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Marciniak K, Przedniczek K. Anther dehiscence is regulated by gibberellic acid in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.). BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:314. [PMID: 34215194 PMCID: PMC8252261 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anther dehiscence resulting in the release of pollen grains is tightly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner by various factors. In yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.), a species that shows cleistogamy, the anthers split before the flowers open, but the course and regulation of this process are unknown. The specific control of anther development takes place via hormonal pathways, the wide action of which ensures reproductive success. In our previous research concerning flower and early pod development in yellow lupine, we showed that the lowest transcript level of LlDELLA1, a main repressor of gibberellin (GA) signalling, occurs approximately at the time of anther opening; therefore, the main purpose of this study was to precisely investigate the gibberellic acid (GA3)-dependent regulation of the anther dehiscence in this species. RESULTS In this paper, we showed the specific changes in the yellow lupine anther structure during dehiscence, including secondary thickening in the endothecium by lignocellulosic deposition, enzymatic cell wall breakdown at the septum/stomium and cell degeneration via programmed cell death (PCD), and identified several genes widely associated with this process. The expression profile of genes varied over time, with the most intense mRNA accumulation in the phases prior to or at the time of anther opening. The transcriptional activity also revealed that these genes are highly coexpressed and regulated in a GA-dependent manner. The cellular and tissue localization of GA3 showed that these molecules are present before anther opening, mainly in septum cells, near the vascular bundle and in the endothecium, and that they are subsequently undetectable. GA3 localization strongly correlates with the transcriptional activity of genes related to GA biosynthesis and deactivation. The results also suggest that GA3 controls LlGAMYB expression via an LlMIR159-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS The presented results show a clear contribution of GA3 in the control of the extensive anther dehiscence process in yellow lupine. Understanding the processes underlying pollen release at the hormonal and molecular levels is a significant aspect of controlling fertility in this economically important legume crop species and is of increasing interest to breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marciniak
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Przedniczek
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 St, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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Funayama-Noguchi S, Shibata M, Noguchi K, Terashima I. Effects of root morphology, respiration and carboxylate exudation on carbon economy in two non-mycorrhizal lupines under phosphorus deficiency. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:598-612. [PMID: 33099780 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Under phosphorus (P) deficiency, Lupinus albus develops cluster roots that allow efficient P acquisition, while L. angustifolius without cluster roots also grows well. Both species are non-mycorrhizal. We quantitatively examined the carbon budgets to investigate the different strategies of these species. Biomass allocation, respiratory rates, protein amounts and carboxylate exudation rates were examined in hydroponically-grown plants treated with low (1 μM; P1) or high (100 μM; P100) P. At P1, L. albus formed cluster roots, and L. angustifolius increased biomass allocation to the roots. The respiratory rates of the roots were faster in L. albus than in L. angustifolius. The protein amounts of the non-phosphorylating alternative oxidase and uncoupling protein were greater in the cluster roots of L. albus at P1 than in the roots at P100, but similar between the P treatments in L. angustifolius roots. At P1, L. albus exuded carboxylates at a faster rate than L. angustifolius. The carbon budgets at P1 were surprisingly similar between the two species, which is attributed to the contrasting root growth and development strategies. L. albus developed cluster roots with rapid respiratory and carboxylate exudation rates, while L. angustifolius developed a larger root system with slow respiratory and exudation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Funayama-Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Shibata
- Faculty of Education, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Omoarelojie LO, Kulkarni MG, Finnie JF, Pospíšil T, Strnad M, Van Staden J. Synthetic strigolactone (rac-GR24) alleviates the adverse effects of heat stress on seed germination and photosystem II function in lupine seedlings. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 155:965-979. [PMID: 32977141 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing experimental evidence that strigolactones, a class of carotenoid-derived sesquiterpenoid hormones, and their downstream signal components play a role in plant resilience to abiotic stress. Strigolactones positively influence plant coping mechanisms in response to abiotic stressors like drought and high salinity. In this study, we examined the effects of rac-GR24 (a synthetic strigolactone analog) and strigolactone inhibitors on the physiological and molecular responses associated with thermotolerance during seed germination and seedling development in Lupinus angustifolius under heat stress. Photosystem I & II functions were also evaluated via Chl a fluorescence transient analysis in heat stressed lupine seedlings. Our results suggest a putative role for GR24 in mediating tolerance to heat stress during seed germination and seedling development albeit these responses appeared independent of D14-mediated signalling. Seeds primed with GR24 had the highest of all germination indices, enhanced proline content and reduced peroxidation of lipids. GR24 also enhanced the activities of enzymes of the antioxidant and glyoxalase systems in lupine seedlings. The JIP-test indicated that GR24 conferred resistance to heat stress-induced damage to the oxygen evolution complex while also preventing the inactivation of PSII reaction centres thus ensuring PSII thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke O Omoarelojie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Manoj G Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey F Finnie
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
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Kućko A, Wilmowicz E, Pokora W, Alché JDD. Disruption of the Auxin Gradient in the Abscission Zone Area Evokes Asymmetrical Changes Leading to Flower Separation in Yellow Lupine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3815. [PMID: 32471291 PMCID: PMC7312349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How auxin transport regulates organ abscission is a long-standing and intriguing question. Polar auxin transport across the abscission zone (AZ) plays a more important role in the regulation of abscission than a local concentration of this hormone. We recently reported the existence of a spatiotemporal sequential pattern of the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) localization in the area of the yellow lupine AZ, which is a place of flower detachment. In this study, we performed analyses of AZ following treatment with an inhibitor of polar auxin transport (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA)). Once we applied TIBA directly onto the AZ, we observed a strong response as demonstrated by enhanced flower abscission. To elucidate the molecular events caused by the inhibition of auxin movement, we divided the AZ into the distal and proximal part. TIBA triggered the formation of the IAA gradient between these two parts. The AZ-marker genes, which encode the downstream molecular components of the inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA)-signaling system executing the abscission, were expressed in the distal part. The accumulation of IAA in the proximal area accelerated the biosynthesis of abscisic acid and ethylene (stimulators of flower separation), which was also reflected at the transcriptional level. Accumulated IAA up-regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification mechanisms. Collectively, we provide new information regarding auxin-regulated processes operating in specific areas of the AZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pokora
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Juan De Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain;
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5
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Berger JD, Ludwig C, Whisson K. Changing water use and adaptive strategies along rainfall gradients in Mediterranean lupins. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2020; 22:298-308. [PMID: 31758626 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in harnessing the genetic and adaptive diversity of crop wild relatives to improve drought resilience of elite cultivars. Rainfall gradients exert strong selection pressure on both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Understanding plant responses to these facilitates crop improvement. Wild and domesticated narrow-leafed lupin (NLL) collected along Mediterranean terminal drought stress gradients was evaluated under contrasting reproductive phase water supply in controlled field, glasshouse and cabinet studies. Plant phenology, growth and productivity, water use and stress responses were measured over time. There is an integrated suite of adaptive changes along rainfall gradients in NLL. Low rainfall ecotypes flower earlier, accumulate lower seed numbers, biomass and leaf area, and have larger root:shoot ratios than high rainfall ecotypes. Water-use is lower and stress onset slower in low compared to high rainfall ecotypes. Water-use rates and ecotypic differences in stress response (Ψleaf decline, leaf loss) are lower in NLL than yellow lupin (YL). To mitigate the effects of profligate water use, high rainfall YL ecotypes maintain higher leaf water content over declining leaf water potential than low rainfall ecotypes. There is no evidence for such specific adaptation in NLL. The data suggests that appropriate phenology is the key adaptive trait to rainfall gradients in NLL because of the flow-on effects on biomass production, fitness, transpiration and stress onset, and the lack of physiological adaptations as in YL. Accordingly, it is essential to match phenology with target environment in order to minimize risk and maximize yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Berger
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA, Australia
| | - C Ludwig
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA, Australia
| | - K Whisson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Wembley, WA, Australia
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Tötzke C, Kardjilov N, Lenoir N, Manke I, Oswald SE, Tengattini A. What comes NeXT? - High-Speed Neutron Tomography at ILL. Opt Express 2019; 27:28640-28648. [PMID: 31684612 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.028640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on a new record in the acquisition time for fast neutron tomography. With an optimized imaging setup, it was possible to acquire single radiographic projection images with 10 ms and full tomographies with 155 projections images and a physical spatial resolution of 200 µm within 1.5 s. This is about 6.7 times faster than the current record. We used the technique to investigate the water infiltration in the soil with a living lupine root system. The fast imaging setup will be part of the future NeXT instrument at ILL in Grenoble with a great field of possible future applications.
