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Zaman W, Park S, Lee EM, Choi S, Hwang S, Park S. From macro to micro: A close-up look at Hydrangea luteovenosa and Hydrangea serrata. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:869-875. [PMID: 38115224 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the anatomical traits of the foliar epidermis is essential for making precise species identification and categorization. In this study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the taxonomically significant foliar epidermal traits of Hydrangea luteovenosa and H. serrata. The qualitative and quantitative traits observed included the epidermal cell form, cuticle presence, trichome morphology, stomatal type, and guard cell features. H. serrata had a thin and smooth cuticle, and epidermal cells organized compactly into cubic or hexagonal shapes. The stomata were of the anomocytic type and dispersed, while the trichomes were straightforward, unbranched, and distributed sparsely. The guard cells had distinct cell walls and a kidney-shaped morphology. These crucial traits for taxonomy were in line with an epidermis composed of three to five layers. Similar polygonal epidermal cells with a compact arrangement were observed in H. luteovenosa, together with a thin and smooth cuticle. The stomata were anomocytic and dispersed, while the trichomes were straightforward, unbranched, and sparsely distributed. The guard cells have distinct cell walls and a kidney-shaped morphology. The traits were indicative of an epidermal structure with three to five layers. These traits helped correctly identify and categorize these two species of Hydrangea. In addition to assisting in the taxonomic classification of these species and advancing knowledge of their ecological and evolutionary links, the SEM study provided insightful information into the structural variety of these species. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Microscopic characteristics of H. luteovenosa and H. serrata Understanding the anatomical traits of the foliar epidermis is essential for precise species identification and categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Zaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoungun Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - SaeYeon Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - SeonJoo Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Choi B, Hwang Y, McAdam SAM, Jang TS. Comparative microscopic investigations of leaf epidermis in four Ajuga species from Korea. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:434-445. [PMID: 37909218 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The genus Ajuga is widely distributed in temperate to subtropical regions, and four species are currently recognized in Korea (A. decumbens, A. multiflora, A. nipponensis, and A. spectabilis), but epidermal anatomical differences across these species have never been described. A comparative study of the leaf micromorphological characteristics of Korean Ajuga species was performed using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to elucidate their taxonomic usefulness and to assess leaf micromorphological diversity. Considerable diversity in epidermal and stomatal anatomy was observed across Korean Ajuga species. Species had both hypostomatic or amphistomatic leaves, with anomocytic, anisocytic, diactyic, or actinocytic stomatal complexes. Guard cell length across species ranged from 17.66 ± 0.57 μm to 32.50 ± 2.38 μm and correlated with genome size. Abnormal stomata were frequently observed in three species (A. decumbens, A. multiflora, and A. nipponensis) but not in A. spectabilis. Three types of glandular trichomes were found: peltate in all species, short-stalked in all species, and long-stalked glandular trichomes in A. multiflora. Among the investigated leaf micromophological characters, trichome type, epidermal cell shape, and stomatal morphology were all taxonomically informative traits at a species level. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: A comprehensive micromorphological description of the leaf surface is provided for Korean Ajuga species using scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and light microscopic (LM) analyses. The diverse range of stomatal development and the occurrence of polymorphic stomatal types are documented for the first time in Korean Ajuga species. The great diversity in stomatal and trichome morphology in Korean Ajuga species are taxonomically useful traits for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Choi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Hwang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Tae-Soo Jang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Armstrong L, Machado CD, Dell'Avanzi GG, Spindola T, Raman V, Busch J, Maier J, da Silva NCB, Holandino C, Oliveira AP, Manfron J. Investigations on the morpho-anatomy and histochemistry of Aconitum napellus L. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:534-545. [PMID: 37950576 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Aconitum napellus L. is a popular medicinal plant extensively used in homeopathy. This article provides detailed morphology and microscopy, including the anatomical and histochemical features of the herb, to aid authentication and quality control. In cross-section, the root in secondary growth shows the phloem surrounded by pericyclic fibers and a well-developed xylem. The stem is irregular in outline, displaying unicellular trichomes and many free collateral vascular bundles encircling the pith. The leaf is dorsiventral, hypostomatic with anomocytic and anisocytic stomata, and shows non-glandular trichomes. The floral parts are characterized by uniseriate epidermises, homogeneous mesophyll, anomocytic stomata on the abaxial surface, trichomes, and oval pollen grains. The tissue fragments in powdered herbs show these characteristics and have numerous starch grains with thimble-shaped, linear or star-shaped hilum. The detailed macroscopic and microscopic analysis provided in this study can help in the authentication and quality control of A. napellus raw materials. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Key anatomical, micromorphological, and microchemical features of Aconitum napellus are described. The results of the study can support the taxonomy of the genus Aconitum. Morphological standardization of the species reported here is helpful in the quality control of this herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorene Armstrong
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila Dias Machado
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Spindola
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenue Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vijayasankar Raman
- National Identification Services, USDA-APHIS-PPQ, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jakob Maier
- Hiscia Institute, Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland
| | - Nina Cláudia Barboza da Silva
- Laboratório de Botânica Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla Holandino
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenue Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana Passos Oliveira
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenue Carlos Chagas Filho, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jane Manfron
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
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Ba Q, Khan W, Pang J, Gong T, Quan B, Duo R, Shu H. Comparative analysis of foliar epidermal anatomical traits and their taxonomic relevance in Lilium pumilum, L. brownii, and L. davidi. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:387-394. [PMID: 37855458 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical traits of plant species are essential for taxonomic analyses and evolutionary evaluations. Clarifying the anatomical characteristics of the foliar epidermis in three distinct Lilium species L. pumilum Delile, L. brownii F.E.Br. ex Miellez and L. davidii Duch. ex Elwes were studied in this article. The objective is to assess the taxonomic relevance of these characteristics and their potential as indicators of species divergence within the genus Lilium. Plant samples were gathered in Gansu, China, from numerous populations of each species that represented a range of climatic and ecological factors. A microscopic analysis employing thin slices and peel mounts was done to assess the stomatal density and dimensions. Significant interpopulation differences in stomatal features were found in the results, offering potential opportunities for taxonomic discrimination. The species differ in qualitative and quantitative characters to differentiate the three species. The links between the observed anatomical characteristics and species classification within the Lilium genus were clarified for the three studied species. In the end, this research advances knowledge of Lilium taxonomy, aids in conservation efforts, and deepens awareness of the general patterns of plant variety. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Epidermal Traits Aid Taxonomy: Cell shape, arrangement, and structures aid Lilium Identification. Cuticle Reveals Taxonomic Clues: Thickness, composition, and structure inform classification. Micromorphology for Species ID: Cell shape, wax, and striations differentiate Lilium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorui Ba
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Wajid Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Pang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Taorui Gong
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Bixue Quan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Renqiandangzhi Duo
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
| | - Hua Shu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Resource Utilization of Agricultural Solid Wastes, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, China
