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Shamsi W, Mittelstrass J, Ulrich S, Kondo H, Rigling D, Prospero S. Possible Biological Control of Ash Dieback Using the Mycoparasite Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus Mitovirus 2. Phytopathology 2024:PHYTO09230346KC. [PMID: 38114080 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0346-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal diseases represent a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. As the application of fungicides is often unfeasible and not a sustainable solution, only a few other control options are available, including biological control. In this context, the use of parasitic mycoviruses as biocontrol agents of fungal pathogens has recently gained particular attention. Since the 1990s, the Asian fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been causing lethal ash dieback across Europe. In the present study, we investigated the biocontrol potential of the mitovirus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus mitovirus 2 (HfMV2) previously identified in Japanese populations of the pathogen. HfMV2 could be successfully introduced via co-culturing into 16 of 105 HfMV2-free isolates. Infection with HfMV2 had contrasting effects on fungal growth in vitro, from cryptic to detrimental or beneficial. Virus-infected H. fraxineus isolates whose growth was reduced by HfMV2 showed overall a lower virulence on ash (Fraxinus excelsior) saplings as compared with their isogenic HfMV2-free lines. The results suggest that mycoviruses exist in the native populations of H. fraxineus in Asia that have the potential for biological control of ash dieback in Europe. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajeeha Shamsi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jana Mittelstrass
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sven Ulrich
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Wiley KS, Gregg AM, Fox MM, Lagishetty V, Sandman CA, Jacobs JP, Glynn LM. Contact with caregivers is associated with composition of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome in the first 6 months of life. Am J Biol Anthropol 2024; 183:e24858. [PMID: 37804008 PMCID: PMC10922139 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Little is known about how physical contact at birth and early caregiving environments influence the colonization of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome. We investigated how infant contact with caregivers at birth and within the first 2 weeks of life relates to the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome in a sample of U.S. infants (n = 60). METHODS Skin-to-skin and physical contact with caregivers at birth and early caregiving environments were surveyed at 2 weeks postpartum. Stool samples were collected from infants at 2 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months of age and underwent 16S rRNA sequencing as a proxy for the gastrointestinal microbiome. Associations between early caregiving environments and alpha and beta diversity, and differential abundance of bacteria at the genus level were assessed using PERMANOVA, and negative binomial mixed models in DEseq2. RESULTS Time in physical contact with caregivers explained 10% of variation in beta diversity at 2 weeks' age. The number of caregivers in the first few weeks of life explained 9% of variation in beta diversity at 2 weeks and the number of individuals in physical contact at birth explained 11% of variation in beta diversity at 6 months. Skin-to-skin contact on the day of birth was positively associated with the abundance of eight genera. Infants held for by more individuals had greater abundance of eight genera. DISCUSSION Results reveal a potential mechanism (skin-to-skin and physical contact) by which caregivers influence the infant gastrointestinal microbiome. Our findings contribute to work exploring the social transmission of microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Wiley
- Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew M Gregg
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Molly M Fox
- Department of Anthropology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Laura M Glynn
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
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Morgan CE, Ngimbi P, Boisson-Walsh AJN, Ntambua S, Matondo J, Tabala M, Kashamuka MM, Emch M, Edwards JK, Powers KA, James L, Mbonze N, Mampunza S, Yotebieng M, Thompson P, Parr JB. Hepatitis B Virus Prevalence and Transmission in the Households of Pregnant Women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae150. [PMID: 38623568 PMCID: PMC11017325 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization Africa region has high regional hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence, and evidence suggests more frequent horizontal HBV transmission than other regions. Context-specific epidemiological studies are needed to inform additional HBV prevention measures. Methods In the cross-sectional Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B (HOVER-HBV) study, we introduced HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) screening alongside existing HIV screening as part of routine antenatal care in high-volume maternity clinics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. We recruited households of pregnant women ("index mothers") who were HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative, defining households as index-positive and index-negative, respectively. Household members underwent HBsAg testing and an epidemiological survey. We evaluated HBsAg prevalence and potential transmission correlates. Results We enrolled 1006 participants from 200 households (100 index-positive, 100 index-negative) across Kinshasa. HBsAg-positivity prevalence was more than twice as high in index-positive households (5.0% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.8%-7.1%]) as in index-negative households (1.9% [95% CI, .6%-3.2%]). HBsAg-positivity prevalence was 3.3 (95% CI, .9-11.8) times as high among direct offspring in index-positive versus index-negative households. Factors associated with HBsAg positivity included older age, marriage, and having multiple recent partners or any new sexual partners among index mothers; and older age, lower household wealth, sharing nail clippers, and using street salons among offspring in index-positive households. Conclusions Vertical and horizontal HBV transmission within households is ongoing in Kinshasa. Factors associated with infection reveal opportunities for HBV prevention efforts, including perinatal prevention, protection during sexual contact, and sanitation of shared personal items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Morgan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick Ngimbi
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alix J N Boisson-Walsh
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah Ntambua
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jolie Matondo
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Martine Tabala
- L‘École de Santé Publique, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Michael Emch
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessie K Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kimberly A Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda James
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nana Mbonze
- L‘École de Santé Publique, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Samuel Mampunza
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marcel Yotebieng
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Peyton Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Wei X, Zhu J, Hoffmann AA, Jia J, Xiao M, Duan F, Zhang Y, Zhong H, Ge J, Yu W, Zhang L, Jiang W. Wolbachia infection status and molecular diversity in the species of tribe Tagiadini Mabille, 1878 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) collected in China. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11279. [PMID: 38633519 PMCID: PMC11021859 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia, one of the most ubiquitous heritable symbionts in lepidopteran insects, can cause mitochondrial introgression in related host species. We recently found mito-nuclear discordance in the Lepidopteran tribe Tagiadini Mabille 1878 from which Wolbachia has not been reported. In this study, we found that 13 of the 46 species of Tagiadini species tested were positive for Wolbachia. Overall, 14% (15/110) of Tagiadini specimens were infected with Wolbachia and nine new STs were found from 15 isolates. A co-phylogenetic comparison, divergence time estimation and Wolbachia recombination analysis revealed that mito-nuclear discordance in Tagiadini species is not mediated by Wolbachia, but Wolbachia acquisition in Tagiadini appears to have occurred mainly through horizontal transmission rather than codivergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wei
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | | | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jiqin Jia
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mengqi Xiao
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Feiyu Duan
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yimin Zhang
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huimin Zhong
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Shanghai No. 3 Girl's High SchoolShanghaiChina
| | - Weidong Yu
- College of Continuing EducationShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Weibin Jiang
- College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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Shi PQ, Wang L, Chen XY, Wang K, Wu QJ, Turlings TCJ, Zhang PJ, Qiu BL. Rickettsia transmission from whitefly to plants benefits herbivore insects but is detrimental to fungal and viral pathogens. mBio 2024; 15:e0244823. [PMID: 38315036 PMCID: PMC10936170 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02448-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endosymbionts play important roles in the life histories of herbivorous insects by impacting their development, survival, reproduction, and stress tolerance. How endosymbionts may affect the interactions between plants and insect herbivores is still largely unclear. Here, we show that endosymbiotic Rickettsia belli can provide mutual benefits also outside of their hosts when the sap-sucking whitefly Bemisia tabaci transmits them to plants. This transmission facilitates the spread of Rickettsia but is shown to also enhance the performance of the whitefly and co-infesting caterpillars. In contrast, Rickettsia infection enhanced plant resistance to several pathogens. Inside the plants, Rickettsia triggers the expression of salicylic acid-related genes and the two pathogen-resistance genes TGA 2.1 and VRP, whereas they repressed genes of the jasmonic acid pathway. Performance experiments using wild type and mutant tomato plants confirmed that Rickettsia enhances the plants' suitability for insect herbivores but makes them more resistant to fungal and viral pathogens. Our results imply that endosymbiotic Rickettsia of phloem-feeding insects affects plant defenses in a manner that facilitates their spread and transmission. This novel insight into how insects can exploit endosymbionts to manipulate plant defenses also opens possibilities to interfere with their ability to do so as a crop protection strategy. IMPORTANCE Most insects are associated with symbiotic bacteria in nature. These symbionts play important roles in the life histories of herbivorous insects by impacting their development, survival, reproduction as well as stress tolerance. Rickettsia is one important symbiont to the agricultural pest whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Here, for the first time, we revealed that the persistence of Rickettsia symbionts in tomato leaves significantly changed the defense pattern of tomato plants. These changes benefit both sap-feeding and leaf-chewing herbivore insects, such as increasing the fecundity of whitefly adults, enhancing the growth and development of the noctuid Spodoptera litura, but reducing the pathogenicity of Verticillium fungi and TYLCV virus to tomato plants distinctively. Our study unraveled a new horizon for the multiple interaction theories among plant-insect-bacterial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Qiong Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Biotechnology for Active Substances, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Biotechnology for Active Substances, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Yi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Biotechnology for Active Substances, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing-Jun Wu
- Institute of Vegetables & Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- FARCE Laboratory, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Peng-Jun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Huangzhou, China
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Engineering Research Center of Biotechnology for Active Substances, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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El-Dougdoug NK, Magistrado D, Short SM. An obligate microsporidian parasite modulates defense against opportunistic bacterial infection in the yellow fever mosquito , Aedes aegypti. mSphere 2024; 9:e0067823. [PMID: 38323845 PMCID: PMC10900900 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00678-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to transmit vertebrate pathogens depends on multiple factors, including the mosquitoes' life history traits, immune response, and microbiota (i.e., the microbes associated with the mosquito throughout its life). The microsporidium Edhazardia aedis is an obligate intracellular parasite that specifically infects Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and severely affects mosquito survival and other life history traits critical for pathogen transmission. In this work, we investigated how E. aedis impacts bacterial infection with Serratia marcescens in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. We measured development, survival, and bacterial load in both larval and adult stages of mosquitoes. In larvae, E. aedis exposure was either horizontal or vertical and S. marcescens was introduced orally. Regardless of the route of transmission, E. aedis exposure resulted in significantly higher S. marcescens loads in larvae. E. aedis exposure also significantly reduced larval survival but subsequent exposure to S. marcescens had no effect. In adult females, E. aedis exposure was only horizontal and S. marcescens was introduced orally or via intrathoracic injection. In both cases, E. aedis infection significantly increased S. marcescens bacterial loads in adult female mosquitoes. In addition, females infected with E. aedis and subsequently injected with S. marcescens suffered 100% mortality which corresponded with a rapid increase in bacterial load. These findings suggest that exposure to E. aedis can influence the establishment and/or replication of other microbes in the mosquito. This has implications for understanding the ecology of mosquito immune defense and potentially disease transmission by mosquito vector species. IMPORTANCE The microsporidium Edhazardia aedis is a parasite of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. This mosquito transmits multiple viruses to humans in the United States and around the world, including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide will become infected with one of these viruses each year. E. aedis infection significantly reduces the lifespan of Ae. aegypti and is therefore a promising novel biocontrol agent. Here, we show that when the mosquito is infected with this parasite, it is also significantly more susceptible to infection by an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens. This novel discovery suggests the mosquito's ability to control infection by other microbes is impacted by the presence of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha K El-Dougdoug