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Vetter VMS, Walter J, Wilfahrt PA, Buhk C, Braun M, Clemens S, Dinkel E, Dubbert M, Schramm A, Wegener F, Werner C, Jentsch A. Invasion windows for a global legume invader are revealed after joint examination of abiotic and biotic filters. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:832-843. [PMID: 30908797 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Successful alien plant invasion is influenced by both climate change and plant-plant interactions. We estimate the single and interactive effects of competition and extreme weather events on the performance of the global legume invader Lupinus polyphyllus (Lindl.). In three experimental studies we assessed (i) the stress tolerance of seedling and adult L. polyphyllus plants against extreme weather events (drought, fluctuating precipitation, late frost), (ii) the competitive effects of L. polyphyllus on native grassland species and vice versa, and (iii) the interactive effects of extreme weather events and competition on the performance of L. polyphyllus. Drought reduced growth and led to early senescence of L. polyphyllus but did not reduce adult survival. Fluctuating precipitation events and late frost reduced the length of inflorescences. Under control conditions, interspecific competition reduced photosynthetic activity and growth of L. polyphyllus. When subjected to competition during drought, L. polyphyllus conserved water while simultaneously maintaining high assimilation rates, demonstrating increased water use efficiency. Meanwhile, native species had reduced performance under drought. In summary, the invader gained an advantage under drought conditions through a smaller reduction in performance relative to its native competitors but was competitively inferior under control conditions. This provides evidence for a possible invasion window for this species. While regions of high elevation or latitude with regular severe late frost events might remain inaccessible for L. polyphyllus, further spread across Europe seems probable as the predicted increase in drought events may favour this non-native legume over native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M S Vetter
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - J Walter
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P A Wilfahrt
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - C Buhk
- Geoecology/Physical Geography, Institute for Environmental Science, University of Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - M Braun
- Plant Physiology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - S Clemens
- Plant Physiology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - E Dinkel
- BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Dubbert
- BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Schramm
- BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - F Wegener
- BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Werner
- BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Jentsch
- Disturbance Ecology, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Venuti S, Zanin L, Marroni F, Franco A, Morgante M, Pinton R, Tomasi N. Physiological and transcriptomic data highlight common features between iron and phosphorus acquisition mechanisms in white lupin roots. Plant Sci 2019; 285:110-121. [PMID: 31203875 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In agricultural soil, the bioavailability of iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) is often below the plant's requirement causing nutritional deficiency in crops. Under P-limiting conditions, white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) activates mechanisms that promote P solubility in the soil through morphological, physiological and molecular adaptations. Similar changes occur also in Fe-deficient white lupin roots; however, no information is available on the molecular bases of the response. In the present work, responses to Fe and P deficiency and their reciprocal interactions were studied. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that white lupin roots upregulated Fe-responsive genes ascribable to Strategy-I response, this behaviour was mainly evident in cluster roots. The upregulation of some components of Fe-acquisition mechanism occurred also in P-deficient cluster roots. Concerning P acquisition, some P-responsive genes (as phosphate transporters and transcription factors) were upregulated by P deficiency as well by Fe deficiency. These data indicate a strong cross-connection between the responses activated under Fe or P deficiency in white lupin. The activation of Fe- and P-acquisition mechanisms might play a crucial role to enhance the plant's capability to mobilize both nutrients in the rhizosphere, especially P from its associated metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Venuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Laura Zanin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Fabio Marroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Franco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Michele Morgante
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pinton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
| | - Nicola Tomasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy.
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Winnicki K, Ciereszko I, Leśniewska J, Dubis AT, Basa A, Żabka A, Hołota M, Sobiech Ł, Faligowska A, Skrzypczak G, Maszewski J, Polit JT. Irrigation affects characteristics of narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seeds. Planta 2019; 249:1731-1746. [PMID: 30684036 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While plant irrigation usually increases yield, irrigation also affects seed characteristics with respect to endoreplication level, chemical composition, number of carbonyl bands, and cuticular wax profiles. Seeds of sweet varieties of the narrow-leaved lupin have good nutritional properties; however, these plants are sensitive to water deficit. Irrigation improves lupin yield, but can affect seed characteristics. The purpose of the study was to evaluate irrigation influence on lupin seed features and their chemical composition. Morphological analyses showed worse quality of seeds from the irrigated plants, with regard to their size and weight. This was confirmed by cytophotometric analyses which revealed a lower DNA content in the nuclei of cells from the apical and basal regions of the irrigated seeds. The lower degree of polyploidy of the nuclei entails lower cell sizes and limited space for storage components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis demonstrated that protein and cuticular wax profiles of the irrigated seeds were different from the control. The electrophoretic analyses indicated differences in protein profiles including changes in the proportion of lupin storage proteins. Among the various studied elements, only the nitrogen content decreased in the embryo axis of irrigated plants. Although germination dynamics of the irrigated seeds was higher, the seedlings' development rate was slightly lower than in the control. The hydrogen peroxide level in root meristem cells was higher during germination in the control suggesting its regulatory role in seed metabolism/signaling. Our study indicated that irrigation of lupin plant affected seed features and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Winnicki
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1J, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Leśniewska
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1J, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alina T Dubis
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Basa
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego1K, 15-245, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aneta Żabka
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Hołota
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobiech
- Agronomy Department, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Faligowska
- Agronomy Department, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Skrzypczak
- Agronomy Department, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
| | - Janusz Maszewski
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna T Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland.
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10
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Frick KM, Foley RC, Kamphuis LG, Siddique KHM, Garg G, Singh KB. Characterization of the genetic factors affecting quinolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and its response to abiotic stress in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:2155-2168. [PMID: 29473655 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quinolizidine alkaloids (QAs) are toxic secondary metabolites that complicate the end use of narrow-leafed lupin (NLL; Lupinus angustifolius L.) grain, as levels sometimes exceed the industry limit for its use as a food and feed source. The genotypic and environmental influences on QA production in NLL are poorly understood. Here, the expression of QA biosynthetic genes was analysed in vegetative and reproductive tissues of bitter (high QA) and sweet (low QA) accessions. It was demonstrated that sweet accessions are characterized by lower QA biosynthetic gene expression exclusively in leaf and stem tissues than bitter NLL, consistent with the hypothesis that QAs are predominantly produced in aerial tissues and transported to seeds, rather than synthesized within the seed itself. This analysis informed our identification of additional candidate genes involved in QA biosynthesis. Drought and temperature stress are two major abiotic stresses that often occur during NLL pod set. Hence, we assessed the effect of drought, increased temperature, and their combination, on QA production in three sweet NLL cultivars. A cultivar-specific response to drought and temperature in grain QA levels was observed, including the identification of a cultivar where alkaloid levels did not change with these stress treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Frick
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Rhonda C Foley
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Gagan Garg
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
| | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Floreat, WA, 6014, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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Meunier F, Zarebanadkouki M, Ahmed MA, Carminati A, Couvreur V, Javaux M. Hydraulic conductivity of soil-grown lupine and maize unbranched roots and maize root-shoot junctions. J Plant Physiol 2018; 227:31-44. [PMID: 29395124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving or maintaining crop productivity under conditions of long term change of soil water availability and atmosphere demand for water is one the big challenges of this century. It requires a deep understanding of crop water acquisition properties, i.e. root system architecture and root hydraulic properties among other characteristics of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. A root pressure probe technique was used to measure the root hydraulic conductances of seven-week old maize and lupine plants grown in sandy soil. Unbranched root segments were excised in lateral, seminal, crown and brace roots of maize, and in lateral roots of lupine. Their total hydraulic conductance was quantified under steady-state hydrostatic gradient for progressively shorter segments. Furthermore, the axial conductance of proximal root regions removed at each step of root shortening was measured as well. Analytical solutions of the water flow equations in unbranched roots developed recently and relating root total conductance profiles to axial and radial conductivities were used to retrieve the root radial hydraulic conductivity profile along each root type, and quantify its uncertainty. Interestingly, the optimized root radial conductivities and measured axial conductances displayed significant differences across root types and species. However, the measured root total conductances did not differ significantly. As compared to measurements reported in the literature, our axial and radial conductivities concentrate in the lower range of herbaceous species hydraulic properties. In a final experiment, the hydraulic conductances of root junctions to maize stem were observed to highly depend on root type. Surprisingly maize brace root junctions were an order of magnitude more conductive than the other crown and seminal roots, suggesting potential regulation mechanism for root water uptake location and a potential role of the maize brace roots for water uptake more important than reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félicien Meunier
- Earth and Life Institute, Environmental sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Mutez A Ahmed
- Division of Soil Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; Division of Soil Hydrology, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Division of Soil Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valentin Couvreur
- Earth and Life Institute, Agronomic sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Javaux
- Earth and Life Institute, Environmental sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-3 Agrosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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12
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Płażek A, Dubert F, Kopeć P, Dziurka M, Kalandyk A, Pastuszak J, Wolko B. Seed Hydropriming and Smoke Water Significantly Improve Low-Temperature Germination of Lupinus angustifolius L. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E992. [PMID: 29587459 PMCID: PMC5979301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed imbibition under cold temperature is dangerous when dry seeds have relatively low water content. The aim of this study was to investigate germination of 20 lines/cultivars of narrow-leaf lupine at 7 °C (cold) and 13 °C (control) under the influence of smoke water and following seed hydropriming for 3 h at 20 °C. The efficacy of individual treatments was examined with regard to seed protection during low-temperature germination. Based on seed germination, vigour at cold was evaluated four days after sowing by means of hypocotyl length, the studied lines/cultivars were divided into three groups with low, high and very high germination rates. Germination vigour correlated with cell membrane permeability, dehydrogenase activity and abscisic acid (ABA) content and was analysed in the seeds one day after sowing. Gibberellin content did not correlate with germination vigour. The seeds of weakly germinating lines/cultivars had the highest cell permeability and ABA content as well as the lowest amylolytic activity at both studied temperatures. Additionally, the vigour of weakly germinating seeds at 7 °C correlated with dehydrogenase activity. Three-hour hydropriming was the most effective for seed germination under cold due to reduced cell membrane permeability and ABA level. Stimulating effects of smoke water on germination under cold could be explained by enhanced dehydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Płażek
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Agriculture, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Franciszek Dubert
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Kopeć
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kalandyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jakub Pastuszak
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Agriculture, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bogdan Wolko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Genetics, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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13