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Ameen F. Taxonomic studies based on leaf epidermal microanatomy using high-resolution microscopy in Lamiaceous species and their antimicrobial effects. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1484-1495. [PMID: 37477095 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of essential oil antimicrobial activity of Lamiaceous species is assessed to describe its effects. The comprehensive foliar trichomes and stomatal morphology of the leaves of essential oil-bearing plants from the family Lamiaceae revealed diverse antimicrobial properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the foliar anatomical traits of 19 Lamiaceous taxa belonging to different tribes using light and scanning electron microscopy to correctly diagnose the species. The microanatomy of the foliar epidermis, trichomes diversity, and the stomatal apertural complex was visualized. Quantitative measurements were noted to describe the variations and the qualitative aspects for example, polygonal shape epidermal cells were examined. The stomatal aperture of four types and trichomes appendages both non-glandular and glandular was identified. Significant variation was found in both quantitative and qualitative traits, including unique ornamentation on the trichomes. The taxonomic key was constructed for accurate identification using qualitative morpho-structural traits. The outcomes of this research explored taxonomically to accurately identify the Lamiaceous species using anatomical characters. This study will provide provides the ecological adaptation linked to evolutionary traits of leaf surfaces that evolve with time to adapt the harsh environmental conditions. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Investigated foliar anatomical traits of 19 Lamiaceous species The anatomy and antimicrobial activity of essential oil yielding Lamiaceae species. SEM revealed diverse aspects including peculiar sculptured trichomes Microscopic identification of different stomatal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Wang X, Ma J, Jin X, Yue N, Gao P, Mai KKK, Wang XB, Li D, Kang BH, Zhang Y. Three-dimensional reconstruction and comparison of vacuolar membranes in response to viral infection. J Integr Plant Biol 2021; 63:353-364. [PMID: 33085164 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three-dimensional (3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate (TNV-AC ), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck-like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1a and 2a and TNV-AC auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast. Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant (+) RNA virus replication complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Keith Ka Ki Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Hesse L, Kampowski T, Leupold J, Caliaro S, Speck T, Speck O. Comparative Analyses of the Self-Sealing Mechanisms in Leaves of Delosperma cooperi and Delosperma ecklonis (Aizoaceae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165768. [PMID: 32796721 PMCID: PMC7460835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the Aizoaceae, the genus Delosperma exhibits a vast diversification colonizing various ecological niches in South-Africa and showing evolutionary adaptations to dry habitats that might include rapid self-sealing. Leaves of Delosperma react to external damage by the bending or contraction of the entire leaf until wound edges are brought into contact. A study of leaf morphology and anatomy, biomechanics of entire leaves and individual tissues and self-sealing kinematics after a ring incision under low and high relative humidity (RH) was carried out comparing the closely related species Delosperma cooperi and Delosperma ecklonis, which are indigenous to semi-arid highlands and regions with an oceanic climate, respectively. For both species, the absolute contractions of the examined leaf segments ("apex", "incision", "base") were more pronounced at low RH levels. Independent of the given RH level, the absolute contractions within the incision region of D. cooperi were significantly higher than in all other segments of this species and of D. ecklonis. The more pronounced contraction of D. cooperi leaves was linked mainly to the elastic properties of the central vascular strand, which is approximately twice as flexible as that of D. ecklonis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Hesse
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.K.); (S.C.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-2930
| | - Tim Kampowski
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.K.); (S.C.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Leupold
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Sandra Caliaro
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.K.); (S.C.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.K.); (S.C.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (T.K.); (S.C.); (T.S.); (O.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Galdon-Armero J, Arce-Rodriguez L, Downie M, Li J, Martin C. A Scanning Electron Micrograph-based Resource for Identification of Loci Involved in Epidermal Development in Tomato: Elucidation of a New Function for the Mixta-like Transcription Factor in Leaves. Plant Cell 2020; 32:1414-1433. [PMID: 32169962 PMCID: PMC7203947 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aerial epidermis of plants plays a major role in environmental interactions, yet the development of the cellular components of the aerial epidermis-trichomes, stomata, and pavement cells-is still not fully understood. We have performed a detailed screen of the leaf epidermis in two generations of the well-established Solanum lycopersicum cv M82 × Solanum pennellii ac. LA716 introgression line (IL) population using a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Quantification of trichome and stomatal densities in the ILs revealed four genomic regions with a consistently low trichome density. This study also found ILs with abnormal proportions of different trichome types and aberrant trichome morphologies. This work has led to the identification of new, unexplored genomic regions with roles in trichome formation in tomato. This study investigated one interval in IL2-6 in more detail and identified a new function for the transcription factor SlMixta-like in determining trichome patterning in leaves. This illustrates how these SEM images, publicly available to the research community, provide an important dataset for further studies on epidermal development in tomato and other species of the Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Galdon-Armero
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Lisette Arce-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Matthew Downie
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Jin D, Wang X, Xu Y, Gui H, Zhang H, Dong Q, Sikder RK, Yang G, Song M. Chemical Defoliant Promotes Leaf Abscission by Altering ROS Metabolism and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Gossypium hirsutum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082738. [PMID: 32326540 PMCID: PMC7215509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical defoliation is an important part of cotton mechanical harvesting, which can effectively reduce the impurity content. Thidiazuron (TDZ) is the most used chemical defoliant on cotton. To better clarify the mechanism of TDZ promoting cotton leaf abscission, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on two cotton cultivars (CRI 12 and CRI 49) by using 100 mg L−1 TDZ at the eight-true-leaf stage. Results showed that TDZ significantly promoted the formation of leaf abscission zone and leaf abscission. Although the antioxidant enzyme activities were improved, the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of TDZ increased significantly compared with CK (water). The photosynthesis system was destroyed as net photosynthesis (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (Gs) decreased dramatically by TDZ. Furthermore, comparative RNA-seq analysis of the leaves showed that all of the photosynthetic related genes were downregulated and the oxidation-reduction process participated in leaf shedding caused by TDZ. Consequently, a hypothesis involving possible cross-talk between ROS metabolism and photosynthesis jointly regulating cotton leaf abscission is proposed. Our findings not only provide important insights into leaf shedding-associated changes induced by TDZ in cotton, but also highlight the possibility that the ROS and photosynthesis may play a critical role in the organ shedding process in other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsha Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Yanchao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Huiping Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Hengheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Qiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ripon Kumar Sikder
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Guozheng Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-physiology and Farming system in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (M.S.); Tel.: +86-0372-2562308 (M.S.)
| | - Meizhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.J.); (X.W.); (Y.X.); (H.G.); (H.Z.); (Q.D.); (R.K.S.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (M.S.); Tel.: +86-0372-2562308 (M.S.)
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Li L, Qi Z, Chai L, Chen Z, Wang T, Zhang M, You M, Peng H, Yao Y, Hu Z, Xin M, Guo W, Sun Q, Ni Z. The semidominant mutation w5 impairs epicuticular wax deposition in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 2020; 133:1213-1225. [PMID: 31965231 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The semidominant EMS-induced mutant w5 affects epicuticular wax deposition and mapped to an approximately 194-kb region on chromosome 7DL. Epicuticular wax is responsible for the glaucous appearance of plants and protects against many biotic and abiotic stresses. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), β-diketone is a major component of epicuticular wax in adult plants and contributes to the glaucousness of the aerial organs. In the present study, we identified an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced epicuticular wax-deficient mutant from the elite wheat cultivar Jimai22. Compared to wild-type Jimai22, the mutant lacked β-diketone and failed to form the glaucous coating on all aerial organs. The mutant also had significantly increased in cuticle permeability, based on water loss and chlorophyll efflux. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype is controlled by a single, semidominant gene on the long arm of chromosome 7D, which was not allelic to the known wax gene loci W1-W4, and was therefore designated W5. W5 was finely mapped to an ~ 194-kb region (flanked by the molecular markers SSR2 and STARP11) that harbored four annotated genes according to the reference genome of Chinese Spring (RefSeq v1.0). Collectively, these data will broaden the knowledge of the genetic basis underlying epicuticular wax deposition in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongqi Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Dryland Agricultural Research Centre, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Mingshan You
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyin Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaorong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weilong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhongfu Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology/Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, The Ministry of Education/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Beijing Municipality/China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- National Plant Gene Research Centre, Beijing, 100193, China.