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Dom Magistrado
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah M Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Ogata S, Hayashi N, Eshita Y, Nagasawa Y, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Experimental demonstration of the transmission of Spiroplasma between different arthropod taxa. J Med Entomol 2024:tjae020. [PMID: 38381589 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Spiroplasma (Mycoplasmatales: Spiroplasmataceae) is one of the most widely distributed symbionts of arthropods. Spiroplasma species can infect their hosts via vertical or horizontal transmission. However, the mode of transmission of Spiroplasma between different arthropod taxa has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the potential for the transmission of Spiroplasma to non-native arthropod species, using 2 Spiroplasma spp. isolated from ticks, namely Spiroplasma ixodetis and Spiroplasma mirum, and 3 species of mosquito laboratory colonies, namely Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). After feeding the adult mosquitoes with Spiroplasma-containing artificial meals, they were kept at 25 °C for 10 days. Homogenates prepared from Spiroplasma-fed mosquitoes were used to re-isolate Spiroplasma using the in vitro culture method. Nine weeks after culture initiation, the presence of Spiroplasma was tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results revealed that only S. ixodetis was detected from all 3 species of mosquitoes and re-isolated from 2 of them. The differences in the infection ability of different Spirolasma species could be attributed to several factors, including environmental effects. Nevertheless, this is the first experimental demonstration of Spiroplasma transmission among different arthropod taxa. Further studies are needed to elucidate the evolutionary mechanism that supports the survival of Spiroplasma in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Ogata
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapeutics, Faculty of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Eshita
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuha Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Xu Y, Wang J. The Vector Competence of Asian Longhorned Ticks in Langat Virus Transmission. Viruses 2024; 16:304. [PMID: 38400079 PMCID: PMC10893034 DOI: 10.3390/v16020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis (the longhorned tick), the predominant tick species in China, serves as a vector for a variety of pathogens, and is capable of transmitting the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis. However, it is unclear how these ticks transmit TBEV. Langat virus (LGTV), which has a reduced pathogenicity in humans, has been used as a surrogate for TBEV. In this study, we aimed to investigate the vector competence of H. longicornis to transmit LGTV and demonstrate the efficient acquisition and transmission of LGTV between this tick species and mice. LGTV localization was detected in several tick tissues, such as the midgut, salivary glands, and synganglion, using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining with a polyclonal antibody targeting the LGTV envelope protein. We demonstrated the horizontal transmission of LGTV to different developmental stages within the same generation but did not see evidence of vertical transmission. It was interesting to note that we observed mice acting as a bridge, facilitating the transmission of LGTV to neighboring naïve ticks during blood feeding. In conclusion, the virus-vector-host model employed in this study provides valuable insights into the replication and transmission of LGTV throughout its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China;
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Chang X, Xue S, Li R, Zhang Y. Episyrphus balteatus symbiont variation across developmental stages, living states, two sexes, and potential horizontal transmission from prey or environment. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1308393. [PMID: 38249471 PMCID: PMC10797133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1308393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Episyrphus balteatus is one representative Syrphidae insect which can provide extensive pollination and pest control services. To date, the symbiont composition and potential acquisition approaches in Syrphidae remain unclear. Methods Herein, we investigated microbiota dynamics across developmental stages, different living states, and two sexes in E. balteatus via full-length 16S rRNA genes sequencing, followed by an attempt to explore the possibility of symbiont transmission from prey Megoura crassicauda to the hoverfly. Results Overall, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant bacteria phyla with fluctuating relative abundances across the life stage. Cosenzaea myxofaciens is dominant in adulthood, while Enterococcus silesiacus and Morganella morganii dominate in larvae and pupae of E. balteatus, respectively. Unexpectedly, Serratia symbiotica, one facultative endosymbiont commonly harbored in aphids, was one of the predominant bacteria in larvae of E. balteatus, just behind Enterococcus silesiacus. In addition, S. symbiotica was also surprisingly most dominated in M. crassicauda aphids (92.1% relative abundance), which are significantly higher than Buchnera aphidicola (4.7% relative abundance), the primary obligate symbiont of most aphid species. Approximately 25% mortality was observed among newly emerged adults, of which microbiota was also disordered, similar to normally dying individuals. Sexually biased symbionts and 41 bacteria species with pairwise co-occurrence in E. balteatus and 23 biomarker species for each group were identified eventually. Functional prediction showed symbionts of hoverflies and aphids, both mainly focusing on metabolic pathways. In brief, we comprehensively explored the microbiome in one Syrphidae hoverfly using E. balteatus reared indoors on M. morganii as the model, revealed its dominated symbiont species, identified sexually biased symbionts, and found an aphid facultative endosymbiont inhabited in the hoverfly. We also found that the dominated symbiotic bacteria in M. crassicauda are S. symbiotica other than Buchnera aphidicola. Discussion Taken together, this study provides new valuable resources about symbionts in hoverflies and prey aphids jointly, which will benefit further exploring the potential roles of microbiota in E. balteatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Anyang, Henan, China
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Inte-grated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
- Taihang Mountain Forest Pests Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Linzhou, China
| | - Shuang Xue
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Inte-grated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
- Taihang Mountain Forest Pests Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Linzhou, China
| | - Ruimin Li
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Inte-grated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
- Taihang Mountain Forest Pests Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Linzhou, China
| | - Yuanchen Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Inte-grated Utilization, Anyang, Henan, China
- Taihang Mountain Forest Pests Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Linzhou, China
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10
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Blanquer A, Rivas F, Gérardy M, Sarlet M, Moula N, Ziegler U, Groschup MH, Desmecht D, Marichal T, Garigliany M. Evaluation of Non-Vector Transmission of Usutu Virus in Domestic Canaries ( Serinus canaria). Viruses 2024; 16:79. [PMID: 38257779 PMCID: PMC10819963 DOI: 10.3390/v16010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus transmitted to avian species through mosquito bites that causes mass mortalities in wild and captive bird populations. However, several cases of positive dead birds have been recorded during the winter, a vector-free period. To explain how USUV "overwinters", the main hypothesis is bird-to-bird transmission, as shown for the closely related West Nile virus. To address this question, we experimentally challenged canaries with intranasal inoculation of USUV, which led to systemic dissemination of the virus, provided the inoculated dose was sufficient (>102 TCID50). We also highlighted the oronasal excretion of infectious viral particles in infected birds. Next, we co-housed infected birds with naive sentinels, to determine whether onward transmission could be reproduced experimentally. We failed to detect such transmission but demonstrated horizontal transmission by transferring sputum from an infected to a naive canary. In addition, we evaluated the cellular tropism of respiratory mucosa to USUV in vitro using a canary tracheal explant and observed only limited evidence of viral replication. Further research is then needed to assess if and how comparable bird-to-bird transmission occurs in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Blanquer
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.B.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Felipe Rivas
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.B.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Mazarine Gérardy
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.B.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Michaël Sarlet
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.B.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Nassim Moula
- Animal Resources Veterinary Management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, GIGA Research (AFT), Sart Tilman B23B, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Ute Ziegler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (U.Z.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (U.Z.); (M.H.G.)
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.B.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B42, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.B.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (M.S.); (D.D.)
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11
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Mazel F, Guisan A, Parfrey LW. Transmission mode and dispersal traits correlate with host specificity in mammalian gut microbes. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e16862. [PMID: 36786039 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Different host species associate with distinct gut microbes in mammals, a pattern sometimes referred to as phylosymbiosis. However, the processes shaping this host specificity are not well understood. One model proposes that barriers to microbial transmission promote specificity by limiting microbial dispersal between hosts. This model predicts that specificity levels measured across microbes is correlated to transmission mode (vertical vs. horizontal) and individual dispersal traits. Here, we leverage two large publicly available gut microbiota data sets (1490 samples from 195 host species) to test this prediction. We found that host specificity varies widely across bacteria (i.e., there are generalist and specialist bacteria) and depends on transmission mode and dispersal ability. Horizontally-like transmitted bacteria equipped with traits that facilitate switches between host (e.g., tolerance to oxygen) were found to be less specific (more generalist) than microbes without those traits, for example, vertically-like inherited bacteria that are intolerant to oxygen. Altogether, our findings are compatible with a model in which limited microbial dispersal abilities foster host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Mazel
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Wegener Parfrey
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Magnasco L, Mikulska M, Sepulcri C, Ullah N, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Di Pilato V, Willison E, Orsi A, Icardi G, Marchese A, Bassetti M. Frequency of Detection of Candida auris Colonization Outside a Highly Endemic Setting: What Is the Optimal Strategy for Screening of Carriage? J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:26. [PMID: 38248936 PMCID: PMC10817263 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris outbreaks are increasingly frequent worldwide. In our 1000-bed hospital, an endemic transmission of C. auris was established in two of five intensive care units (ICUs). Aims of our study were to describe the occurrence of new cases of C. auris colonization and infection outside the endemic ICUs, in order to add evidence for future policies on screening in patients discharged as negative from an endemic setting, as well as to propose a new algorithm for screening of such high-risk patients. From 26 March 2021 to 26 January 2023, among 392 patients who were diagnosed as colonized or infected with C. auris in our hospital, 84 (21.4%) received the first diagnosis of colonization or infection outside the endemic ICUs. A total of 68 patients out of 84 (81.0%) had a history of prior admission to the endemic ICUs. All were screened and tested negative during their ICU stay with a median time from last screening to discharge of 3 days. In 57/68 (83.8%) of patients, C. auris was detected through screening performed after ICU discharge, and 90% had C. auris colonization detected within 9 days from ICU discharge. In 13 cases (13/57 screened, 22.8%), the first post-ICU discharge screening was negative. In those not screened, candidemia was the most frequent event of the first C. auris detection (6/11 patients not screened). In settings where the transmission of C. auris is limited to certain wards, we suggest screening both at discharge from the endemic ward(s) even in case of a recent negative result, and at least twice after admission to nonendemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Magnasco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (D.R.G.); (A.V.); (M.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (D.R.G.); (A.V.); (M.B.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
| | - Chiara Sepulcri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
| | - Nadir Ullah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (D.R.G.); (A.V.); (M.B.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
| | - Antonio Vena
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (D.R.G.); (A.V.); (M.B.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Pilato
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.D.P.); (A.M.)