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Rydzyński D, Piotrowicz-Cieślak AI, Grajek H, Michalczyk DJ. Instability of chlorophyll in yellow lupin seedlings grown in soil contaminated with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Chemosphere 2017; 184:62-73. [PMID: 28578197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With increasing soil concentrations of ciprofloxacin and tetracycline a decrease of leaf chlorophyll content was observed. Tetracycline was more detrimental than ciprofloxacin. The chlorophyll content in plants growing for ten days on a tetracycline containing soil decreased by 68%. The decrease of chlorophyll concentration was even sharper in new leaves that formed after application of the antibiotic (up to 81% drop). The comparison of absorption spectra of commercial, reagent grade chlorophyll, alone and incubated with antibiotics, has shown that ciprofloxacin and tetracycline can react directly with chlorophyll and decrease its concentration by 47.7% and 48.5%, respectively. The changes in fluorescence spectra confirmed the formation of chlorophyll degradation product. The chlorophyll decay was a second order reaction and depended on antibiotic concentration and duration of exposure. Reaction rate constants differed with antibiotics and their soil concentrations. With increasing contents of antibiotics in soil the constant of chlorophyll degradation rate in lupin plants increased from k = 870 M-1day-1 for 3 mg ciprofloxacin to k = 2490 M-1day-1 for 90 mg ciprofloxacin, and in the case of tetracycline the reaction rate constant increased from k = 1330 M-1day-1 to k = 2910 M-1day-1. The sensitivity of chlorophyll to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was confirmed by determining EC and TU indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Rydzyński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka I Piotrowicz-Cieślak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Hanna Grajek
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 4, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dariusz J Michalczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
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14
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Pardini EA, Patten MV, Knight TM. Effects of seed density and proximity to refuge habitat on seed predation rates for a rare and a common Lupinus species. Am J Bot 2017; 104:389-398. [PMID: 28325829 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Biotic interactions such as seed predation can play a role in explaining patterns of abundance among plant species. The effect of seed predation will depend on how the strength of predation differs across species and environments, and on the degree to which seed loss at one life-cycle phase increases fitness at another phase. Few studies have simultaneously quantified predispersal and postdispersal predation in co-occurring rare and common congeners, despite the value of estimating both for understanding causes of rarity. METHODS We quantified predispersal seed predation on the rare, herbaceous species Lupinus tidestromii (Fabaceae) and its common, shrubby congener L. chamissonis across multiple years in the same community. We experimentally measured postdispersal seed predation at two seed densities and locations near or far from an exotic grass housing high densities of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), their primary, native seed predator. KEY RESULTS The common L. chamissonis had the lowest predispersal seed predation of the two lupine species, potentially because of its height: its high racemes received less predation than those low to the ground. By contrast, the same species experienced higher postdispersal seed predation, and at predators traveled long distances away from refuge habitat to consume their seeds. Across both plant species, mice preferentially predated high-density seed sources. CONCLUSIONS Our results show differences in the magnitude and direction of seed predation between the species across different life-cycle phases. We demonstrated possible roles of proximity to refuge habitat, seed density, and seed size in these patterns. Congeneric comparisons would benefit from a comprehensive framework that considers seed predation across different life-cycle phases and the environmental context of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Pardini
- Environmental Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Box 1137, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Melissa V Patten
- Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, California 94920, USA
| | - Tiffany M Knight
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Nelson MN, Książkiewicz M, Rychel S, Besharat N, Taylor CM, Wyrwa K, Jost R, Erskine W, Cowling WA, Berger JD, Batley J, Weller JL, Naganowska B, Wolko B. The loss of vernalization requirement in narrow-leafed lupin is associated with a deletion in the promoter and de-repressed expression of a Flowering Locus T (FT) homologue. New Phytol 2017; 213:220-232. [PMID: 27418400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leafed lupin) to cropping in southern Australian and northern Europe was transformed by a dominant mutation (Ku) that removed vernalization requirement for flowering. The Ku mutation is now widely used in lupin breeding to confer early flowering and maturity. We report here the identity of the Ku mutation. We used a range of genetic, genomic and gene expression approaches to determine whether Flowering Locus T (FT) homologues are associated with the Ku locus. One of four FT homologues present in the narrow-leafed lupin genome, LanFTc1, perfectly co-segregated with the Ku locus in a reference mapping population. Expression of LanFTc1 in the ku (late-flowering) parent was strongly induced by vernalization, in contrast to the Ku (early-flowering) parent, which showed constitutively high LanFTc1 expression. Co-segregation of this expression phenotype with the LanFTc1 genotype indicated that the Ku mutation impairs cis-regulation of LanFTc1. Sequencing of LanFTc1 revealed a 1.4-kb deletion in the promoter region, which was perfectly predictive of vernalization response in 216 wild and domesticated accessions. Linkage disequilibrium rapidly decayed around LanFTc1, suggesting that this deletion caused the loss of vernalization response. This is the first time a legume FTc subclade gene has been implicated in the vernalization response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Nelson
- Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michał Książkiewicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sandra Rychel
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Naghmeh Besharat
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Candy M Taylor
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Wyrwa
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ricarda Jost
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for AgriBiosciences, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
| | - William Erskine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Wallace A Cowling
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jens D Berger
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - James L Weller
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Barbara Naganowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogdan Wolko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Wilmowicz E, Frankowski K, Kućko A, Świdziński M, de Dios Alché J, Nowakowska A, Kopcewicz J. The influence of abscisic acid on the ethylene biosynthesis pathway in the functioning of the flower abscission zone in Lupinus luteus. J Plant Physiol 2016; 206:49-58. [PMID: 27689739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower abscission is a highly regulated developmental process activated in response to exogenous (e.g. changing environmental conditions) and endogenous stimuli (e.g. phytohormones). Ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) are very effective stimulators of flower abortion in Lupinus luteus, which is a widely cultivated species in Poland, Australia and Mediterranean countries. In this paper, we show that artificial activation of abscission by flower removal caused an accumulation of ABA in the abscission zone (AZ). Moreover, the blocking of that phytohormone's biosynthesis by NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid) decreased the number of abscised flowers. However, the application of NBD - an inhibitor of ET action - reversed the stimulatory effect of ABA on flower abscission, indicating that ABA itself is not sufficient to turn on the organ separation. Our analysis revealed that exogenous ABA significantly accelerated the transcriptional activity of the ET biosynthesis genes ACC synthase (LlACS) and oxidase (LlACO), and moreover, strongly increased the level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) - ET precursor, which was specifically localized within AZ cells. We cannot exclude the possibility that ABA mediates flower abscission processes by enhancing the ET biosynthesis rate. The findings of our study will contribute to the overall basic knowledge on the phytohormone-regulated generative organs abscission in L. luteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Kamil Frankowski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agata Kućko
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Michał Świdziński
- Department of Cell Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
| | - Anna Nowakowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Jan Kopcewicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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17
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Kozłowski J, Strażyński P, Jaskulska M, Kozłowska M. Relationships Between Aphids (Insecta: Homoptera: Aphididae) and Slugs (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Agriolimacidae) Pests of Legumes (Fabaceae: Lupinus). J Insect Sci 2016; 16:iew033. [PMID: 27324580 PMCID: PMC4913456 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupin plants are frequently damaged by various herbivorous invertebrates. Significant among these are slugs and aphids, which sometimes attack the same plants. Relationships between aphids, slugs and food plant are very interesting. Grazing by these pests on young plants can lead to significant yield losses. There is evidence that the alkaloids present in some lupin plants may reduce grazing by slugs, aphids and other invertebrates. In laboratory study was analyzed the relationships between aphid Aphis craccivora and slug Deroceras reticulatum pests of legumes Lupinus angustifolius. It was found that the presence of aphids significantly reduced slug grazing on the plants. The lupin cultivars with high alkaloid content were found to be less heavily damaged by D. reticulatum, and the development of A. craccivora was found to be inhibited on such plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Przemysław Strażyński
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Maria Kozłowska
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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18
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Robles-Díaz E, Flores J, Yáñez-Espinosa L. Paths of water entry and structures involved in the breaking of seed dormancy of Lupinus. J Plant Physiol 2016; 192:75-80. [PMID: 26874334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical dormancy is the water impermeability of the seed coat caused by one or more palisade cell layer(s) called macrosclereids. The specialised structure for water entry sites is the water gap, which serves as a detector of environmental cues for germination. In Fabaceae, the water gap is the lens, although another seed structure for water entry could exist. In this study, we identified the initial site of water entry, observed the hydration of a cushion-like structure near the radicle, described the anatomy of the water gap, and analysed the association of anatomical seed traits with the initial site of water entry and the imbibition velocity of six species of Lupinus from the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Dye tracking with a toluidine blue solution was used to identify the initial site of water entry. The anatomical description was performed using conventional microtechnique and a light microscope. The entry of the toluidine solution into seeds of L. montanus was observed after 6h, followed by L. exaltatus and L. mexicanus after 18h and L. elegans, L. reflexus and L. rotundiflorus after 48h. The site of water entry was the lens in L. elegans, L. exaltatus, L. reflexus and L. rotundiflorus and the micropyle in L. mexicanus and L. montanus. The cushion-like structure was responsible for water accumulation in embryo imbibition. Significant differences among anatomical seed traits such as thickness in the hilar region, the counter-palisade layer, cushion-like structure, epidermis, hypodermis, and innermost parenchyma layer were found among the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Robles-Díaz
- Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Joel Flores
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
| | - Laura Yáñez-Espinosa
- Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales. Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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19
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Blamey FPC, Hernandez-Soriano MC, Cheng M, Tang C, Paterson DJ, Lombi E, Wang WH, Scheckel KG, Kopittke PM. Synchrotron-Based Techniques Shed Light on Mechanisms of Plant Sensitivity and Tolerance to High Manganese in the Root Environment. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:2006-20. [PMID: 26395840 PMCID: PMC4634059 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant species differ in response to high available manganese (Mn), but the mechanisms of sensitivity and tolerance are poorly understood. In solution culture, greater than or equal to 30 µm Mn decreased the growth of soybean (Glycine max), but white lupin (Lupinus albus), narrow-leafed lupin (Lupin angustifolius), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) grew well at 100 µm Mn. Differences in species' tolerance to high Mn could not be explained simply by differences in root, stem, or leaf Mn status, being 8.6, 17.1, 6.8, and 9.5 mmol kg(-1) leaf fresh mass at 100 µm Mn. Furthermore, x-ray absorption near edge structure analyses identified the predominance of Mn(II), bound mostly to malate or citrate, in roots and stems of all four species. Rather, differences in tolerance were due to variations in Mn distribution and speciation within leaves. In Mn-sensitive soybean, in situ analysis of fresh leaves using x-ray fluorescence microscopy combined with x-ray absorption near edge structure showed high Mn in the veins, and manganite [Mn(III)] accumulated in necrotic lesions apparently through low Mn sequestration in vacuoles or other vesicles. In the two lupin species, most Mn accumulated in vacuoles as either soluble Mn(II) malate or citrate. In sunflower, Mn was sequestered as manganite at the base of nonglandular trichomes. Hence, tolerance to high Mn was ascribed to effective sinks for Mn in leaves, as Mn(II) within vacuoles or through oxidation of Mn(II) to Mn(III) in trichomes. These two mechanisms prevented Mn accumulation in the cytoplasm and apoplast, thereby ensuring tolerance to high Mn in the root environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pax C Blamey
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Maria C Hernandez-Soriano
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Miaomiao Cheng
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Caixian Tang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - David J Paterson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Enzo Lombi
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Wei Hong Wang
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
| | - Peter M Kopittke
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (F.P.C.B., M.C.H.-S., P.M.K.);Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (M.C., C.T.);Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia (D.J.P.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L., W.H.W.); andNational Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45224 (K.G.S.)
