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Guo W, Song Y, Chen H, Li X. Dietary potential of the symbiotic fungus Penicillium herquei for the larvae of a nonsocial fungus-cultivating weevil Euops chinensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0153723. [PMID: 38445862 PMCID: PMC11022562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01537-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect taxa cultivate fungi for food. Compared to well-known fungus cultivation in social insects, our knowledge on fungus cultivation in nonsocial insects is still limited. Here, we studied the nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar, Penicillium herquei, for the larvae of its nonsocial insect farmer, Euops chinensis, a specialist on Japanese knotweed Reynoutria japonica. Overall, fungal hyphae and leaf rolls contained significantly higher carbon (C), stable isotopes of C (δ13C), and nitrogen (δ15N) but significantly lower C/N ratios compared to unrolled leaves, whereas insect bodies contained significantly higher N contents but lower C and C/N ratios compared to other types of samples. The MixSIAR model indicated that fungal hyphae contributed a larger proportion (0.626-0.797) to the diet of E. chinensis larvae than leaf materials. The levels of ergosterol, six essential amino acids, seven nonessential amino acids, and three B vitamins tested in fungal hyphae and/or leaf rolls were significantly higher than in unrolled leaves and/or larvae. The P. herquei genome contains the complete set of genes required for the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the essential amino acids valine and threonine, nine nonessential amino acids, and vitamins B2 and B3, whereas some genes associated with five essential and one nonessential amino acid were lost in the P. herquei genome. These suggest that P. herquei is capable of providing the E. chinensis larvae food with ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins. P. herquei appears to be able to synthesize or concentrate these nutrients considering that they were specifically concentrated in fungal hyphae. IMPORTANCE The cultivation of fungi for food has occurred across divergent insect lineages such as social ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles, as well as some seldom-reported solitary insects. Although the fungal cultivars of these insects have been studied for decades, the dietary potential of fungal cultivars for their hosts (especially for those nonsocial insects) is largely unknown. Our research on the mutualistic system Euops chinensis-Penicillium herquei represents an example of the diverse nutritional potentials of the fungal cultivar P. herquei in the diet of the larvae of its solitary host, E. chinensis. These results demonstrate that P. herquei has the potential to synthesize or concentrate ergosterol, amino acids, and B vitamins and benefits the larvae of E. chinensis. Our findings would shed light on poorly understood fungal cultivation mutualisms in nonsocial insects and underscore the nutritional importance of fungal cultivars in fungal cultivation mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Lab, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yu Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Wuhan Benagen Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Xu L, Hai C, Yan S, Wang S, Du S, Chen H, Yang J, Fu H. Classification of organic and ordinary kiwifruit by chemometrics analysis of elemental fingerprint and stable isotopic ratios. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3447-3456. [PMID: 34289111 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Elemental fingerprint, stable isotopic analysis, and chemometrics were combined to identify organic kiwifruit from ordinarily cultivated kiwifruit. Samples of organic (n1 = 78) and ordinary kiwifruit (n2 = 85) were collected from neighboring areas. For elemental fingerprint, the contents of 15 elements in fresh fruits, including Al, Cr, Mg, Pb, Zn, Ca, Cu, Mn, Se, Cd, Fe, Na, Sr, Co, and K, were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Three stable isotopes, including δ13 C, δ15 N, and δ18 O, were analyzed using an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). Different classification methods including soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM), were used to discriminate the organic and ordinary kiwifruits by fusion of elemental and stable isotopic. As a result, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of SIMCA model were 0.885, 0.857, and 0.864, respectively. PLSDA and LS-SVM obtained 0.950 and 0.983 classification accuracy of organic and ordinary kiwifruits, respectively. It was demonstrated that elemental fingerprint and stable isotopic analysis would provide useful chemical information for the identification of organic fruits, and the capacity of these methods could be enhanced by chemometrics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The classification of kiwifruit usually relies on the label assigned by the merchant, which is prone to deceive consumers. This research has developed an accurate and effective classification method based on stable isotopes and mineral elements for the identification of ordinary kiwifruit and organic kiwifruit, providing a tool for the quality monitoring of organic food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, P.R. China
| | - Chengying Hai
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Simin Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Shijie Du