- Microbiology Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Edward Willison
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.D.P.); (A.M.)
- Microbiology Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Marchese
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (V.D.P.); (A.M.)
- Microbiology Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (L.M.); (D.R.G.); (A.V.); (M.B.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (C.S.); (N.U.); (A.O.); (G.I.)
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13
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Shropshire JD, Conner WR, Vanderpool D, Hoffmann AA, Turelli M, Cooper BS. Rapid turnover of pathogen-blocking Wolbachia and their incompatibility loci. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.04.569981. [PMID: 38105949 PMCID: PMC10723362 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
At least half of all insect species carry maternally inherited Wolbachia alphaproteobacteria, making Wolbachia the most common endosymbionts in nature. Wolbachia spread to high frequencies is often due to cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), a Wolbachia-induced sperm modification that kills embryos without Wolbachia. Several CI-causing Wolbachia variants, including wMel from Drosophila melanogaster, also block viruses. Establishing pathogen-blocking wMel in natural Aedes aegypti mosquito populations has reduced dengue disease incidence, with one study reporting about 85% reduction when wMel frequency is high. However, wMel transinfection establishment is challenging in many environments, highlighting the importance of identifying CI-causing Wolbachia variants that stably persist in diverse hosts and habitats. We demonstrate that wMel-like variants have naturally established in widely distributed holometabolous dipteran and hymenopteran insects that diverged approximately 350 million years ago, with wMel variants spreading rapidly among these hosts over only the last 100,000 years. Wolbachia genomes contain prophages that encode CI-causing operons (cifs). These cifs move among Wolbachia genomes - with and without prophages - even more rapidly than Wolbachia move among insect hosts. Our results shed light on how rapid host switching and horizontal gene transfer contribute to Wolbachia and cif diversity in nature. The diverse wMel variants we report here from hosts present in different climates offer many new options for broadening Wolbachia-based biocontrol of diseases and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dylan Shropshire
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William R. Conner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, Bio21 Institute and the School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael Turelli
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brandon S. Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Morgan CE, Ngimbi P, Boisson-Walsh AJ, Ntambua S, Matondo J, Tabala M, Kashamuka MM, Emch M, Edwards JK, Powers KA, James L, Mbonze N, Mampunza S, Yotebieng M, Thompson P, Parr JB. Hepatitis B virus prevalence and transmission in the households of pregnant women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. medRxiv 2023:2023.11.27.23298863. [PMID: 38076826 PMCID: PMC10705650 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.23298863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite routine infant vaccination and blood donor screening, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has high hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence compared to the United States and Europe. Through the cross-sectional Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B (HOVER-HBV) study, we characterized household prevalence in DRC's capital, Kinshasa, to inform additional prevention efforts. Methods We introduced HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) screening alongside existing HIV screening as part of routine antenatal care (ANC) in high-volume maternity clinics in Kinshasa. We recruited households of pregnant women who were HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-negative, defining households as "exposed" and "unexposed," respectively. Household members underwent HBsAg testing and an epidemiological survey. We evaluated HBsAg prevalence and potential transmission correlates. Results We enrolled 1,006 participants from 200 households (100 exposed, 100 unexposed) across Kinshasa. HBsAg prevalence was more than twice as high in exposed households (5.0%; 95% CI: 2.8%-7.1%) as in unexposed households (1.9%; 0.6%-3.2%). Exposed direct offspring had 3.3 (0.9, 11.8) times the prevalence of unexposed direct offspring. Factors associated with HBsAg-positivity included older age, marriage, and having multiple recent partners or any new sexual partners among index mothers; and older age, lower household wealth, sharing nail clippers, and using street salons among exposed offspring. Conclusions Vertical and horizontal HBV transmission within households is ongoing in Kinshasa. Factors associated with infection reveal opportunities for HBV prevention efforts, including perinatal prevention, protection during sexual contact, and sanitation of shared personal items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille E Morgan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Patrick Ngimbi
- Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alix Jn Boisson-Walsh
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sarah Ntambua
- Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jolie Matondo
- Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Martine Tabala
- Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Michael Emch
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jessie K Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kimberly A Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Linda James
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Nana Mbonze
- Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Samuel Mampunza
- Université Protestante du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marcel Yotebieng
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Peyton Thompson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan B Parr
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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15
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Du XY, Zhang PF, Gong SR, Liang YS, Huang YH, Li HS, Pang H. Discovery of a novel circulation route of free-living Serratiasymbiotica mediated by predatory ladybird beetles. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad133. [PMID: 37852673 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Horizontal transmission of bacteria to varied hosts can maintain and even expand microbial niches. We previously found that the aphid gut bacterium Serratia symbiotica strain SsMj can be transmitted to ladybird beetles via predation, but whether the predator is a new host, a reservoir or a dead end of this bacterium is unknown. This study aims to provide a clear picture of SsMj circulation from aphids to plants and predators. We first found that SsMj in aphids and ladybirds was abundantly distributed not only in digestive tracts but also in droppings. We found no evidence for vertical transmission of SsMj to aphid offspring. Instead, we showed that it could be transmitted to conspecific aphids by sharing the same plant or contacting honeydews. The key finding of this study is that SsMj was transmitted from aphids to ladybirds through predation, while ladybirds could also transfer SsMj back to aphids, possibly through feces. Together, this evidence suggests that SsMj is able to survive in the digestive tracts and droppings of insects and to expand its host range with plants and predators as reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Pei-Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sen-Rui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan-Sen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao-Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hong Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences / School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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16
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Wardhani SW, Tummaruk P, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S. Quantification of domestic cat hepadnavirus DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats: the potential viral shedding routes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1248445. [PMID: 37732146 PMCID: PMC10507184 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1248445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH) belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family together with human hepatitis B virus (HBV) that remains to be a major health problem worldwide. The transmission of HBV infectious virion has been one of the essential factors that contribute to high number of HBV infection in humans. It has been long known that various body fluid specimens of human with chronic HBV infection contain HBV DNA and demonstrated to be infectious. In contrast to this knowledge, the detection of DCH in various body fluid specimens of cats, has not been reported. This study explored the detection of DCH DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and investigated whether the detection of DCH DNA from broader routes was correlated with any genomic diversity by phylogenetic analysis. A total of 1,209 body fluid specimens were included, and DCH DNA was detected not only in 4.70% (25/532) of blood samples; but also in 12.5% (1/8), 1.14% (1/88), 2.54% (10/394), and 1.65% (3/182) of auricular swab (AS), nasal swab (NS), oral swab (OS), and rectal swab (RS) specimens, respectively. Furthermore, the level of DCH DNA detected in the blood was significantly correlated with DCH DNA detection in OS (P = 0.02) and RS (P = 0.04) specimens. Genomic analysis revealed that there was no notable genomic diversity within the complete genome sequences obtained in this study. In conclusion, this study highlighted the presence of DCH DNA in various body fluid specimens of cats, and the potential role of these specimens in DCH horizontal transmission within the cat population warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wahyu Wardhani
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Padet Tummaruk
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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17
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Liu GL, Zhang H, Zhu LL, Liu XD, Liu YJ, Chen YH, Liu L, Hu Y. Synthesis and anti-parasites efficacy of coumarin derivatives against Dactylogyrus intermedius. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:967-976. [PMID: 37329523 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dactylogyrus is one of the most common parasitic diseases in fish and causes huge losses to the aquaculture industry. With the advantages of safety, low toxicity and easy degradation, plant-derived drugs are ideal for the creation of green aquatic ingredients. The use of plant-derived drugs in aquaculture is limited by their low content and high processing costs, which is a challenge that can be solved by the chemical synthesis of plant-derived drugs. Eleven new coumarin derivatives were synthesized and assessed for their anthelmintic activity in this study. Among them, the derivative 7-((1-tosyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (N11) has good anthelmintic activity and its mean anthelmintic efficacy against D. intermedius at a concentration of 10 μM reached 99.84%, which is even better than the anthelmintic activity of the positive control mebendazole. Further studies showed that N11 had concentration values of 3.31 and 1.94 μM for 50% maximal effect (EC50 ) against D. intermedius at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy revealed that N11 caused damage to D. intermedius. What is more noteworthy is that a substantial reduction in the ATP content of the parasite was observed following in vitro and in vivo administration of N11. Moreover, it was also found that N11 was able to inhibit the horizontal transmission of D. intermedius. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR analysis was utilized to determine the expression profile of genes associated with anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β and IL-4) in goldfish. In all examined organs, it was observed that the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines increased subsequent to treatment with N11, according to the results. Thus, these results all suggest that N11 possesses good anthelmintic activity and is a potentially effective agent for the control of D. intermedius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Lu Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Development and Application for Aquatic Disease Control, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Development and Application, Zhoukou, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Development and Application for Aquatic Disease Control, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Development and Application, Zhoukou, China
| | - Li-Li Zhu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Development and Application for Aquatic Disease Control, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Development and Application, Zhoukou, China
| | - Xu-Dong Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Development and Application for Aquatic Disease Control, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Development and Application, Zhoukou, China
| | - Yan-Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Development and Application for Aquatic Disease Control, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Development and Application, Zhoukou, China
| | - Ya-Hong Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Institute of Medicinal Development and Application for Aquatic Disease Control, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, China
- Zhoukou Key Laboratory of Small Molecule Drug Development and Application, Zhoukou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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18
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Noh S, Larson ER, Covitz RM, Chen A, Mazumder PR, Peck RF, Hamilton MC, Dettmann RA. Facultative symbiont virulence determines horizontal transmission rate without host strain specificity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.16.528903. [PMID: 36824889 PMCID: PMC9949114 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.16.528903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
In facultative symbioses, only a fraction of hosts are associated with a symbiont. Understanding why specific host and symbiont strains are associated can inform us of the evolutionary forces affecting facultative symbioses. Possibilities include ongoing host-symbiont coevolution driven by reciprocal selection, or priority effects that are neutral in respect to the host-symbiont interaction. We hypothesized that ongoing host-symbiont coevolution would lead to higher fitness estimates for naturally co-occurring (native) host and symbiont combinations compared to nonnative combinations. We used the Dictyostelium discoideum - Paraburkholderia bonniea system to test this hypothesis. P. bonniea features a reduced genome size relative to another Paraburkholderia symbiont of D. discoideum, indicating a significant history of coevolution with its host. Facultative symbionts may experience continued genome reduction if coevolution is ongoing, or their genome size may have reached a stable state if the symbiosis has also stabilized. Our work demonstrates that ongoing coevolution is unlikely for D. discoideum and P. bonniea. The system instead represents a stable facultative symbiosis. Specifically associated host and symbiont strains in this system are the result of priority effects, and presently unassociated hosts are simply uncolonized. We find evidence for a virulence-transmission trade-off without host strain specificity, and identify candidate virulence factors in the genomes of P. bonniea strains that may contribute to variation in benevolence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suegene Noh
- Biology Department, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
| | | | - Rachel M. Covitz
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Chen
- Biology Department, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
| | | | - Ron F. Peck
- Biology Department, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, USA
| | - Marisa C. Hamilton
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert A. Dettmann
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Charlier C, Noel C, Hafner L, Moura A, Mathiaud C, Pitsch A, Meziane C, Jolly-Sanchez L, de Pontfarcy A, Diamantis S, Bracq-Dieye H, Disson O, Thouvenot P, Valès G, Tessaud-Rita N, Tourdjman M, Leclercq A, Lecuit M. Fatal neonatal listeriosis following L. monocytogenes horizontal transmission highlights neonatal susceptibility to orally acquired listeriosis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101094. [PMID: 37385252 PMCID: PMC10394164 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of fulminant fatal neonatal listeriosis due to horizontal transmission of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) in a neonatal double room. Genomic analyses reveal a close genetic relationship between clinical isolates, supporting cross-contamination. Oral inoculation experiments in adult and neonatal mice show that neonates are susceptible to a low Lm inoculum and that this susceptibility results from the immaturity of the neonatal gut microbiota. Infected neonates should therefore be isolated for as long as they shed Lm in their feces to avoid horizontal transmission and its dire consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Charlier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France; Cochin University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Coralie Noel
- Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile-de-France, 77000 Melun, France
| | - Lukas Hafner
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Moura
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Aurélia Pitsch
- Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile-de-France, 77000 Melun, France
| | - Chakib Meziane
- Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile-de-France, 77000 Melun, France
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Bracq-Dieye
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Valès
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Tessaud-Rita
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Alexandre Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, 75015 Paris, France; Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France.