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Rudolph-Mohr N, Vontobel P, Oswald SE. A multi-imaging approach to study the root-soil interface. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1779-87. [PMID: 25344936 PMCID: PMC4649689 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dynamic processes occurring at the soil-root interface crucially influence soil physical, chemical and biological properties at a local scale around the roots, and are technically challenging to capture in situ. This study presents a novel multi-imaging approach combining fluorescence and neutron radiography that is able to simultaneously monitor root growth, water content distribution, root respiration and root exudation. METHODS Germinated seeds of white lupins (Lupinus albus) were planted in boron-free glass rhizotrons. After 11 d, the rhizotrons were wetted from the bottom and time series of fluorescence and neutron images were taken during the subsequent day and night cycles for 13 d. The following day (i.e. 25 d after planting) the rhizotrons were again wetted from the bottom and the measurements were repeated. Fluorescence sensor foils were attached to the inner sides of the glass and measurements of oxygen and pH were made on the basis of fluorescence intensity. The experimental set-up allowed for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and neutron radiography. KEY RESULTS The interrelated patterns of root growth and distribution in the soil, root respiration, exudation and water uptake could all be studied non-destructively and at high temporal and spatial resolution. The older parts of the root system with greater root-length density were associated with fast decreases of water content and rapid changes in oxygen concentration. pH values around the roots located in areas with low soil water content were significantly lower than the rest of the root system. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the combined imaging set-up developed here, incorporating fluorescence intensity measurements, is able to map important biogeochemical parameters in the soil around living plants with a spatial resolution that is sufficiently high enough to relate the patterns observed to the root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rudolph-Mohr
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Sascha E Oswald
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Kleinert A, Venter M, Kossmann J, Valentine A. The reallocation of carbon in P deficient lupins affects biological nitrogen fixation. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:1619-24. [PMID: 25155758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is not known how phosphate (P) deficiency affects the allocation of carbon (C) to biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in legumes. The alteration of the respiratory and photosynthetic C costs of BNF was investigated under P deficiency. Although BNF can impose considerable sink stimulation on host respiratory and photosynthetic C, it is not known how the change in the C and energy allocation during P deficiency may affect BNF. Nodulated Lupinus luteus plants were grown in sand culture, using a modified Long Ashton nutrient solution containing no nitrogen (N) for ca. four weeks, after which one set was exposed to a P-deficient nutrient medium, while the other set continued growing on a P-sufficient nutrient medium. Phosphorus stress was measured at 20 days after onset of P-starvation. During P stress the decline in nodular P levels was associated with lower BNF and nodule growth. There was also a shift in the balance of photosynthetic and respiratory C toward a loss of C during P stress. Below-ground respiration declined under limiting P conditions. However, during this decline there was also a shift in the proportion of respiratory energy from maintenance toward growth respiration. Under P stress, there was an increased allocation of C toward root growth, thereby decreasing the amount of C available for maintenance respiration. It is therefore possible that the decline in BNF under P deficiency may be due to this change in resource allocation away from respiration associated with direct nutrient uptake, but rather toward a long term nutrient acquisition strategy of increased root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleysia Kleinert
- Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Mauritz Venter
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Alexander Valentine
- Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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22
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Berger JD, Ludwig C. Contrasting adaptive strategies to terminal drought-stress gradients in Mediterranean legumes: phenology, productivity, and water relations in wild and domesticated Lupinus luteus L. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:6219-29. [PMID: 24591050 PMCID: PMC4223984 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of within-species annual plant adaptation to rainfall gradients is fragmented. Broad-scale ecological applications of Grime's C-S-R triangle are often superficial, while detailed drought physiology tends to be narrow, focusing on elite cultivars. The former lack the detail to explain how plants respond, while the latter provide little context to investigate trade-offs among traits, to explain where/why these might be adaptive. Ecophysiology, combining the breadth of the former with the detail of the latter, can resolve this disconnect and is applied here to describe adaptive strategies in the Mediterranean legume Lupinus luteus. Wild and domesticated material from low- and high-rainfall environments was evaluated under contrasting terminal drought. These opposing environments have selected for contrasting, integrated, adaptive strategies. Long-season, high-rainfall habitats select for competitive (C) traits: delayed phenology, high above- and below-ground biomass, productivity, and fecundity, leading to high water-use and early stress onset. Terminal drought-prone environments select for the opposite: ruderal (R) traits that facilitate drought escape/avoidance but limit reproductive potential. Surprisingly, high-rainfall ecotypes generate lower critical leaf water potentials under water deficit, maintaining higher relative water content than the latter. Given that L. luteus evolved in sandy, low-water-holding capacity soils, this represents a bet-hedging response to intermittent self-imposed water-deficits associated with a strongly C-selected adaptive strategy that is therefore redundant in R-selected low-rainfall ecotypes. Domesticated L. luteus is even more R-selected, reflecting ongoing selection for early maturity. Introgression of appropriate C-selected adaptive traits from wild germplasm may widen the crop production range.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Berger
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley WA 6913, Australia Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C Ludwig
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley WA 6913, Australia
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23
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Thuynsma R, Valentine A, Kleinert A. Phosphorus deficiency affects the allocation of below-ground resources to combined cluster roots and nodules in Lupinus albus. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:285-291. [PMID: 24129121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Lupins can rely on both cluster roots and nodules for P acquisition and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), respectively. The resource allocation (C, N and P) between cluster roots and nodules has been largely understudied during P-deficient conditions. The aim of this investigation was therefore to determine the changes in resource allocation between these organs during fluctuations in P supply. Lupinus albus was cultivated in sand culture for 3 weeks, with either sufficient (2 mM high) or limiting (0.1 mM low) P supply. Although variation on P supply had no effect on the total biomass, there were significant differences in specialised below-ground organ allocation to cluster roots and nodule formation. Cluster root formation and the associated C-costs increased during low P supply, but at sufficient P-supply the construction and growth respiration costs of cluster roots declined along with their growth. In contrast to the cluster root decline at high P supply, there was an increase in nodule growth allocation and corresponding C-costs. However, this was not associated with an increase in BNF. Since cluster roots were able to increase P acquisition under low P conditions, this below-ground investment may also have benefited the P nutrition of nodules. These findings provide evidence that when lupins acquire N via BNF in their nodules, there may be a trade-off in resource allocation between cluster roots and nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Thuynsma
- Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Alex Valentine
- Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia Node, 132 Lanhei Rd, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Aleysia Kleinert
- Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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24
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Leitner D, Felderer B, Vontobel P, Schnepf A. Recovering root system traits using image analysis exemplified by two-dimensional neutron radiography images of lupine. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:24-35. [PMID: 24218493 PMCID: PMC3875805 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.227892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root system traits are important in view of current challenges such as sustainable crop production with reduced fertilizer input or in resource-limited environments. We present a novel approach for recovering root architectural parameters based on image-analysis techniques. It is based on a graph representation of the segmented and skeletonized image of the root system, where individual roots are tracked in a fully automated way. Using a dynamic root architecture model for deciding whether a specific path in the graph is likely to represent a root helps to distinguish root overlaps from branches and favors the analysis of root development over a sequence of images. After the root tracking step, global traits such as topological characteristics as well as root architectural parameters are computed. Analysis of neutron radiographic root system images of lupine (Lupinus albus) grown in mesocosms filled with sandy soil results in a set of root architectural parameters. They are used to simulate the dynamic development of the root system and to compute the corresponding root length densities in the mesocosm. The graph representation of the root system provides global information about connectivity inside the graph. The underlying root growth model helps to determine which path inside the graph is most likely for a given root. This facilitates the systematic investigation of root architectural traits, in particular with respect to the parameterization of dynamic root architecture models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Felderer
- University of Vienna, Computational Science Center, A–1090 Vienna, Austria (D.L.)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial, Ecosystems, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.F.)
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Spallation Neutron Source Division CH–5232 Willigen, Switzerland (P.V.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Agrosphere, D–52425 Julich, Germany (A.S.); and
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, A–1190 Vienna, Austria (A.S.)
| | - Peter Vontobel
- University of Vienna, Computational Science Center, A–1090 Vienna, Austria (D.L.)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial, Ecosystems, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.F.)
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Spallation Neutron Source Division CH–5232 Willigen, Switzerland (P.V.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Agrosphere, D–52425 Julich, Germany (A.S.); and
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, A–1190 Vienna, Austria (A.S.)
| | - Andrea Schnepf
- University of Vienna, Computational Science Center, A–1090 Vienna, Austria (D.L.)
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial, Ecosystems, CH–8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.F.)
