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Guden RM, Haegeman A, Ruttink T, Moens T, Derycke S. Nematodes alter the taxonomic and functional profiles of benthic bacterial communities: A metatranscriptomic approach. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17331. [PMID: 38533629 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine sediments cover 70% of the Earth's surface, and harbour diverse bacterial communities critical for marine biogeochemical processes, which affect climate change, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nematodes, the most abundant and species-rich metazoan organisms in marine sediments, in turn, affect benthic bacterial communities and bacterial-mediated ecological processes, but the underlying mechanisms by which they affect biogeochemical cycles remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate using a metatranscriptomic approach that nematodes alter the taxonomic and functional profiles of benthic bacterial communities. We found particularly strong stimulation of nitrogen-fixing and methane-oxidizing bacteria in the presence of nematodes, as well as increased functional activity associated with methane metabolism and degradation of various carbon compounds. This study provides empirical evidence that the presence of nematodes results in taxonomic and functional shifts in active bacterial communities, indicating that nematodes may play an important role in benthic ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodgee Mae Guden
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Aquatic Environment and Quality, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Oostende, Belgium
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Zhou J, Wang D, Wu Q, Jiang Y, Yan J, Wu L, Li S, Niu X. Rare NRPS Gene Cluster for Desferriferrichrome Biosynthesis Controls the Conflict between Trap Formation and Nematicidal Activity in Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3560-3571. [PMID: 38340066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The formation of the trapping device induced by nematodes has been assumed as an indicator for a switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles for nematode-trapping fungi. However, fungal nematocidal activity is not completely synonymous with fungal trap formation. We found that the predominant nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora harbored a rare NRPS (Ao415) gene cluster that was mainly distributed in nematode-trapping fungi. The gene Ao415 putatively encodes a protein with a unique domain organization, distinct from other NRPSs in other fungi. Mutation of the two key biosynthetic genes Ao415 and Ao414 combined with nontarget metabolic analysis revealed that the Ao415 gene cluster was responsible for the biosynthesis of a hydroxamate siderophore, desferriferrichrome (1). Lack of desferriferrichrome (1) and its hydroxamate precursor (3) could lead to significantly increased Fe3+ content, which induced fungal trap formation without a nematode inducer. Furthermore, the addition of Fe3+ strongly improved fungal trap formation but deleteriously caused broken traps. The addition of 1 significantly attenuated trap formation but enhanced fungal nematicidal activity. Our findings indicate that iron is a key factor for trap formation and provide a new insight into the underlying mechanism of siderophores in nematode-trapping fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - DongLou Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - QunFu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - JunXian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - ShuHong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - XueMei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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Huang X, Tang Q, Liu S, Li C, Li Y, Sun Y, Ding X, Xia L, Hu S. Discovery of an antitumor compound from xenorhabdus stockiae HN_xs01. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:101. [PMID: 38366186 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus, known for its symbiotic relationship with Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This dual-host symbiotic nematode exhibits pathogenic traits, rendering it a promising biocontrol agent against insects. Our prior investigations revealed that Xenorhabdus stockiae HN_xs01, isolated in our laboratory, demonstrates exceptional potential in halting bacterial growth and displaying anti-tumor activity. Subsequently, we separated and purified the supernatant of the HN_xs01 strain and obtained a new compound with significant inhibitory activity on tumor cells, which we named XNAE. Through LC-MS analysis, the mass-to-nucleus ratio of XNAE was determined to be 254.24. Our findings indicated that XNAE exerts a time- and dose-dependent inhibition on B16 and HeLa cells. After 24 h, its IC50 for B16 and HeLa cells was 30.178 µg/mL and 33.015 µg/mL, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed conspicuous damage to subcellular structures, notably mitochondria and the cytoskeleton, resulting in a notable reduction in cell numbers among treated tumor cells. Interestingly, while XNAE exerted a more pronounced inhibitory effect on B16 cells compared to HeLa cells, it showed no discernible impact on HUVEC cells. Treatment of B16 cells with XNAE induced early apoptosis and led to cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase, as evidenced by flow cytometry analysis. The impressive capability of X. stockiae HN_xs01 in synthesizing bioactive secondary metabolites promises to significantly expand the reservoir of natural products. Further exploration to identify the bioactivity of these compounds holds the potential to shed light on their roles in bacteria-host interaction. Overall, these outcomes underscore the promising potential of XNAE as a bioactive compound for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Siqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yunjun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Shengbiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, No.36 Lushan Street, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Son DJ, Kim GG, Choo HY, Chung NJ, Choo YM. Functional Comparison of Three Chitinases from Symbiotic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:26. [PMID: 38251242 PMCID: PMC10821219 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively, have several biological activities including insecticidal and antimicrobial activities. Thus, XnChi, XhChi, and PtChi, chitinases of X. nematophila, X. hominickii, and P. temperata isolated from Korean indigenous EPNs S. carpocapsae GJ1-2, S. monticolum GJ11-1, and H. megidis GJ1-2 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 to compare their biological activities. Chitinase proteins of these bacterial symbionts purified using the Ni-NTA system showed different chitobiosidase and endochitinase activities, but N-acetylglucosamidinase activities were not shown in the measuring of chitinolytic activity through N-acetyl-D-glucosarmine oligomers. In addition, the proteins showed different insecticidal and antifungal activities. XnChi showed the highest insecticidal activity against Galleria mellonella, followed by PtChi and XhChi. In antifungal activity, XhChi showed the highest half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) against Fusarium oxysporum with 0.031 mg/mL, followed by PtChi with 0.046 mg/mL, and XnChi with 0.072 mg/mL. XhChi also showed the highest IC50 against F. graminearum with 0.040 mg/mL, but XnChi was more toxic than PtChi with 0.055 mg/mL and 0.133 mg/mL, respectively. This study provides an innovative approach to the biological control of insect pests and fungal diseases of plants with the biological activity of symbiotic bacterial chitinases of entomopathogenic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jeong Son
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Research and Development, Jinju Bioindustry Foundation, Jinju 52839, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Gon Kim
- Division of Research and Development, Nambo Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (G.-G.K.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Ho-Yul Choo
- Division of Research and Development, Nambo Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (G.-G.K.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Nam-Jun Chung
- Division of Research and Development, Nambo Co., Ltd., Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea; (G.-G.K.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Young-Moo Choo
- Division of Research and Development, Jinju Bioindustry Foundation, Jinju 52839, Republic of Korea
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Liu H, Sun L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Lu H. Siderophore-synthesizing NRPS reprogram lipid metabolic profiles for phenotype and function changes of Arthrobotrys oligospora. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:46. [PMID: 38114752 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to explore the function of the AOL-s00215g415 (Aog415) gene, which encodes for the synthesis of siderophore in the nematode trapping fungal model strain A. oligospora, in order to understand the relationship between siderophore biosynthesis and nematode trapping activity. After a through sequence analysis, it was determined that Aog415 is a siderophore-synthesizing NRPS. The product of this gene was then identified to be the hydroxamate siderophore desferriferrichrome, using mass spectrometry analysis. When compared to the WT strains, the Aog415 knockout strain exhibited a 60% decrease in siderophore content in fermentation broth. Additionally, the number of predatory rings of decreased by 23.21%, while the spore yield increased by 37.34%. The deletion of Aog415 did not affect the growth of A. oligospora in diverse nutrient medium. Lipid metabolism-related pathways were the primary targets of Aog415 disruption as revealed by the metabolomic analysis. In comparison to the WT, a significant reduction in the levels of glycerophospholipids, and glycolipids was observed in the mutation. The metabolic alteration in fatty acyls and amino acid-like molecules were significantly disrupted. The knockout of Aog415 impaired the biosynthesis of the hydroxamate siderophore desferriferrichrome, remodeled the flow of fatty acid in A. oligospora, and mainly reprogrammed the membrane lipid metabolism in cells. Desferriferrichrome, a hydroxamate siderophore affects the growth, metabolism and nematode trapping ability of A. oligospora by regulating iron intake and cell membrane homeostasis. Our study uncovered the significant contribution of siderophores to the growth and nematode trapping ability and constructed the relationship among siderophores biosynthesis, lipid metabolism and nematode trapping activity of A. oligospora, which provides a new insight for the development of nematode biocontrol agents based on nematode trapping fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Liangyin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Hengqian Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
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Nunes GT, Corrêa DC, Chitolina MB, da Rosa G, Pereira RCDF, Cargnelutti JF, Vogel FSF. Efficacy Evaluation of a Commercial Formulation With Duddingtonia Flagrans in Equine Gastrointestinal Nematodes. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104930. [PMID: 37739142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antiparasitics for the treatment of helminths in horses has caused the ineffectiveness of commonly used chemical active principles, therefore, new alternatives such as the use of helminthophagous fungi have been studied. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the commercial formulation Bioverm, composed of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans strain AC001, in the reduction of gastrointestinal nematode larvae in equine feces. In coproculture, the genus Cyathostomum sp. was the most prevalent in the analyzed samples. The commercial formulation with D. flagrans demonstrated effectiveness in the predation of Cyathostomum sp. in tests. The recommended dose of 0.4 g, containing 105 chlamydospores per gram of product, reduced larvae by 44.23%, while the extrapolated dose of 1.0 g with the same concentrations of chlamydospores (105/g) resulted in a reduction of 57.20%, indicating the effectiveness of the product in controlling infective larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Tormes Nunes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LABAC), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diego Cristiano Corrêa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LABAC), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Gilneia da Rosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LABAC), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flôres Vogel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Miao Q, Wang Z, Yin Z, Liu X, Li R, Zhang KQ, Li J. Nematode-induced trap formation regulated by the histone H3K4 methyltransferase AoSET1 in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Sci China Life Sci 2023; 66:2663-2679. [PMID: 37233873 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The methylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4), catalyzed by the histone methyltransferase KMT2/SET1, has been functionally identified in many pathogenic fungi but remains unexplored in nematode-trapping fungi (NTFs). Here, we report a regulatory mechanism of an H3K4-specific SET1 orthologue, AoSET1, in the typical nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. When the fungus is induced by the nematode, the expression of AoSET1 is up-regulated. Disruption of AoSet1 led to the abolishment of H3K4me. Consequently, the yield of traps and conidia of ΔAoSet1 was significantly lower than that of the WT strain, and the growth rate and pathogenicity were also compromised. Moreover, H3K4 trimethylation was enriched mainly in the promoter of two bZip transcription factor genes (AobZip129 and AobZip350) and ultimately up-regulated the expression level of these two transcription factor genes. In the ΔAoSet1 and AoH3K4A strains, the H3K4me modification level was significantly decreased at the promoter of transcription factor genes AobZip129 and AobZip350. These results suggest that AoSET1-mediated H3KEme serves as an epigenetic marker of the promoter region of the targeted transcription factor genes. Furthermore, we found that AobZip129 negatively regulates the formation of adhesive networks and the pathogenicity of downstream AoPABP1 and AoCPR1. Our findings confirm that the epigenetic regulatory mechanism plays a pivotal role in regulating trap formation and pathogenesis in NTFs, and provide novel insights into the mechanisms of interaction between NTFs and nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Miao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Zhengqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ziyu Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Parks SC, Okakpu OK, Azizpor P, Nguyen S, Martinez-Beltran S, Claudio I, Anesko K, Bhatia A, Dhillon HS, Dillman AR. Parasitic nematode secreted phospholipase A 2 suppresses cellular and humoral immunity by targeting hemocytes in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122451. [PMID: 37006283 PMCID: PMC10050561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A key aspect of parasitic nematode infection is the nematodes' ability to evade and/or suppress host immunity. This immunomodulatory ability is likely driven by the release of hundreds of excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs) during infection. While ESPs have been shown to display immunosuppressive effects on various hosts, our understanding of the molecular interactions between individual proteins released and host immunity requires further study. We have recently identified a secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) released from the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae we have named Sc-sPLA2. We report that Sc-sPLA2 increased mortality of Drosophila melanogaster infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae and promoted increased bacterial growth. Furthermore, our data showed that Sc-sPLA2 was able to downregulate both Toll and Imd pathway-associated antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including drosomycin and defensin, in addition to suppressing phagocytosis in the hemolymph. Sc-sPLA2 was also found to be toxic to D. melanogaster with the severity being both dose- and time-dependent. Collectively, our data highlighted that Sc-sPLA2 possessed both toxic and immunosuppressive capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia C. Parks
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Ogadinma K. Okakpu
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Pakeeza Azizpor
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Susan Nguyen
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | - Isaiah Claudio
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Kyle Anesko
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Anil Bhatia
- Metabolomics Core Facility, IIGB, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Harpal S. Dhillon
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
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Wernet V, Fischer R. Establishment of Arthrobotrys flagrans as biocontrol agent against the root pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:283-293. [PMID: 36354014 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause devastating agricultural damage worldwide. Only a few synthetic nematicides can be used and their application is limited in fields. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable and environment-friendly alternatives. Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are natural predators of nematodes. They capture and digest them with their hyphae and are starting to being used as bio-control agents. In this study, we applied the NTF Arthrobotrys flagrans (Duddingtonia flagrans) against the wine pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. A. flagrans reduced the number of X. index juveniles in pot cultures of Ficus carica, an alternative host plant for X. index, significantly. Sodium-alginate pellets with A. flagrans spores were produced for vineyard soil inoculation under laboratory conditions. The NTF A. conoides, A. musiformis and A. superba were enriched from several soil samples, showing their natural presence. Trap formation is an energy-consuming process and depends upon various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Here, we show that bacteria of the genus Delftia, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Serratia induced trap formation in NTF like A. conoides and A. oligospora but not in A. flagrans in the absence of nematodes. The application of NTF along with such bacteria could be a combinatorial way of efficient biocontrol in nematode-infested soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Chen Y, Liu J, Fan Y, Xiang M, Kang S, Wei D, Liu X. SNARE Protein DdVam7 of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Drechslerella dactyloides Regulates Vegetative Growth, Conidiation, and the Predatory Process via Vacuole Assembly. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0187222. [PMID: 36287065 PMCID: PMC9769606 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01872-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins play conserved roles in membrane fusion events in eukaryotes and have been documented to be involved in fungal growth and pathogenesis. However, little is known about the roles of SNAREs in trap morphogenesis in nematode-trapping fungi (NTF). Drechslerella dactyloides, one of the constricting ring-forming NTF, captures free-living nematodes via rapid ring cell inflation. Here, we characterized DdVam7 of D. dactyloides, a homolog of the yeast SNARE protein Vam7p. Deletion of DdVam7 significantly suppressed vegetative growth and conidiation. The mutation significantly impaired trap formation and ring cell inflation, resulting in a markedly decreased nematode-trapping ability. A large vacuole could develop in ring cells within ~2.5 s after instant inflation in D. dactyloides. In the ΔDdVam7 mutant, the vacuoles were small and fragmented in hyphae and uninflated ring cells, and the large vacuole failed to form in inflated ring cells. The localization of DdVam7 in vacuoles suggests its involvement in vacuole fusion. In summary, our results suggest that DdVam7 regulates vegetative growth, conidiation, and the predatory process by mediating vacuole assembly in D. dactyloides, and this provides a basis for studying mechanisms of SNAREs in NTF and ring cell rapid inflation. IMPORTANCE D. dactyloides is a nematode-trapping fungus that can capture nematodes through a constricting ring, the most sophisticated trapping device. It is amazing that constricting ring cells can inflate to triple their size within seconds to capture a nematode. A large centrally located vacuole is a unique signature associated with inflated ring cells. However, the mechanism underpinning trap morphogenesis, especially vacuole dynamics during ring cell inflation, remains unclear. Here, we documented the dynamics of vacuole assembly during ring cell inflation via time-lapse imaging for the first time. We characterized a SNARE protein in D. dactyloides (DdVam7) that was involved in vacuole assembly in hyphae and ring cells and played important roles in vegetative growth, conidiation, trap morphogenesis, and ring cell inflation. Overall, this study expands our understanding of biological functions of the SNARE proteins and vacuole assembly in NTF trap morphogenesis and provides a foundation for further study of ring cell rapid inflation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yani Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Seogchan Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dongsheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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11
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Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a common model organism for studies in immunity and host-pathogen interactions. In this protocol, we describe techniques for measuring pharyngeal pumping and defecation rates of adult C. elegans exposed to either pathogenic or non-pathogenic bacteria. Quantifying changes in pumping or defecation rates during pathogenic infection can account for behavioral changes that may affect survival. We also detail how to synchronize C. elegans and expose the synchronize animals to either pathogenic or non-pathogenic bacteria. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wibisono et al. (2022). Measuring changes in feeding and defecation rates in C. elegans Protocol for exposing synchronized C. elegans to pathogenic bacteria Analysis of feeding and defecation rates
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wibisono
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
| | - Jingru Sun
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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12
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Wang W, Zhao Y, Bai N, Zhang KQ, Yang J. AMPK Is Involved in Regulating the Utilization of Carbon Sources, Conidiation, Pathogenicity, and Stress Response of the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0222522. [PMID: 35916406 PMCID: PMC9431048 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02225-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a heterotrimeric complex, can sense energy and nutritional status in eukaryotic cells, thereby participating in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. In this study, we characterized the function of the catalytic α-subunit (SNF1) and the two regulatory β- and γ-subunits (GAL83 and SNF4) of AMPK in a representative nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, by gene knockout, phenotypic analysis, and RNA sequencing. The ability of the AMPK complex mutants (including ΔAosnf1, ΔAogal83, and ΔAosnf4) to utilize a nonfermentable carbon source (glycerol) was reduced, and the spore yields and trap formation were remarkably decreased. Moreover, AMPK plays an important role in regulating stress response and nematode predation efficiency. Transcriptomic profiling between the wild-type strain and ΔAosnf1 showed that differentially expressed genes were enriched for peroxisome, endocytosis, fatty acid degradation, and multilipid metabolism (sphingolipid, ether lipid, glycerolipid, and glycerophospholipid). Meanwhile, a reduced lipid droplet accumulation in ΔAosnf1, ΔAogal83, and ΔAosnf4 mutants was observed, and more vacuoles appeared in the mycelia of the ΔAosnf1 mutant. These results highlight the important regulatory role of AMPK in the utilization of carbon sources and lipid metabolism, as well as providing novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the mycelia development, conidiation, and trap formation of nematode-trapping (NT) fungi. IMPORTANCE NT fungi are widely distributed in various ecosystems and are important factors in the control of nematode populations in nature; their trophic mycelia can form unique infectious devices (traps) for capturing nematodes. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a representative NT fungi which can develop complex three-dimensional networks (adhesive networks) for nematode predation. Here, we demonstrated that AMPK plays an important role in the glycerol utilization, conidiation, trap formation, and nematode predation of A. oligospora, which was further confirmed by transcriptomic analysis of the wild-type and mutant strains. In particular, our analysis indicated that AMPK is required for lipid metabolism, which is primarily associated with energy regulation and is essential for trap formation. Therefore, this study extends the functional study of AMPK in NT fungi and helps to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the regulation of trap development, as well as laying the foundation for the development of efficient nematode biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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Chen YH, Zhang LL, Wang LJ, Yue XT, Wu QF, Jiang Y, Zhang KQ, Niu XM. Acetylation of Sesquiterpenyl Epoxy-Cyclohexenoids Regulates Fungal Growth, Stress Resistance, Endocytosis, and Pathogenicity of Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora via Metabolism and Transcription. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:6145-6155. [PMID: 35562189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenyl epoxy-cyclohexenoids (SECs) that depend on a polyketide synthase-terpenoid synthase (PKS-TPS) pathway are widely distributed in plant pathogenic fungi. However, the biosynthesis and function of the acetylated SECs still remained cryptic. Here, we identified that AOL_s00215g 273 (273) was responsible for the acetylation of SECs in Arthrobotrys oligospora via the construction of Δ273, in which the acetylated SECs were absent and major antibacterial nonacetylated SECs accumulated. Mutant Δ273 displayed increased trap formation, and nematicidal and antibacterial activities but decreased fungal growth and soil colonization. Glutamine, a key precursor for NH3 as a trap inducer, was highly accumulated, and biologically active phenylpropanoids and antibiotics were highly enriched in Δ273. The decreased endocytosis and increased autophagosomes, with the most upregulated genes involved in maintaining DNA and transcriptional stability and pathways related to coronavirus disease and exosome, suggested that lack of 273 might result in increased virus infection and the acetylation of SECs played a key role in fungal diverse antagonistic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Tong Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun-Fu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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Zhou L, Li M, Cui P, Tian M, Xu Y, Zheng X, Zhang K, Li G, Wang X. Arrestin-Coding Genes Regulate Endocytosis, Sporulation, Pathogenicity, and Stress Resistance in Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:754333. [PMID: 35252023 PMCID: PMC8890662 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.754333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestins are a family of scaffold proteins that play a crucial role in regulating numerous cellular processes, such as GPCR signaling. The Arthrobotrys oligospora arrestin family contains 12 members, which have highly conserved N-terminal and C-terminal domains. In the presence of ammonia, A. oligospora can change its lifestyle from saprotrophic to carnivorous. During this transition, the expression pattern of arrestin-coding (AoArc) genes was markedly upregulated. Therefore, we disrupted seven AoArc genes from A. oligospora to identify their functions. Although individual arrestin mutant strains display similar pathogenesis, phenotypes, and stress resistance, the fundamental data on the roles of AoArc genes in A. oligospora are obtained in this study. Membrane endocytosis in AoArc mutants was significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the capacity of trap device formation against nematodes and ammonia was impaired due to AoArc deletions. We also found that AoArc genes could regulate conidial phenotypes, cell nuclear distribution, pH response, and stress resistance. Results of qRT-PCR assays revealed that sporulation-regulated genes were affected after the deletion of AoArc genes. In particular, among the 12 arrestins, AoArc2 mediates pH signaling in the fungus A. oligospora. Notably, combined with the classical paradigm of arrestin–GPCR signal transduction, we suggest that arrestin-regulated trap formation in A. oligospora may be directly linked to the receptor endocytosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Peijie Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mengqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Guohong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wang, ; Guohong Li,
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wang, ; Guohong Li,
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15
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Zhou D, Zhu Y, Bai N, Xie M, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Aolatg1 and Aolatg13 Regulate Autophagy and Play Different Roles in Conidiation, Trap Formation, and Pathogenicity in the Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:824407. [PMID: 35145926 PMCID: PMC8821819 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.824407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular recycling and trafficking pathway in eukaryotes that plays an important role in cell growth, development, and pathogenicity. Atg1 and Atg13 form the Atg1–Atg13 complex, which is essential for autophagy in yeast. Here, we characterized the roles of the Aolatg1 and Aolatg13 genes encoding these autophagy-related proteins in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Investigation of the autophagy process by using the AoAtg8-GFP fusion protein showed that autophagosomes accumulated inside vacuoles in the wild-type (WT) A. oligospora strain, whereas in the two mutant strains with deletions of Aolatg1 or Aolatg13, GFP signals were observed outside vacuoles. Similar results were observed by using transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, deletion of Aolatg1 caused severe defects in mycelial growth, conidiation, conidial germination, trap formation, and nematode predation. In addition, transcripts of several sporulation-related genes were significantly downregulated in the ΔAolatg1 mutant. In contrast, except for the altered resistance to several chemical stressors, no obvious differences were observed in phenotypic traits between the WT and ΔAolatg13 mutant strains. The gene ontology analysis of the transcription profiles of the WT and ΔAolatg1 mutant strains showed that the set of differentially expressed genes was highly enriched in genes relevant to membrane and cellular components. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were highly enriched in those related to metabolic pathways, autophagy and autophagy-related processes, including ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and SNARE interaction in vesicular transport, which were enriched during trap formation. These results indicate that Aolatg1 and Aolatg13 play crucial roles in the autophagy process in A. oligospora. Aolatg1 is also involved in the regulation of asexual growth, trap formation, and pathogenicity. Our results highlight the importance of Aolatg1 in the growth and development of A. oligospora, and provide a basis for elucidating the role of autophagy in the trap formation and pathogenicity of nematode-trapping fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Na Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jinkui Yang,
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Ma N, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Li D, Yang J, Jiang K, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Functional analysis of seven regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs) in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Virulence 2021; 12:1825-1840. [PMID: 34224331 PMCID: PMC8259722 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs) are proteins that negatively regulate G protein signal transduction. In this study, seven putative RGSs were characterized in the nematode-trapping (NT) fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora. Deleting Rgs genes significantly increased intracellular cAMP levels, and caused defects in mycelia growth, stress resistance, conidiation, trap formation, and nematocidal activity. In particular, the ΔAoFlbA mutant was unable to produce conidia and traps. Transcriptomic analysis showed that amino acid metabolic and biosynthetic processes were significantly enriched in the ΔAoFlbA mutant compared to WT. Interestingly, Gas1 family genes are significantly expanded in A. oligospora and other NT fungi that produce adhesive traps, and are differentially expressed during trap formation in A. oligospora. Disruption of two Gas1 genes resulted in defective conidiation, trap formation, and pathogenicity. Our results indicate that RGSs play pleiotropic roles in regulating A. oligospora mycelial growth, development, and pathogenicity. Further, AoFlbA is a prominent member and required for conidiation and trap formation, possibly by regulating amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis. Our results provide a basis for elucidating the signaling mechanism of vegetative growth, lifestyle transition, and pathogenicity in NT fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Yining Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Dongni Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Jiangliu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, KunmingP. R. China
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Bai Q, Wu S, Wang Y, Li C, Zeng X, Gan X, Xie X, Li Z, Yang Z. A new strain of Volutella citrinella with nematode predation and nematicidal activity, isolated from the cysts of potato cyst nematodes in China. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:323. [PMID: 34809566 PMCID: PMC8607719 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are responsible for causing many plant diseases and are extremely difficult to control at present. Currently, due to the negative effects of chemical agents on the environment and human health, the development of new biological pesticides has become an important part of plant nematode control. Nematophagous fungi refers to a class of fungi that kill plant nematodes. Notably, a large number of nematophagous fungi resources remain to be studied. The objective of our study was to use in vitro screening to identify nematophagous fungi and select strains that were highly active against nematodes, providing a primary research for the development and utilization of new nematophagous fungi. RESULTS A new nematophagous fungal strain (GUCC2219) was isolated from cysts of possibly Globodera spp. and Heterodera spp., identified as Volutella citrinella. The hyphae of V. citrinella produced ring structures of variable size and exhibited predatory and nematicidal activity. The hyphal predation rates (in vitro) against three species of nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and Ditylenchus destructor, averaged 59.45, 33.35, and 50.95%, respectively, while the fermentation broth produced by the fungus exhibited mortality rates of 100, 100, and 55.63%, respectively, after 72 h. CONCLUSION V. citrinella is a new strain with nematophagous properties, which are a novel discovery. At the same time, this is the first report of nematicidal and nematode predation activity in the genus Volutella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhaochun Jiang
- Guizhou Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shishi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zaifu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Flores Francisco BG, Ponce IM, Plascencia Espinosa MÁ, Mendieta Moctezuma A, López Y López VE. Advances in the biological control of phytoparasitic nematodes via the use of nematophagous fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:180. [PMID: 34562178 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural production is one of most important activities for food supply and demand, that provides a source of raw materials, and generates commercial opportunities for other industries around the world. It may be both positively and negatively affected by climatic and biological factors. Negative biological factors are those caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Given the serious problems posed by phytoparasitic nematodes for farmers, causing crop losses globally every year, the agrochemical industry has developed compounds with the capacity to inhibit their development; however, they can cause the death of other beneficial organisms and their lixiviation can contaminate the water table. On the other hand, the positive biological factors are found in biotechnology, the scientific discipline that develops products, such as nematophagous fungi (of which Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia have the greatest potential), for the control of pests and/or diseases. The present review focuses on the importance of nematophagous fungi, particularly sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, their research on the development of biological control agents, the mass production of fungi Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia, and their limited commercialization due to the lack of rigorous methods that enable the anticipation of complex interactions between plant and phytopathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Guadalupe Flores Francisco
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Plascencia Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Aarón Mendieta Moctezuma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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Abstract
Invertebrate pests, such as insects and nematodes, not only cause or transmit human and livestock diseases but also impose serious crop losses by direct injury as well as vectoring pathogenic microbes. The damage is global but greater in developing countries, where human health and food security are more at risk. Although synthetic pesticides have been in use, biological control measures offer advantages via their biodegradability, environmental safety and precise targeting. This is amply demonstrated by the successful and widespread use of Bacillusthuringiensis to control mosquitos and many plant pests, the latter by the transgenic expression of insecticidal proteins from B. thuringiensis in crop plants. Here, I discuss the prospects of using bacterial and fungal toxins for pest control, including the molecular basis of their biocidal activity.