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20
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Zhang Z, Li J, Zhou R, Xu Q, Qu S, Lin H, Wang Y, Li P, Zheng X. Serotyping and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiling of Multidrug-Resistant Non-Typhoidal Salmonella from Farm Animals in Hunan, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1178. [PMID: 37508274 PMCID: PMC10376037 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a foodborne pathogen and a prevalent causative agent for disease outbreaks globally. The Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (S.4,[5],12:i:-) belongs to the monophasic variant of Salmonella typhimurium, which is of current global concern. In this study, the epidemiology and genomic characterization of S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates from 17 livestock farms in Hunan Province between 2019 and 2020, as well as their susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents, were profiled. Twelve Salmonella serotypes were identified using the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme, and whole-genome sequencing analyses were conducted based on these isolates. Overall, 107 Salmonella strains were isolated, of which 73% (78/107) were multidrug resistant. Resistance to tetracycline (85.05%) was found to be the most prevalent, followed by the oqxAB and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes. S. typhimurium (monophasic) 4,[5],12:i:- was the most common serotype, followed by S. typhimurium and S. derby. Most antimicrobial-resistant strains were isolated from pigs, indicating that they could be important reservoirs of resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella strains. The presence of similar genetic environments in S. 4,[5],12:i:- indicates both vertical and horizontal transmission of resistance plasmids, which may promote the spread of drug resistance genes. Appropriate measures should be taken to curb the prevalence of S. 4,[5],12:i:-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Rushun Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Institution of Veterinary Drug and Feed Control, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shiyin Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hongguang Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Pishun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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21
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Zhang X, Hu H, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, You L, Wang J, Liu Y, Cheng X. Oyster Mushroom Spherical Virus Crosses the Species Barrier and Is Pathogenic to a New Host Pleurotus pulmonarius. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10584. [PMID: 37445762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oyster mushroom spherical virus (OMSV) is a mycovirus with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome that infects the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. OMSV is horizontally transferred from an infected strain to a cured strain via mycelia. The infection results in significant inhibition of mycelial growth, malformation of fruiting bodies, and yield loss in oyster mushrooms. This study successfully transferred OMSV from P. ostreatus to Pleurotus pulmonarius. However, transmission was not successful in other Pleurotus species including P. citrinopileatus, P. eryngii, P. nebrodensis, and P. salmoneostramineus. The successful OMSV infection in P. pulmonarius was further verified with Western blot analysis using a newly prepared polyclonal antiserum against the OMSV coat protein. Furthermore, OMSV infection reduced the mycelial growth rate of P. pulmonarius. The OMSV-infected strain demonstrated abnormal performance including twisted mushrooms or irregular edge of the cap as well as reduced yield of fruiting bodies in P. pulmonarius, compared to the OMSV-free strain. This study is the first report on the infection and pathogenicity of OMSV to the new host P. pulmonarius. The data from this study therefore suggest that OMSV is a potential threat to P. pulmonarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Haijing Hu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yanxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Disease and Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lunhe You
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Jianrui Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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22
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Villa SM, Chen JZ, Kwong Z, Acosta A, Vega NM, Gerardo NM. Specialized acquisition behaviors maintain reliable environmental transmission in an insect-microbial mutualism. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00724-8. [PMID: 37385254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how horizontally transmitted mutualisms are maintained is a major focus of symbiosis research.1,2,3,4 Unlike vertical transmission, hosts that rely on horizontal transmission produce symbiont-free offspring that must find and acquire their beneficial microbes from the environment. This transmission strategy is inherently risky since hosts may not obtain the right symbiont every generation. Despite these potential costs, horizontal transmission underlies stable mutualisms involving a large diversity of both plants and animals.5,6,7,8,9 One largely unexplored way horizontal transmission is maintained is for hosts to evolve sophisticated mechanisms to consistently find and acquire specific symbionts from the environment. Here, we examine this possibility in the squash bug Anasa tristis, an insect pest that requires bacterial symbionts in the genus Caballeronia10 for survival and development.11 We conduct a series of behavioral and transmission experiments that track strain-level transmission in vivo among individuals in real-time. We demonstrate that nymphs can accurately find feces from adult bugs in both the presence and absence of those adults. Once nymphs locate the feces, they deploy feeding behavior that results in nearly perfect symbiont acquisition success. We further demonstrate that nymphs can locate and feed on isolated, cultured symbionts in the absence of feces. Finally, we show this acquisition behavior is highly host specific. Taken together, our data describe not only the evolution of a reliable horizontal transmission strategy, but also a potential mechanism that drives patterns of species-specific microbial communities among closely related, sympatric host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Villa
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Biology, Davidson College, 209 Ridge Rd., Davidson, NC 28035, USA.
| | - Jason Z Chen
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zeeyong Kwong
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alice Acosta
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicole M Vega
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicole M Gerardo
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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23
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Qian C, Ma T, Qiu H, Lyu H, Liang S, Shao Y, Yuan P, Shen L, Wen X, Wang C. Lethal, transmission, behavioral, and physiological effects of Metarhizium anisopliae against gregarious larvae of Heortia vitessoides and synergistic effects between Metarhizium anisopliae and insecticides. Pest Manag Sci 2023; 79:2191-2205. [PMID: 36746852 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heortia vitessoides Moore is a severe pest of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, an important source of agarwood. In recent years, large amounts of chemical insecticides have been applied in A. sinensis plantations to deal with the outbreak of H. vitessoides, causing residue problems that reduce the quality and price of agarwood. Herein, we hypothesize that the widely applied biocontrol agent, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin, can effectively kill the gregarious larvae of H. vitessoides through direct contact and horizontal transmission. RESULTS At the concentration of 1 × 109 conidia/mL, the three M. anisopliae strains caused 100% mortality of H. vitessoides larvae. In addition, mixing donor larvae (previously treated with M. anisopliae conidia) with receptor larvae (which did not directly contact M. anisopliae conidia) caused significantly higher mortality of receptor larvae than the control receptors. This is due to the horizontal transmission of M. anisopliae conidia among live larvae, which was proven by pictures taken by scanning electron microscopy and induced activities of immunity-related enzymes of donor and receptor larvae. Behavioral bioassays showed that M. anisopliae conidia had little effect on the aggregation tendency of H. vitessoides larvae but may trigger feeding-avoidance behavior depending on M. anisopliae strains and concentrations. Interestingly, joint use of sublethal concentrations of M. anisopliae and chemical insecticides significantly increased larval mortality than each agent alone, indicating synergistic effects between M. anisopliae and insecticide against H. vitessoides. CONCLUSION This study may provide a new strategy to suppress H. vitessoides population and reduce the use of chemical insecticides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Qian
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hualong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Lyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiping Liang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhe Shao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengyu Yuan
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiujun Wen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Monsion B, Mohd Jaafar F, Mertens PPC, Attoui H. Uncovering the Underlying Mechanisms Blocking Replication of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 26 (BTV-26) in Culicoides Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:878. [PMID: 37371457 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At least 12 serotypes of 'atypical' bluetongue virus (BTV-25 to BTV-36) have been identified to date. These atypical serotypes fail to infect/replicate in Culicoides-derived cell lines and/or adult Culicoides vectors and hence can no longer be transmitted by these vectors. They appear to be horizontally transmitted from infected to in-contact ruminants, although the route(s) of infection remain to be identified. Viral genome segments 1, 2 and 3 (Seg-1, Seg2 and Seg-3) of BTV-26 were identified as involved in blocking virus replication in KC cells. We have developed Culicoides-specific expression plasmids, which we used in transfected insect cells to assess the stability of viral mRNAs and protein expression from full-length open reading frames of Seg-1, -2 and -3 of BTV-1 (a Culicoides-vectored BTV) or BTV-26. Our results indicate that the blocked replication of BTV-26 in KC cells is not due to an RNAi response, which would lead to rapid degradation of viral mRNAs. A combination of degradation/poor expression and/or modification of the proteins encoded by these segments appears to drive the failure of BTV-26 core/whole virus-particles to assemble and replicate effectively in Culicoides cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Monsion
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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25
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Jagtap SV, Brink J, Frank SC, Badusche M, Leggewie M, Sreenu VB, Fuss J, Schnettler E, Altinli M. Agua Salud Alphavirus Infection, Dissemination and Transmission in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Viruses 2023; 15:1113. [PMID: 37243199 PMCID: PMC10223791 DOI: 10.3390/v15051113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are competent vectors for many important arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). In addition to arboviruses, insect-specific viruses (ISV) have also been discovered in mosquitoes. ISVs are viruses that replicate in insect hosts but are unable to infect and replicate in vertebrates. They have been shown to interfere with arbovirus replication in some cases. Despite the increase in studies on ISV-arbovirus interactions, ISV interactions with their hosts and how they are maintained in nature are still not well understood. In the present study, we investigated the infection and dissemination of the Agua Salud alphavirus (ASALV) in the important mosquito vector Aedes aegypti through different infection routes (per oral infection, intrathoracic injection) and its transmission. We show here that ASALV infects the female Ae. aegypti and replicates when mosquitoes are infected intrathoracically or orally. ASALV disseminated to different tissues, including the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries. However, we observed a higher virus load in the brain than in the salivary glands and carcasses, suggesting a tropism towards brain tissues. Our results show that ASALV is transmitted horizontally during adult and larval stages, although we did not observe vertical transmission. Understanding ISV infection and dissemination dynamics in Ae. aegypti and their transmission routes could help the use of ISVs as an arbovirus control strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati V. Jagtap
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jorn Brink
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
| | - Svea C. Frank
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
| | - Marlis Badusche
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
| | | | - Janina Fuss
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mine Altinli
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (S.V.J.)