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Spallation Neutron Source Division CH–5232 Willigen, Switzerland (P.V.)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Agrosphere, D–52425 Julich, Germany (A.S.); and
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management, A–1190 Vienna, Austria (A.S.)
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25
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Thorpe AS, Perakis S, Catricala C, Kaye TN. Nutrient limitation of native and invasive N2-fixing plants in northwest prairies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84593. [PMID: 24386399 PMCID: PMC3874015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient rich conditions often promote plant invasions, yet additions of non-nitrogen (N) nutrients may provide a novel approach for conserving native symbiotic N-fixing plants in otherwise N-limited ecosystems. Lupinus oreganus is a threatened N-fixing plant endemic to prairies in western Oregon and southwest Washington (USA). We tested the effect of non-N fertilizers on the growth, reproduction, tissue N content, and stable isotope δ(15)N composition of Lupinus at three sites that differed in soil phosphorus (P) and N availability. We also examined changes in other Fabaceae (primarily Vicia sativa and V. hirsuta) and cover of all plant species. Variation in background soil P and N availability shaped patterns of nutrient limitation across sites. Where soil P and N were low, P additions increased Lupinus tissue N and altered foliar δ(15)N, suggesting P limitation of N fixation. Where soil P was low but N was high, P addition stimulated growth and reproduction in Lupinus. At a third site, with higher soil P, only micro- and macronutrient fertilization without N and P increased Lupinus growth and tissue N. Lupinus foliar δ(15)N averaged -0.010‰ across all treatments and varied little with tissue N, suggesting consistent use of fixed N. In contrast, foliar δ(15)N of Vicia spp. shifted towards 0‰ as tissue N increased, suggesting that conditions fostering N fixation may benefit these exotic species. Fertilization increased cover, N fixation, and tissue N of non-target, exotic Fabaceae, but overall plant community structure shifted at only one site, and only after the dominant Lupinus was excluded from analyses. Our finding that non-N fertilization increased the performance of Lupinus with few community effects suggests a potential strategy to aid populations of threatened legume species. The increase in exotic Fabaceae species that occurred with fertilization further suggests that monitoring and adaptive management should accompany any large scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S. Thorpe
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven Perakis
- United States Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christina Catricala
- United States Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Thomas N. Kaye
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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26
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Quiñones MA, Ruiz-Díez B, Fajardo S, López-Berdonces MA, Higueras PL, Fernández-Pascual M. Lupinus albus plants acquire mercury tolerance when inoculated with an Hg-resistant Bradyrhizobium strain. Plant Physiol Biochem 2013; 73:168-175. [PMID: 24125840 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One strain of Bradyrhizobium canariense (L-7AH) was selected for its metal-resistance and ability to nodulate white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) plants, from a collection of rhizobial strains previously created from soils of the Almadén mining district (Spain) with varying levels of Hg contamination. Plants were inoculated with either strain L-7AH (Hg-tolerant) or L-3 (Hg-sensitive, used as control), and watered with nutrient solutions supplemented with various concentrations (0-200 μM) of HgCl2 in a growth chamber. L. albus inoculated with L-7AH were able to nodulate even at the highest concentration of Hg while those inoculated with L-3 had virtually no nodules at Hg concentrations above 25 μM. Plants inoculated with L-7AH, but not those with the control strain, were able to accumulate large amounts of Hg in their roots and nodules. Nodulation with L-7AH allowed plants to maintain constant levels of both chlorophylls and carotenoids in their leaves and a high photosynthetic efficiency, whereas in those inoculated with L-3 both pigment content and photosynthetic efficiency decreased significantly as Hg concentration increased. Nitrogenase activity of plants nodulated with L-7AH remained fairly constant at all concentrations of Hg used. Results suggest that this symbiotic pair may be used for rhizoremediation of Hg-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Quiñones
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA), CSIC, Serrano 115-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Morkunas I, Formela M, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Marczak Ł, Narożna D, Nowak W, Bednarski W. Cross-talk interactions of exogenous nitric oxide and sucrose modulates phenylpropanoid metabolism in yellow lupine embryo axes infected with Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Sci 2013; 211:102-121. [PMID: 23987816 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine cross-talk of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) and sucrose in the mechanisms of synthesis and accumulation of isoflavonoids in embryo axes of Lupinus luteus L. cv. Juno. It was verified whether the interaction of these molecules can modulate the defense response of axes to infection and development of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini. Sucrose alone strongly stimulated a high level of genistein glucoside in axes pretreated with exogenous nitric oxide (SNP or GSNO) and non-pretreated axes. As a result of amplification of the signal coming from sucrose and GSNO, high isoflavonoids accumulation was observed (+Sn+GSNO). It needs to be stressed that infection in tissues pretreated with SNP/GSNO and cultured on the medium with sucrose (+Si+SNP/+Si+GSNO) very strongly enhances the accumulation of free isoflavone aglycones. In +Si+SNP axes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity was high up to 72h. As early as at 12h in +Si+SNP axes an increase was recorded in gene expression level of the specific isoflavonoid synthesis pathway. At 24h in +Si+SNP axes a very high total antioxidant capacity dependent on the pool of fast antioxidants was noted. Post-infection generation of semiquinone radicals was lower in axes with a high level of sucrose than with a deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, Poznań, Poland.
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28
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Zarebanadkouki M, Kim YX, Carminati A. Where do roots take up water? Neutron radiography of water flow into the roots of transpiring plants growing in soil. New Phytol 2013; 199:1034-1044. [PMID: 23692148 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Where and how fast does water flow from soil into roots? The answer to this question requires direct and in situ measurement of local flow of water into roots of transpiring plants growing in soil. We used neutron radiography to trace the transport of deuterated water (D₂O) in lupin (Lupinus albus) roots. Lupins were grown in aluminum containers (30 × 25 × 1 cm) filled with sandy soil. D₂O was injected in different soil regions and its transport in soil and roots was monitored by neutron radiography. The transport of water into roots was then quantified using a convection-diffusion model of D₂O transport into roots. The results showed that water uptake was not uniform along roots. Water uptake was higher in the upper soil layers than in the lower ones. Along an individual root, the radial flux was higher in the proximal segments than in the distal segments. In lupins, most of the water uptake occurred in lateral roots. The function of the taproot was to collect water from laterals and transport it to the shoot. This function is ensured by a low radial conductivity and a high axial conductivity. Lupin root architecture seems well designed to take up water from deep soil layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yangmin X Kim
- Soil Hydrology, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Carminati
- Soil Hydrology, Georg August University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Sánchez-Pardo B, Fernández-Pascual M, Zornoza P. Copper microlocalisation and changes in leaf morphology, chloroplast ultrastructure and antioxidative response in white lupin and soybean grown in copper excess. J Plant Res 2013; 127:119-29. [PMID: 23979008 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The microlocalisation of Cu was examined in the leaves of white lupin and soybean grown hydroponically in the presence of 1.6 (control) or 192 μM (excess) Cu, along with its effect on leaf morphology, (ultra)structure and the antioxidative response. The 192 μM dose led to a reduction in the total leaf area and leaf thickness in both species, although more strongly so in white lupin. In the latter species it was also associated with smaller spongy parenchyma cells, and smaller spaces between them, while in the soybean it more strongly reduced the size of the palisade parenchyma and epidermal cells. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed that under Cu excess the metal was mainly localised inside the spongy parenchyma cells of the white lupin leaves, and in the lower epidermis cell walls in those of the soybean. Cu excess also promoted ultrastructural chloroplast alterations, reducing the photosynthetic capacity index and the green area of the leaves, especially in the soybean. Despite this, soybean appeared to be more tolerant to Cu excess than white lupin, because soybean displayed (1) lower accumulation of Cu in the leaves, (2) enhanced microlocalisation of Cu in the cell walls and (3) greater levels of induced total -SH content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities that are expected for better antioxidative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sánchez-Pardo
- Dpto. Química Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Soto-Correa JC, Sáenz-Romero C, Lindig-Cisneros R, de la Barrera E. The neotropical shrub Lupinus elegans, fromtemperate forests, may not adapt to climate change. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2013; 15:607-10. [PMID: 23696969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Considering that their distribution is limited to altitudinal gradients along mountains that are likely to become warmer and drier, climate change poses an increased threat to temperate forest species from tropical regions. We studied whether the understorey shrub Lupinus elegans, endemic to temperate forests of west-central Mexico, will be able to withstand the projected temperature increase under seven climate change scenarios. Seeds were collected along an altitudinal gradient and grown in a shade-house over 7 months before determining their temperature tolerance as electrolyte leakage. The plants from colder sites tolerated lower temperatures, i.e. the temperature at which half of the maximum electrolyte leakage occurred (LT50), ranged from −6.4 ± 0.7 to −2.4 ± 0.3 °C. In contrast, no pattern was found for tolerance to high temperature (LT50 average 42.8 ± 0.3 °C). The climate change scenarios considered here consistently estimated an increase in air temperature during the present century that was higher for the maximum air temperature than for the mean or minimum. In particular, the anomaly from the normal maximum air temperature at the study region ranged from 2.8 °C by 2030 to 5.8 °C by 2090. In this respect, the inability of L. elegans to adapt to increasingly higher temperatures found here, in addition to a possible inhibition of reproduction caused by warmer winters, may limit its future distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Soto-Correa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Michoacán, Mexico
