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De Jesús-Martínez X, Rivero-Pérez N, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, Olivares-Pérez J, Zaragoza-Bastida A, Mendoza-de Gives P, Villa-Mancera A, Olmedo-Juárez A. In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits on Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2024; 262:108777. [PMID: 38735520 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the in vitro anthelmintic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions from Cyrtocarpa procera fruits against Haemonchus contortus eggs and infective larvae. The HA-E was subjected to bipartition using ethyl acetate, which resulted in an aqueous fraction (Aq-F) and an organic fraction (EtOAc-F). The HA-E and both fractions were tested using the egg hatching inhibition assay (EHIA) and the larval mortality test (LMT). Fractionation of the EtOAc-F was achieved using different chromatographic processes, i.e., open glass column and HPLC analysis. Fractionation of the EtOAc-F gave 18 subfractions (C1R1-C1R18), and those that showed the highest yields (C1R15, C1R16, C1R17 and C1R18) were subjected to anthelmintic assays. The HA-E and the EtOAc-F displayed 100% egg hatching inhibition at 3 and 1 mg/mL, respectively, whereas Aq-F exhibited 92.57% EHI at 3 mg/mL. All subfractions tested showed ovicidal effect. Regarding the larval mortality test, HA-E and EtOAc-F exhibited a larvicidal effect higher than 50% at 50 and 30 mg/mL, respectively. The subfractions that showed the highest larval mortality against H. contortus were C1R15 and C1R17, with larval mortalities of 53.57% and 60.23% at 10 mg/mL, respectively. Chemical analysis of these bioactive subfractions (C1R15 and C1R17) revealed the presence of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and ellagic acid. This study shows evidence about the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of C. procera fruits that could make these plant products to be considered as a natural potential anthelmintic agents for controlling haemonchosis in goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xochitl De Jesús-Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Nallely Rivero-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No.1 Col, Centro, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No.1 Col, Centro, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Ciudad Altamirano, Guerreo, Mexico
| | - Adrian Zaragoza-Bastida
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Área Académica de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Rancho Universitario Av. Universidad km 1, Ex-Hda. de Aquetzalpa, Tulancingo, C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, C.P. 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Abel Villa-Mancera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Tecamachalco Puebla, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534/Col. Progreso, Jiutepec, C.P. 62550, Morelos, Mexico.
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Pérez-Anzúrez G, Mendoza-de Gives P, Olmedo-Juárez A, López-Arellano ME, Bautista-García GA, Ocampo-Gutiérrez AY, von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz MÁ, Delgado-Núñez EJ, Paz-Silva A. First Record of Flavocillium subprimulinum (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) in Mexico: Morphological and Molecular Characterisation, Nematocidal Activity of Its Liquid Culture Filtrates against Haemonchus contortus and Protease Activity. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:56. [PMID: 38248965 PMCID: PMC10817658 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This is the first record of the fungus Flavocillium subprimulinum in Mexico. The isolate was taxonomically characterised and cultured in potato dextrose broth (PDB), Czapek-Dox broth (CzDoxB), and sweet potato dextrose broth (SPDB) to obtain its filtrates (FLCF). The nematocidal activity (NA) of three FLCF concentrations was assessed against Haemonchus contortus L3. Protease activity (PA) was assessed with SDS-PAGE, followed by a zymogram. The NA of the FLCF reached 94.43% in PDB and 95.82% in CzDoxB, respectively, at 100 mg/mL. Lower mortality (64%) was found in SPDB at 100 mg/mL. SDS-PAGE showed bands (in PBS) of ~25, ~40, and ~55 kDa. The zymogram showed protein bands (PBs) with PA in the media, including PBs of ~14, ~40, and ~55 kDa. This study establishes the basis for exploring the potential use of this fungus against H. contortus, which is considered the most pathogenic parasite affecting lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pérez-Anzúrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, (INIFAP-SADER), Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (G.P.-A.); (A.O.-J.); (G.A.B.-G.)
- Production Sciences and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, (INIFAP-SADER), Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (G.P.-A.); (A.O.-J.); (G.A.B.-G.)
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, (INIFAP-SADER), Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (G.P.-A.); (A.O.-J.); (G.A.B.-G.)
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, (INIFAP-SADER), Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (G.P.-A.); (A.O.-J.); (G.A.B.-G.)
| | - Génesis Andrea Bautista-García
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, (INIFAP-SADER), Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (G.P.-A.); (A.O.-J.); (G.A.B.-G.)
| | - Ana Yuridia Ocampo-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, (INIFAP-SADER), Jiutepec 62550, Mexico; (G.P.-A.); (A.O.-J.); (G.A.B.-G.)
| | - Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico; (E.v.S.-d.F.); (M.Á.A.-D.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz
- Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico; (E.v.S.-d.F.); (M.Á.A.-D.)