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20
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Palomares-Rius JE, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez C, Mota M, Bert W, Claeys M, Yushin VV, Suzina NE, Ariskina EV, Evtushenko LI, Subbotin SA, Castillo P. ' Candidatus Xiphinematincola pachtaicus' gen. nov., sp. nov., an endosymbiotic bacterium associated with nematode species of the genus Xiphinema (Nematoda, Longidoridae). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71:004888. [PMID: 34287117 PMCID: PMC8489844 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracellular bacterium, strain IAST, was observed to infect several species of the plant-parasitic nematode genus Xiphinema (Xiphinema astaregiense, Xiphinema incertum, Xiphinema madeirense, Xiphinema pachtaicum, Xiphinema parapachydermum and Xiphinema vallense). The bacterium could not be recovered on axenic medium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of IAST was found to be new, being related to the family Burkholderiaceae, class Betaproteobacteria. Fungal endosymbionts Mycoavidus cysteinexigens B1-EBT (92.9 % sequence identity) and 'Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum' BEG34 (89.8 % identity) are the closest taxa and form a separate phylogenetic clade inside Burkholderiaceae. Other genes (atpD, lepA and recA) also separated this species from its closest relatives using a multilocus sequence analysis approach. These genes were obtained using a partial genome of this bacterium. The localization of the bacterium (via light and fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy) is in the X. pachtaicum females clustered around the developing oocytes, primarily found embedded inside the epithelial wall cells of the ovaries, from where they are dispersed in the intestine. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations supported the presence of bacteria inside the nematode body, where they occupy ovaries and occur inside the intestinal epithelium. Ultrastructural analysis of the bacterium showed cells that appear as mostly irregular, slightly curved rods with rounded ends, 0.8-1.2 µm wide and 2.5-6.0 µm long, possessing a typical Gram-negative cell wall. The peptidoglycan layer is, however, evident only occasionally and not detectable by TEM in most cells. Another irregularly occurring shell surrounding the endosymbiont cells or the cell clusters was also revealed, probably originating from the host cell membrane. Flagella or spore-like cells do not occur and the nucleoid is diffusely distributed throughout the cell. This endosymbiont is transmitted vertically through nematode generations. These results support the proposal of IAST as a new species, although its obligate intracellular and obligate endosymbiont nature prevented isolation of a definitive type strain. Strain IAST is therefore proposed as representing 'Candidatus Xiphinematincola pachtaicus' gen. nov., sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Palomares-Rius
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- NemaLab, MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab, MED – Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Wim Bert
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Claeys
- Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vladimir V. Yushin
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Natalia E. Suzina
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM), G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Elena V. Ariskina
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM), G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Lyudmila I. Evtushenko
- All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms (VKM), G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Subbotin
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA
- Center of Parasitology of A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii Prospect 33, Moscow 117071, Russia
| | - Pablo Castillo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, Spain
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21
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Oliveira IDC, Vieira ÍS, Campos AK, de Araújo JV. In vitro compatibility and nematicidal activity of Monacrosporium sinense and Pochonia chlamydosporia for biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes. Parasitology 2021; 148:956-961. [PMID: 33896425 PMCID: PMC11010130 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The use of nematophagous fungi is an alternative for the biological control of nematodes in ruminants. In this study, the compatibility of joint growth of the fungi Monacrosporium sinense and Pochonia chlamydosporia and the joint nematicidal activity of these fungal isolates on bovine infective larvae were evaluated. For that, tests of direct confrontation, the effect of volatile compounds and antibiosis were conducted. In order to carry out the tests, the fungi were inoculated in potato dextrose agar culture medium and, after the incubation period, the growth of the colonies, the formation of an inhibition halo and the effect of volatile metabolites were verified. The compatibility between fungi isolates M. sinense and P. chlamydosporia was confirmed and the nematicidal evaluation proved the best effectiveness was when both were used together, with a 98.90% reduction in the number of bovine nematode infective larvae under in vitro conditions. It was concluded that M. sinense and P. chlamydosporia presented synergistic action, suggesting that the joint application of the fungi increases the effectiveness of biological control of bovine infective larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela de Castro Oliveira
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Stoupa Vieira
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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22
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Jin X, He Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Lee YK, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G. Lactic acid bacteria that activate immune gene expression in Caenorhabditis elegans can antagonise Campylobacter jejuni infection in nematodes, chickens and mice. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:169. [PMID: 34090326 PMCID: PMC8180125 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is the major micro-bacillary pathogen responsible for human coloenteritis. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to protect against Campylobacter infection. However, LAB with a good ability to inhibit the growth of C. jejuni in vitro are less effective in animals and animal models, and have the disadvantages of high cost, a long cycle, cumbersome operation and insignificant immune response indicators. Caenorhabditis elegans is increasingly used to screen probiotics for their anti-pathogenic properties. However, no research on the use of C. elegans to screen for probiotic candidates antagonistic to C. jejuni has been conducted to date. RESULTS This study established a lifespan model of C. elegans, enabling the preselection of LAB to counter C. jejuni infection. A potential protective mechanism of LAB was identified. Some distinct LAB species offered a high level of protection to C. elegans against C. jejuni. The LAB strains with a high protection rate reduced the load of C. jejuni in C. elegans. The transcription of antibacterial peptide genes, MAPK and Daf-16 signalling pathway-related genes was elevated using the LAB isolates with a high protection rate. The reliability of the lifespan model of C. elegans was verified using mice and chickens infected with C. jejuni. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that different LAB had different abilities to protect C. elegans against C. jejuni. C. elegans provides a reliable model for researchers to screen for LAB that are antagonistic to C. jejuni on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Health and Family Planning Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, 421008, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, 225004, P. R. China.
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23
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Abstract
Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular bacterium that has undergone extensive genomic streamlining in its arthropod and nematode hosts. Because the gene encoding the bacterial DNA recombination/repair protein RecA is not essential in Escherichia coli, abundant expression of this protein in a mosquito cell line persistently infected with Wolbachia strain wStri was unexpected. However, RecA's role in the lytic cycle of bacteriophage lambda provides an explanation for retention of recA in strains known to encode lambda-like WO prophages. To examine DNA recombination/repair capacities in Wolbachia, a systematic examination of RecA and related proteins in complete or nearly complete Wolbachia genomes from supergroups A, B, C, D, E, F, J and S was undertaken. Genes encoding proteins including RecA, RecF, RecO, RecR, RecG and Holliday junction resolvases RuvA, RuvB and RuvC are uniformly absent from Wolbachia in supergroup C and have reduced representation in supergroups D and J, suggesting that recombination and repair activities are compromised in nematode-associated Wolbachia, relative to strains that infect arthropods. An exception is filarial Wolbachia strain wMhie, assigned to supergroup F, which occurs in a nematode host from a poikilothermic lizard. Genes encoding LexA and error-prone polymerases are absent from all Wolbachia genomes, suggesting that the SOS functions induced by RecA-mediated activation of LexA do not occur, despite retention of genes encoding a few proteins that respond to LexA induction in E. coli. Three independent E. coli accessions converge on a single Wolbachia UvrD helicase, which interacts with mismatch repair proteins MutS and MutL, encoded in nearly all Wolbachia genomes. With the exception of MutL, which has been mapped to a eukaryotic association module in Phage WO, proteins involved in recombination/repair are uniformly represented by single protein annotations. Putative phage-encoded MutL proteins are restricted to Wolbachia supergroups A and B and show higher amino acid identity than chromosomally encoded MutL orthologs. This analysis underscores differences between nematode and arthropod-associated Wolbachia and describes aspects of DNA metabolism that potentially impact development of procedures for transformation and genetic manipulation of Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Fallon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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24
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Chacón-Orozco JG, Bueno CJ, Shapiro-Ilan DI, Hazir S, Leite LG, Harakava R. Antifungal activity of Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. against the soybean pathogenic Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20649. [PMID: 33244079 PMCID: PMC7691503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, causes white mold disease and infects a broad spectrum of host plants (> 500), including soybean with yield losses of up to 70%. Biological control is a potential alternative for management of this severe plant pathogen, and relative to chemical fungicides, provides broad benefits to the environment, farmers and consumers. The symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes, Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp., are characterized by the production of antimicrobial compounds, which could serve as potential sources for new bio-fungicides. The objectives of this study were to assess cell-free supernatants (CFS) of 16 strains of these bacteria cultures on S. sclerotiorum mycelium growth; assess the volatiles of X. szentirmaii cultures on the fungus mycelium and sclerotium inhibition; and evaluate the X. szentirmaii cultures as well as their CFS on the protection of soybean seeds against the white mold disease. Among the 16 strains, the CFS of X. szentirmaii showed the highest fungicidal effect on growth of S. sclerotiorum. The CFS of X. szentirmaii inhibited > 98% of fungus growth from mycelium and sclerotia, whereas the volatiles generated by the bacterium culture inhibited to 100% of fungus growth and 100% of sclerotia production. The bacterial culture diluted to 33% in water and coated on soybean seeds inhibited S. sclerotiorum and protected soybean plants, allowing 78.3% of seed germination and 56.6% of plant development. Our findings indicate potential for a safe and novel control method for S. sclerotiorum in soybean. Moreover, this is the first study to indicate that volatile organic compounds from Xenorhabdus spp. can be used in plant disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - César Jr Bueno
- Instituto Biológico, APTA, São Paulo, SP, 04014-900, Brazil
| | - David I Shapiro-Ilan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and 14 Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, GA, USA
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Luís G Leite
- Instituto Biológico, APTA, São Paulo, SP, 04014-900, Brazil.