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Lambers H, Clements JC, Nelson MN. How a phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on carboxylate exudation powers the success and agronomic potential of lupines (Lupinus, Fabaceae). Am J Bot 2013; 100:263-88. [PMID: 23347972 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lupines (Lupinus species; Fabaceae) are an ancient crop with great potential to be developed further for high-protein feed and food, cover crops, and phytoremediation. Being legumes, they are capable of symbiotically fixing atmospheric nitrogen. However, Lupinus species appear to be nonmycorrhizal or weakly mycorrhizal at most; instead some produce cluster roots, which release vast amounts of phosphate-mobilizing carboxylates (inorganic anions). Other lupines produce cluster-like roots, which function in a similar manner, and some release large amounts of carboxylates without specialized roots. These traits associated with nutrient acquisition make lupines ideally suited for either impoverished soils or soils with large amounts of phosphorus that is poorly available for most plants, e.g., acidic or alkaline soils. Here we explore how common the nonmycorrhizal phosphorus-acquisition strategy based on exudation of carboxylates is in the genus Lupinus, concluding it is very likely more widespread than generally acknowledged. This trait may partly account for the role of lupines as pioneers or invasive species, but also makes them suitable crop plants while we reach "peak phosphorus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Deckert J, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Gzyl J, Pawlak-Sprada S, Abramowski D, Jelonek T, Gwóźdź EA. Nitric oxide implication in cadmium-induced programmed cell death in roots and signaling response of yellow lupine plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2012; 58:124-34. [PMID: 22819859 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sequence of events leading to the programmed cell death (PCD) induced by heavy metals in plants is still the object of extensive investigation. In this study we showed that roots of 3-day old yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) seedlings exposed to cadmium (Cd, 89μM CdCl(2)) resulted in PCD starting from 24h of stress duration, which was evidenced by TUNEL-positive reaction. Cd-induced PCD was preceded by a relatively early burst of nitric oxide (NO) localized mainly in the root tips. Above changes were accompanied by the NADPH-oxidase-dependent superoxide anion (O(2)(·-)) production. However, the concomitant high level of both NO and O(2)(·-) at the 24th h of Cd exposure did not provoke an enhanced peroxynitrite formation. The treatment with the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor and NO-scavenger significantly reduced O(2)(·-) and NO production, respectively, as well as diminished the pool of cells undergoing PCD. The obtained data indicate that boosted NO and O(2)(·-) production is required for Cd-induced PCD in lupine roots. Moreover, we found that in roots of 14-day old lupine plants the NO-dependent Cd-induced PCD was correlated with the enhanced level of the post-stress signals in leaves, including distal NO cross-talk with hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Research on the ability of plants to recognize kin and modify plant development to ameliorate competition with coexisting relatives is an area of very active current exploration. Empirical evidence, however, is insufficient to provide a sound picture of this phenomenon. METHODS An experiment was designed to assess multi-trait phenotypic expression in response to competition with conspecifics of varied degrees of genealogical relatedness. Groups of siblings, cousins and strangers of Lupinus angustifolius were set in competition in a pots assay. Several whole-plant and organ-level traits, directly related to competition for above- and below-ground resources, were measured. In addition, group-level root proliferation was measured as a key response trait to relatedness to neighbours, as identified in previous work. KEY RESULTS No major significant phenotypic differences were found between individuals and groups that could be assigned to the gradient of relatedness used here. This occurred in univariate models, and also when multi-trait interactions were evaluated through multi-group comparisons of Structural Equation Models. Root proliferation was higher in phenotypically more heterogeneous groups, but phenotypic heterogeneity was independent of the relatedness treatments of the experiment, and root proliferation was alike in the neighbourhoods of siblings, cousins and strangers. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to recent findings in other species, genealogical relatedness to competing neighbours has a negligible impact on the phenotypic expression of individuals and groups of L. angustifolius. This suggests that kin recognition needs further exploration to assess its generality, the ecological scenarios where it might have been favoured or penalized by natural selection, and its preponderance in different plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Milla
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, Madrid, Spain.
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Meng ZB, Chen LQ, Suo D, Li GX, Tang CX, Zheng SJ. Nitric oxide is the shared signalling molecule in phosphorus- and iron-deficiency-induced formation of cluster roots in white lupin (Lupinus albus). Ann Bot 2012; 109:1055-64. [PMID: 22351487 PMCID: PMC3336943 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Formation of cluster roots is one of the most specific root adaptations to nutrient deficiency. In white lupin (Lupinus albus), cluster roots can be induced by phosphorus (P) or iron (Fe) deficiency. The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential shared signalling pathway in P- and Fe-deficiency-induced cluster root formation. METHODS Measurements were made of the internal concentration of nutrients, levels of nitric oxide (NO), citrate exudation and expression of some specific genes under four P × Fe combinations, namely (1) 50 µm P and 10 µm Fe (+P + Fe); (2) 0 P and 10 µm Fe (-P + Fe); (3) 50 µm P and 0 Fe (+P-Fe); and (4) 0 P and 0 Fe (-P-Fe), and these were examined in relation to the formation of cluster roots. KEY RESULTS The deficiency of P, Fe or both increased the cluster root number and cluster zones. It also enhanced NO accumulation in pericycle cells and rootlet primordia at various stages of cluster root development. The formation of cluster roots and rootlet primordia, together with the expression of LaSCR1 and LaSCR2 which is crucial in cluster root formation, were induced by the exogenous NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) under the +P + Fe condition, but were inhibited by the NO-specific endogenous scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl- 3-oxide (cPTIO) under -P + Fe, +P-Fe and -P-Fe conditions. However, cluster roots induced by an exogenous supply of the NO donor did not secrete citrate, unlike those formed under -P or -Fe conditions. CONCLUSIONS NO plays an important role in the shared signalling pathway of the P- and Fe-deficiency-induced formation of cluster roots in white lupin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Bin Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li Qian Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dong Suo
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gui Xin Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cai Xian Tang
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora (Melbourne), Vic 3086, Australia
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Lorite MJ, Videira e Castro I, Muñoz S, Sanjuán J. Phylogenetic relationship of Lotus uliginosus symbionts with bradyrhizobia nodulating genistoid legumes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 79:454-64. [PMID: 22092879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lotus species are legumes with potential for pastures in soils with low-fertility and environmental constraints. The aim of this work was to characterize bacteria that establish efficient nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with the forage species Lotus uliginosus. A total of 39 isolates were obtained from nodules of L. uliginosus naturally growing in two different locations of Portugal. Molecular identification of the isolates plus the commercial inoculant strain NZP2039 was performed by REP-PCR, 16S rRNA RFLP, and 16S rRNA, glnII and recA sequence analyses. Limited genetic diversity was found among the L. uliginosus symbionts, which showed a close phylogenetic relationship with the species Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The symbiotic nifH, nodA and nodC gene sequences were closely related with the corresponding genes of various Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Lupinus and other genistoid legumes and therefore were phylogenetically separated from other Lotus spp. rhizobia. The L. uliginosus bradyrhizobia were able to nodulate and fix nitrogen in association with L. uliginosus, could nodulate Lotus corniculatus with generally poor nitrogen-fixing efficiency, formed nonfixing nodules in Lotus tenuis and Lupinus luteus roots and were unable to nodulate Glycine soja or Glycine max. Thus, L. uliginosus rhizobia seem closely related to B. japonicum biovar genistearum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Lorite
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
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Pinheiro C, António C, Ortuño MF, Dobrev PI, Hartung W, Thomas-Oates J, Ricardo CP, Vanková R, Chaves MM, Wilson JC. Initial water deficit effects on Lupinus albus photosynthetic performance, carbon metabolism, and hormonal balance: metabolic reorganization prior to early stress responses. J Exp Bot 2011; 62:4965-74. [PMID: 21172816 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The early (2-4 d) effects of slowly imposed soil water deficit on Lupinus albus photosynthetic performance, carbon metabolism, and hormonal balance in different organs (leaf blade, stem stele, stem cortex, and root) were evaluated on 23-d-old plants (growth chamber assay). Our work shows that several metabolic adjustments occurred prior to alteration of the plant water status, implying that water deficit is perceived before the change in plant water status. The slow, progressive decline in soil water content started to be visible 3 d after withholding water (3 DAW). The earliest plant changes were associated with organ-specific metabolic responses (particularly in the leaves) and with leaf conductance and only later with plant water status and photosynthetic rate (4 DAW) or photosynthetic capacity (according to the Farquhar model; 6 DAW). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the physiological parameters, the carbohydrate and the hormone levels and their relative values, as well as leaf water-soluble metabolites full scan data (LC-MS/MS), showed separation of the different sampling dates. At 6 DAW classically described stress responses are observed, with plant water status, ABA level, and root hormonal balance contributing to the separation of these samples. Discrimination of earlier stress stages (3 and 4 DAW) is only achieved when the relative levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (Cks), and carbon metabolism (glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and starch levels) are taken into account. Our working hypothesis is that, in addition to single responses (e.g. ABA increase), the combined alterations in hormone and carbohydrate levels play an important role in the stress response mechanism. Response to more advanced stress appears to be associated with a combination of cumulative changes, occurring in several plant organs. The carbohydrate and hormonal balance in the leaf (IAA to bioactive-Cks; soluble sugars to IAA and starch to IAA; relative abundances of the different soluble sugars) flag the initial responses to the slight decrease in soil water availability (10-15% decrease). Further alterations in sucrose to ABA and in raffinose to ABA relative values (in all organs) indicate that soil water availability continues to decrease. Such alterations when associated with changes in the root hormone balance indicate that the stress response is initiated. It is concluded that metabolic balance (e.g. IAA/bioactive Cks, carbohydrates/IAA, sucrose/ABA, raffinose/ABA, ABA/IAA) is relevant in triggering adjustment mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pinheiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Milla R, Escudero A, Iriondo JM. Congruence between geographic range distribution and local competitive ability of two Lupinus species. Am J Bot 2011; 98:1456-1464. [PMID: 21875973 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In spite of its relevance, we lack rigorous evidence on whether widespread species are superior local competitors compared with coexisting narrowly distributed congeners. We ran a competition experiment between two lupins that coexist at their shared geographic range: Lupinus angustifolius L. (widespread) and L. gredensis Gandoger (narrow endemic). • METHODS We set up mixed and monospecific populations of the two species, monitored survival and fecundity until the death of the whole cohorts, and measured variables of putative relevance to the competition process. We used aster modeling to address lifetime individual fitness and generalized linear models to assess the effect of species, type of competition, and competition environment on a suite of competition indices. • KEY RESULTS Lupinus angustifolius showed higher fitness and exerted a stronger competitive effect on its heterospecific neighbors. This occurred through higher fecundity late in the season rather than through differential survival at earlier stages. • CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence of lifetime superior competitive potential of a widespread species over a narrow endemic congener. This competitive response might scale up to the geographic distribution range and may partially explain the limited distribution of the narrow endemic. Extension to other carefully selected study cases and more in-depth field experiments may help to assess the generality of this pattern and understand how local processes translate into geographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Milla