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, P.R. China
| | - Hengye Chen
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Fu
- The Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center of Ethnic Minority Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Farjalla VF, González AL, Céréghino R, Dézerald O, Marino NAC, Piccoli GCO, Richardson BA, Richardson MJ, Romero GQ, Srivastava DS. Terrestrial support of aquatic food webs depends on light inputs: a geographically-replicated test using tank bromeliads. Ecology 2018; 97:2147-2156. [PMID: 27859200 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Food webs of freshwater ecosystems can be subsidized by allochthonous resources. However, it is still unknown which environmental factors regulate the relative consumption of allochthonous resources in relation to autochthonous resources. Here, we evaluated the importance of allochthonous resources (litterfall) for the aquatic food webs in Neotropical tank bromeliads, a naturally replicated aquatic microcosm. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled in more than 100 bromeliads within either open or shaded habitats and within five geographically distinct sites located in four different countries. Using stable isotope analyses, we determined that allochthonous sources comprised 74% (±17%) of the food resources of aquatic invertebrates. However, the allochthonous contribution to aquatic invertebrates strongly decreased from shaded to open habitats, as light incidence increased in the tanks. The density of detritus in the tanks had no impact on the importance of allochthonous sources to aquatic invertebrates. This overall pattern held for all invertebrates, irrespective of the taxonomic or functional group to which they belonged. We concluded that, over a broad geographic range, aquatic food webs of tank bromeliads are mostly allochthonous-based, but the relative importance of allochthonous subsidies decreases when light incidence favors autochthonous primary production. These results suggest that, for other freshwater systems, some of the between-study variation in the importance of allochthonous subsidies may similarly be driven by the relative availability of autochthonous resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius F Farjalla
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, PO Box 68020, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Angélica L González
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Biology Department and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Camden, New Jersey, 08103, USA
| | - Régis Céréghino
- Ecolab (UMR-CNRS 5245), Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Dézerald
- CNRS, Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (UMR-CNRS 8172), Campus Agronomique, F-97379, Kourou Cedex, France
| | - Nicholas A C Marino
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, PO Box 68020, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C O Piccoli
- Graduate Program in Animal Biology, IBILCE, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara A Richardson
- 165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, UK.,Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, USA
| | - Michael J Richardson
- 165 Braid Road, Edinburgh, EH10 6JE, UK.,Luquillo LTER, Institute for Tropical Ecosystem Studies, College of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, P.O. Box 70377, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936-8377, USA
| | - Gustavo Q Romero
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), PO Box 6109, Campinas-SP, CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Jasper JP, Zhang F, Poe RB, Linhardt RJ. Stable isotopic analysis of porcine, bovine, and ovine heparins. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:457-63. [PMID: 25186630 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of provenance of heparin is becoming a major concern for the pharmaceutical industry and its regulatory bodies. Batch-specific [carbon (δ(13) C), nitrogen (δ(15) N), oxygen (δ(18) O), sulfur (δ(34) S), and hydrogen (δD)] stable isotopic compositions of five different animal-derived heparins were performed. Measurements readily allowed their differentiation into groups and/or subgroups based on their isotopic provenance. Principle component analysis showed that a bivariate plot of δ(13) C and δ(18) O is the best single, bivariate plot that results in the maximum discrimination ability when only two stable isotopes are used to describe the variation in the data set. Stable isotopic analyses revealed that (1) stable isotope measurements on these highly sulfated polysaccharide (molecular weight ∼15 kDa) natural products ("biologics") were feasible; (2) in bivariate plots, the δ(13) C versus δ(18) O plot reveals a well-defined relationship for source differentiation of hogs raised in the United States from hogs raised in Europe and China; (3) the δD versus δ(18) O plot revealed the most well-defined relationship for source differentiation based on the hydrologic environmental isotopes of water (D/H and (18) O/(16) O); and (4) the δ(15) N versus δ(18) O and δ(34) S versus δ(18) O relationships are both very similar, possibly reflecting the food sources used by the different heparin producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Jasper
- Molecular Isotope Technologies LLC, Niantic, Connecticut, 06357
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