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25
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Chen YH, Liu X, Dai R, Ou X, Xu ZF, Zhang KQ, Niu XM. Novel Polyketide-Terpenoid Hybrid Metabolites and Increased Fungal Nematocidal Ability by Disruption of Genes 277 and 279 in Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:7870-7879. [PMID: 32525670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora can produce a type of sesquiterpenyl epoxy-cyclohexenoid (SEC) metabolites that are regarded as characteristic chemtaxonomic markers. Here, we reported investigation on the functions of a putatively cupin-like family gene 277 and a dehydrogenase gene 279 by gene engineering, chemical metabolite profiling and phenotype analysis. Ten targeted metabolites were isolated from two mutants Δ277 and Δ279 and four novel metabolites including three polyketide-terpenoid (PK-TP) hybrid ones were characterized. Metabolite C277-1 from mutant Δ277 shared the characteristic feature of the first and simplest PK-TP hybrid precursor, prenyl toluquinol, and metabolites C279-1 and C279-2 from mutant Δ279 shared the basic carbon skeleton of the key PK-TP hybrid precursor, farnesyl toluquinol, for biosynthesis of SEC metabolites. These results suggested that gene 277 should be involved in biosynthesis of the second prenyl unit for farnesyl toluquinol precursor, and gene 279 might be responsible for the diagnostic epoxy formation. Further analysis revealed that genes 277 and 279 might play roles in fungal conidiation, predatory trap formation, and nematode-capturing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Ou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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26
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Lindsey ARI. Sensing, Signaling, and Secretion: A Review and Analysis of Systems for Regulating Host Interaction in Wolbachia. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E813. [PMID: 32708808 PMCID: PMC7397232 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia (Anaplasmataceae) is an endosymbiont of arthropods and nematodes that resides within host cells and is well known for manipulating host biology to facilitate transmission via the female germline. The effects Wolbachia has on host physiology, combined with reproductive manipulations, make this bacterium a promising candidate for use in biological- and vector-control. While it is becoming increasingly clear that Wolbachia's effects on host biology are numerous and vary according to the host and the environment, we know very little about the molecular mechanisms behind Wolbachia's interactions with its host. Here, I analyze 29 Wolbachia genomes for the presence of systems that are likely central to the ability of Wolbachia to respond to and interface with its host, including proteins for sensing, signaling, gene regulation, and secretion. Second, I review conditions under which Wolbachia alters gene expression in response to changes in its environment and discuss other instances where we might hypothesize Wolbachia to regulate gene expression. Findings will direct mechanistic investigations into gene regulation and host-interaction that will deepen our understanding of intracellular infections and enhance applied management efforts that leverage Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R I Lindsey
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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27
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Yang CT, Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun G, Gonçalves AP, Lin HC, Chang CW, Huang TY, Chen SA, Lai CK, Tsai IJ, Schroeder FC, Stajich JE, Hsueh YP. Natural diversity in the predatory behavior facilitates the establishment of a robust model strain for nematode-trapping fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6762-6770. [PMID: 32161129 PMCID: PMC7104180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919726117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are a group of specialized microbial predators that consume nematodes when food sources are limited. Predation is initiated when conserved nematode ascaroside pheromones are sensed, followed by the development of complex trapping devices. To gain insights into the coevolution of this interkingdom predator-prey relationship, we investigated natural populations of nematodes and NTF that we found to be ubiquitous in soils. Arthrobotrys species were sympatric with various nematode species and behaved as generalist predators. The ability to sense prey among wild isolates of Arthrobotrys oligospora varied greatly, as determined by the number of traps after exposure to Caenorhabditis elegans While some strains were highly sensitive to C. elegans and the nematode pheromone ascarosides, others responded only weakly. Furthermore, strains that were highly sensitive to the nematode prey also developed traps faster. The polymorphic nature of trap formation correlated with competency in prey killing, as well as with the phylogeny of A. oligospora natural strains, calculated after assembly and annotation of the genomes of 20 isolates. A chromosome-level genome assembly and annotation were established for one of the most sensitive wild isolates, and deletion of the only G-protein β-subunit-encoding gene of A. oligospora nearly abolished trap formation. In summary, our study establishes a highly responsive A. oligospora wild isolate as a model strain for the study of fungus-nematode interactions and demonstrates that trap formation is a fitness character in generalist predators of the nematode-trapping fungus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ting Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - A Pedro Gonçalves
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Che Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-An Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kuo Lai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Isheng J Tsai
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Yen-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 115, Taiwan;
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Abstract
Bacteria participate in a wide diversity of symbiotic associations with eukaryotic hosts that require precise interactions for bacterial recognition and persistence. Most commonly, host-associated bacteria interfere with host gene expression to modulate the immune response to the infection. However, many of these bacteria also interfere with host cellular differentiation pathways to create a hospitable niche, resulting in the formation of novel cell types, tissues, and organs. In both of these situations, bacterial symbionts must interact with eukaryotic regulatory pathways. Here, we detail what is known about how bacterial symbionts, from pathogens to mutualists, control host cellular differentiation across the central dogma, from epigenetic chromatin modifications, to transcription and mRNA processing, to translation and protein modifications. We identify four main trends from this survey. First, mechanisms for controlling host gene expression appear to evolve from symbionts co-opting cross-talk between host signaling pathways. Second, symbiont regulatory capacity is constrained by the processes that drive reductive genome evolution in host-associated bacteria. Third, the regulatory mechanisms symbionts exhibit correlate with the cost/benefit nature of the association. And, fourth, symbiont mechanisms for interacting with host genetic regulatory elements are not bound by native bacterial capabilities. Using this knowledge, we explore how the ubiquitous intracellular Wolbachia symbiont of arthropods and nematodes may modulate host cellular differentiation to manipulate host reproduction. Our survey of the literature on how infection alters gene expression in Wolbachia and its hosts revealed that, despite their intermediate-sized genomes, different strains appear capable of a wide diversity of regulatory manipulations. Given this and Wolbachia's diversity of phenotypes and eukaryotic-like proteins, we expect that many symbiont-induced host differentiation mechanisms will be discovered in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi L Russell
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans is a nematode-trapping fungus that has shown promising results as a tool to combat parasitic nematode infections in livestock. The fungus interrupts the parasitic lifecycle by trapping and killing larval stages on pasture to prevent re-infection of animals. One barrier to the fungus' commercial use is scaling up production of the fungus, and specifically of chlamydospores, which survive the digestive tract to grow in fecal pats on pasture, thus have potential as a feed through anthelmintic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dehydration on sporulation of the fungus. Disks of Duddingtonia flagrans type strain (ATCC® 13423™) were grown on 17% cornmeal agar for 26 days at 30 °C, then split into three groups; dried quickly at 38 °C and 37% humidity over 48 h ("incubated"), dried more slowly at 24 °C and 55% humidity over 10 days ("air-dried"), or kept at 30 °C and sealed with parafilm to prevent loss of moisture as a control ("wet"). Half of each dried culture was resuspended in water, then heated to liquify and homogenized through vortexing. Spores were then counted in a Neubauer hematocytometer. Both the "air-dried" and "incubated" drying techniques yielded significantly more spores than the "wet" control (Welch's two sample t test p values of .0359 and .0411, respectively). The difference in average chlamydospores per milliliter was insignificant between the two drying techniques, although a visual representation of the data shows less spore count variability in the "air-dried" technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Blair
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, 034 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Amy Biddle
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, 034 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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He ZQ, Tan JL, Li N, Zhang HX, Chen YH, Wang LJ, Zhang KQ, Niu XM. Sesquiterpenyl Epoxy-Cyclohexenoids and their Signaling Functions in Nematode-Trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13061-13072. [PMID: 31738551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we purified three new sesquiterpenyl epoxy-cyclohexenoid (SEC) analogues, arthrobotrisin D (11) and its two derivatives, from nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Our results revealed that arthrobotrisin type SEC metabolites could be detected in all the test fungal strains from geographically distinct regions grown on different nutrient media, indicative of unique diagnostic character as chemical indicators for A. oligospora. The time course designs over short-term intervals of the fungus under direct contact and indirect contact with living or dead nematodes revealed that arthrobotrisin B and D (6 and 11) displayed significant relationships (positive or negative correlation) with fungal saprophytic and pathogenic stages during a nematode predation event. Interestingly, fungus on nutrient-limiting medium conducive to fungal trap formation could rapidly drop the concentration levels of arthrobotrisins B and D within 6 h when dead nematodes were around, in great contrast to that for living nematodes. Moreover, only in the fungal strain under direct contact with living dominant soil bacteria, arthrobotrisins B and D exhibited significant increase in amounts. Among them, the new SEC, arthrobotrisin D (11) was found to be a key unique metabolic signal for fungal colony growth and fungal interaction with prey and bacteria. Our study suggested that chemical analysis of SEC metabolites in A. oligospora provides a window into the fungal growth status and much valuable information about ecological environments associated with the nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Lin Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
- Yunnan Institute of Product Quality Supervision and Inspection & National Tropical Agricultural and Sideline Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center , Kunming 650223 , People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , People's Republic of China
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Payelleville A, Blackburn D, Lanois A, Pagès S, Cambon MC, Ginibre N, Clarke DJ, Givaudan A, Brillard J. Role of the Photorhabdus Dam methyltransferase during interactions with its invertebrate hosts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212655. [PMID: 31596856 PMCID: PMC6785176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photorhabdus luminescens is an entomopathogenic bacterium found in symbiosis with the nematode Heterorhabditis. Dam DNA methylation is involved in the pathogenicity of many bacteria, including P. luminescens, whereas studies about the role of bacterial DNA methylation during symbiosis are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Dam DNA methylation in P. luminescens during the whole bacterial life cycle including during symbiosis with H. bacteriophora. We constructed a strain overexpressing dam by inserting an additional copy of the dam gene under the control of a constitutive promoter in the chromosome of P. luminescens and then achieved association between this recombinant strain and nematodes. The dam overexpressing strain was able to feed the nematode in vitro and in vivo similarly as a control strain, and to re-associate with Infective Juvenile (IJ) stages in the insect. No difference in the amount of emerging IJs from the cadaver was observed between the two strains. Compared to the nematode in symbiosis with the control strain, a significant increase in LT50 was observed during insect infestation with the nematode associated with the dam overexpressing strain. These results suggest that during the life cycle of P. luminescens, Dam is not involved the bacterial symbiosis with the nematode H. bacteriophora, but it contributes to the pathogenicity of the nemato-bacterial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Blackburn
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anne Lanois
- DGIMI, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- DGIMI, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine C. Cambon
- DGIMI, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Évolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS, UPS Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - David J. Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Julien Brillard
- DGIMI, INRA, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (JB); (AP)