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n., E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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Lehmann T, Dabert M, Nowak W. Organ-specific expression of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) subunits in yellow lupine. J Plant Physiol 2011; 168:1060-1066. [PMID: 21333382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.2-4) is present in yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus cv. Juno) in many isoforms. The number and banding pattern of isoenzymes varies with respect to plant organ and developmental stage. To better understand the complex nature of GDH regulation in plants, the levels of GDH transcripts, enzyme activity and isoenzyme patterns in germinating seeds and roots of yellow lupine were examined. The analysis of GDH cDNA sequences in lupine revealed three mRNA types, of which two encoded the β-GDH subunit and one encoded the α-GDH subunit (corresponding to the GDH1(GDH3) and GDH2 genes, respectively). The relative expression of GDH1 and GDH2 genes was analyzed in various lupine organs by using quantitative real-time PCR. Our results indicate that different mRNA types were differently regulated depending on organ type. Although both genes appeared to be ubiquitously expressed in all lupine tissues, the GDH1 transcripts evidently predominated over those of GDH2. Immunochemical analyses confirmed that, during embryo development, varied expression of two GDH subunits takes place. The α-GDH subunit (43kDa) predominated in the early stages of germinating seeds, while the β-GDH subunit (44kDa) was the only GDH polypeptide present in lupine roots. These results firmly support the hypothesis that isoenzyme variability of GDH in yellow lupine is associated with the varied expression of α and β subunits into the complexes of hexameric GDH forms. The presence of several isogenes of GDH in yellow lupine may explain the high number (over 20) of its molecular forms in germinating lupine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lehmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Pawlak-Sprada S, Stobiecki M, Deckert J. Activation of phenylpropanoid pathway in legume plants exposed to heavy metals. Part II. Profiling of isoflavonoids and their glycoconjugates induced in roots of lupine (Lupinus luteus) seedlings treated with cadmium and lead. Acta Biochim Pol 2011; 58:217-223. [PMID: 21503277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We examined changes in profiles of isoflavonoids in roots of lupine (Lupinus luteus L. cv. Juno) seedlings in response to treatment with two heavy metals: cadmium (at 10 mg/l) and lead (at 150 mg/l). Overall, 21 flavonoid conjugates were identified in root extracts, some of them with up to six positional isomers. The total amount of all isoflavonoids increased by about 15 % in cadmium-treated plants and by 46 % in lead-treated ones. Heavy metals markedly increased the content of two compounds: 2'-hydroxygenistein glucoside and 2'-hydroxygenistein 7-O-glucoside malonylated. Possible functions of the identified isoflavonoids in yellow lupine exposed to heavy metal stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Pawlak-Sprada
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Monteiro S, Freitas R, Rajasekhar BT, Teixeira AR, Ferreira RB. The unique biosynthetic route from lupinus beta-conglutin gene to blad. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8542. [PMID: 20066045 PMCID: PMC2798717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During seed germination, beta-conglutin undergoes a major cycle of limited proteolysis in which many of its constituent subunits are processed into a 20 kDa polypeptide termed blad. Blad is the main component of a glycooligomer, accumulating exclusively in the cotyledons of Lupinus species, between days 4 and 12 after the onset of germination. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The sequence of the gene encoding beta-conglutin precursor (1791 nucleotides) is reported. This gene, which shares 44 to 57% similarity and 20 to 37% identity with other vicilin-like protein genes, includes several features in common with these globulins, but also specific hallmarks. Most notable is the presence of an ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM), which possibly links the unique catabolic route of beta-conglutin to the ubiquitin/proteasome proteolytic pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Blad forms through a unique route from and is a stable intermediary product of its precursor, beta-conglutin, the major Lupinus seed storage protein. It is composed of 173 amino acid residues, is encoded by an intron-containing, internal fragment of the gene that codes for beta-conglutin precursor (nucleotides 394 to 913) and exhibits an isoelectric point of 9.6 and a molecular mass of 20,404.85 Da. Consistent with its role as a storage protein, blad contains an extremely high proportion of the nitrogen-rich amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monteiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Chludil HD, Vilariño MDP, Franco ML, Leicach SR. Changes in Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius alkaloid profiles in response to mechanical damage. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:6107-6113. [PMID: 19537792 DOI: 10.1021/jf901232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate chemical responses to biomass removal mimicking large herbivore action in Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius aerial parts. GC and GC-MS were used to determine total alkaloid content (TAC) and alkaloid relative abundances in bitter and sweet varieties of each species. Bitter genotypes Vila vehla (Vv; 3.95 +/- 0.26 mg/g of DM) and El Harrach (EH; 3.99 +/- 0.19 mg/g of DM) showed after damage 22 and 32.8% TAC increases, respectively. Even sweet varieties, with very low alkaloid contents, Gungurru (Gu; 0.51 +/- 0.09 mg/g of DM) and Rumbo (Ru; 0.53 +/- 0.09 mg/g of DM) exhibited higher induced responses of 58.8 and 67.9%, respectively, and their final TAC values remained low, distinctly apart from those corresponding to bitter species. Moreover, minor components such as ammodendrine, reported to exhibit teratogenic potential, showed no significant changes in their relative abundances in response to biomass removal in these genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Daniel Chludil
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada y Alimentos, Catedra de Quimica de Biomoleculas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Turnbull CM, Baxter AL, Johnson SK. Water-binding capacity and viscosity of Australian sweet lupin kernel fibre underin vitroconditions simulating the human upper gastrointestinal tract. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 56:87-94. [PMID: 16019318 DOI: 10.1080/09637480500081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently little understanding of the physicochemical properties in the human gastrointestinal tract of Australian sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) kernel fibre (LKF), a novel food ingredient with potential for the fibre enrichment of foods such as baked goods. Since physicochemical properties of dietary fibres have been related to beneficial physiological effects in vivo, this study compared water-binding capacity and viscosity of LKF with that of other fibres currently used for fibre-enrichment of baked goods, under in vitro conditions simulating the human upper gastrointestinal tract. At between 8.47 and 11.07 g water/g dry solids, LKF exhibited water-binding capacities that were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than soy fibre, pea hull fibre, cellulose and wheat fibre at all of the simulated gastrointestinal stages examined. Similarly, viscosity of LKF was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the other fibres at all simulated gastrointestinal stages. The relatively high water-binding capacity and viscosity of LKF identified in this study suggests that this novel fibre ingredient may elicit different and possibly more beneficial physiological effects in the upper human gastrointestinal tract than the conventional fibre ingredients currently used in fibre-enriched baked goods manufacture. We are now performing human studies to investigate the effect of LKF in the diet on health-related gastrointestinal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn M Turnbull
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Milla R, Escudero A, Iriondo JM. Inherited variability in multiple traits determines fitness in populations of an annual legume from contrasting latitudinal origins. Ann Bot 2009; 103:1279-89. [PMID: 19318383 PMCID: PMC2685322 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Variation in fitness depends on corresponding variation in multiple traits which have both genetically controlled and plastic components. These traits are subjected to varying degrees of local adaptation in specific populations and, consequently, are genetically controlled to different extents. In this study it is hypothesized that modulation of different traits would have contrasting relevance for the fitness of populations of diverse origins. Specifically, assuming that environmental pressures vary across a latitudinal gradient, it is suggested that inherited variation in traits differentially determines fitness in annual Lupinus angustifolius populations from contrasting latitudinal origins in western Spain. METHODS Seeds of L. angustifolius from three contrasting origins were grown in a common garden. Traits related to more plastic vegetative growth and more genetically conserved phenology were measured, together with estimates of reproductive success. Fitness was estimated by the number of viable seeds per plant. Structural Equation Models were used to infer causal relationships among multiple traits and fitness, separating the direct and indirect effects of morphological, phenological and reproductive traits. KEY RESULTS Phenological, vegetative and reproductive traits accounted for most of the fitness variation. Fitness was highest in plants of southernmost origin, mainly due to earlier flowering. Fitness within each seed origin was controlled by variation in different traits. Southern origin plants that grew to a larger size achieved higher fitness. However, plant size in plants of northernmost origin was irrelevant, but early flowering promoted higher fitness. Variation in fruit and seed set had a greater effect on the fitness of plants of central origin than phenological and size variation. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that modulation of a functional trait can be relevant to fitness in a given population (i.e. affecting intensity and direction), but irrelevant in other populations. This points to the need to consider integrated phenotypes when trying to unravel local adaptation effects over single traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Milla