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11
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Yang Y, Huang W, Wu E, Lin C, Chen B, Lin D. Cortical Microtubule Organization during Petal Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4913. [PMID: 31623377 PMCID: PMC6801907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical microtubules guide the direction and deposition of cellulose microfibrils to build the cell wall, which in turn influences cell expansion and plant morphogenesis. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), petal is a relatively simple organ that contains distinct epidermal cells, such as specialized conical cells in the adaxial epidermis and relatively flat cells with several lobes in the abaxial epidermis. In the past two decades, the Arabidopsis petal has become a model experimental system for studying cell expansion and organ morphogenesis, because petals are dispensable for plant growth and reproduction. Recent advances have expanded the role of microtubule organization in modulating petal anisotropic shape formation and conical cell shaping during petal morphogenesis. Here, we summarize recent studies showing that in Arabidopsis, several genes, such as SPIKE1, Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases, and IPGA1, play critical roles in microtubule organization and cell expansion in the abaxial epidermis during petal morphogenesis. Moreover, we summarize the live-confocal imaging studies of Arabidopsis conical cells in the adaxial epidermis, which have emerged as a new cellular model. We discuss the microtubule organization pattern during conical cell shaping. Finally, we propose future directions regarding the study of petal morphogenesis and conical cell shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Yang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Weihong Huang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Endian Wu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Chentao Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Binqing Chen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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12
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Xu X, Xue K, Tang S, He J, Song B, Zhou M, Zou Y, Zhou Y, Jenks MA. The relationship between cuticular lipids and associated gene expression in above ground organs of Thellungiella salsugineum (Pall.) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick. Plant Sci 2019; 287:110200. [PMID: 31481227 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle plays a critical role as barrier between plant and environment. Here, cuticular wax morphology, cuticular wax and cutin monomer composition, and expression of associated genes in five above ground organs were examined in model extremophyte Thellungiella salsugineum. Alkanes, ketones, and 2-alcohols were the predominant wax constitutes in rosette leaves, inflorescence stem leaves, stems, and siliques, whereas alkanes and acids were the predominant cuticular lipids in whole flowers. Unsubstituted acids were the most abundant cutin monomers in vegetative organs, especially C18:2 dioic acids, which reached the highest levels in stems. Hydroxy fatty acids were the predominant cutin monomers in flowers, especially 16-OH C16:0 and diOH C16:0. High-throughput RNA-Seq analysis using the Hiseq4000 platform was performed on these five above organs of T. salsugineum, and the differentially expressed lipid-associated genes and their associated metabolic pathways were identified. Expression of genes associated in previous reports to cuticle production, including those having roles in cuticle lipid biosynthesis, transport, and regulation were examined. The association of cuticle lipid composition and gene expression within different organs of T. salsugineum, and potential relationships between T. salsugineum's extreme cuticle and its adaptation to extreme environments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kun Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuai Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junqing He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Buerbatu Song
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Minqi Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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13
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Fawke S, Torode TA, Gogleva A, Fich EA, Sørensen I, Yunusov T, Rose JKC, Schornack S. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 controls filamentous pathogen interactions and cell wall properties of the tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermis. New Phytol 2019; 223:1547-1559. [PMID: 30980530 PMCID: PMC6767537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leaf outer epidermal cell wall acts as a barrier against pathogen attack and desiccation, and as such is covered by a cuticle, composed of waxes and the polymer cutin. Cutin monomers are formed by the transfer of fatty acids to glycerol by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases, which facilitate their transport to the surface. The extent to which cutin monomers affect leaf cell wall architecture and barrier properties is not known. We report a dual functionality of pathogen-inducible GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE 6 (GPAT6) in controlling pathogen entry and cell wall properties affecting dehydration in leaves. Silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana NbGPAT6a increased leaf susceptibility to infection by the oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora palmivora, whereas overexpression of NbGPAT6a-GFP rendered leaves more resistant. A loss-of-function mutation in tomato SlGPAT6 similarly resulted in increased susceptibility of leaves to Phytophthora infection, concomitant with changes in haustoria morphology. Modulation of GPAT6 expression altered the outer wall diameter of leaf epidermal cells. Moreover, we observed that tomato gpat6-a mutants had an impaired cell wall-cuticle continuum and fewer stomata, but showed increased water loss. This study highlights a hitherto unknown role for GPAT6-generated cutin monomers in influencing epidermal cell properties that are integral to leaf-microbe interactions and in limiting dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Fawke
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Anna Gogleva
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Eric A. Fich
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Temur Yunusov
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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14
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Zhao X, Huang L, Kang L, Jetter R, Yao L, Li Y, Xiao Y, Wang D, Xiao Q, Ni Y, Guo Y. Comparative analyses of cuticular waxes on various organs of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 139:102-112. [PMID: 30884413 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes cover the plant surface and serve as hydrophobic layer, exhibiting various wax profiles between plant species and plant organs. This paper reports comprehensive analysis of the waxes on organs exposed to air, including leaf, stem, pod pericarp, and petals (banner, wing and keel), and on seed coat enwrapped in pod pericarp of faba bean (Vicia faba). In total 7 classes of wax compounds were identified, including fatty acids, primary alcohols, alkyl esters, aldehydes, alkanes, cinnamyl alcohol esters, and alkylresorcinols. Overall, primary alcohols dominated the waxes on leaves and the seed coat enwrapped in pod pericarp, alkanes accumulated largely in stem and petals, whereas alkylresorcinols were observed in leaf, stem and pod pericarp. Organs exposed to air had higher coverage (>1.2 μg/cm2) than those on seed coat (<0.8 μg/cm2), and keel having the highest wax coverage. Meanwhile, the wax coverage on seed coat reduced during the seed development. The variations of wax coverages, compound class distributions and chain length profiles among organs suggested that wax depositions were associated with their ecophysiological functions, and the enzymes involved in wax biosynthesis also showed organ-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lei Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lin Kang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Luhua Yao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Dengke Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Qianlin Xiao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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15
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Khanal BP, Ikigu GM, Knoche M. Russeting partially restores apple skin permeability to water vapour. Planta 2019; 249:849-860. [PMID: 30448863 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The higher water loss of russeted fruit results from the higher permeance of the periderm of the russeted skin as compared to that of the intact cuticle and epidermis. Apple fruit surfaces are often in-parallel composites, comprising areas of intact cuticle (atop a healthy epidermis) adjacent to areas covered by periderm (so-called russet). The occurrence of non-russeting and russeting genotypes makes this species an ideal model to study the barrier properties of its composite skin. The objective was to quantify the water vapour permeances of non-russeted ([Formula: see text]) and russeted fruit skins ([Formula: see text]). Rates of water loss from whole fruit ([Formula: see text]) and excised epidermal skin segments (ES) or peridermal skin segments (PS) were quantified gravimetrically. The [Formula: see text] was larger in russeting than in non-russeting genotypes because [Formula: see text] exceeded [Formula: see text] by about twofold. Also, the [Formula: see text] of russeting genotypes was larger than that of non-russeting genotypes. Generally, [Formula: see text] was more variable than [Formula: see text]. These differences were consistent across seasons and genotypes. The lower [Formula: see text] as compared to [Formula: see text] resulted primarily from the higher wax content of the cuticle of the [Formula: see text]. For non-russeted genotypes, the value of [Formula: see text] was significantly related to the permeance determined on the same intact fruit ([Formula: see text]). Close relationships were also found between the [Formula: see text] calculated from [Formula: see text] determined on the same fruit and the measured [Formula: see text]. For russeting genotypes, the [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] were not correlated with [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] calculated from [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (all determined on an individual-fruit basis) was significantly correlated with the measured [Formula: see text]. Our results demonstrate that the periderm permeance exceeds the cuticle permeance and that permeances of non-russeted surfaces of russeting genotypes exceed those of non-russeting genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Godfrey M Ikigu
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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16