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Gu X, Ross PA, Gill A, Yang Q, Ansermin E, Sharma S, Soleimannejad S, Sharma K, Callahan A, Brown C, Umina PA, Kristensen TN, Hoffmann AA. A rapidly spreading deleterious aphid endosymbiont that uses horizontal as well as vertical transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217278120. [PMID: 37094148 PMCID: PMC10161079 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217278120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiotic bacteria that live inside the cells of insects are typically only transmitted maternally and can spread by increasing host fitness and/or modifying reproduction in sexual hosts. Transinfections of Wolbachia endosymbionts are now being used to introduce useful phenotypes into sexual host populations, but there has been limited progress on applications using other endosymbionts and in asexual populations. Here, we develop a unique pathway to application in aphids by transferring the endosymbiont Rickettsiella viridis to the major crop pest Myzus persicae. Rickettsiella infection greatly reduced aphid fecundity, decreased heat tolerance, and modified aphid body color, from light to dark green. Despite inducing host fitness costs, Rickettsiella spread rapidly through caged aphid populations via plant-mediated horizontal transmission. The phenotypic effects of Rickettsiella were sensitive to temperature, with spread only occurring at 19 °C and not 25 °C. Body color modification was also lost at high temperatures despite Rickettsiella maintaining a high density. Rickettsiella shows the potential to spread through natural M. persicae populations by horizontal transmission and subsequent vertical transmission. Establishment of Rickettsiella in natural populations could reduce crop damage by modifying population age structure, reducing population growth and providing context-dependent effects on host fitness. Our results highlight the importance of plant-mediated horizontal transmission and interactions with temperature as drivers of endosymbiont spread in asexual insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gu
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Perran A. Ross
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Section for Bioscience and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg9220, Denmark
| | - Alex Gill
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Qiong Yang
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Eloïse Ansermin
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sonia Sharma
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Safieh Soleimannejad
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kanav Sharma
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley Callahan
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Courtney Brown
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Umina
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Cesar Australia, Brunswick, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Torsten N. Kristensen
- Section for Bioscience and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg9220, Denmark
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Pest and Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of BioSciences, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Section for Bioscience and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg9220, Denmark
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Kim KH, Kang G, Woo WS, Sohn MY, Son HJ, Kwon MG, Kim JO, Park CI. Red Sea Bream Iridovirus Kinetics, Tissue Tropism, and Interspecies Horizontal Transmission in Flathead Grey Mullets ( Mugil cephalus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081341. [PMID: 37106904 PMCID: PMC10135084 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) causes significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry. We analyzed the pathogenicity of RSIV in flathead grey mullets (Mugil cephalus), the correlation of histopathological lesions, and interspecies horizontal transmission, through immersion infection and cohabitation challenges. Flathead grey mullets, which were challenged by immersion infection, exhibited mortality at 14 and 24 days after RSIV exposure. Viral shedding in seawater peaked 2-3 days before or after the observed mortality. Specific lesions of RSIV were observed in the spleen and kidney, and the correlation between histopathological grade and viral load was the highest in the spleen. In a cohabitation challenge, flathead grey mullets were the donors, and healthy rock bream, red sea bream, and flathead grey mullets were the recipients. Viral shedding in seawater was the highest in flathead grey mullet and rock bream at 25 °C, with 106.0 RSIV copies L/g at 14 dpi. No mortality was observed in any group challenged at 15 °C, and no RSIV was detected in seawater after 30 dpi. The virus shed from RSIV-infected flathead grey mullets caused horizontal transmission through seawater. These findings suggest that rapid decision-making is warranted when managing disease in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kang
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sik Woo
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Young Sohn
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Son
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ok Kim
- Aquatic Disease Control Division, National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, 17, Jungnim 2-ro, Tongyeong 53019, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 2, Tongyeonghaean-ro, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
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Isah A, Igboeli NU, Dim OF, Ekwuofu AA. HIV infections averted at PEPFAR-APIN clinics in Nigeria: a ten-year retrospective evaluation of the clinical outcomes of post-exposure prophylaxis services. Afr J AIDS Res 2023; 22:46-53. [PMID: 36951407 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2023.2178317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Nigeria contributes a high fraction to the global burden of HIV infections. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a proven strategy to prevent transmission of the virus. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes of PEP in Nigeria at four clinics funded by United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria (PEPFAR-APIN): Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital (ABUTH), Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) and University College Hospital (UCH).Methods: This study adopted a multisite retrospective design using the site's databases (2006-2016). Retrieved data was exported into SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis. Outcomes were measured as a proportion of HIV infections averted after PEP. Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the findings, while binary logistic regression was used to determine the sociodemographic predictors of clinical outcomes.Results: The average age of the 575 PEP patients whose data were retrieved was 30.45 (SD ±9.50 years), with 344 (59.8%) being females. Out of 545 patients,157 (28.8%) indicated their job status as students. Out of 273 patients, 198 (72.5%) reported their exposure type was non-occupational. The HIV status of 129 (22.4%) patients was negative after completing PEP. Prescribed regimen (β = -0.048, 95% CI -0.095 to -0.001, p = 0.045) and type of exposure (β = 0.351, 95% CI 0.042-0.660, p = 0.027) were predictors of post-PEP HIV status in JUTH and ABUTH respectively.Conclusion: There was a high rate of lost-to-follow-up among the PEP patients, but the incidence of seroconversion was low in those who were tested after PEP. The right choice of regimen and presenting with non-occupational exposure affected the outcome of the service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmuminu Isah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Nneka Uchenna Igboeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Felix Dim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Azubuike Amos Ekwuofu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Tharp B, Zheng R, Bryak G, Litvintseva AP, Hayden MK, Chowdhary A, Thangamani S. Role of Microbiota in the Skin Colonization of Candida auris. mSphere 2023; 8:e0062322. [PMID: 36695588 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00623-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. Unlike other Candida species that colonize the gut, C. auris efficiently colonizes the skin and contaminates the patient's environment, resulting in rapid nosocomial transmission and outbreaks of systemic infections. As the largest organ of the body, the skin harbors beneficial microbiota that play a critical role to protect from invading pathogens. However, the role of skin microbiota in the colonization and pathogenesis of C. auris remains to be explored. With this perspective, we review and discuss recent insights into skin microbiota and their potential interactions with the immune system in the context of C. auris skin colonization. Understanding microbiota, C. auris, and host interactions in the skin is important to develop microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat this emerging fungal pathogen in humans.
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Liu Y, He ZQ, Wen Q, Peng J, Zhou YT, Mandour N, McKenzie CL, Ahmed MZ, Qiu BL. Parasitoid-mediated horizontal transmission of Rickettsia between whiteflies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1077494. [PMID: 36683703 PMCID: PMC9846228 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1077494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial endosymbionts of arthropods are mainly transmitted vertically from mother to offspring, but phylogenetically distant insect hosts often harbor identical endosymbionts, indicating that horizontal transmission from one species to another occurs in nature. Here, we investigated the parasitoid Encarsia formosa-mediated horizontal transmission of the endosymbiont Rickettsia between different populations of whitefly Bemisia tabaci MEAM1. Rickettsia was successfully transmitted from the positive MEAM1 nymphs (R +) into E. formosa and retained at least for 48 h in E. formosa adults. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) visualization results revealed that the ovipositors, mouthparts, and digestive tract of parasitoid adults get contaminated with Rickettsia. Random non-lethal probing of Rickettisia-negative (R- ) MEAM1 nymphs by these Rickettsia-carrying E. formosa resulted in newly infected MEAM1 nymphs, and the vertical transmission of Rickettsia within the recipient females can remain at least up to F3 generation. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed that Rickettsia had high fidelity during the horizontal transmission in whiteflies and parasitoids. Our findings may help to explain why Rickettsia bacteria are so abundant in arthropods and suggest that, in some insect species that shared the same parasitoids, Rickettsia may be maintained in populations by horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Qi He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Wen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Tong Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nasser Mandour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Cindy L. McKenzie
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Unite States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Z. Ahmed
- Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Unite States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Bao-Li Qiu,
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Zhang X, Wu C, Hua H, Cai Q, Wu X. Characterization of the First Alternavirus Identified in Fusarium avenaceum, the Causal Agent of Potato Dry Rot. Viruses 2023; 15:145. [PMID: 36680185 PMCID: PMC9864086 DOI: 10.3390/v15010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel virus with a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome was isolated from Fusarium avenaceum strain GS-WW-224, the causal agent of potato dry rot. The virus has been designated as Fusarium avenaceum alternavirus 1 (FaAV1). Its genome consists of two dsRNA segments, 3538 bp (dsRNA1) and 2477 bp (dsRNA2) in length, encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and a hypothetical protein (HP), respectively. The virions of FaAV1 are isometric spherical and approximately 30 nm in diameter. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of RdRp and HP indicated that FaAV1 appears to be a new member of the proposed family Alternaviridae. No significant differences in colony morphology and spore production were observed between strains GS-WW-224 and GS-WW-224-VF, the latter strain being one in which FaAV1 was eliminated from strain GS-WW-224. Notably, however, the dry weight of mycelial biomass of GS-WW-224 was higher than that of mycelial biomass of GS-WW-224-VF. The depth and the width of lesions on potato tubers caused by GS-WW-224 were significantly greater, relative to GS-WW-224-VF, suggesting that FaAV1 confers hypervirulence to its host, F. avenaceum. Moreover, FaAV1 was successfully transmitted horizontally from GS-WW-224 to ten other species of Fusarium, and purified virions of FaAV1 were capable of transfecting wounded hyphae of the ten species of Fusarium. This is the first report of an alternavirus infecting F. avenaceum and conferring hypervirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xuehong Wu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhu Q, Shi N, Wang P, Zhang Y, Peng F, Yang G, Huang B. A Novel Gammapartitivirus That Causes Changes in Fungal Development and Multi-Stress Tolerance to Important Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps chanhua. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8. [PMID: 36547642 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cicada flower, scientifically named Cordyceps chanhua, is an important and well-known Chinese cordycipitoid medicinal mushroom. Although most mycoviruses seem to induce latent infections, some mycoviruses cause host effects. However, the effects of mycovirus on the fungal development and stress tolerance of C. chanhua remain unknown. In this study, we report a novel mycovirus designated Cordyceps chanhua partitivirus 1 (CchPV1) from C. chanhua isolate RCEF5997. The CchPV1 genome comprises dsRNA 1 and dsRNA 2, 1784 and 1563 bp in length, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using the aa sequences of RdRp revealed that CchPV1 grouped with members of the genus Gammapartitivirus in the family Partitiviridae. We further co-cultivated on PDA donor strain RCEF5997 and recipient C. chanhua strain RCEF5833 (Vf) for 7 days, and we successfully obtained an isogenic line of strain RCEF5833 with CchPV1 (Vi) through single-spore isolation, along with ISSR marker and dsRNA extraction. The biological comparison revealed that CchPV1 infection slows the growth rate of the host, but increases the conidiation and formation of fruiting bodies of the host. Furthermore, the assessment of fungal tolerance demonstrated that CchPV1 weakens the multi-stress tolerance of the host. Thus, CchPV1 infection cause changes in fungal development and multi-stress tolerance of the host C. chanhua. The findings of this study elucidate the effects of gammapartitivirus on host entomogenous fungi and provide a novel strategy for producing high-quality fruiting bodies of C. chanhua.
