep parasitized with Haemonchus contortus. For 10 days they were offered 250 g of a concentrate feed that had been top-dressed with desiccated chlamydospores of Duddingtonia flagrans at 1 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6) or 2 x 10(6) chlamydospores/kg body weight. Pooled faeces from each group on day 7 of spore feeding were spread on different pasture plots. On day 28 after the start of spore feeding, further pooled faeces from each group were spread on the same plots. The larval burdens on the plots were monitored for 2 months and the larval harvest from in vitro faecal cultures were monitored regularly. The application of 1 x 10(6) or more spores/kg body weight virtually eliminated larvae from both the pasture and the faecal cultures. The application of as few as 1 x 10(5) spores/kg body weight had a profound impact on larval recovery. The effect persisted while the spores were being fed but not for more than 4 days following discontinuation of spore feeding. Top dressing supplementary feed with dried chlamydospores offers a potential way of using D. flagrans for biological control of the pre-parasitic stages of H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Sanyal
- Biotechnology Laboratory, National Dairy Development Board, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
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Peña MT, Miller JE, Fontenot ME, Gillespie A, Larsen M. Evaluation of Duddingtonia flagrans in reducing infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus in feces of sheep. Vet Parasitol 2002; 103:259-65. [PMID: 11750119 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consequences of nematode infections due to Haemonchus contortus are a serious constraint for the sheep industry worldwide. Development of anthelmintic resistance and increasing concern about the impact of anthelmintic use dictate the need of alternative control. Such an alternative is using the nematode trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to reduce infective larvae levels on pasture. Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of D. flagrans in reducing infective larvae (predominantly H. contortus) in feces. The first trial determined the dose effect of D. flagrans in reducing infective larvae in feces. Eighteen ewes were dewormed to remove existing infections and randomly assigned to six treatment groups: 5 x 10(4), 1 x 10(5), 2.5 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6) or no (control) spores of D. flagrans per kg of body weight mixed in their feed for 7 days. Fecal samples were collected daily from these and from infected donor ewes. Feces from individual-treated ewes were mixed with equal amounts of donor ewe feces, theoretically approximating oral dose spore concentrations of 2.5 x 10(4), 5 x 10(4), 1.25 x 10(5), 2.5 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5) and no spores, and were cultured. Across dosages and during the 7 days of fungus feeding, percent reduction of infective larvae ranged from 76.6 to 100.0%. The second trial determined the effect of D. flagrans at the dose of 10(5) spores per kg body weight on reducing infective larvae in feces from naturally infected lambs. Twenty lambs were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups based on fecal egg count. Treatment lambs were fed spores mixed in feed for 7 days. Feces were collected daily and cultured. During the 7 days of fungus feeding, the percent reduction of infective larvae ranged from 82.8 to 99.7%. Results of these trials demonstrated that the nematode trapping fungus D. flagrans was highly effective in reducing infective larvae in sheep feces and should be considered as a biological control agent for integrated nematode control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Peña
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Lloyd JB, Whittington RJ, Fitzgibbon C, Dobson R. Presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in suspensions of ovine trichostrongylid larvae produced in faecal cultures artificially contaminated with the bacterium. Vet Rec 2001; 148:261-3. [PMID: 11292085 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.9.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A reference strain of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was added to faecal larval cultures of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Samples of the larvae produced were cultured for the presence of the bacterium in modified BACTEC 12B medium, both before and after exposure to gamma irradiation. The water used to wash the larvae off the faecal cultures was also tested for the presence of the bacterium. Positive growth was confirmed as M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis by IS900 polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis of the product. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis was detected in the unirradiated larval suspensions and wash waters of all three nematode species, and in the irradiated H. contortus larval suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lloyd
- Agricultural Institute, Camden NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Harposporium anguillulae is a common nematophagous fungus which colonizes cattle pats deposited in Brachiaria decumbens pasture in Brazil. To assess its possible effect on free living stages of trichostrongylid nematodes, the reduction of Haemonchus contortus infective stages in sheep faecal culture was evaluated in vitro. Addition of 300,000 conidia per gram of faeces caused a reduction of 99.5% compared to the control group. This result indicates that H. anguillulae could be a candidate for the development of strategies for the biological control of trichostrongylid nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Charles
- EMBRAPA-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite, Brazil
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Abstract
The reduction of Haemonchus contortus (L3) infective larvae in sheep faecal cultures caused by the action of three nematophagous fungi conidia was evaluated in vitro. Addition of 20,000 conidia of Monacrosporium eudermatum, Arthrobotrys oligospora and Arthrobotrys robusta per gram of faeces caused a reduction of 95.7%, 98.3% and 10.1%, respectively, compared with the control group. A 97.4% reduction was observed when combined conidia of the three fungi were used. Total reduction of the larval population was observed by addition of the three fungi at 100,000 conidia per gram of faeces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mendoza-De Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitología Veterinaria, INIFAP, SARH, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
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