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia 40040, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Paz-Silva
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain;
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Becerril-Gil MMN, Estrada-Flores JG, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A, Endara-Agramont ÁR, Mendoza-de Gives P, López-Arellano ME, Olmedo-Juárez A. Bioactive compounds from the parasitic plant Arceuthobium vaginatum inhibit Haemonchus contortus egg hatching. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 33:e013223. [PMID: 38126572 PMCID: PMC10878698 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro ovicidal activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Arceuthobium vaginatum (EtOAc-E) and their subfractions (AvR5-AvR14) against Haemonchus contortus using the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The EtOAc-E and subfractions were tested at 0.12-2.00 and at 0.015-2.0 mg/mL, respectively. Distilled water and methanol (2%) were used as negative controls and Thiabendazole (0.10 mg/mL) as a positive control. Treatments with a dependent effect on concentration were subjected to regression analysis to determine the effective concentrations (EC50 and EC90). The major secondary compounds present in the extract and subfractions were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The EtOAc-E and AvR9 exhibited the best ovicidal effect recording 97.5 and 100% of EHI at 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc-E and AvR9 displayed an EC50= 0.12 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. The HPLC analysis in the EtOAc-E and bioactive fractions indicated the presence of a polyphenol, glycosylated flavanones, quercetin glucoside, cinnamates, coumarin, cinnamic acid derivative, ferulic acid, coumarate, naringenin, protocatechuic acid and naringin. Results demonstrated that A. vaginatum extract and fraction is able to inhibit the egg hatch process of H. contortus and could be a viable option for the control of small ruminant haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Ángel Rolando Endara-Agramont
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad – CENID SAI-INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad – CENID SAI-INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad – CENID SAI-INIFAP, Jiutepec, Morelos, México
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Jaramillo-Tlalapango J, Mendoza-de Gives P, Isabel-Higuera-Piedrahita R, Ocampo-Gutiérrez AY, Eugenia-López-Arellano M, Pérez-Anzúrez G, Olmedo-Juárez A, Hernández-Romano J, Maza-Lopez J, Delgado-Núñez EJ, González-Cortázar M. Study of a Mexican isolate of Arthrobotrys musiformis (Orbiliales): Predatory behavior and nematocidal activity of liquid culture filtrates against Haemonchus contortus (Trichostrongylidae), protein profile and myco-constituent groups. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1345-1361. [PMID: 37993246 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
A Mexican isolate of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys musiformis was obtained from a soil sample from the Chapultepec ecological reserve zone, in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. This isolate demonstrated an important predatory activity (74.9%) against the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (L3) and its fungal liquid culture filtrates (LCF) grown in two media showed the following highest nematocidal activities (NA): In Czapek-DoxBroth (CzDoxB) 80.66% and potato-dextrose broth (PDB) 49.84%. Additionally, two major compounds derived from carboxylic acids and two derivates from alkane group were identified by GC-MS. These compounds have been associated to many biological activities. On the other hand, the protein profile analysis by SDS-electrophoresis followed by a zymogram revealed a 10 kDa protein with protease activity. This study provides important information for future experiments focused to explore the potential use of this protein as well as the identified bioactive compounds presents in the LCF as potential candidates against sheep haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jaramillo-Tlalapango
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico; Department of Research, Polytechnic University of Morelos State (UPEMOR), Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Colonia Lomas del Texcal, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico.
| | | | - Ana Yuridia Ocampo-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico; Faculty of Advanced Studies Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico.