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Fasoli M, Dell'Anna R, Amato A, Balestrini R, Dal Santo S, Monti F, Zenoni S. Active rearrangements in the cell wall follow polymer concentration during postharvest withering in the berry skin of Vitis vinifera cv. Corvina. Plant Physiol Biochem 2019; 135:411-422. [PMID: 30473420 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During grape postharvest withering, a worldwide practice used to produce important high-quality wines, the solute concentration increases due to dehydration, and many organoleptic and quality traits, especially related to the berry skin, are affected in a cultivar-specific manner. Nevertheless, a complete comprehension of the underlying processes is still lacking. In this work, we applied ATR-FTIR micro-spectroscopy combined with PCA to monitor cell wall biochemical changes at three stages during postharvest withering on the internal and external sides of the berry skin of the Vitis vinifera cv. Corvina, an important local variety of the Verona province in Italy. The obtained results were integrated by profiling xylogucans and pectins through immunohistochemistry and by genome-wide transcriptomic analysis performed at the same withering stages. Our analysis indicates a gradual passive polymer concentration due to water loss in the first two months of postharvest withering, followed by active structural modifications in the last month of the process. Such rearrangements involve xyloglucans in the internal surface, cuticle components and cellulose in the external surface, and pectins in both surfaces. Moreover, by investigating the expression trend of cell wall metabolism-related genes, we identified several putative molecular markers associated to the polymer dynamics. The present study represents an important step towards an exhaustive comprehension of the postharvest withering process, which is of great interest from both the biological and technological points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Fasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Rossana Dell'Anna
- Centre for Materials and Microsystems, Micro Nano Facility, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123, Trento, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Amato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Dal Santo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Francesca Monti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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17
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Abstract
This chapter gives examples of basic procedures of quantification of plant structures with use of image analysis, which are commonly employed to describe differences among experimental treatments or phenotypes of plant material. Tasks are demonstrated with the use of ImageJ, a widely used public domain Java image processing program. Principles of sampling design based on systematic uniform random sampling for quantitative studies of anatomical parameters are given to obtain their unbiased estimations and simplified "rules of thumb" are presented. The basic procedures mentioned in the text are: (1) sampling, (2) calibration, (3) manual length measurement, (4) leaf surface area measurement, (5) estimation of particle density demonstrated on an example of stomatal density, and (6) analysis of epidermal cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Kubínová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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da Silva Pereira P, de Almeida Gonçalves L, da Silva MJ, Rezende MH. Extrafloral nectaries of four varieties of Chamaecrista ramosa (Vogel) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (Fabaceae): anatomy, chemical nature, mechanisms of nectar secretion, and elimination. Protoplasma 2018; 255:1635-1647. [PMID: 29704049 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering the importance of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) in Fabaceae, the objectives of this research were to analyze (1) the anatomical and histochemical characteristics of the EFNs of Chamaecrista ramosa var. ramosa, C. ramosa var. curvifoliola, C. ramosa var. parvifoliola, and C. ramosa var. lucida and (2) the ultrastructure of the EFNs of C. ramosa var. ramosa. Standard techniques in plant anatomy and transmission electron microscopy were used. The anatomical analyses confirmed the characteristics described for extrafloral nectaries, evidencing three well-defined regions: epidermis, nectariferous, and subnectariferous parenchymas. Carbohydrates, proteins, pectins/mucilages, and lipids were detected by histochemical analyzes in all varieties. The ultrastructure of the EFNs of C. ramosa var. ramosa allowed the observation of microchannels at the external periclinal cell walls of the epidermis covering the secretory region. The nectariferous and subnectariferous parenchyma cells have periplasmic spaces, large plastids containing starch grains and plastoglobules, mitochondria, developed endoplasmic reticulum, large vacuoles with electron-dense contents, and membrane residues may be associated with the vacuole, suggesting the occurrence of autophagic processes. The anatomical, histochemical, and ultrastructural patterns revealed characteristics that confirm the glands of C. ramosa as extrafloral nectaries and suggest the eccrine mechanism of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila da Silva Pereira
- Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Campus Samambaia, ICB - 1, 2nd floor, room 206, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia de Almeida Gonçalves
- Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Campus Samambaia, ICB - 1, 2nd floor, room 206, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos José da Silva
- Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Campus Samambaia, ICB - 1, 1st floor, room 114A, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Rezende
- Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, S/N, Campus Samambaia, ICB - 1, 2nd floor, room 206, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
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Räsch A, Hunsche M, Mail M, Burkhardt J, Noga G, Pariyar S. Agricultural adjuvants may impair leaf transpiration and photosynthetic activity. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 132:229-237. [PMID: 30219740 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants such as surfactants are commonly incorporated into agrochemical formulations to enhance the biological efficiency of foliar sprays by improving the wetting behavior of the spray and/or the penetration of the active ingredients into the leaf tissues. Penetration accelerating adjuvants are known to increase the cuticular permeability and may alter the cuticular barrier to water loss. However, none or very little emphasis has been given to the impacts of adjuvants on crop water balance or drought tolerance, a very important factor affecting crop performance under water scarcity. Two model crops with strongly varying leaf traits, kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea) and apple (Malus domestica) seedlings were grown in controlled environments. Three adjuvants with varying solubility in the cuticle, i.e. octanol-water partition coefficients (logKow) were selected: rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and the surfactants alkyl polyglycoside (APG) and polyoxyethylated tallow amine (POEA). The higher the logKow of the adjuvant, the stronger was the increase of minimum epidermal conductance (gmin, an essential parameter describing plant drought tolerance). However, such effects depended on the physio-chemical properties of the leaf surface. In comparison to kohlrabi, the adjuvant effects on gmin of apple leaves were relatively weak. The increase of gmin was associated with a decrease in contact angle and with an alteration of the wax microstructure. Furthermore, POEA affected photochemical efficiency of kohlrabi leaves. Some adjuvants could have a temporal influence on transpirational water loss and gmin. At repeated applications, they might alter the effective water use and possibly reduce drought tolerance of some horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Räsch
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Department, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mauricio Hunsche
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Department, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Mail
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Department, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burkhardt
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Plant Nutrition Department, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Noga
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Department, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shyam Pariyar
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Horticultural Science Department, Auf dem Huegel 6, D-53121, Bonn, Germany.
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Kowalkowska AK, Pawłowicz M, Guzanek P, Krawczyńska AT. Floral nectary and osmophore of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae). Protoplasma 2018; 255:1811-1825. [PMID: 29948365 PMCID: PMC6208831 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of flowers collected at different stages of anthesis provides strong evidence to conclude that the shell-shaped hypochile and the knobs of epichile form a nectary. The scent comes from the aromatic constituents of nectar and the epichile tissue and the apices of all tepals (osmophores). The comparison between pollinated and unpollinated flowers revealed that the anthesis of unpollinated flowers lasted up to the 16th day. The nectariferous secretory cells formed single-layered epidermis and several layers of underlying parenchyma built by small, isodiametric cells with thin walls and dense cytoplasm, relatively large nuclei, supplied by collateral vascular bundles. During the floral lifespan, the residues of secreted material were higher on the hypochile cells. The lipoid-carbohydrate material and lipid globules in the cell walls and in the cytoplasm were localised. The abundance of starch grains was observed at the beginning of anthesis and their gradual reduction during the flower lifespan. At the end of anthesis in unpollinated flowers, the lipoid-carbohydrate-phenolic materials have been demonstrated. The phenolic material was the same as in plastoglobuli. The features such as irregular plasmalemma, the secretory vesicles that fuse with it, fully developed dictyosomes, numerous profiles of ER indicate vesicle-mediated process of secretion. The substances could be transported by vesicles to the periplasmic space via granulocrine secretion and then to the external surface. Both micro-channels and slightly developed periplasmic space were visible in the hypochile epidermis. This is the first time for anatomical survey of secretory tissue in pollinated and unpollinated flowers of E. helleborine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michalina Pawłowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Guzanek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka T Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
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21
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Wilts BD, Rudall PJ, Moyroud E, Gregory T, Ogawa Y, Vignolini S, Steiner U, Glover BJ. Ultrastructure and optics of the prism-like petal epidermal cells of Eschscholzia californica (California poppy). New Phytol 2018; 219:1124-1133. [PMID: 29856474 PMCID: PMC6055853 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The petals of Eschscholzia californica (California poppy) are robust, pliable and typically coloured intensely orange or yellow owing to the presence of carotenoid pigments; they are also highly reflective at certain angles, producing a silky effect. To understand the mechanisms behind colour enhancement and reflectivity in California poppy, which represents a model species among early-divergent eudicots, we explored the development, ultrastructure, pigment composition and optical properties of the petals using light microscopy and electron microscopy combined with both spectrophotometry and goniometry. The elongated petal epidermal cells each possess a densely thickened prism-like ridge that is composed primarily of cell wall. The surface ridges strongly focus incident light onto the pigments, which are located in plastids at the cell base. Our results indicate that this highly unusual, deeply ridged surface structure not only enhances the deep colour response in this desert species, but also results in strongly angle-dependent 'silky' reflectivity that is anisotropic and mostly directional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo D. Wilts