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Wen Y, Xie X, Xu P, Yang C, Zhu Z, Zhu J, Lv J, Zhang H, Chen L, Du H. NDM-1 and OXA-48-Like Carbapenemases (OXA-48, OXA-181 and OXA-252) Co-Producing Shewanella xiamenensis from Hospital Wastewater, China. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6927-6938. [PMID: 36471715 PMCID: PMC9719275 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s386345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shewanella genus, as an important carrier of resistance genes, has the potential to transmit resistance to many antimicrobials in many circumstances, especially in aquatic environment. The aim of the study was to describe the risk of Shewanella xiamenensis in hospital environment through analysis of genomic comparison and resistance status. METHODS Seven S. xiamenensis strains were isolated from hospital wastewater. PCR and Sanger sequencing were carried out for detection of common carbapenemase genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the antimicrobial profile. Whole genome sequencing was applied, and sequences were further used for genomic analysis. RESULTS Seven Shewanella xiamenensis were all positive for bla NDM and bla OXA-48. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed all Shewanella xiamenensis were resistant to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the diversity of Shewanella xiamenensis despite isolating from one wastewater pool. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of detection of three types bla OXA-48-like genes in one hospital in China. And we have detected multi-drug resistant S. xiamenensis from hospital wastewater. This emphasizes that the presence of naturally existing carbapenemases in the environment may be significantly overlooked and that the bla OXA-48-like genes in China may originate through the horizontal gene transfer from S. xiamenensis to Enterobacterales rather than import from other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichen Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingnan Lv
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haifang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- Hackensack Meridian Health Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Ronchetti F, Polidori C, Schmitt T, Steffan-Dewenter I, Keller A. Bacterial gut microbiomes of aculeate brood parasites overlap with their aculeate hosts', but have higher diversity and specialization. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6832279. [PMID: 36396342 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite growing interest in gut microbiomes of aculeate Hymenoptera, research so far focused on social bees, wasps, and ants, whereas non-social taxa and their brood parasites have not received much attention. Brood parasitism, however, allows to distinguish between microbiome components horizontally transmitted by spill-over from the host with such inherited through vertical transmission by mothers. Here, we studied the bacterial gut microbiome of adults in seven aculeate species in four brood parasite-host systems: two bee-mutillid (host-parasitoid) systems, one halictid bee-cuckoo bee system, and one wasp-chrysidid cuckoo wasp system. We addressed the following questions: (1) Do closely related species possess a more similar gut microbiome? (2) Do brood parasites share components of the microbiome with their host? (3) Do brood parasites have different diversity and specialization of microbiome communities compared with the hosts? Our results indicate that the bacterial gut microbiome of the studied taxa was species-specific, yet with a limited effect of host phylogenetic relatedness and a major contribution of shared microbes between hosts and parasites. However, contrasting patterns emerged between bee-parasite systems and the wasp-parasite system. We conclude that the gut microbiome in adult brood parasites is largely affected by their host-parasite relationships and the similarity of trophic food sources between hosts and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ronchetti
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Polidori
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2. 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Keller
- Cellular and Organismic Networks, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Li T, Wei Y, Zhao C, Li S, Gao S, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Lu C. Facultative symbionts are potential agents of symbiont-mediated RNAi in aphids. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1020461. [PMID: 36504780 PMCID: PMC9727308 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are major crop pests, and they can be controlled through the application of the promising RNA interference (RNAi) techniques. However, chemical synthesis yield of dsRNA for RNAi is low and costly. Another sustainable aphid pest control strategy takes advantage of symbiont-mediated RNAi (SMR), which can generate dsRNA by engineered microbes. Aphid host the obligate endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola and various facultative symbionts that not only have a wide host range but are also vertically and horizontally transmitted. Thus, we described the potential of facultative symbionts in aphid pest control by SMR. We summarized the community and host range of these facultative symbionts, and then reviewed their probable horizontal transmitted routes and ecological functions. Moreover, recent advances in the cultivation and genetic engineering of aphid facultative symbionts were discussed. In addition, current legislation of dsRNA-based pest control strategies and their safety assessments were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Henan International Laboratory for Green Pest Control /College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaojian Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suxia Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanchen Zhang
- College of Biological and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuantao Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China,Chuantao Lu
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Teo KW, Patel D, Sisodia S, Roland D, Gaillard EA, Tang JW. Rhinovirus persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic-Impact on pediatric acute wheezing presentations. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5547-5552. [PMID: 35811371 PMCID: PMC9350342 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses have persisted throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, despite other seasonal respiratory viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, human metapneumovirus) being mostly suppressed by pandemic restrictions, such as masking and other forms of social distancing, especially during the national lockdown periods. Rhinoviruses, as nonenveloped viruses, are known to transmit effectively via the airborne and fomite route, which has allowed infection among children and adults to continue despite pandemic restrictions. Rhinoviruses are also known to cause and exacerbate acute wheezing episodes in children predisposed to this condition. Noninfectious causes such as air pollutants (PM2.5 , PM10 ) can also play a role. In this retrospective ecological study, we demonstrate the correlation between UK national sentinel rhinovirus surveillance, the level of airborne particulates, and the changing patterns of pediatric emergency department presentations for acute wheezing, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2018-2021) in a large UK teaching hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Wee Teo
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory MedicineUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | - Deepa Patel
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory MedicineUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | | | - Damian Roland
- Children's Emergency Department, Paediatric Emergency Medicine Leicester Academic (PEMLA) groupUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK,SAPPHIRE Group, Health SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Erol A. Gaillard
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory MedicineUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK,Department of Respiratory SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Julian W. Tang
- Department of Respiratory SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK,Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester Royal infirmaryLeicesterUK
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Onsongo SK, Mohamed SA, Akutse KS, Gichimu BM, Dubois T. The Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana for Management of the Melon Fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae: Pathogenicity, Horizontal Transmission, and Compatability with Cuelure. Insects 2022; 13:859. [PMID: 36292807 PMCID: PMC9604353 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the laboratory, the pathogenicity of thirteen isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against the melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) were assessed by exposing adults to 0.3 g of dry conidia (~3 × 109 conidia) of each isolate for 5 min and monitoring mortality for up to 5 days. Compatibility with a male pheromone, cuelure, (4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone), was determined by testing conidial germination and germ tube growth of the most promising isolate, M. anisopliae ICIPE 69, in the presence of cuelure at different temperatures. For horizontal transmission, the flies were separated by sex, separately exposed to M. anisopliae ICIPE 69, and subsequently mixed with non-exposed flies from the other sex. The most pathogenic isolates were M. anisopliae ICIPE 69, 18, and 30, causing mortalities of 94, 87, and 81%, with 5 days post-exposure, respectively. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 caused the highest pupal mortality of 74%, with 15 days post-exposure. Horizontal transmission of M. anisopliae ICIPE 69 among male and female Z. cucurbitae was confirmed by 59 and 67% mortality after exposure to infected donor males and females, respectively. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 affected the oviposition, but not hatchability, of infected Z. cucurbitae females. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 is, therefore, a potential isolate for biopesticide development for Z. cucurbitae management in cucurbit production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Onsongo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Department of Agricultural Resource Management, University of Embu, Embu 60100, Kenya
| | - Samira A. Mohamed
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Komivi S. Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Bernard M. Gichimu
- Department of Agricultural Resource Management, University of Embu, Embu 60100, Kenya
| | - Thomas Dubois
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Xiong X, Loo SL, Tanaka MM. Gut mutualists can persist in host populations despite low fidelity of vertical transmission. Evol Hum Sci 2022; 4:e41. [PMID: 37588926 PMCID: PMC10426022 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2022.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans harbour diverse microbial communities, and this interaction has fitness consequences for hosts and symbionts. Understanding the mechanisms that preserve host-symbiont association is an important step in studying co-evolution between humans and their mutualist microbial partners. This association is promoted by vertical transmission, which is known to be imperfect. It is unclear whether host-microbial associations can generally be maintained despite 'leaky' vertical transmission. Cultural practices of the host are expected to be important in bacterial transmission as they influence the host's interaction with other individuals and with the environment. There is a need to understand whether and how cultural practices affect host-microbial associations. Here, we develop a mathematical model to identify the conditions under which the mutualist can persist in a population where vertical transmission is imperfect. We show with this model that several factors compensate for imperfect vertical transmission, namely, a selective advantage to the host conferred by the mutualist, horizontal transmission of the mutualist through an environmental reservoir and transmission of a cultural practice that promotes microbial transmission. By making the host-microbe association more likely to persist in the face of leaky vertical transmission, these factors strengthen the association which in turn enables host-mutualist co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Xiong
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sara L. Loo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mark M. Tanaka