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, Broberg A, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Deletion of the Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene nps1 in the Fungus Clonostachys rosea Attenuates Antagonism and Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Fusarium and Nematodes. Phytopathology 2019; 109:1698-1709. [PMID: 31120795 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0042-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by biological control agents may influence the outcome of their interactions with plant pathogenic microorganisms and plants. In the present study, we investigated the role of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene nps1 expressed by the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. A gene expression analysis showed that nps1 was induced during confrontations with the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Gene deletion strains of nps1 displayed increased growth rates and conidiation. However, the nematicidal activity of culture filtrates from C. rosea Δnps1 strains was significantly weaker than that from wild-type filtrates (P ≤ 0.001); after 24 h of incubation with culture filtrates from nps1 deletion strains, only 13 to 33% of a mixed community of nematodes were dead compared with 42% of nematodes incubated with wild-type culture filtrates. The Δnps1 strains also showed reduced biocontrol efficacy during pot experiments, thus failing to protect wheat seedlings from foot rot disease caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Furthermore, C. rosea Δnps1 strains were not able to reduce populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil or in roots of wheat as efficiently as the wild-type strain. Both C. rosea wild-type and Δnps1 strains increased the dry shoot weight and shoot length of wheat by 20 and 13%, respectively. We showed that NPS1, a putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by nps1, is a biocontrol factor, presumably by producing a hitherto unknown nonribosomal peptide compound with antifungal and nematicidal properties that contributes to the biocontrol properties of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mobasseri M, Hutchinson MC, Afshar FJ, Pedram M. New evidence of nematode-endosymbiont bacteria coevolution based on one new and one known dagger nematode species of Xiphinema americanum-group (Nematoda, Longidoridae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217506. [PMID: 31242223 PMCID: PMC6594591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three populations of Xiphinema primum n. sp. and two populations of X. pachtaicum were recovered from natural forests and cultural regions of northern Iran. Both species belong to the X. americanum-group and were characterized by their morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The new species, which was recovered in three locations, belongs to the X. brevicolle-complex and is characterized by 2124–2981 μm long females with a widely rounded lip region separated from the rest of the body by a depression, 103–125 μm long odontostyle, two equally developed genital branches with endosymbiont bacteria inside the ovary, which are visible under light microscope (LM), vulva located at 51.8–58.0%, the tail is 26–37 μm long with a bluntly rounded end and four juvenile developmental stages. It was morphologically compared with nine similar species viz. X. brevicolle, X. diffusum, X. incognitum, X. himalayense, X. luci, X. parabrevicolle, X. paramonovi, X. parataylori and X. taylori. The second species, X. pachtaicum, was recovered in two geographically distant points close to city of Amol. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the new species were performed using partial sequences of the D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA D2-D3), the internal-transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS = ITS1+5.8S+ITS2), and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI mtDNA) regions. The Iranian population of X. pachtaicum was also phylogenetically studied based upon its LSU rDNA D2-D3 sequences. Both species were also inspected for their putative endosymbiont bacteria. Candidatus Xiphinematobacter sp. was detected from two examined populations of the new species, whereas the second endosymbiont bacterium, detected from three examined isolates of X. pachtaicum, was related to the plant and fungal endosymbionts of the family Burkholderiaceae. The phylogenetic analyses of the two endosymbiont bacteria were performed using partial sequences of 16S rDNA. In cophylogenetic analyses, significant levels of cophylogenetic signal were observed using both LSU rDNA D2-D3 and COI mtDNA markers of the host nematodes and 16S rDNA marker of the endosymbiont bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Mobasseri
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Farahnaz Jahanshahi Afshar
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Pedram
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Youssar L, Wernet V, Hensel N, Yu X, Hildebrand HG, Schreckenberger B, Kriegler M, Hetzer B, Frankino P, Dillin A, Fischer R. Intercellular communication is required for trap formation in the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008029. [PMID: 30917129 PMCID: PMC6453484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) are a large and diverse group of fungi, which may switch from a saprotrophic to a predatory lifestyle if nematodes are present. Different fungi have developed different trapping devices, ranging from adhesive cells to constricting rings. After trapping, fungal hyphae penetrate the worm, secrete lytic enzymes and form a hyphal network inside the body. We sequenced the genome of Duddingtonia flagrans, a biotechnologically important NTF used to control nematode populations in fields. The 36.64 Mb genome encodes 9,927 putative proteins, among which are more than 638 predicted secreted proteins. Most secreted proteins are lytic enzymes, but more than 200 were classified as small secreted proteins (< 300 amino acids). 117 putative effector proteins were predicted, suggesting interkingdom communication during the colonization. As a first step to analyze the function of such proteins or other phenomena at the molecular level, we developed a transformation system, established the fluorescent proteins GFP and mCherry, adapted an assay to monitor protein secretion, and established gene-deletion protocols using homologous recombination or CRISPR/Cas9. One putative virulence effector protein, PefB, was transcriptionally induced during the interaction. We show that the mature protein is able to be imported into nuclei in Caenorhabditis elegans cells. In addition, we studied trap formation and show that cell-to-cell communication is required for ring closure. The availability of the genome sequence and the establishment of many molecular tools will open new avenues to studying this biotechnologically relevant nematode-trapping fungus. Nematode-trapping fungi are fascinating microorganisms, because they are able to switch from saprotrophic growth to a predatory lifestyle. Duddingtonia flagrans forms adhesive trap systems and conidia and resistant chlamydospores. Chlamydospores are ideal for dissemination in the environment to control nematode populations in the field. We show that D. flagrans is able to catch C. elegans but also the very large wine-pathogenic nematode Xiphinema index. We sequenced the D. flagrans genome and show that it encodes about 10,000 genes with a large proportion of secreted proteins. We hypothesize that virulence effector proteins are involved in the interkingdom organismic interaction and identified more than 100 candidates. In order to investigate the molecular biology of D. flagrans and its interaction with nematodes, we established a transformation system and several molecular tools. We show that cell-to-cell communication and hyphal fusion are required for trap formation. Finally, we show that one putative virulence effector protein targets nuclei when expressed in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Youssar
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Hensel
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Hildebrand
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Birgit Schreckenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marius Kriegler
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Phillip Frankino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tayyrov A, Stanley CE, Azevedo S, Künzler M. Combining microfluidics and RNA-sequencing to assess the inducible defensome of a mushroom against nematodes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:243. [PMID: 30909884 PMCID: PMC6434838 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are an attractive source of nutrients for predators. As part of their defense, some fungi are able to induce the production of anti-predator protein toxins in response to predation. A previous study on the interaction of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea by the fungivorous nematode Aphelenchus avenae on agar plates has shown that the this fungal defense response is most pronounced in the part of the mycelium that is in direct contact with the nematode. Hence, we hypothesized that, for a comprehensive characterization of this defense response, an experimental setup that maximizes the zone of direct interaction between the fungal mycelium and the nematode, was needed. RESULTS In this study, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of C. cinerea vegetative mycelium upon challenge with A. avenae using a tailor-made microfluidic device. The device was designed such that the interaction between the fungus and the nematode was confined to a specific area and that the mycelium could be retrieved from this area for analysis. We took samples from the confrontation area after different time periods and extracted and sequenced the poly(A)+ RNA thereof. The identification of 1229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shows that this setup profoundly improved sensitivity over co-cultivation on agar plates where only 37 DEGs had been identified. The product of one of the most highly upregulated genes shows structural homology to bacterial pore-forming toxins, and revealed strong toxicity to various bacterivorous nematodes. In addition, bacteria associated with the fungivorous nematode A. avenae were profiled with 16S rRNA deep sequencing. Similar to the bacterivorous and plant-feeding nematodes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant phyla in A. avenae. CONCLUSIONS The use of a novel experimental setup for the investigation of the defense response of a fungal mycelium to predation by fungivorous nematodes resulted in the identification of a comprehensive set of DEGs and the discovery of a novel type of fungal defense protein against nematodes. The bacteria found to be associated with the fungivorous nematode are a possible explanation for the induction of some antibacterial defense proteins upon nematode challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annageldi Tayyrov
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E. Stanley
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Azevedo
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Liang LM, Zou CG, Xu J, Zhang KQ. Signal pathways involved in microbe-nematode interactions provide new insights into the biocontrol of plant-parasitic nematodes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180317. [PMID: 30967028 PMCID: PMC6367146 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause severe damage to agricultural crops worldwide. As most chemical nematicides have negative environmental side effects, there is a pressing need for developing efficient biocontrol methods. Nematophagous microbes, the natural enemies of nematodes, are potential biocontrol agents against PPNs. These natural enemies include both bacteria and fungi and they use diverse methods to infect and kill nematodes. For instance, nematode-trapping fungi can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices to capture nematodes, whereas endo-parasitic fungi can kill nematodes by spore adhesion and invasive growth to break the nematode cuticle. By contrast, nematophagous bacteria can secrete virulence factors to kill nematodes. In addition, some bacteria can mobilize nematode-trapping fungi to kill nematodes. In response, nematodes can also sense and defend against the microbial pathogens using strategies such as producing anti-microbial peptides regulated by the innate immunity system. Recent progresses in our understanding of the signal pathways involved in microbe-nematode interactions are providing new insights in developing efficient biological control strategies against PPNs. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Ming Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and The Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and The Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and The Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaL8S 4K1
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and The Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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Page AP, Roberts M, Félix MA, Pickard D, Page A, Weir W. The golden death bacillus Chryseobacterium nematophagum is a novel matrix digesting pathogen of nematodes. BMC Biol 2019; 17:10. [PMID: 30813925 PMCID: PMC6394051 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nematodes represent important pathogens of humans and farmed animals and cause significant health and economic impacts. The control of nematodes is primarily carried out by applying a limited number of anthelmintic compounds, for which there is now widespread resistance being reported. There is a current unmet need to develop novel control measures including the identification and characterisation of natural pathogens of nematodes. RESULTS Nematode killing bacilli were isolated from a rotten fruit in association with wild free-living nematodes. These bacteria belong to the Chryseobacterium genus (golden bacteria) and represent a new species named Chryseobacterium nematophagum. These bacilli are oxidase-positive, flexirubin-pigmented, gram-negative rods that exhibit gelatinase activity. Caenorhabditis elegans are attracted to and eat these bacteria. Within 3 h of ingestion, however, the bacilli have degraded the anterior pharyngeal chitinous lining and entered the body cavity, ultimately killing the host. Within 24 h, the internal contents of the worms are digested followed by the final digestion of the remaining cuticle over a 2-3-day period. These bacteria will also infect and kill bacterivorous free-living (L1-L3) stages of all tested parasitic nematodes including the important veterinary Trichostrongylids such as Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia ostertagi. The bacteria exhibit potent collagen-digesting properties, and genome sequencing has identified novel metalloprotease, collagenase and chitinase enzymes representing potential virulence factors. CONCLUSIONS Chryseobacterium nematophagum is a newly discovered pathogen of nematodes that rapidly kills environmental stages of a wide range of key nematode parasites. These bacilli exhibit a unique invasion process, entering the body via the anterior pharynx through the specific degradation of extracellular matrices. This bacterial pathogen represents a prospective biological control agent for important nematode parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony P Page