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH‐1700FribourgSwitzerland
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | | | - Edwige Moyroud
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB2 1LRUK
| | - Tom Gregory
- Royal Botanic GardensKewRichmondTW9 3ABUK
- UCL Institute of Archaeology31–34 Gordon SquareLondonWC1H 0PYUK
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversity of FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH‐1700FribourgSwitzerland
- Cavendish LaboratoryDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Beverley J. Glover
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
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22
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Knoche M, Khanal BP, Brüggenwirth M, Thapa S. Patterns of microcracking in apple fruit skin reflect those of the cuticular ridges and of the epidermal cell walls. Planta 2018; 248:293-306. [PMID: 29705975 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microcracks in the cuticle of developing apples are aligned with ridges on the inner cuticle surface and are indicative of stress-strain concentrations above the anticlinal cell walls. Microcracks occur in cuticles of most fruits. Growth strains are considered causal. In apples (Malus × domestica), microcracks usually form a mesh pattern similar to that formed by cuticular ridges. Ridge patterns are similar to those of the epidermal cells' anticlinal walls. Our aim was to identify the mechanistic bases for these pattern similarities. By quantifying ridge depth, ridge width, and the areas enclosed by ridges, we reveal the presence of major and minor ridges. Major ridges enclose two-to-four epidermal cells, minor ridges only one cell. There are similar and overlying patterns of microcracking on the cuticle's outer surface and of ridges on its inner surface-microcracks generally follow the outlines of the major ridges. In biaxial tensile tests at 20 kPa, strains were low and microcracks shallow, but at > 40 kPa, strains were higher and microcracks deeper. Microcracks traversing the cuticle are usually aligned with the anticlinal walls of the underlying epidermal cells. In general, increased skin strain is associated with increased skin transpiration. Transpiration increases are reversible for low strains but irreversible for high strains. The alignment of cuticular microcracks with the major ridges, and these with the anticlinal cell walls, indicates associated stress/strain concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Brüggenwirth
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sarada Thapa
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Kim H, Go YS, Suh MC. DEWAX2 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis Leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:966-977. [PMID: 29425344 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of terrestrial plants are covered with hydrophobic wax layers, which represent the primary barrier between plant cells and the environment and act to protect plants from abiotic and biotic stresses. Although total wax loads are precisely regulated in an environmental- or organ-specific manner, regulatory mechanisms underlying cuticular wax biosynthesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized DEWAX2 (DECREASE WAX BIOSYNTHESIS2) which encodes an APETALA 2 (AP2)/ethylene response element-binding factor (ERF)-type transcription factor and is predominantly expressed in young seedlings, and rosette and cauline leaves. Total wax loads increased by approximately 12% and 16% in rosette and cauline leaves of dewax2, respectively, but were not significantly altered in the stems of dewax2 relative to the wild type (WT). The excess wax phenotype of dewax2 leaves was rescued upon expression of DEWAX2 driven by its own promoter. Overexpression of DEWAX2 decreased total wax loads by approximately 15% and 26% in the stems and rosette leaves compared with those of the WT, respectively. DEWAX2:eYFP (enhanced yellow fluorescent protein) was localized to the nucleus in Arabidopsis roots and hypocotyls. DEWAX2 possessed transcriptional repression activity in tobacco protoplasts. Transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that the transcript levels of CER1, ACLA2, LACS1, LACS2 and KCS12 were down-regulated in DEWAX2 overexpression lines compared with the WT. Transient transcriptional assays showed that DEWAX2 represses the expression of its putative target genes. Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCR revealed that DEWAX2 binds directly to the GCC motifs of the LACS1, LACS2, KCS12 and CER1 promoters. These results suggest that DEWAX2-mediated transcriptional repression may contribute to the total wax load in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Go
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Yan T, Li L, Xie L, Chen M, Shen Q, Pan Q, Fu X, Shi P, Tang Y, Huang H, Huang Y, Huang Y, Tang K. A novel HD-ZIP IV/MIXTA complex promotes glandular trichome initiation and cuticle development in Artemisia annua. New Phytol 2018; 218:567-578. [PMID: 29377155 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes and cuticles are both specialized structures that cover the epidermis of aerial plant organs. The former are commonly regarded as 'biofactories' for producing valuable natural products. The latter are generally considered as natural barriers for defending plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the regulatory network for their formation and relationship remains largely elusive. Here we identify a homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) IV transcription factor, AaHD8, directly promoting the expression of AaHD1 for glandular trichome initiation in Artemisia annua. We found that AaHD8 positively regulated leaf cuticle development in A. annua via controlling the expression of cuticle-related enzyme genes. Furthermore, AaHD8 interacted with a MIXTA-like protein AaMIXTA1, a positive regulator of trichome initiation and cuticle development, forming a regulatory complex and leading to enhanced transcriptional activity in regulating the expression of AaHD1 and cuticle development genes. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism by which a novel HD-ZIP IV/MIXTA complex plays a significant role in regulating epidermal development, including glandular trichome initiation and cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxiang Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lihui Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qifang Pan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pu Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huayi Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yiwen Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Youran Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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25
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Kordyum E, Bilyavska N. Structure and biogenesis of ribonucleoprotein bodies in epidermal cells of Caragana arborescens L. Protoplasma 2018; 255:709-713. [PMID: 28924627 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal cells of leaf petioles, pedicles, and sepals in Caragana arborescens L. are characterized with a unique biogenesis of intracellular bodies, the presence of which continues during 10-12 days in spring, from budding till flowering and fruit inception. Initially, a nuclear body is formed as a derivative of the nucleolus at the beginning of elongation of the protodermal cells, whereas a cytoplasmic body is formed in the proximity of the nuclear envelope later. Nuclear bodies and cytoplasmic bodies do not contain DNA, lipids, and starch, and they consist of RNA tightly packaged with proteins mainly in the form of short thin fibrils with thickness of 6 nm. By the end of cell elongation and the beginning of differentiation, nuclear bodies disappear, while cytoplasmic bodies become surrounded by a homogenous zone (halo). Later, the bundles of parallel-oriented fibrils derived from the body radially pass through the homogenous zone and gradually disperse in the cytoplasm. In the differentiated epidermal cells, no traces of cytoplasmic bodies are observed; there is only one nucleolus in the nucleus. It is hypothesized that cytoplasmic bodies may function as an RNA depot, which is utilized later in cell metabolism during the formation of fruits and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kordyum
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of Natl. Acad. Sci. of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska st., Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Ninel Bilyavska
- Department of Phytochemistry and Membranology, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of Natl. Acad. Sci. of Ukraine, 2 Tereshchenkivska st., Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
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26
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Elsner J, Lipowczan M, Kwiatkowska D. Differential growth of pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermis as revealed by microbead labeling. Am J Bot 2018; 105:257-265. [PMID: 29578288 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY In numerous vascular plants, pavement cells of the leaf epidermis are shaped like a jigsaw-puzzle piece. Knowledge about the subcellular pattern of growth that accompanies morphogenesis of such a complex shape is crucial for studies of the role of the cytoskeleton, cell wall and phytohormones in plant cell development. Because the detailed growth pattern of the anticlinal and periclinal cell walls remains unknown, our aim was to measure pavement cell growth at a subcellular resolution. METHODS Using fluorescent microbeads applied to the surface of the adaxial leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana as landmarks for growth computation, we directly assessed the growth rates for the outer periclinal and anticlinal cell walls at a subcellular scale. KEY RESULTS We observed complementary tendencies in the growth pattern of the outer periclinal and anticlinal cell walls. Central portions of periclinal walls were characterized by relatively slow growth, while growth of the other wall portions was heterogeneous. Local growth of the periclinal walls accompanying lobe development after initiation was relatively fast and anisotropic, with maximal extension usually in the direction along the lobe axis. This growth pattern of the periclinal walls was complemented by the extension of the anticlinal walls, which was faster on the lobe sides than at the tips. CONCLUSIONS Growth of the anticlinal and outer periclinal walls of leaf pavement cells is heterogeneous. The growth of the lobes resembles cell elongation via diffuse growth rather than tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Elsner
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Lipowczan
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
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27