| | - María Eugenia-López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pérez-Anzúrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Romano
- Department of Research, Polytechnic University of Morelos State (UPEMOR), Boulevard Paseo Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Colonia Lomas del Texcal, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia 40040, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortázar
- South Biochemical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina street No. 1, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
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Mendoza-de Gives P, López-Arellano ME, Olmedo-Juárez A, Higuera-Pierdrahita RI, von Son-de Fernex E. Recent Advances in the Control of Endoparasites in Ruminants from a Sustainable Perspective. Pathogens 2023; 12:1121. [PMID: 37764929 PMCID: PMC10535852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumer awareness of animal welfare and environmental health has led to a plateau level of global consumption putting serious pressure on the livestock industry [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-AGRICULTURA, Jiutepec Municipality 62574, Morelos State, Mexico;
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-AGRICULTURA, Jiutepec Municipality 62574, Morelos State, Mexico;
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-AGRICULTURA, Jiutepec Municipality 62574, Morelos State, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Isabel Higuera-Pierdrahita
- Faculty of High Studies-Cuautitlán (FES-Cuautitlán), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán Municipality 54714, State of Mexico, Mexico;
| | - Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Teaching, Research and Extension in Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre Municipality 93600, State of Veracrúz, Mexico;
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Cortes-Morales JA, Zamilpa A, Salinas-Sánchez DO, González-Cortazar M, Tapia-Maruri D, Gives PMD, Rivas-González JM, Olmedo-Juárez A. In vitro ovicidal effect of p-coumaric acid from Acacia bilimekii aerial parts against Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2023; 320:109971. [PMID: 37331171 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Acacia bilimekii is a plant with a high content of protein, fibre, and condensed tannins, making it an excellent feed for small ruminants with anthelmintic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the ovicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (Ab-HA) and fractions from A. bilimekii aerial parts on Haemonchus contortus. The ovicidal activity of the Ab-HA extract and its fractions obtained by chromatographic fractionation were evaluated through the egg hatching inhibition (EHI) test. The results showed that the Ab-HA extract had 91% EHI at 20,000 µg/mL with a mean effective concentration (EC50) of 9260 µg/mL. After liquid-liquid fractionation of Ab-HA extract, the aqueous fraction (Ab-Aq) did not show ovicidal activity, whereas the organic fraction (Ab-EtOAc) showed a better EHI than the Ab-HA extract (98.9% at 2500 µg/mL). Then, the chemical fractionation of Ab-EtOAc allowed obtaining six bioactive fractions (AbR12-17) with an EHI greater than 90% at 1500 µg/mL. The best treatment was AbR15 (98.7% EHI at 750 µg/mL). Chemical analysis by HPLC-PDA of AbR15 indicated the presence of p-coumaric acid and the flavone luteolin as major compounds. Additionally, the commercial p-coumaric acid standard was evaluated in the EHI assay and showed an EHI of 97% at 62.5 µg/mL. Meanwhile, the confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis demonstrated a colocalization effect between p-coumaric acid and the H. contortus embryonated eggs. These results indicate that due to their major chemical compounds (including p-coumaric acid), the aerial parts of the plant A. bilimekii, could be considered as natural potential tool for controlling haemonchosis in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Cortes-Morales
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Productos Naturales del Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro., C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - David O Salinas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Productos Naturales del Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1. Col. Centro., C.P. 62790 Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Daniel Tapia-Maruri
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, PO Box 24, Yautepec, Morelos C.P. 62730, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 / Col. Progreso., C.P. 62574 Jiutepec, Morelos / A.P. 206-CIVAC, Mexico
| | - Juan M Rivas-González
- Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero. Carretera Galeana, Tequesquitengo s/n, Comunidad El Jicarero, Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID SAI-INIFAP), Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534 / Col. Progreso., C.P. 62574 Jiutepec, Morelos / A.P. 206-CIVAC, Mexico.
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von Son-de Fernex E, Zúñiga-Olivos E, Jiménez-García LF, Mendoza-de Gives P. Anthelmintic-Like Activity and Ultrastructure Changes Produced by Two Polyphenolic Combinations against Cooperia punctata Adult Worms and Infective Larvae. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050744. [PMID: 37242414 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperia punctata is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes affecting cattle under grazing conditions, and the increasing reports of anthelmintic resistance forces researchers to look for novel control measures. Previous reports have proposed the use of polyphenolic compound (PC) combinations (Coumarin:Quercetin (CuQ) and Caffeic-acid:Rutin (CaR)) against free-living stages (L3) of C. punctata. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro motility inhibition of C. punctata adult worms and infective larvae using the Larval Motility Inhibition Assay (LMIA) and Adult Motility Inhibition Assay (AMIA), and to assess the structural and ultrastructural changes induced by both treatments using Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy. For the LMIA, infective larvae were incubated for 3 h in 0.8 mg mL-1 and 0.84 mg mL-1 of CuQ and CaR, respectively. For AMIA, six concentrations and five incubation periods (2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h) were assessed using each PC combination. Cooperia punctata motility was calculated as a percentage and corrected using control motility percentages. A multiple comparisons Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA test was used to compare larval motility; and to fit the dose-response in AMIA, data were analyzed with a non-linear regression four-parameter logistic equation with a variable slope, using the computer program GraphPad Prism® V.9.2.0. Although larval motility was barely affected by both treatments (p > 0.05), adult worm motility was inhibited 100% and 86.9% after 24 h incubation with CuQ and CaR, respectively (p < 0.05). The best fit EC50 for adult worm motility inhibition were 0.073 ± 0.071 mg mL-1 and 0.051 ± 0.164 mg mL-1 for CuQ and CaR, respectively. Main structural and ultrastructural lesions observed in both biological stages were: (i) L3 sheath-cuticle complex disruption, (ii) collagen fibers degradation; (iii) hypodermic detachment, (iv) seam cell apoptosis and (v) mitochondrial swelling. The alterations observed suggest that the PC combinations interfere with the anatomy and physiology of the locomotive apparatus of the nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Teaching, Research and Extension in Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz 93600, Mexico