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Mark Roberts
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Félix
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Paris, France
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Page
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Kim H, Choi D, Jung J, Kim Y. Eicosanoid mediation of immune responses at early bacterial infection stage and its inhibition by Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata, an entomopathogenic bacterium. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 2018; 99:e21502. [PMID: 30120792 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata (Ptt) infects insect hemocoel by the vectoring activity of its symbiotic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis. The bacterium induces host immunosuppression by inhibiting eicosanoid biosynthesis. This study investigated the role of eicosanoids in immune responses of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, in the early bacterial infection stage (first 3 hr postinfection [PI]). After infection with the nonpathogenic Escherichia coli (Ec), the bacterium maintained its population for the first 3 hr PI, then rapidly decreased in numbers. During the 3 hr PI of Ptt, this pathogenic bacterium also did not show any significant change in bacterial population. However, Ptt rapidly increased its population size after the initial lag phase, inducing fatal septicemia. This study further analyzed cellular and humoral immune responses of the beet armyworm during the initial 3 hr PI. During this early stage, challenge with Ec stimulated hemocyte-spreading behavior along with extensive F-actin growth. However, Ptt infection suppressed hemocyte spreading. Expression levels of three antimicrobial peptides (lysozyme, gloverin, and gallerimycin) were significantly inhibited during Ptt infection. Phospholipase A2 activity was significantly induced during the early infection stage of Ec, but not during Ptt infection. Addition of eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors significantly reversed the initial immunosuppression. These results suggest that, during the early infection stage, Ptt can shutdown eicosanoid biosynthesis which can prevent acute immune responses of host insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoil Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Duyeol Choi
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Jihyeon Jung
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Natural Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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Zhen Z, Zhang G, Yang L, Ma N, Li Q, Ma Y, Niu X, Zhang KQ, Yang J. Characterization and functional analysis of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:819-832. [PMID: 30417308 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are unique second-messenger molecules that impact almost all cellular processes in eukaryotes. In this study, five genes encoding different CaMKs were characterized in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. These CaMKs, which were retrieved from the A. oligospora genome according to their orthologs in fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa, were expressed at a low level in vitro during mycelial growth stages. Five deletion mutants corresponding to these CaMKs led to growth defects in different media and increased sensitivity to several environmental stresses, including H2O2, menadione, SDS, and Congo red; they also reduced the ability to produce conidia and traps, thus causing a deficiency in nematicidal ability as well. In addition, the transcriptional levels of several typical sporulation-related genes, such as MedA, VelB, and VeA, were down-regulated in all ΔCaMK mutants compared with the wild-type (WT) strain. Moreover, these mutants exhibited hypersensitivity to heat shock and ultraviolet-radiation stresses compared with the WT strain. These results suggest that the five CaMKs in A. oligospora are involved in regulating multiple cellular processes, such as growth, environmental stress tolerance, conidiation, trap formation, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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Rhyan J, Garner M, Spraker T, Lambourn D, Cheville N. Brucella pinnipedialis in lungworms Parafilaroides sp. and Pacific harbor seals Phoca vitulina richardsi: proposed pathogenesis. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 131:87-94. [PMID: 30460915 DOI: 10.3354/dao03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brucella spp. were first isolated from marine mammals in 1994 and since have been described in numerous pinniped and cetacean species with nearly global distribution. Microscopic, electron microscopic, or culture results have shown lungworms in harbor seals to be infected with brucellae, suggesting that the lungworms may serve a role in this infection. In this study, we reviewed archived and more recent case material from 5 Pacific harbor seals from Washington State (USA) with evidence of B. pinnipedialis infection in the lungworm Parafilaroides sp. Twenty-two sections of lung containing approximately 220 Parafilaroides sp., stained with an immunohistochemical technique using antibody to B. abortus, showed approximately 80 (36%) infected nematodes. A few brucellae were also present in lung parenchyma in proximity to nematodes. Infection was present in the first- and fourth-stage larvae in the seal lung and intestines, as well as in the male and female reproductive organs of adult nematodes. Infected sperm deposits in the nematode uterus were suggestive of venereal transmission between lungworms. Massive infection of some degenerate adult lungworms and evidence of degeneration of some developing larvae in utero were observed. Based on these observations, we suggest that Parafilaroides sp., rather than the Pacific harbor seal Phoca vitulina richardsi, is the preferred host of B. pinnipedialis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Rhyan
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Kumar KK, Sridhar J, Murali-Baskaran RK, Senthil-Nathan S, Kaushal P, Dara SK, Arthurs S. Microbial biopesticides for insect pest management in India: Current status and future prospects. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 165:74-81. [PMID: 30347206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The biopesticide industry in India is undergoing rapid change, reflecting increased global trade in agricultural commodities, a changing regulatory environment and evolving consumer preferences. Currently biopesticides comprise ≈ 5% of the Indian pesticide market, with at least 15 microbial species and 970 microbial formulations registered through the Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee (CIBRC). As of 2017, over 200 products based on entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae s.l., Lecanicillium lecanii and Hirsutella thompsonii) and nematicidal fungi (Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia) are registered for use against various arthropods and plant parasitic nematodes. Regarding bacteria, over 30 products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. kurstaki are registered against bollworms, loopers and other lepidopterans, while 12 based on Bt subsp. israelensis and three with Bt subsp. sphaericus have been used against mosquitoes. Two viruses are registered, namely Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (22 products) and Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (5 products) for use against bollworms and armyworms. Four entomopathogenic nematode species are sold in Indian market. These include long-lasting wettable powder formulations of Heterorhabditis indica developed by the ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru which have been distributed on a large scale to control white grubs and other sugarcane pests. Biopesticide research on the subcontinent is at a relatively early stage, but evolving rapidly, and focusing on indigenous entomopathogens. Despite onerous regulation, quality-control issues and limited large-scale production facilities, investment in domestic fermentation technologies, improved delivery systems, and promotion of biological control through private and public initiative will increase the share of microbial biopesticides in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kiran Kumar
- ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India.
| | - J Sridhar
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur 493 225, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pankaj Kaushal
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur 493 225, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Surendra K Dara
- University of California Cooperative Extension, 2156 Sierra Way, Ste. C, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, United States
| | - Steven Arthurs
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475, United States
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Hussain M, Hamid MI, Tian J, Hu J, Zhang X, Chen J, Xiang M, Liu X. Bacterial community assemblages in the rhizosphere soil, root endosphere and cyst of soybean cyst nematode-suppressive soil challenged with nematodes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:5056154. [PMID: 30052910 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In disease-suppressive soil, plants rely upon mutualistic associations between roots and specific microbes for nutrient acquisition and disease suppression. Notably, the transmission of suppressiveness by the cysts of sugar beet cyst nematode from suppressive to conducive soils has been previously observed in greenhouse trials. However, our current understanding of the bacterial assemblages in the cyst, root endosphere and rhizosphere soil is still limited. To obtain insights into these bacterial microbiota assemblages, the bacterial communities inhabiting the plant-associated microhabitats and cysts in soybean cyst nematode (SCN)-suppressive soil were characterized by deep sequencing, using soybean grown under growth room conditions with additional SCN challenge. Clustering analysis revealed that the cyst bacterial community was closer to the root endosphere community than to the rhizosphere and bulk soil communities. Interestingly, the cyst bacterial community was initially established by the consecutive selection of bacterial taxa from the soybean root endosphere. We found a set of potential microbial consortia, such as Pasteuria, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and other taxa, that were consistently enriched in the rhizocompartments under SCN challenge, and more abundant in the cysts than in the bulk soil. Our results suggest that the soybean root-associated and cyst microbiota may cause the suppressiveness of SCN in suppressive soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - M Imran Hamid
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
| | - Jianqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Daqing Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Daqing 163316, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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Abstract
Some of the most agriculturally important plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) harbor endosymbionts. Extensive work in other systems has shown that endosymbionts can have major effects on host virulence and biology. This review highlights the discovery, development, and diversity of PPN endosymbionts, incorporating inferences from genomic data. Cardinium, reported from five PPN hosts to date, is characterized by its presence in the esophageal glands and other tissues, with a discontinuous distribution across populations, and genomic data suggestive of horizontal gene exchange. Xiphinematobacter occurs in at least 27 species of dagger nematode in the ovaries and gut epithelial cells, where genomic data suggest it may serve in nutritional supplementation. Wolbachia, reported in just three PPNs, appears to have an ancient history in the Pratylenchidae and displays broad tissue distribution and genomic features intermediate between parasitic and reproductive groups. Finally, a model is described that integrates these insights to explain patterns of endosymbiont replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M V Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79410, USA;
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Cheng C, Qin J, Wu C, Lei M, Wang Y, Zhang L. Suppressing a plant-parasitic nematode with fungivorous behavior by fungal transformation of a Bt cry gene. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:116. [PMID: 30037328 PMCID: PMC6055344 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (PWN), is an important destructive disease of pine forests worldwide. In addition to behaving as a plant-parasitic nematode that feeds on epithelial cells of pines, this pest relies on fungal associates for completing its life cycle inside pine trees. Manipulating microbial symbionts to block pest transmission has exhibited an exciting prospect in recent years; however, transforming the fungal mutualists to toxin delivery agents for suppressing PWN growth has received little attention. RESULTS In the present study, a nematicidal gene cry5Ba3, originally from a soil Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain, was codon-preferred as cry5Ba3Φ and integrated into the genome of a fungus eaten by PWN, Botrytis cinerea, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Supplementing wild-type B. cinerea extract with that from the cry5Ba3Φ transformant significantly suppressed PWN growth; moreover, the nematodes lost fitness significantly when feeding on the mycelia of the cry5Ba3Φ transformant. N-terminal deletion of Cry5Ba3Φ protein weakened the nematicidal activity more dramatically than did the C-terminal deletion, indicating that domain I (endotoxin-N) plays a more important role in its nematicidal function than domain III (endotoxin-C), which is similar to certain insecticidal Cry proteins. CONCLUSIONS Transformation of Bt nematicidal cry genes in fungi can alter the fungivorous performance of B. xylophilus and reduce nematode fitness. This finding provides a new prospect of developing strategies for breaking the life cycle of this pest in pines and controlling pine wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihang Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Jialing Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Choufei Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Mengying Lei
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangdong, 510520, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Liqin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Green Pesticide, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China.