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Toyama Y, Hisata K, Kasai Y, Nakano S, Komatsu M, Shimizu T. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Hosp Infect 2022; 129:75-81. [PMID: 35987317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus-both meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and meticillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA)-is a major cause of neonatal infections. Infection control measures have not lowered the incidence of MSSA infections to the same degree as that of MRSA infections. AIM To investigate the transmission pathway of MSSA in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) using genetic analysis. METHODS We swab-tested neonatal patients, their parents, and healthcare workers (HCW) in the NICU at our hospital at the time of hospitalisation and then every month thereafter from 1st October 2018 to 31st March 2019. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to test for MSSA strains. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were used to identify strains and understand their relatedness. FINDINGS There were 16 MSSA-positive patients. Four MSSA-positive patients shared strains from the same phylogenetic groups as those of HCW. One presented the same strain as the parent. MSSA-positive twin neonates shared the same strain. Ten had sporadic strains; 32 of the ninety-seven tested healthcare workers were MSSA positive. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that the route of transmission of MSSA in NICU may be through MSSA in the hospital environment in addition to horizontal transmission via healthcare workers. Along with hand hygiene with alcohol, thorough environmental maintenance and parental education are important for infection control in NICUs targeting MSSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Toyama
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Hisata
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuriha Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Rinkai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Komatsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Jacobsen S, Niendorf S, Lorenz R, Bock CT, Mas Marques A. Differentiation between Wild-Type Group A Rotaviruses and Vaccine Strains in Cases of Suspected Horizontal Transmission and Adverse Events Following Vaccination. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 36016292 DOI: 10.3390/v14081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human group A rotaviruses (RVA) are important enteric pathogens, as they are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children worldwide. Since 2013, the German Standing Committee on vaccination recommended the routine rotavirus vaccination for infants in Germany. While vaccination has significantly decreased RVA cases and worldwide mortality, in some cases, infants can develop acute gastroenteritis as an adverse reaction after immunization with an attenuated live vaccine. Pediatricians, as well as clinicians and diagnostic laboratories, contacted the Consultant Laboratory for Rotaviruses and inquired whether cases of RVA-positive AGE after vaccination were associated with vaccine or with wild-type RVA strains. A testing algorithm based on distinguishing PCRs and confirmative sequencing was designed, tested, and applied. Diagnostic samples from 68 vaccinated children and six cases where horizontal transmission was suspected were investigated in this study. Using a combination of real-time PCR, fragment-length analysis of amplicons from multiplex PCRs and confirmative sequencing, vaccine-like virus was detected in 46 samples and wild-type RVA was detected in 6 samples. Three mixed infections of vaccine and wild-type RVA were detectable, no RVA genome was found in 19 samples. High viral loads (>1.0 × 107 copies/g stool) were measured in most RVA-positive samples. Furthermore, information on co-infections with other AGE pathogens in the vaccinated study population was of interest. A commercial multiplex PCR and in-house PCRs revealed three co-infections of vaccinated infants with bacteria (two samples with Clostridioides difficile and one sample with enteropathogenic E. coli) and six co-infections with norovirus in a subset of the samples. Human astrovirus was detected in one sample, with suspected horizontal transmission. The cases of suspected horizontal transmission of vaccine RVA strains could not be confirmed, as they either involved wild-type RVA or were RVA negative. This study shows that RVA-positive AGE after vaccination is not necessarily associated with the vaccine strain and provides a reliable workflow to distinguish RVA vaccine strains from wild-type strains.
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Shen X, Zhang A, Gu J, Zhao R, Pan X, Dai Y, Yin L, Zhang Q, Hu X, Wang H, Zhang D. Evaluating Salmonella pullorum dissemination and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:240. [PMID: 35751066 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pullorum disease caused by Salmonella pullorum is one of the most important infectious diseases in the poultry industry, responsible for causing substantial economic losses globally. On farms, the traditional method to detect S. pullorum infection mainly involves the collection of feces and sera to test for antigens and antibodies, respectively, but the regularity of Salmonella pullorum dissemination in internal organs and shedding patterns and antibody production in infected chickens remains unclear. Herein we aimed to investigate the dissemination of S. pullorum to different organs and bacterial shedding patterns in the faeces as well as serum antibody production post-infection in chickens of different ages. RESULT In this study, the liver and heart of 2-day-old chickens showed the highest copy numbers of S. pullorum at 6.4 × 106 and 1.9 × 106 copies of DNA target sequences/30 mg, respectively. In case of 10-day-old chickens, the percentage of S. pullorum fecal shedding (0%-40%) and antibody production (0%-56.6%) markedly fluctuated during the entire experiment; furthermore, in case of 42-week-old chickens, the percentage of birds showing S. pullorum shedding in the faeces showed a downward trend (from 63.33% to 6.6% in the oral inoculation group and from 43.3% to 10% in the intraperitoneal injection group), while that of birds showing serum antibody production remained at a high level (38.3% and 80% in the oral inoculation and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively). We also performed cohabitation experiments, showed that 15% 10-day-old and 3.33% 42-week-old chickens were infected via the horizontal transmission in cohabitation with S. pullorum infected chickens, and revealed a high risk of horizontal transmission of S. pullorum. CONCLUSION This study systematically evaluated the dissemination of S. pullorum in internal organs and bacterial fecal shedding patterns, and antibody production in infected chickens. Collectively, our findings indicate how to effectively screen S. pullorum-negative chickens on livestock farms and should also help in the development of measures to control and eradicate S. pullorum.
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Chaurasiya S, Yang A, Zhang Z, Lu J, Valencia H, Kim SI, Woo Y, Warner SG, Olafsen T, Zhao Y, Wu X, Fein S, Cheng L, Cheng M, Ede N, Fong Y. A comprehensive preclinical study supporting clinical trial of oncolytic chimeric poxvirus CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 to treat breast cancer. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:102-116. [PMID: 35024377 PMCID: PMC8718831 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 is an oncolytic chimeric poxvirus encoding two transgenes: human sodium iodide symporter and a single-chain variable fragment against PD-L1. Comprehensive preclinical pharmacology studies encompassing primary and secondary pharmacodynamics and biodistribution and safety studies were performed to support the clinical development of CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1. Most of the studies were performed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models, as the phase I trial is planned for patients with TNBC. Biological functions of virus-encoded transgenes were confirmed, and the virus demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy against TNBC models in mice. In a good laboratory practice (GLP) toxicology study, the virus did not produce any observable adverse effects in mice, suggesting that the doses proposed for the clinical trial should be well tolerated in patients. Furthermore, no neurotoxic effects in mice were seen following intracranial injection of the virus. Also, the risk for horizontal transmission of CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 was assessed in mice, and our results suggest that the virus is unlikely to transmit from infected patients to healthy individuals. Finally, the in-use stability and compatibility of CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 tested under different conditions mimicking the clinical scenarios confirmed the suitability of the virus in clinical settings. The results of these preclinical studies support the use of CF33-hNIS-anti-PD-L1 in a first-in-human trial in patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hannah Valencia
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sang-In Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yanghee Woo
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Suanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Small Animal Imaging Core, Shared Resources, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Integrative Genomics Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Familian Science building, Room#1100 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Jiang H, Bao J, Cao G, Xing Y, Feng C, Hu Q, Li X, Chen Q. Experimental Transmission of the Yeast, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, in the Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020210. [PMID: 35205964 PMCID: PMC8876508 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheirsinensis, is an important farmed crustacean species in China, outranking other farmed crabs in yield and economic importance. An infection called "milky disease", caused by the yeast, Metschnikowiabicuspidata, has emerged in E. sinensis farms in northeast China and has caused progressive economic losses. The diseased crabs present with opaque, whitish muscles and milky hemolymph. Currently, there are no effective drugs to treat the infection. Clarifying the transmission route of M. bicuspidata would help to treat and prevent the disease. We investigated the effects of three different M. bicuspidata infection methods (feeding, immersion, and cohabitation) on E. sinensis. All three infection methods led to a high infection rate in healthy crabs. After 35 d, the infection rate was 76.7%, 66.7%, and 53.3% in the feeding, immersion, and cohabitation groups, respectively. Diseased crabs exhibited the typical symptom of hemolymph emulsification, with a high pathogen load of M. bicuspidata. The yeast was not detected in the oocytes of infected crabs. Fertilized embryos, zoea larvae, and megalopae of infected ovigerous crabs tested negative for yeast, indicating that direct transmission from mother to offspring does not occur. Our results highlight avenues for the prevention and control of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qijun Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-024-8848-7156
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Ilinsky Y, Demenkova M, Bykov R, Bugrov A. Narrow Genetic Diversity of Wolbachia Symbionts in Acrididae Grasshopper Hosts (Insecta, Orthoptera). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:853. [PMID: 35055035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the Wolbachia genus are maternally inherited symbionts of Nematoda and numerous Arthropoda hosts. There are approximately 20 lineages of Wolbachia, which are called supergroups, and they are designated alphabetically. Wolbachia strains of the supergroups A and B are predominant in arthropods, especially in insects, and supergroup F seems to rank third. Host taxa have been studied very unevenly for Wolbachia symbionts, and here, we turn to one of largely unexplored insect families: Acrididae. On the basis of five genes subject to multilocus sequence typing, we investigated the incidence and genetic diversity of Wolbachia in 41 species belonging three subfamilies (Gomphocerinae, Oedipodinae, and Podisminae) collected in Turkey, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Russia, and Japan, making 501 specimens in total. Our results revealed a high incidence and very narrow genetic diversity of Wolbachia. Although only the strains belonging to supergroups A and B are commonly present in present, the Acrididae hosts here proved to be infected with supergroups B and F without A-supergroup variants. The only trace of an A-supergroup lineage was noted in one case of an inter-supergroup recombinant haplotype, where the ftsZ gene came from supergroup A, and the others from supergroup B. Variation in the Wolbachia haplotypes in Acrididae hosts within supergroups B and F was extremely low. A comprehensive genetic analysis of Wolbachia diversity confirmed specific features of the Wolbachia allelic set in Acrididae hosts. This result can help to elucidate the crucial issue of Wolbachia biology: the route(s) and mechanism(s) of Wolbachia horizontal transmission.