| | - Estefanía Zúñiga-Olivos
- Teaching, Research and Extension in Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz 93600, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jiménez-García
- Department of Cellular Biology of the Sciences Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior s/n Alcaldía Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico
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8
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Higuera-Piedrahita RI, Dolores-Hernández M, de la Cruz-Cruz HA, López-Arellano R, Gives PMD, Olmedo-Juárez A, Cuéllar-Ordaz JA, González-Cortazar M, Ble-González EA, López-Arellano ME, Zamilpa A. 3'-Demethoxy-6-O-Demethylisoguaiacin and Norisoguaiacin Nematocidal Lignans from Artemisia cina against Haemonchus contortus Infective Larvae. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:820. [PMID: 36840168 PMCID: PMC9962954 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia cina is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine as a remedy for parasitic diseases. This study describes the isolation and chemical characterization of anthelmintic compounds of A. cina against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) through lethal testing. Previously, three extracts-n-hexane (HexAc), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOAc)-were evaluated at concentrations of 4 to 0.5 mg/mL, resulting in the HexAc extract with the greatest effect of 76.6% mortality of the larvae at 4 mg/mL. Then, this was chemically fractioned by polarity, obtaining seven fractions (C1F1-C1F7), and, when evaluated at concentrations from 2 to 0.25 mg/mL, the 2 mg/mL C1F5 fraction produced an effect against the nematode H. contortus of 100% mortality of the larvae. Thus, this fraction was fractionated again by column chromatography, obtaining twelve subfractions (C2F1-C2F12) which were evaluated from 1 to 0.125 mg/mL, with the C2F5 subfraction causing a nematicidal effect of 100% mortality. NMR analysis of one (1H, 13C and DEPT) and two dimensions (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) and mass spectrometry of this fraction allowed us to identify the mixture of 3'-demethoxy-6-O-demethylisoguaiacin and norisoguaiacin. Therefore, it can be assumed that the mixture of these compounds is responsible for the anthelmintic effect. These results indicate that A. cina containing anthelmintic compounds and might be used as an antiparasitic drug against H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Dolores-Hernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | | | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alfredo Cuéllar-Ordaz
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortazar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
| | - Ever A. Ble-González
- División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa Km. 0.5, Cunduacán 86690, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
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9
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García-Hernández C, Rojo-Rubio R, Gives PMD, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A, Mondragón-Ancelmo J, Villa-Mancera A, Olivares-Pérez J, Tapia-Maruri D, Olmedo-Juárez A. In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic properties of Caesalpinia coriaria fruits against Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Olmedo-Juárez A, Jimenez-Chino AL, Bugarin A, Zamilpa A, Gives PMD, Villa-Mancera A, López-Arellano ME, Olivares-Pérez J, Delgado-Núñez EJ, González-Cortazar M. Phenolic Acids and Flavonoids from Pithecellobium dulce (Robx.) Benth Leaves Exhibit Ovicidal Activity against Haemonchus contortus. Plants 2022; 11:plants11192555. [PMID: 36235423 PMCID: PMC9573131 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Pithecellobium dulce (Robx.) Benth is an arboreal legume used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several ailments, including a number of intestinal disorders, and as a natural deworming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ovicidal activity of a hydroalcoholic extract (HA-E) and its fractions (aqueous, Aq-F and organic, EtOAc-F) from P. dulce leaves, as well as subfractions (C1F1–C17) obtained from EtOAc-F against Haemonchus contortus eggs. The HA-E, Aq-F, and EtOAc-F were assessed at 0.03–5.00 mg/mL and subfractions (C1F1–C17) were assessed at 0.06–1.00 mg/mL. The HA-E and Aq-F showed an ovicidal activity close to 100% at 2.5 mg/mL, and EtOAc-F displayed the highest anthelmintic effect (100% at 0.25 mg/mL). Meanwhile, the sub-fractions with the highest ovicidal effect were C1F6, C1F9, C1F10, C1F11, and CIF13. The main compounds identified in the most active fractions (C1F9, C1F11, and C1F13) were kaempferol (1), quercetin (2), coumaric acid (3), ferulic acid (4), luteolin 7-O-rhamnoside (5), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6), and a caffeoyl derivate (NI). The results indicate that P. dulce leaves exhibit a potent anthelmintic activity and contain bioactive compounds able to inhibit egg hatching in H. contortus. Therefore, this plant could be used for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Jimenez-Chino
- Biotechnology Engineering, Polytechnic University of the State of Morelos, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac #566, Col. Lomas del Texcal, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Bugarin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.G.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec CP 62790, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Abel Villa-Mancera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, 4 Sur 304 Col. Centro, Tecamachalco CP 75482, Puebla, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Jiutepec CP 62550, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jaime Olivares-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Altamirano, Km 3.0 Altamirano-Iguala Highway, Colonia Querendita, Altamirano CP 40660, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Iguala CP 40040, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Argentina No. 1, Xochitepec CP 62790, Morelos, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (M.G.-C.)