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Wang Z, Tian X, Zhao Q, Liu Z, Li X, Ren Y, Tang J, Fang J, Xu Q, Bu Q. The E3 Ligase DROUGHT HYPERSENSITIVE Negatively Regulates Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis by Promoting the Degradation of Transcription Factor ROC4 in Rice. Plant Cell 2018; 30:228-244. [PMID: 29237723 PMCID: PMC5810576 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax plays crucial roles in protecting plants from environmental stresses, particularly drought stress. Many enzyme-encoding genes and transcription factors involved in wax biosynthesis have been identified, but the underlying posttranslational regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that DROUGHT HYPERSENSITIVE (DHS), encoding a Really Interesting New Gene (RING)-type protein, is a critical regulator of wax biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa). The cuticular wax contents were significantly reduced in DHS overexpression plants but increased in dhs mutants compared with the wild type, which resulted in a response opposite that of drought stress. DHS exhibited E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and interacted with the homeodomain-leucine zipper IV protein ROC4. Analysis of ROC4 overexpression plants and roc4 mutants indicated that ROC4 positively regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis and the drought stress response. ROC4 is ubiquitinated in vivo and subjected to ubiquitin/26S proteasome-mediated degradation. ROC4 degradation was promoted by DHS but delayed in dhs mutants. ROC4 acts downstream of DHS, and Os-BDG is a direct downstream target of the DHS-ROC4 cascade. These results suggest a mechanism whereby DHS negatively regulates wax biosynthesis by promoting the degradation of ROC4, and they suggest that DHS and ROC4 are valuable targets for the engineering of drought-tolerant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaojie Tian
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingzhen Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhiqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiufeng Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuekun Ren
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Qijiang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qingyun Bu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
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28
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Shi P, Fu X, Shen Q, Liu M, Pan Q, Tang Y, Jiang W, Lv Z, Yan T, Ma Y, Chen M, Hao X, Liu P, Li L, Sun X, Tang K. The roles of AaMIXTA1 in regulating the initiation of glandular trichomes and cuticle biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. New Phytol 2018; 217:261-276. [PMID: 28940606 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) on Artemisia annua leaves have the capacity to secrete and store artemisinin, a compound which is the most effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria. An effective strategy to improve artemisinin content is therefore to increase the density of GSTs in A. annua. However, the formation mechanism of GSTs remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms of GST initiation in A. annua, we screened myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor genes from a GST transcriptome database and identified a MIXTA transcription factor, AaMIXTA1, which is expressed predominantly in the basal cells of GST in A. annua. Overexpression and repression of AaMIXTA1 resulted in an increase and decrease, respectively, in the number of GSTs as well as the artemisinin content in transgenic plants. Transcriptome analysis and cuticular lipid profiling showed that AaMIXTA1 is likely to be responsible for activating cuticle biosynthesis. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that AaMIXTA1 could directly activate the expression of genes related to cuticle biosynthesis. Taken together, AaMIXTA1 regulated cuticle biosynthesis and prompted GST initiation without any abnormal impact on the morphological structure of the GSTs and so provides a new way to improve artemisinin content in this important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qifang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tingxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaofen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Solís SM, Zini LM, González VV, Ferrucci MS. Floral nectaries in Sapindaceae s.s.: morphological and structural diversity, and their systematic implications. Protoplasma 2017; 254:2169-2188. [PMID: 28396966 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the morphology and structure of the floral nectary in 11 Neotropical genera belonging to the subfamilies Dodonaeoideae and Paullinioideae (Sapindaceae) from southern South America representing three tribes (Dodonaeaeae, Paullinieae, and Melicocceae), in relation to other floral traits in species with contrasting morphological flower characteristics. Nectary organization was analyzed under light, stereoscopic, and scanning electron microscopes; Diplokeleba floribunda N.E. Br. was also observed using transmission electron microscopy. Our comparative data may contribute to the understanding of floral nectary evolution and systematic value in this family. The nectaries were studied in both staminate and pistillate flowers. All the floral nectaries are typical of Sapindaceae: extrastaminal, receptacular, structured, and persistent. The anatomical analysis revealed a differentiated secretory parenchyma and an inner non-secretory parenchyma; the nectary is supplied by phloem traces and, less frequently, by phloem and xylem traces. Nectar is secreted through nectarostomata of anomocytic type. The anatomical analysis showed the absence of nectary in the three morphs of Dodonaea viscosa flowers. Nectary ultrastructure is described in D. floribunda. In this species, the change in nectary color is related to progressive accumulation of anthocyanins during the functional phase. We found relatively small variation in the nectary structural characteristics compared with large variation in nectary morphology. The latter aspect agreed with the main infrafamilial groupings revealed by recent phylogenetic studies, so it is of current valuable systematic importance for Sapindaceae. In representatives of Paullinieae, the reduction of the floral nectary to 4-2 posterior lobes should be interpreted as a derived character state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Solís
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Lucía M Zini
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Valeria V González
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María S Ferrucci
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes, Argentina.
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30
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Zini LM, Galati BG, Ferrucci MS. Perianth organs in Nymphaeaceae: comparative study on epidermal and structural characters. J Plant Res 2017; 130:1047-1060. [PMID: 28733783 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The perianth organs of six species of Nymphaeaceae, representing Euryale, Nymphaea and Victoria, were studied on the basis of macroscopical, micromorphological, and anatomical characters. The aims were to determine whether perianth is differentiated among tepal whorls considering the presence of sepaloid and petaloid characters, and to evaluate the occurrence of both features in individual tepals. Selected perianth series were examined macroscopically, with light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Osmophores were detected using neutral red and Sudan. In all tepals examined, stomata and hydropotes were present on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces. These are anomocytic or stephanocytic; hydropotes of irregular type are also present. The outer series of tepals display morpho-anatomical characters in most part related with photosynthetic and protective functions. Osmophore activity is very scarce and petaloid epidermal morphology is present only in N. lotus, thus allowing interpretation of this whorl as primarily sepaloid. The second series exhibits both petal-like and sepal-like characters; in N. amazonum and N. gardneriana sepaloid and petaloid group of cells are present on the abaxial surface of individual tepals. Therefore, this whorl is transitional between the outer and the innermost ones. Both the morpho-anatomy and presence of osmophore activity indicate that the innermost series is entirely petaloid. Inner tepals of E. ferox, N. alba, and V. cruziana share the presence of epidermal cells with predominantly smooth cuticle, whereas those of N. amazonum, N. gardneriana, and N. lotus share a cuticular ornamentation consisting of numerous papillae on each cell. Morphological characters of the perianth epidermis are in some respects congruent with the molecular phylogeny of Nymphaeaceae. Our results support the co-expression of sepaloidy and petaloidy within individual tepals and the mosaic model of perianth evolution proposed for the angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melisa Zini
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Nordeste), Av. Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Beatriz Gloria Galati
- Facultad de Agronomía, Depto. de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Ferrucci
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Nordeste), Av. Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, Argentina
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31
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Martin LBB, Romero P, Fich EA, Domozych DS, Rose JKC. Cuticle Biosynthesis in Tomato Leaves Is Developmentally Regulated by Abscisic Acid. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:1384-1398. [PMID: 28483881 PMCID: PMC5490907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of aerial organs in plants is coupled with the synthesis and deposition of a hydrophobic cuticle, composed of cutin and waxes, which is critically important in limiting water loss. While the abiotic stress-related hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is known to up-regulate wax accumulation in response to drought, the hormonal regulation of cuticle biosynthesis during organ ontogeny is poorly understood. To address the hypothesis that ABA also mediates cuticle formation during organ development, we assessed the effect of ABA deficiency on cuticle formation in three ABA biosynthesis-impaired tomato mutants. The mutant leaf cuticles were thinner, had structural abnormalities, and had a substantial reduction in levels of cutin. ABA deficiency also consistently resulted in differences in the composition of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes. Exogenous application of ABA partially rescued these phenotypes, confirming that they were a consequence of reduced ABA levels. The ABA mutants also showed reduced expression of genes involved in cutin or wax formation. This difference was again countered by exogenous ABA, further indicating regulation of cuticle biosynthesis by ABA. The fruit cuticles were affected differently by the ABA-associated mutations, but in general were thicker. However, no structural abnormalities were observed, and the cutin and wax compositions were less affected than in leaf cuticles, suggesting that ABA action influences cuticle formation in an organ-dependent manner. These results suggest dual roles for ABA in regulating leaf cuticle formation: one that is fundamentally associated with leaf expansion, independent of abiotic stress, and another that is drought induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia B B Martin
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Paco Romero
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Eric A Fich