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Xue YJ, Li EL, Jing CX, Ma L, Cai KZ. Isolation, identification and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) sinense from China. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:325-332. [PMID: 29654670 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the development of anthelmintic resistance of parastic nematodes, it is necessary to isolate and study nematophagous fungi to screen out the native isolates for their potential in the biocontrol of domestic animal nematodosis. This study aimed to isolate the Arthrobotrys sinense (Monacrosporium sinense) of nematophagous fungus, to characterize representative molecular isolates using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to determine the effect of the temperature and pH values on radial growth of the isolate. Five isolates were isolated from 1532 samples of different types, and their occurrence frequencies were 0.32% of the total samples. They were identified as A. sinense by means of morphology and the sequence of the 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA, as well as internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2. The isolate NBS003 could grow from 11°C to 35°C and had optimal growth at 30°C. The isolate could grow at pH 4 to 11, and its optimal value was obtained at pH 9. SEM results showed that 6 h after their addition, the second stage larvae (L2) and the third stage infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus were captured. L2 and L3 were penetrated by the fungus at 18 and 24 h post-capture, respectively. L2 and L3 were completely digested at 84 and 90 h post-capture, respectively. The NBS003 of the A. sinense should have a certain potential to be used for capturing the free-living stage of nematodes in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Juan Xue
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Er-Le Li
- Yan'an People's Hospital, Yan'an, 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Jing
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Li Ma
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Kui-Zheng Cai
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria of the genus Thiosymbion attach to the surface of their nematode hosts using their poles and divide by longitudinal binary fission. A new study now sheds light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie this peculiar mode of proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thanbichler
- Faculty of Biology & LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Max Planck Fellow Group "Prokaryotic Cell Biology", Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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Pende N, Wang J, Weber PM, Verheul J, Kuru E, Rittmann SKMR, Leisch N, VanNieuwenhze MS, Brun YV, den Blaauwen T, Bulgheresi S. Host-Polarized Cell Growth in Animal Symbionts. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1039-1051.e5. [PMID: 29576473 PMCID: PMC6611161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To determine the fundamentals of cell growth, we must extend cell
biological studies to non-model organisms. Here, we investigated the growth
modes of the only two rods known to widen instead of elongating,
Candidatus Thiosymbion oneisti and Thiosymbion
hypermnestrae. These bacteria are attached by one pole to the surface of their
respective nematode hosts. By incubating live Ca. T. oneisti
and T. hypermnestrae with a peptidoglycan metabolic probe, we observed that the
insertion of new cell wall starts at the poles and proceeds inward,
concomitantly with FtsZ-based membrane constriction. Remarkably, in
Ca. T. hypermnestrae, the proximal, animal-attached pole
grows before the distal, free pole, indicating that the peptidoglycan synthesis
machinery is host oriented. Immunostaining of the symbionts with an antibody
against the actin homolog MreB revealed that it was arranged
medially—that is, parallel to the cell long axis—throughout the
symbiont life cycle. Given that depolymerization of MreB abolished newly
synthesized peptidoglycan insertion and impaired divisome assembly, we conclude
that MreB function is required for symbiont widening and division. In
conclusion, our data invoke a reassessment of the localization and function of
the bacterial actin homolog. Pende et al. show that cell growth is host oriented in two marine
nematode-attached bacteria. In contrast to what is observed in model rods, the
actin homolog MreB of the symbionts is arranged parallel to the cell long axis
throughout the cell cycle. This medial MreB ring is essential for symbiont
growth and division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Pende
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jinglan Wang
- Bacterial Cell Biology and Physiology Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp M Weber
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jolanda Verheul
- Bacterial Cell Biology and Physiology Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erkin Kuru
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School NRB, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon K-M R Rittmann
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Leisch
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Yves V Brun
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Tanneke den Blaauwen
- Bacterial Cell Biology and Physiology Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- University of Vienna, Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Archaeal Biology and Ecogenomics Division, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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48
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Molento MB, Araújo FBD, Buzatti A, Santos CDP. In vitro efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans against nematodes of sheep based on in vivo calculations. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2018; 27:87-90. [PMID: 29069157 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Duddingtonia flagrans has been tested as an alternative parasite control, but data from in vitro experiments based on in vivo calculations describing nematophagous fungi predation in nematodes are restricted. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of D. flagrans against sheep nematode larvae in vitro using in vivo calculations. Fecal samples were introduced to fungi in different concentrations: 0.0/control; 0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4; 0.8; 1.6; 3.2; and 6.4 g corresponding, respectively, to 583.000; 1.166.000; 2.332.000; 4.664.000; 9.328.000; 18.656.000; 37.312.000 and 74.624.000 chlamydospores/kg of body weight. The material was incubated for 14 days, before the larvae recovery (Assay 1). Assay 2 was carried out with the doses of 0.00625; 0.0125; and 0.025 g. The results showed a negative correlation between fungal concentrations and larval numbers for both assays. The fungus demonstrated an efficacy above 89% in both assays. Thus, we consider that the data from in vitro studies based on in vivo calculations may optimize the fungi quantities for field experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Andréia Buzatti
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Clóvis de Paula Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia - CBB, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil
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49
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Huang T, Lin Q, Qian X, Zheng Y, Yao J, Wu H, Li M, Jin X, Pan X, Zhang L, Guan X. Nematicidal Activity of Cry1Ea11 from Bacillus thuringiensis BRC-XQ12 Against the Pine Wood Nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Phytopathology 2018; 108:44-51. [PMID: 28945518 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-17-0179-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The nematicidal activity of 92 Bacillus thuringiensis strains against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, one of the world's top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes, was determined. The insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) from Bacillus thuringiensis BRC-XQ12 were the most toxic to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, with a lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of 32.13 μg/ml. Because the ICPs expressed by Bacillus thuringiensis BRC-XQ12 were closest to Cry1Ea6 and B. thuringiensis BRC-XQ12 contained four kinds of cry1 subgenes (cry1Aa, cry1Cb, cry1Ea, and cry1Ia), Cry1Ea was most likely to be the key active component against the nematode. The 3,516-bp cry1Ea11 gene from BRC-XQ12, as designated by the B. thuringiensis δ-endotoxin nomenclature committee, was expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified Cry1Ea11 showed an LC50 of 32.53 and 23.23 μg/ml at 24 and 48 h, with corresponding virulence equations of Y = 32.15X + 1.38 (R2 = 0.9951) and Y = 34.29X + 3.16 (R2 = 0.9792), respectively. In order to detect the pathway of B. thuringiensis Cry1Ea11 into Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the nematode was fed with NHS-rhodamine-labeled GST-Cry1Ea11. The results of confocal laser-scanning microscopy showed that the 159-kDa GST-Cry1Ea11 could be detected in the stylet and the esophageal lumen of the pine wood nematode, indicating that GST-Cry1Ea11 could enter into the nematode through the stylet. As far as we know, no Cry1 proteins have been shown to have activity against plant-parasitic nematodes before. These results demonstrate that Cry1Ea11 is a promising nematicidal protein for controlling pine wilt disease rendered by B. xylophilus, further dramatically broadening the spectrum of Bacillus thuringiensis ICPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpei Huang
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Qunxin Lin
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Xiaoli Qian
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Ying Zheng
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Junmin Yao
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Huachuan Wu
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Mengmeng Li
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Xin Jin
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Xiaohong Pan
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Lingling Zhang
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
| | - Xiong Guan
- All authors: State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops & Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and first, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh authors: Fujian-Taiwan Joint Center for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China, 350002
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50
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, McEwan K, Menzel U, Franko MA, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Evaluation of Clonostachys rosea for Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Soil and in Roots of Carrot and Wheat. Phytopathology 2018; 108:52-59. [PMID: 28945522 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-17-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological control is a promising approach to reduce plant diseases caused by nematodes. We tested the effect of the fungus Clonostachys rosea strain IK726 inoculation on nematode community composition in a naturally nematode infested soil in a pot experiment, and the effect of C. rosea on plant health. The numbers of plant-parasitic nematode genera extracted from soil and plant roots decreased by 40 to 73% when C. rosea was applied, while genera of nonparasitic nematodes were not affected. Soil inoculation of C. rosea increased fresh shoot weight and shoot length of wheat plants by 20 and 24%, respectively, while only shoot dry weight increased by 48% in carrots. Light microscopy of in vitro C. rosea-nematode interactions did not reveal evidence of direct parasitism. However, culture filtrates of C. rosea growing in potato dextrose broth, malt extract broth and synthetic nutrient broth exhibited toxicity toward nematodes and immobilized 57, 62, and 100% of the nematodes, respectively, within 48 h. This study demonstrates that C. rosea can control plant-parasitic nematodes and thereby improve plant growth. The most likely mechanism responsible for the antagonism is antibiosis through production of nematicidal compounds, rather than direct parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin McEwan
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Uwe Menzel
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Andersson Franko
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- First, second, fourth, seventh, and eighth authors: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; third and fifth authors: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden; and sixth author: Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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