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11
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Pérez-Anzúrez G, Olmedo-Juárez A, von-Son de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz MÁ, Delgado-Núñez EJ, López-Arellano ME, González-Cortázar M, Zamilpa A, Ocampo-Gutierrez AY, Paz-Silva A, Mendoza-de Gives P. Arthrobotrys musiformis (Orbiliales) Kills Haemonchus contortus Infective Larvae (Trichostronylidae) through Its Predatory Activity and Its Fungal Culture Filtrates. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101068. [PMID: 36297125 PMCID: PMC9609027 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (Hc) is a parasite affecting small ruminants worldwide. Arthrobotrys musiformis (Am) is a nematode-trapping fungi that captures, destroys and feeds on nematodes. This study assessed the predatory activity (PA) and nematocidal activity (NA) of liquid culture filtrates (LCF) of Am against Hc infective larvae (L3), and additionally, the mycochemical profile (MP) was performed. Fungal identification was achieved by traditional and molecular procedures. The PA of Am against HcL3 was performed in water agar plates. Means of non-predated larvae were recorded and compared with a control group without fungi. LCF/HcL3 interaction was performed using micro-tittering plates. Two media, Czapek−Dox broth (CDB) and sweet potato dextrose broth (SPDB) and three concentrations, were assessed. Lectures were performed after 48 h interaction. The means of alive and dead larvae were recorded and compared with proper negative controls. The PA assessment revealed 71.54% larval reduction (p < 0.01). The highest NA of LCF was found in CDB: 93.42, 73.02 and 51.61%, at 100, 50 and 25 mg/mL, respectively (p < 0.05). Alkaloids and saponins were identified in both media; meanwhile, coumarins were only identified in CDB. The NA was only found in CDB, but not in SPDB. Coumarins could be responsible for the NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pérez-Anzúrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
- Production Sciences and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacán CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Elke von-Son de Fernex
- Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre CP 93600, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz
- Tropical Livestock Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Martínez de la Torre CP 93600, Mexico
| | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia CP 40040, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortázar
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec CP 62790, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec CP 62790, Mexico
| | - Ana Yuridia Ocampo-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Paz-Silva
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27142 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos, Jiutepec CP 62550, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-777319-28-50
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12
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Ocampo-Gutiérrez AY, Hernández-Velázquez VM, Zamilpa A, López-Arellano ME, Olmedo-Juárez A, Higuera-Piedrahita RI, Delgado-Núñez EJ, González-Cortázar M, Mendoza-de Gives P. Oxalis tetraphylla (Class: Magnoliopsidae) Possess Flavonoid Phytoconstituents with Nematocidal Activity against Haemonchus contortus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091024. [PMID: 36145456 PMCID: PMC9503173 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematocidal activity of an Oxalis tetraphylla hydroalcoholic extract against the nematode Haemonchus contortus (Hc) was assessed in vitro and the major compounds associated with nematocidal activity were identified. One hydroalcoholic extract was obtained from O. tetraphylla stems and leaves (Ot HE-SLE). The in vitro lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) against both eggs and exsheathed Hc infective larvae (L3) were assessed. Ot HE-SLE showed a potent ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.213 mg/mL; LC90 = 0.71 mg/mL) and larvicidal effect (LC50 = 28.01 mg/mL; LC90 = 69.3 mg/mL). Later on, the extract was bipartitioned to obtain an ethyl acetate phase (EtOAc-Ph) and an aqueous phase (Aq-Ph). Both phases were assessed against Hc eggs at 0.25 and 1.0 mg/mL concentrations. The results with EtOAc-Ph showed 93.6% ovicidal activity, while 96.6% was recorded with Aq-Ph at 48 h post-confrontation (PC). In the case of larvicidal activity, both phases were assessed at 28 mg/mL; Aq-Ph showed >80% larvicidal activity 24 and 72 h PC, while EtOAc-Ph did not show important activity. HPLC analysis showed the presence of coumaric acid and flavonols. Flavonol compounds were the major compounds and were associated with the nematocidal activity. Additionally, the Aq-Ph that showed the highest activity was purified, and the fraction F3 showed the highest nematocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Yuridia Ocampo-Gutiérrez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
- Biological Control Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Hernández-Velázquez
- Biological Control Laboratory, Biotechnology Research Center, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
| | | | - Edgar Jesús Delgado-Núñez
- Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock and Environmental Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Guerrero, Iguala de la Independencia 40040, Mexico
| | - Manasés González-Cortázar
- South Biomedical Research Center, Social Security Mexican Institute (CIBIS-IMSS), Xochitepec 62790, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.G.-C.); (P.M.-d.G.); Tel.: +52-777-361-2155 (M.G.-C.); +52-777-319-2850 (ext. 124) (P.M.-d.G.)
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Laboratory of Helminthology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.G.-C.); (P.M.-d.G.); Tel.: +52-777-361-2155 (M.G.-C.); +52-777-319-2850 (ext. 124) (P.M.-d.G.)