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Fritz B, Hünig R, Schmager R, Hetterich M, Lemmer U, Gomard G. Assessing the influence of structural disorder on the plant epidermal cells' optical properties: a numerical analysis. Bioinspir Biomim 2017; 12:036011. [PMID: 28471745 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/aa6c46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many plant surfaces, such as rose petals, display lens-like epidermal cells that are known to assist the collection and focusing of the sunlight. Those cells form an array with a high degree of structural irregularities including disorder in the height and orientation of the cells, and in their arrangement. In this study, we numerically analyze the influence of structural disorder on the optical properties of a 3D modeled epidermal cell array using ray tracing simulations. We conclude that the anti-reflection properties of such structures are almost unperturbed by disorder effects, although the latter can notably broaden the propagation angle distribution of the collected light. Those results also have a direct implication on the design of plant-inspired light management structures. This aspect is illustrated by introducing the example of a thin-film solar cell covered by a light harvesting epidermal cells replica and simulated for each of the three disorder types considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Fritz
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Li Q, Li Y, Zhu L, Xing B, Chen B. Dependence of Plant Uptake and Diffusion of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Leaf Surface Morphology and Micro-structures of Cuticular Waxes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46235. [PMID: 28393859 PMCID: PMC5385540 DOI: 10.1038/srep46235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of organic chemicals by plants is considered of great significance as it impacts their environmental transport and fate and threatens crop growth and food safety. Herein, the dependence of the uptake, penetration, and distribution of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the morphology and micro-structures of cuticular waxes on leaf surfaces was investigated. Plant surface morphologies and wax micro-structures were examined by scanning emission microscopy, and hydrophobicities of plant surfaces were monitored through contact angle measurements. PAHs in the cuticles and inner tissues were distinguished by sequential extraction, and the cuticle was verified to be the dominant reservoir for the accumulation of lipophilic pollutants. The interspecies differences in PAH concentrations cannot be explained by normalizing them to the plant lipid content. PAHs in the inner tissues became concentrated with the increase of tissue lipid content, while a generally negative correlation between the PAH concentration in cuticles and the epicuticular wax content was found. PAHs on the adaxial and abaxial sides of a leaf were differentiated for the first time, and the divergence between these two sides can be ascribed to the variations in surface morphologies. The role of leaf lipids was redefined and differentiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yungui Li
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Mazurek S, Garroum I, Daraspe J, De Bellis D, Olsson V, Mucciolo A, Butenko MA, Humbel BM, Nawrath C. Connecting the Molecular Structure of Cutin to Ultrastructure and Physical Properties of the Cuticle in Petals of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:1146-1163. [PMID: 27994007 PMCID: PMC5291042 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is laid down at the cell wall surface of epidermal cells in a wide variety of structures, but the functional significance of this architectural diversity is not yet understood. Here, the structure-function relationship of the petal cuticle of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was investigated. Applying Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy, the cutin mutants long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase2 (lacs2), permeable cuticle1 (pec1), cyp77a6, glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (gpat6), and defective in cuticular ridges (dcr) were grouped in three separate classes based on quantitative differences in the ν(C=O) and ν(C-H) band vibrations. These were associated mainly with the quantity of 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid, a monomer of the cuticle polyester, cutin. These spectral features were linked to three different types of cuticle organization: a normal cuticle with nanoridges (lacs2 and pec1 mutants); a broad translucent cuticle (cyp77a6 and dcr mutants); and an electron-opaque multilayered cuticle (gpat6 mutant). The latter two types did not have typical nanoridges. Transmission electron microscopy revealed considerable variations in cuticle thickness in the dcr mutant. Different double mutant combinations showed that a low amount of C16 monomers in cutin leads to the appearance of an electron-translucent layer adjacent to the cuticle proper, which is independent of DCR action. We concluded that DCR is not only essential for incorporating 10,16-dihydroxy C16:0 into cutin but also plays a crucial role in the organization of the cuticle, independent of cutin composition. Further characterization of the mutant petals suggested that nanoridge formation and conical cell shape may contribute to the reduction of physical adhesion forces between petals and other floral organs during floral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Mazurek
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Imène Garroum
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Jean Daraspe
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Damien De Bellis
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Vilde Olsson
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Bruno M Humbel
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology (S.M., I.G., C.N.) and Electron Microscopy Facility (J.D., D.D.B., A.M., B.M.H.), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- University of Wroclaw, Department of Chemistry, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (S.M.); and
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Evolutionary Genetics, 0371 Oslo, Norway (V.O., M.A.B.)
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35
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Yang X, Zhao H, Kosma DK, Tomasi P, Dyer JM, Li R, Liu X, Wang Z, Parsons EP, Jenks MA, Lü S. The Acyl Desaturase CER17 Is Involved in Producing Wax Unsaturated Primary Alcohols and Cutin Monomers. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:1109-1124. [PMID: 28069670 PMCID: PMC5291053 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report n-6 monounsaturated primary alcohols (C26:1, C28:1, and C30:1 homologs) in the cuticular waxes of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) inflorescence stem, a class of wax not previously reported in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis cer17 mutant was completely deficient in these monounsaturated alcohols, and CER17 was found to encode a predicted ACYL-COENZYME A DESATURASE LIKE4 (ADS4). Studies of the Arabidopsis cer4 mutant and yeast variously expressing CER4 (a predicted fatty acyl-CoA reductase) with CER17/ADS4, demonstrated CER4's principal role in synthesis of these monounsaturated alcohols. Besides unsaturated alcohol deficiency, cer17 mutants exhibited a thickened and irregular cuticle ultrastructure and increased amounts of cutin monomers. Although unsaturated alcohols were absent throughout the cer17 stem, the mutation's effects on cutin monomers and cuticle ultrastructure were much more severe in distal than basal stems, consistent with observations that the CER17/ADS4 transcript was much more abundant in distal than basal stems. Furthermore, distal but not basal stems of a double mutant deficient for both CER17/ADS4 and LONG-CHAIN ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE1 produced even more cutin monomers and a thicker and more disorganized cuticle ultrastructure and higher cuticle permeability than observed for wild type or either mutant parent, indicating a dramatic genetic interaction on conversion of very long chain acyl-CoA precursors. These results provide evidence that CER17/ADS4 performs n-6 desaturation of very long chain acyl-CoAs in both distal and basal stems and has a major function associated with governing cutin monomer amounts primarily in the distal segments of the inflorescence stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Huayan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Pernell Tomasi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - John M Dyer
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Rongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Xiulin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Zhouya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Eugene P Parsons
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Matthew A Jenks
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.)
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
| | - Shiyou Lü
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden (X.Y., R.L., X.L., Z.W., S.L.), Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (S.L.), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China;
- Applied Biotechnology Center, Wuhan Institute of Bioengineering, Wuhan, 430415, China (H.Z.);
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China (X.Y., X.L., Z.W.);
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (D.K.K.);
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (P.T., J.M.D.);
- Prairie State College, Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411 (E.P.P.); and
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6108 (M.A.J.)
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Gou M, Hou G, Yang H, Zhang X, Cai Y, Kai G, Liu CJ. The MYB107 Transcription Factor Positively Regulates Suberin Biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:1045-1058. [PMID: 27965303 PMCID: PMC5291039 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Suberin, a lipophilic polymer deposited in the outer integument of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat, represents an essential sealing component controlling water and solute movement and protecting seed from pathogenic infection. Although many genes responsible for suberin synthesis are identified, the regulatory components controlling its biosynthesis have not been definitively determined. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis MYB107 transcription factor acts as a positive regulator controlling suberin biosynthetic gene expression in the seed coat. MYB107 coexpresses with suberin biosynthetic genes in a temporal manner during seed development. Disrupting MYB107 particularly suppresses the expression of genes involved in suberin but not cutin biosynthesis, lowers seed coat suberin accumulation, alters suberin lamellar structure, and consequently renders higher seed coat permeability and susceptibility to abiotic stresses. Furthermore, MYB107 directly binds to the promoters of suberin biosynthetic genes, verifying its primary role in regulating their expression. Identifying MYB107 as a positive regulator for seed coat suberin synthesis offers a basis for discovering the potential transcriptional network behind one of the most abundant lipid-based polymers in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Gou
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
| | - Guichuan Hou
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
| | - Huijun Yang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
| | - Xuebin Zhang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
| | - Yuanheng Cai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973 (M.G., H.Y., X.Z., Y.C., G.K., C.-J.L.); and
- Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608-2027 (G.H.)