- Area de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Root rot caused by soil borne pathogenic fungi is the most sever disease attacks lupine plants. Isolation trials from diseased plants in some areas of Dakahlia Province (Egypt) was carried out. Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani proved to be the most dominant isolates. Meanwhile, Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii were less frequent. Efficacies of some plant resistance elicitors viz.: chitosan (CHI), Salicylic Acid (SA) and hydroquinone (HQ) in comparing to the fungicide Rhizolex T-50 as seed treatments showed significant reduction in the fungal growth in vitro. Chitosan at 8 g L(-1) and fungicide completely inhibited the growth of all isolated fungi, while SA at 1.4 g L(-1) and HQ at 1.2 g L(-1) inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum, respectively. The greenhouse experiments showed that S. rolfesii (No. 6) and R. solani (No. 2) followed by F. solani (No. 5) and F. oxysporum (No. 9) were the most aggressive root rot fungi. Soaking susceptible lupine seeds (Giza 1) in each one of the three selected elicitors showed a significant reduction in seedlings mortality. CHI at 8 g L(-1) was superior in increasing the percentage of healthy plants to record 72.5, 80.9, 62.7and 64.3%, when seeds were grown in soil infested with of F. solani, F. oxysporum, R. solani and S. rolfesii, respectively. These results were confirmed under field conditions in two different locations i.e., Tag El-Ezz and El-Serow Research Stations. CHI 8 g L(-1) proved to be the best elicitor after fungicide, in reducing lupine root rot disease. It showed 41 and 60% reduction in the plants mortality comparing to 56.37 and 69.13% in case of Rhizolex-T in Tag El-Ezz and El-Serow locations, respectively. The treatments were accompanied with a significant increase in lupine growth parameters, yield components and physiological aspects. Application of CHI at 8 g L(-1) or HQ at 1.2 g L(-1) was the most potent in this respect as compared to check treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Ali
- Department of Mycological and Plant Diseases Survivals, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Zhou K, Yamagishi M, Osaki M, Masuda K. Sugar signalling mediates cluster root formation and phosphorus starvation-induced gene expression in white lupin. J Exp Bot 2008; 59:2749-56. [PMID: 18487637 PMCID: PMC2486467 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cluster root (CR) formation contributes much to the adaptation to phosphorus (P) deficiency. CR formation by white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is affected by the P-limiting level in shoots, but not in roots. Thus, shoot-derived signals have been expected to transmit the message of P-deficiency to stimulate CR formation. In this study, it is shown that sugars are required for a response to P starvation including CR formation and the expression of P starvation-induced genes. White lupin plants were grown in vitro on P-sufficient or P-deficient media supplemented with sucrose for 4 weeks. Sucrose supply stimulated CR formation in plants on both P-sufficient and P-deficient media, but no CR appeared on the P-sufficient medium without sucrose. Glucose and fructose also stimulated CR formation on the P-sufficient medium. On the medium with sucrose, a high concentration of inorganic phosphate in leaves did not suppress CR formation. Because sorbitol or organic acid in the media did not stimulate CR formation, the sucrose effect was not due to increased osmotic pressure or enriched energy source, that is, sucrose acted as a signal. Gene transcription induced by P starvation, LaPT1 and LaPEPC3, was magnified by the combination of P limitation and sucrose feeding, and that of LaSAP was stimulated by sucrose supply independently of P supply. These results suggest that at least two sugar-signalling mediating systems control P starvation responses in white lupin roots. One system regulates CR formation and LaSAP expression, which acts even when P is sufficient if roots receive sugar as a signal. The other system controls LaPT1 and LaPEPC3 expression, which acts when P is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Zhou
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Osaki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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Morkunas I, Bednarski W. Fusarium oxysporum-induced oxidative stress and antioxidative defenses of yellow lupine embryo axes with different sugar levels. J Plant Physiol 2008; 165:262-77. [PMID: 17913293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether and to what extent oxidative stress is induced in embryo axes of Lupinus luteus L. cv. Polo inoculated with a necrotrophic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum and cultured on Heller medium for 96h. Four variants were compared: inoculated embryo axes cultured with 60mM sucrose (+Si) or without it (-Si), and non-inoculated embryo axes cultured with 60mM sucrose (+Sn) or without it (-Sn). After inoculation, an accumulation of stable free radicals and Mn2+ ions in +Si and -Si were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance. Concentrations of the radicals with g-values of 2.0052+/-0.0004 and 2.0029+/-0.0003 were generally higher in -Si than in +Si. Beginning at 24h after inoculation, in both +Si and -Si the concentrations of these ions decreased, but more strongly in -Si than in +Si. After inoculation, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) were higher in -Si than in +Si. SOD and CAT zymograms showed that the synthesis of new isoforms was induced after inoculation. Simultaneously, superoxide anions were assayed in embryo axes by using their specific indicator dihydroethidium (DHE). The DHE-derived fluorescence was stronger and covered a much larger tissue area in +Si than in -Si. The respiration rate was generally much higher in +Si than in -Si. Electron micrographs revealed that, in contrast to -Si cells, +Si cells had numerous mitochondria with less reduced numbers of cristae and long sections of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. These results indicate that different defensive strategies against F. oxysporum were induced depending on soluble sugar levels in yellow lupine embryo axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, August Cieszkowski Agricultural University, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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Bramley H, Turner NC, Turner DW, Tyerman SD. Comparison between gradient-dependent hydraulic conductivities of roots using the root pressure probe: the role of pressure propagations and implications for the relative roles of parallel radial pathways. Plant Cell Environ 2007; 30:861-74. [PMID: 17547657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrostatic pressure relaxations with the root pressure probe are commonly used for measuring the hydraulic conductivity (Lp(r)) of roots. We compared the Lp(r) of roots from species with different root hydraulic properties (Lupinus angustifolius L. 'Merrit', Lupinus luteus L. 'Wodjil', Triticum aestivum L. 'Kulin' and Zea mays L. 'Pacific DK 477') using pressure relaxations, a pressure clamp and osmotic gradients to induce water flow across the root. Only the pressure clamp measures water flow under steady-state conditions. Lp(r) determined by pressure relaxations was two- to threefold greater than Lp(r) from pressure clamps and was independent of the direction of water flow. Lp(r) (pressure clamp) was two- to fourfold higher than for Lp(r) (osmotic) for all species except Triticum aestivum where Lp(r) (pressure clamp) and Lp(r) (osmotic) were not significantly different. A novel technique was developed to measure the propagation of pressure through roots to investigate the cause of the differences in Lp(r). Root segments were connected between two pressure probes so that when root pressure (P(r)) was manipulated by one probe, the other probe recorded changes in P(r). Pressure relaxations did not induce the expected kinetics in pressure in the probe at the other end of the root when axial hydraulic conductance, and probe and root capacitances were accounted for. An electric circuit model of the root was constructed that included an additional capacitance in the root loaded by a series of resistances. This accounted for the double exponential kinetics for intact roots in pressure relaxation experiments as well as the reduced response observed with the double probe experiments. Although there were potential errors with all the techniques, we considered that the measurement of Lp(r) using the pressure clamp was the most unambiguous for small pressure changes, and provided that sufficient time was allowed for pressure propagation through the root. The differences in Lp(r) from different methods of measurement have implications for the models describing water transport through roots and the potential role of aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bramley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide (Waite Campus), Plant Research Centre, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
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48
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Atkins CA, Smith PMC. Translocation in legumes: assimilates, nutrients, and signaling molecules. Plant Physiol 2007; 144:550-61. [PMID: 17556518 PMCID: PMC1914204 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.098046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Anthony Atkins
- School of Plant Biology M090, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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49
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Abstract
Melatonin is a well-known animal substance, which has recently been detected in plant tissues. However, there are only a few studies concerning its possible physiological role in plants. In this paper, we investigate the possible effect of melatonin on the regeneration of lateral and adventious roots in etiolated hypocotyls of Lupinus albus L. compared with the effect of indole-3-acetic acid. We performed this study by measuring both molecules in roots. Six-day-old derooted lupin hypocotyls immersed in several melatonin or indole-3-acetic acid concentrations were used to induce roots. A macro- and microscopic study of the histological origin of the adventitious and lateral roots was made, while melatonin and indole-3-acetic acid in the roots were quantified using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The data show that both melatonin and indole-3-acetic acid induced the appearance of root primordia from pericicle cells, modifying the pattern of distribution of adventitious or lateral roots, the time-course, the number and length of adventitious roots, and the number of lateral roots. Melatonin and indole-3-acetic acid were detected and quantified in lupin primary roots, where both molecules were present in similar concentrations. The physiological effect of exogenous melatonin as root promoter was demonstrated, its action being similar to that of indole-3-acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino B Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Pluske JR, Montagne L, Cavaney FS, Mullan BP, Pethick DW, Hampson DJ. Feeding different types of cooked white rice to piglets after weaning influences starch digestion, digesta and fermentation characteristics and the faecal shedding of β-haemolyticEscherichia coli. Br J Nutr 2007; 97:298-306. [PMID: 17298698 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507332534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight, 21-d-old pigs were used to examine the effects of different types of cooked white rice on starch digestion, digesta and fermentation characteristics, shedding of β-haemolyticEscherichia coliand performance after weaning. Pigs received one of three rice-based diets: (i) medium-grainAmaroo(AM), (ii) long-grainDoongara(DOON), and (iii) waxy (WAXY). The remainder of the diet consisted predominantly of animal proteins. A fourth diet contained mainly wheat, barley and lupins (WBL). On days 1, 3, 7 and 9 after weaning, a faecal swab was taken for assessment of β-haemolyticE. coliand faecal consistency. Apparent digestibility of starch measured in the ileum 14 d after weaning was highest (P = 0·004) in AM and WAXY and lowest, but the same (P>0·05), in DOON and WBL. Starch digestibility in the rectum was highest in all rice diets (P < 0·001). Digesta viscosity was highest in pigs fed WBL in both the ileum (P < 0·001) and caecum (P = 0·027). Pigs fed rice generally had lighter (P < 0·05) gastrointestinal organs than pigs fed WBL. Performance of pigs was similar for all treatments; however, pigs fed rice-based diets had a higher (P < 0·001) carcass percentage than pigs fed WBL. Pigs fed WBL produced more acid (P < 0·05) but had lower molar proportions of acetate (P < 0·05), isobutyrate (P < 0·01) and isovalerate (P < 0·001) and a higher molar proportion of butyrate (P < 0·01) in the large intestine than pigs fed rice. Shedding ofE. coliwas low; however, pigs fed AM and WBL shed lessE. colithan pigs fed other diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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