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Gives PMD, Rodríguez-Labastida M, Olmedo-Juárez A, Gamboa-Angulo MM, Reyes-Estebanez M. A Nematode Crude Extract Acts as an Elicitor of the Nematocidal Activity of Nematophagous Fungi Liquid Culture Filtrates Against Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:678-686. [PMID: 35013941 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study was designed to investigate if culturing nematophagous fungi (NF) in the presence of a Haemonchus contortus larva crude extract (HcCE) enhances the nematocidal activity of nematophagous fungi liquid culture filtrates (NFCF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four NF Arthrobotrys oligospora, A. musiformis, Duddingtonia flagrans and Clonostachys rosea were cultured in flasks (n = 5) containing Czapek-Dox broth medium (CDB) in the presence or absence of HcCE. NFCF recovered by filtration of each fungus (200 mg/mL) were assessed on H. contortus infective larvae (L3) using 96-well micro-titer plates (n = 4). Additionally, CDB and water were considered negative controls, while Ivermectin acted as a positive control. After 48 h confrontation, ten 10-μL aliquots of each well were deposited on slides and observed under the microscope (40 ×). Dead and alive larvae in the aliquots were quantified, and a mortality rate (MR) was estimated. RESULTS The MR of the different NFCF was greatly enhanced by the presence of HcCE. The four NF incubated in the absence of HcCE showed low mortality percentages from 8.2 to 25.8%; in contrast, when the assessed NF growth in the presence of HcCE showed a lethal activity ranging from 66.8 to 80.5%. Only C. rosea showed a moderate increase in the presence of the elicitor (42.7%). CONCLUSION This study shows evidence about the HcCE enhances the production of nematocidal activity in NFCF. Future studies should be performed to elucidate the compounds responsible of the nematocidal activity that could have important implications in the control of sheep haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Unidad de Investigación en Helmintología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Boulevar Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Marilem Rodríguez-Labastida
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Unidad de Investigación en Helmintología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Boulevar Paseo Cuauhnahuac No. 8534, Col. Progreso, 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Marcela Gamboa-Angulo
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Manuela Reyes-Estebanez
- Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar S/N Entre Calle 20 y Juan de la Barrera, Col. Buenavista, 24039, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.
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Mendoza-de Gives P. Soil-Borne Nematodes: Impact in Agriculture and Livestock and Sustainable Strategies of Prevention and Control with Special Reference to the Use of Nematode Natural Enemies. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060640. [PMID: 35745494 PMCID: PMC9229181 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne parasitic nematodes cause severe deterioration in the health of crops and supply animals, leading to enormous economic losses in the agriculture and livestock industry worldwide. The traditional strategy to control these parasites has been based on chemically synthesised compounds with parasiticidal activity, e.g., pesticides and anthelmintic drugs, which have shown a negative impact on the environment. These compounds affect the soil’s beneficial microbiota and can also remain as toxic residues in agricultural crops, e.g., fruits and legumes, and in the case of animal products for human consumption, toxic residues can remain in milk, meat, and sub-products derived from the livestock industry. Other alternatives of control with much less negative environmental impact have been studied, and new strategies of control based on the use of natural nematode enemies have been proposed from a sustainable perspective. In this review, a general view of the problem caused by parasitic nematodes affecting the agriculture and livestock industry, traditional methods of control, and new strategies of control based on eco-friendly alternatives are briefly described, with a special focus on a group of natural nematode antagonists that have been recently explored with promising results against plagues of importance for agricultural and livestock production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Innocuity (CENID-SAI), Laboratory of Helminthology, National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP-SADER, Morelos 62550, Mexico
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Reyes-Guerrero DE, Olmedo-Juárez A, Mendoza-de Gives P. Control y prevención de nematodosis en pequeños rumiantes: antecedentes, retos y perspectivas en México. REV MEX CIENC PECU 2021. [DOI: 10.22319/rmcp.v12s3.5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
En esta revisión se presenta un panorama general de las nematodosis en pequeños rumiantes en México; así como los principales problemas que enfrentan los productores para mantener su actividad productiva. Del mismo modo, se muestra información general sobre las nematodosis gastrointestinales y sus efectos en la salud animal y en la productividad. Por otra parte, se analizan los principales retos o desafíos que se enfrenta el sector pecuario para contrarrestar estas importantes enfermedades, haciendo énfasis en las distintas estrategias de control y prevención incluyendo la quimioterapia, resistencia antihelmíntica, manejo del pastoreo, desparasitación selectiva, estrategia nutricional proteica, vacunación, selección de animales genéticamente resistentes a los nematodos, el uso de plantas y compuestos con actividad nematicida; así como los resultados más recientes en cuanto al uso de hongos nematófagos como agentes de control biológico, entre otras herramientas de control. En este trabajo se hace mención a importantes resultados obtenidos en la investigación generada en el Área de Helmintología del CENID-SAI del INIFAP y se plantea como perspectiva el establecimiento de un método integral de control de estas enfermedades a las distintas fases de desarrollo de los parásitos como “blancos” de ataque hacia dónde dirigir las estrategias de control, a los diferentes estadios evolutivos de estos parásitos, con lo que se esperan los mejores resultados contra este grupo de parásitos que tanto afectan a la salud de los rebaños y a la economía de los productores.