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Verulava T, Galogre N. Epidemiological characteristics of neonates born to mothers infected with COVID-19: A single-centre observational study. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2022; 15:291-295. [PMID: 35034912 DOI: 10.3233/npm-210883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 disease can affect women at any stage of pregnancy, and newborns could become infected with SARS-CoV-2 through vertical or horizontal transmission. Little is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection in neonates born to mothers with COVID-19. Experts emphasize the importance of ensuring the safety of newborns without compromising the benefits of early contact with the mother. The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of newborns born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS Observational, prospective cohort study was conducted in the intensive care unit of the perinatal center (Georgia). Information was collected by reviewing and personal observations of medical histories of newborns born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The study included 38 newborns with suspected (n = 16; 42.1%) and confirmed (n = 22; 57.9%) COVID-19 infection cases, treated in the neonatal intensive care unit. The study did not reveal the risk of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and confirmed a fairly large rate of horizontal transmission of infection (n = 25; 66%). Skin-to-skin mother care was performed in 68.7% of newborns, 26.3% received exclusive maternal or donated breast milk during hospital stay. CONCLUSION Prevention of horizontal transmission of infection in newborns should be a priority. It is recommended skin-to-skin mother care and maternal or donated breast milk during hospital stay, taking into account the health of the mother and the newborn, following the rules of hygiene and use of the mask by the infected mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Verulava
- School of Medicine and Healthcare Management, Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia.,Faculty of Health Care Economics and Management, Geomedi University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - N Galogre
- School of Medicine and Healthcare Management, Caucasus University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Abstract
Insect host-parasitoid interactions abound in nature and are characterized by a high degree of host specialization. In addition to their behavioral and immune defenses, many host species rely on heritable bacterial endosymbionts for defense against parasitoids. Studies on aphids and flies show that resistance conferred by symbionts can be very strong and highly specific, possibly as a result of variation in symbiont-produced toxins. I argue that defensive symbionts are therefore an important source of diversifying selection, promoting the evolution of host specialization by parasitoids. This is likely to affect the structure of host-parasitoid food webs. I consider potential changes in terms of food web complexity, although the nature of these effects will also be influenced by whether maternally transmitted symbionts have some capacity for lateral transfer. This is discussed in the light of available evidence for horizontal transmission routes. Finally, I propose that defensive mutualisms other than microbial endosymbionts may also exert diversifying selection on insect parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Vorburger
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Torres-Montoya EH, Ulloa-Urquidy L, Torres-Avendaño JI, Zazueta-Moreno JM, Apodaca-Medina AI, Osuna-Ramírez I, Ramos-Payan R, Olimón-Andalón V, Silva-Benítez EDL, López Gutiérrez JA, Ramos-Castañeda J, Castillo Ureta H. First Evidence of Horizontal Transmission by Fecal Shedding of Dengue Virus 4 Among Aedes aegypti Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) Under Laboratory Conditions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:205-208. [PMID: 34981991 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission pathways of dengue virus (DENV) among mosquitoes are a topic that has gained relevance in recent years because they could explain the maintenance of the virus in the wild independently of the human-mosquito horizontal transmission cycle. In this regard, Aedes aegypti larvae exposed to supernatants of C6/36 cells infected with DENV-4 were evaluated for virus excretion in feces and viability of infection in immature stages (larvae). The results demonstrate that larvae excrete DENV-4 in their feces with the potential to at least infect immature individuals of the same species. A horizontal transmission pathway of larvae-larvae DENV-4 under laboratory conditions is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith H Torres-Montoya
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Leonardo Ulloa-Urquidy
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - José I Torres-Avendaño
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - José Marcial Zazueta-Moreno
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Annete I Apodaca-Medina
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Ignacio Osuna-Ramírez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Rosalío Ramos-Payan
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Vicente Olimón-Andalón
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - Erika de L Silva-Benítez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | | | - José Ramos-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Hipólito Castillo Ureta
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
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Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I. Reconstitution and Transmission of Gut Microbiomes and Their Genes between Generations. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010070. [PMID: 35056519 PMCID: PMC8780831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomes are transmitted between generations by a variety of different vertical and/or horizontal modes, including vegetative reproduction (vertical), via female germ cells (vertical), coprophagy and regurgitation (vertical and horizontal), physical contact starting at birth (vertical and horizontal), breast-feeding (vertical), and via the environment (horizontal). Analyses of vertical transmission can result in false negatives (failure to detect rare microbes) and false positives (strain variants). In humans, offspring receive most of their initial gut microbiota vertically from mothers during birth, via breast-feeding and close contact. Horizontal transmission is common in marine organisms and involves selectivity in determining which environmental microbes can colonize the organism's microbiome. The following arguments are put forth concerning accurate microbial transmission: First, the transmission may be of functions, not necessarily of species; second, horizontal transmission may be as accurate as vertical transmission; third, detection techniques may fail to detect rare microbes; lastly, microbiomes develop and reach maturity with their hosts. In spite of the great variation in means of transmission discussed in this paper, microbiomes and their functions are transferred from one generation of holobionts to the next with fidelity. This provides a strong basis for each holobiont to be considered a unique biological entity and a level of selection in evolution, largely maintaining the uniqueness of the entity and conserving the species from one generation to the next.
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Huang YC, Sun HY, Sheng WH, Hsieh SM, Huang SH, Chen GJ, Liu WD, Chang SY, Su YC, Su LH, Liu WC, Hung CC. Evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) serologic markers among antiretroviral-naïve, young people living with HIV who had undergone neonatal HBV vaccination and initiated antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 75:882-889. [PMID: 34893815 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) containing nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity, the evolution of HBV serologic markers among people living with HIV (PLWH) who were born in the era of nationwide neonatal HBV vaccination is rarely investigated. METHODS This retrospective cohort study evaluated the changes of HBV serologic markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc) of PLWH who had undergone neonatal HBV vaccination. Clinical characteristics were analyzed and the incidences of evolution of HBV serologic markers were estimated. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2020, 608 PLWH (mean age, 24 years) were included and 62.0% initiated tenofovir-containing ART: 13 (2.1%) were HBsAg-positive; 312 (51.3%) tested triple-negative; 209 (34.4%) had vaccine-induced seroprotection against HBV; and 74 (12.2%) tested positive for anti-HBc with or without anti-HBs. Among 492 PLWH who received a median follow-up of 2.8 years, 4 cases of incident HBV infection occurred (0.59 per 100 PYFU) in PLWH testing triple-negative at baseline despite ART containing NRTIs with anti-HBV activity. Of PLWH with seroprotection against HBV at baseline, 38 subsequently lost anti-HBs (4.46 per 100 PYFU) and 4 cases of incident HBV infection occurred (0.47 per 100 PYFU). PLWH with an anti-HBs antibody titer ≥100 mIU/ml at baseline (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.10; 95%CI, 0.02-0.42) and CD4 ≥500 cells/mm 3 during follow-up (aHR, 0.51; 95%CI, 0.30-1.00) were less likely to lose HBV seroprotection. CONCLUSIONS Among young PLWH who had undergone neonatal HBV vaccination, evolution of HBV serologic markers and incident infections occurred despite ART containing NRTIs with anti-HBV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chia Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Huei Sheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Min Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hsi Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhou Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Da Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsin Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Labriola L, Ruelle J, Scohy A, Seghers F, Perlot Q, De Greef J, Desmet C, Romain C, Yombi JC, Rodriguez-Villalobos H, Kabamba B, Jadoul M. Dynamics of spreading of SARS-CoV-2 in a Belgian hemodialysis facility: The importance of the analysis of viral strains. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1481-1487. [PMID: 34811754 PMCID: PMC9011566 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In‐center maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients are at high risk of acquiring coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) by cross‐contamination inside the unit. The aim of this study was to assess retrospectively the dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) transmission during the very first pandemic phase (March–July 2020) in a cohort of in‐center maintenance HD patients and in nurses the same HD facility, using a phylogenetic approach. All SARS‐CoV‐2 quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction positive patients and nurses from our HD unit‐respectively 10 out of 98, and 8 out of 58‐ and two other positive patients dialyzed in our self‐care unit were included. Whole‐genome viral sequencing and phylogenetic analysis supported the cluster investigation. Five positive patients were usually dialyzed in the same room and same shift before their COVID‐19 diagnosis was made. Viral sequencing performed on 4/5 patients' swabs showed no phylogenetic link between their viruses. The fifth patient (whose virus could not be sequenced) was dialyzed at the end of the dialysis room and was treated by a different nurse than the one in charge of the other patients. Three nurses shared the same virus detected in both self‐care patients (one of them had been transferred to our in‐center facility). The epidemiologically strongly suspected intra‐unit cluster could be ruled out by viral genome sequencing. The infection control policy did not allow inter‐patient contamination within the HD facility, in contrast to evidence of moderate dissemination within the nursing staff and in the satellite unit. Epidemiologic data without phylogenetic confirmation might mislead the interpretation of the dynamics of viral spreading within congregate settings. In‐center maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients are at high risk of acquiring coronavirus disease 2019 by cross‐contamination inside the unit. In this study we assessed the dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) transmission in a cohort of in‐center maintenance hemodialysis patients and in nurses the same HD facility in Brussels, Belgium, using whole‐genome viral sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. All SARS‐CoV‐2 quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) positive patients (10 out 98) and nurses from our HD unit (8 out 58) and two other positive patients dialyzed in our self‐care unit were included. An intra‐unit cluster was suspected because five SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐qPCR positive patients were dialyzed in the same room at the same time three times weekly. The epidemiologically strongly suspected intra‐unit cluster could be ruled out by viral genome sequencing. In contrast, three nurses shared the same virus detected in both self‐care patients (one of them had been transferred to our in‐center facility). Epidemiologic data without phylogenetic confirmation might mislead the interpretation of the dynamics of viral spreading within congregate settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Labriola
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Ruelle
- Pôle de Microbiologie Médicale (MBLG), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Scohy
- Pôle de Microbiologie Médicale (MBLG), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Seghers
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin Perlot
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien De Greef
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Desmet
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Romain
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Cyr Yombi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hector Rodriguez-Villalobos
- Pôle de Microbiologie Médicale (MBLG), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Kabamba
- Pôle de Microbiologie Médicale (MBLG), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Microbiology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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