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Jiménez-Penago G, González-Garduño R, Martínez-Bolaños L, Maldonado-Siman E, Cruz-Tamayo AA, Mendoza-de Gives P. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Pimienta dioica and Origanum vulgare essential oils on gastrointestinal nematodes from sheep and cattle. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:583-591. [PMID: 34475637 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro nematicide activity of the allspice (Pimienta dioica) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oils (EOs) on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) from ruminant. The EOs were obtained by hydro-distillation of previously dehydrated plant material. In the in vitro evaluation, the egg hatching and larval mobility of Haemonchus contortus and Cooperia spp. of sheep and cattle, respectively, were determined. EOs at concentrations of 20.2-252.3 µg µL-1 with serial dilutions were used, also a negative control (distilled water + Tween 20) and Thiabendazol (77 µg µL-1) and Levamisole (120 µg µL-1) as a positive control to eggs and larvae, respectively, were placed on microplates. The results were analyzed with the PROBIT procedure. PPEO showed ovicidal effect in vitro test, with lethal doses 99 (LD99) of 0.56-4.19 µg µL-1, while oregano essential oil (OREO) was shown to be a larvicidal activity with doses of LD99 of 0.15-6.60 L-1. The results confirm that P. dioica and O. vulgare EOs have ovicidal and larvicidal capacity against GIN in vitro test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Jiménez-Penago
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Teapa, Tabasco México
| | | | | | - Ema Maldonado-Siman
- Posgrado en Producción Animal, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, Estado de México México
| | - Alvar A Cruz-Tamayo
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Parasitología Veterinaria, Instituto Nacional de Investigadores Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Jiutepec, Morelos México
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Ocampo-Gutiérrez AY, Hernández-Velázquez VM, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Cardoso-Taketa A, Zamilpa A, López-Arellano ME, González-Cortázar M, Hernández-Romano J, Reyes-Estebanez M, Mendoza-de Gives P. Morphological and molecular characterization, predatory behaviour and effect of organic extracts of four nematophagous fungi from Mexico. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mendoza-de Gives P, López-Arellano ME, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Olazarán-Jenkins S, Reyes-Guerrero D, Ramírez-Várgas G, Vega-Murillo VE. The nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans reduces the gastrointestinal parasitic nematode larvae population in faeces of orally treated calves maintained under tropical conditions—Dose/response assessment. Vet Parasitol 2018; 263:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz Miguel Á, Valles-de la Mora B, Mendoza-de Gives P, Castillo-Gallegos E, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M. Effect of Gliricidia sepium leaves intake on larval establishment of Cooperia punctata in calves and bio-guided fractionation of bioactive molecules. Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:137-141. [PMID: 29559135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were: 1) to assess the anthelmintic effect of Gliricidia sepium on the establishment of C. punctata third-stage larvae (L3) in calves, and 2) to isolate and to elucidate an anti-exsheathment phytochemical from the plant offered during the trial. Twelve ¾ Holstein × Zebu calves were divided in two experimental groups: control (T1) and treatment (T2) (n = 6). After adaptation, each calf was infected with an oral dose of 400 C. punctata L3/Kg LW. Basal diet consisted of Digitaria decumbens hay (6.27% CP) and commercial concentrate (12% CP). In addition, during the experimental period T2 received fresh G. sepium leaves (26.88% CP) ad libitum. On day 9 post-infection, three calves per treatment were randomly selected for slaughter, and worm counts were performed. Larval establishment rates obtained were 13.44 ± 0.13% and 3.1 ± 1.42% for T1 and T2, respectively (P < .05). The reduction of larval establishment was 76.9%. The total length of worms recovered from the animals was also affected by the intake of G. sepium (P < .05). Phytochemicals present in G. sepium leaves offered to calves were isolated through silica gel columns and elucidated through Magnetic Nuclear Resonance (1H and 13C). Bio-guided isolation procedures lead to the elucidation of Oxytroside (Kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside-7-O-rhamnopyranoside), which fully inhibited the C. punctata exsheathment process (2400 μg mL-1). Gliricidia sepium represents an alternative to prevent severe C. punctata infections by reducing larval establishment in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Ángel Alonso-Díaz Miguel
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Braulio Valles-de la Mora
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitologla Veterinaria, INIFAP, SARH, Km 11.5 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec, A.P. 206 CIVAC, 62500, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Epigmenio Castillo-Gallegos
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS. Argentina1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS. Argentina1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico
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von Son-de Fernex E, Alonso-Díaz MÁ, Valles-de la Mora B, Mendoza-de Gives P, González-Cortazar M, Zamilpa A. Anthelmintic effect of 2H-chromen-2-one isolated from Gliricidia sepium against Cooperia punctata. Exp Parasitol 2017; 178:1-6. [PMID: 28483658 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gliricidia sepium is a tropical legume with known anthelmintic-like properties. The aim of this study was to: (1) perform a bio-guided fractionation of an acetonic extract of G. sepium leaves using the egg hatch assay (EHA); (2) elucidate the anthelmintic (AH)-like phytochemical using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); and (3) assess the ultrastructural damage of the Cooperia punctata treated eggs. The anthelmintic activity of G. sepium was traced from an acetonic extract using the EHA. Phytochemicals were isolated through silica gel columns and elucidated through spectroscopic measurements (1H and 13C). Final fraction was evaluated with EHA at decreasing concentrations of: 1.100; 0.500, 0.250, 0.125, 0.060, 0.001 and 0.00001 mg mL-1. Egg hatching inhibition was calculated using the formula: 100*(1-HT/HC). The maximal half of effective concentration (EC50) was calculated with GraphPad. Bio-guided isolation procedures lead to the elucidation of 2H-chromen-2-one, which inhibited both hatching and embryo development of C. punctata (EC50 of 0.024 ± 0.082 mg mL-1) (P < 0.05). Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy (SEM and TEM) revealed electrodensity alterations and fractures in the eggshell layers. After toxicity evaluations and in vivo assessment, 2H-chromen-2-one can be suggested as a novel AH-phytochemical for reducing larval density in pastures and worm burdens inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke von Son-de Fernex
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Braulio Valles-de la Mora
- Centro de Enseñanza Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitologla Veterinaria, INIFAP, SARH, Km 11.5 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, Jiutepec, A.P. 206 CIVAC, 62500 Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Manases González-Cortazar
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS, Argentina 1, Col. Centro Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica Del Sur, CIBIS, IMSS, Argentina 1, Col. Centro Xochitepec, Morelos, Mexico.
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Acevedo-Ramírez PMDC, Figueroa-Castillo JA, Ulloa-Arvizú R, Martínez-García LG, Guevara-Flores A, Rendón JL, Valero-Coss RO, Mendoza-de Gives P, Quiroz-Romero H. Proteolytic activity of extracellular products from Arthrobotrys musiformis and their effect in vitro against Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000103. [PMID: 26392902 PMCID: PMC4567159 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobotrys musiformis is a nematophagous fungus with potential for the biological control of Haemonchus contortus larvae. This study aimed to identify and demonstrate the proteolytic activity of extracellular products from A musiformis cultured in a liquid medium against H contortus infective larvae. A musiformis was cultured on a solid medium and further grown in a liquid medium, which was then processed through ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The proteolytic activity of the purified fraction was assayed with either gelatin or bovine serum albumin as substrate. Optimum proteolytic activity was observed at pH 8 and a temperature of 37°C. Results obtained with specific inhibitors suggest the enzyme belongs to the serine-dependent protease family. The purified fraction concentrate from A musiformis was tested against H contortus infective larvae. A time-dependent effect was observed with 77 per cent immobility after 48 hours incubation, with alteration of the sheath. It is concluded that Amusiformis is a potential candidate for biological control because of its resistant structures and also because of its excretion of extracellular products such as proteases. The present study contributes to the identification of one of the in vitro mechanisms of action of Amusiformis, namely the extracellular production of proteases against H contortus infective larvae. More investigations should be undertaken into how these products could be used to decrease the nematode population in sheep flocks under field conditions, thereby improving animal health while simultaneously diminishing the human and environmental impact of chemical-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla María Del Carmen Acevedo-Ramírez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Juan Antonio Figueroa-Castillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Raúl Ulloa-Arvizú
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Luz Gisela Martínez-García
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Alberto Guevara-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Juan Luis Rendón
- Facultad de Medicina , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
| | - Rosa Ofelia Valero-Coss
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cenid-Pavet. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla , Jiutepec, Morelos , México
| | - Pedro Mendoza-de Gives
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Cenid-Pavet. Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla , Jiutepec, Morelos , México
| | - Héctor Quiroz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Col. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Coyoacán, Distrito Federal , México
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Muñiz-Lagunes A, González-Garduño R, López-Arellano ME, Ramírez-Valverde R, Ruíz-Flores A, García-Muñiz G, Ramírez-Vargas G, Mendoza-de Gives P, Torres-Hernández G. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes from grazing beef cattle in Campeche State, Mexico. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1049-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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González-Garduño R, Mendoza-de Gives P, Torres-Hernández G. Variability in the fecal egg count and the parasitic burden of hair sheep after grazing in nematode infected paddocks. Pesq Vet Bras 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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