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, Galletti R, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) Regulates Cell Walls in the Leaf Epidermis. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:2204-2218. [PMID: 27756823 PMCID: PMC5129726 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis is crucial to survival, regulating interactions with the environment and controlling plant growth. The phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) is a master regulator of epidermal differentiation and maintenance, acting upstream of epidermis-specific transcription factors, and is required for correct cell adhesion. It is currently unclear how changes in DEK1 lead to cellular defects in the epidermis and the pathways through which DEK1 acts. We have combined growth kinematic studies, cell wall analysis, and transcriptional analysis of genes downstream of DEK1 to determine the cause of phenotypic changes observed in DEK1-modulated lines of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We reveal a novel role for DEK1 in the regulation of leaf epidermal cell wall structure. Lines with altered DEK1 activity have epidermis-specific changes in the thickness and polysaccharide composition of cell walls that likely underlie the loss of adhesion between epidermal cells in plants with reduced levels of DEK1 and changes in leaf shape and size in plants constitutively overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1. Calpain-overexpressing plants also have increased levels of cellulose and pectins in epidermal cell walls, and this is correlated with the expression of several cell wall-related genes, linking transcriptional regulation downstream of DEK1 with cellular effects. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the role of the epidermal cell walls in growth regulation and establish a new role for DEK1 in pathways regulating epidermal cell wall deposition and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Roberta Galletti
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
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Deeken R, Saupe S, Klinkenberg J, Riedel M, Leide J, Hedrich R, Mueller TD. The Nonspecific Lipid Transfer Protein AtLtpI-4 Is Involved in Suberin Formation of Arabidopsis thaliana Crown Galls. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:1911-1927. [PMID: 27688623 PMCID: PMC5100791 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins reversibly bind different types of lipid molecules in a hydrophobic cavity. They facilitate phospholipid transfer between membranes in vitro, play a role in cuticle and possibly in suberin formation, and might be involved in plant pathogen defense signaling. This study focuses on the role of the lipid transfer protein AtLTPI-4 in crown gall development. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) crown gall tumors, which develop upon infection with the virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58, highly expressed AtLTPI-4 Crown galls of the atltpI-4 loss-of-function mutant were much smaller compared with those of wild-type plants. The gene expression pattern and localization of the protein to the plasma membrane pointed to a function of AtLTPI-4 in cell wall suberization. Since Arabidopsis crown galls are covered by a suberin-containing periderm instead of a cuticle, we analyzed the suberin composition of crown galls and found a reduction in the amounts of long-chain fatty acids (C18:0) in the atltpI-4 mutant. To demonstrate the impact of AtLtpI-4 on extracellular lipid composition, we expressed the protein in Arabidopsis epidermis cells. This led to a significant increase in the very-long-chain fatty acids C24 and C26 in the cuticular wax fraction. Homology modeling and lipid-protein-overlay assays showed that AtLtpI-4 protein can bind these very-long-chain fatty acids. Thus, AtLtpI-4 protein may facilitate the transfer of long-chain as well as very-long-chain fatty acids into the apoplast, depending on the cell type in which it is expressed. In crown galls, which endogenously express AtLtpI-4, it is involved in suberin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Deeken
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Stefanie Saupe
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Joern Klinkenberg
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Michael Riedel
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Jana Leide
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
| | - Thomas D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics (R.D., S.S., R.H., T.D.M.) and Department of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology (M.R., J.L.), Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany; and
- Independent Junior Research Groups, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle, Germany (J.K.)
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Denisow B, Masierowska M, Antoń S. Floral nectar production and carbohydrate composition and the structure of receptacular nectaries in the invasive plant Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae). Protoplasma 2016; 253:1489-1501. [PMID: 26560112 PMCID: PMC5069306 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The data relating to the nectaries and nectar secretion in invasive Brassicacean taxa are scarce. In the present paper, the nectar production and nectar carbohydrate composition as well as the morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of the floral nectaries in Bunias orientalis were investigated. Nectary glands were examined using light, fluorescence, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. The quantities of nectar produced by flowers and total sugar mass in nectar were relatively low. Total nectar carbohydrate production per 10 flowers averaged 0.3 mg. Nectar contained exclusively glucose (G) and fructose (F) with overall G/F ratio greater than 1. The flowers of B. orientalis have four nectaries placed at the base of the ovary. The nectarium is intermediate between two nectary types: the lateral and median nectary type (lateral and median glands stay separated) and the annular nectary type (both nectaries are united into one). Both pairs of glands represent photosynthetic type and consist of epidermis and glandular tissue. However, they differ in their shape, size, secretory activity, dimensions of epidermal and parenchyma cells, thickness of secretory parenchyma, phloem supply, presence of modified stomata and cuticle ornamentation. The cells of nectaries contain dense cytoplasm, plastids with starch grains and numerous mitochondria. Companion cells of phloem lack cell wall ingrowths. The ultrastructure of secretory cells indicates an eccrine mechanism of secretion. Nectar is exuded throughout modified stomata.
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Jacobs M, Lopez-Garcia M, Phrathep OP, Lawson T, Oulton R, Whitney HM. Photonic multilayer structure of Begonia chloroplasts enhances photosynthetic efficiency. Nat Plants 2016; 2:16162. [PMID: 27775728 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced light harvesting is an area of interest for optimizing both natural photosynthesis and artificial solar energy capture1,2. Iridescence has been shown to exist widely and in diverse forms in plants and other photosynthetic organisms and symbioses3,4, but there has yet to be any direct link demonstrated between iridescence and photosynthesis. Here we show that epidermal chloroplasts, also known as iridoplasts, in shade-dwelling species of Begonia5, notable for their brilliant blue iridescence, have a photonic crystal structure formed from a periodic arrangement of the light-absorbing thylakoid tissue itself. This structure enhances photosynthesis in two ways: by increasing light capture at the predominantly green wavelengths available in shade conditions, and by directly enhancing quantum yield by 5-10% under low-light conditions. These findings together imply that the iridoplast is a highly modified chloroplast structure adapted to make best use of the extremely low-light conditions in the tropical forest understorey in which it is found5,6. A phylogenetically diverse range of shade-dwelling plant species has been found to produce similarly structured chloroplasts7-9, suggesting that the ability to produce chloroplasts whose membranes are organized as a multilayer with photonic properties may be widespread. In fact, given the well-established diversity and plasticity of chloroplasts10,11, our results imply that photonic effects may be important even in plants that do not show any obvious signs of iridescence to the naked eye but where a highly ordered chloroplast structure may present a clear blue reflectance at the microscale. Chloroplasts are generally thought of as purely photochemical; we suggest that one should also think of them as a photonic structure with a complex interplay between control of light propagation, light capture and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jacobs
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Martin Lopez-Garcia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - O-Phart Phrathep
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ruth Oulton
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
- HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - Heather M Whitney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Shumborski SJ, Samuels AL, Bird DA. Fine structure of the Arabidopsis stem cuticle: effects of fixation and changes over development. Planta 2016; 244:843-851. [PMID: 27236445 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis cuticle, as observed by electron microscopy, consists primarily of the cutin/cutan matrix. The cuticle possesses a complex substructure, which is correlated with the presence of intracuticular waxes. The plant cuticle is composed of an insoluble polyester, cutin, and organic solvent soluble cuticular waxes, which are embedded within and coat the surface of the cutin matrix. How these components are arranged in the cuticle is not well understood. The Arabidopsis cuticle is commonly understood as 'amorphous,' lacking in ultrastructural features, and is often observed as a thin (~80-100 nm) electron-dense layer on the surface of the cell wall. To examine this cuticle in more detail, we examined cuticles from both rapidly elongating and mature sections of the stem and compared the preservation of the cuticles using conventional chemical fixation methods and high-pressure freezing/freeze-substitution (HPF/FS). We found that HPF/FS preparation revealed a complex cuticle substructure, which was more evident in older stems. We also found that the cuticle increases in thickness with development, indicating an accretion of polymeric material, likely in the form of the non-hydrolyzable polymer, cutan. When wax was extracted by chloroform immersion prior to sample preparation, the contribution of waxes to cuticle morphology was revealed. Overall, the electron-dense cuticle layer was still visible but there was loss of the cuticle substructure. Furthermore, the cuticle of cer6, a wax-deficient mutant, also lacked this substructure, suggesting that these fine striations were dependent on the presence of cuticular waxes. Our findings show that HPF/FS preparation can better preserve plant cuticles, but also provide new insights into the fine structure of the Arabidopsis cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Shumborski
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David A Bird
- Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, Calgary, AB, T3E 6K6, Canada.
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Para A, Muhammad D, Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Memishi R, Alvarez S, Naldrett MJ, Warpeha KM. The Dehydratase ADT3 Affects ROS Homeostasis and Cotyledon Development. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:1045-1060. [PMID: 27540109 PMCID: PMC5047074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During the transition from seed to seedling, emerging embryos strategically balance available resources between building up defenses against environmental threats and initiating the developmental program that promotes the switch to autotrophy. We present evidence of a critical role for the phenylalanine (Phe) biosynthetic activity of AROGENATE DEHYDRATASE3 (ADT3) in coordinating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and cotyledon development in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. We show that ADT3 is expressed in the cotyledon and shoot apical meristem, mainly in the cytosol, and that the epidermis of adt3 cotyledons contains higher levels of ROS Genome-wide proteomics of the adt3 mutant revealed a general down-regulation of plastidic proteins and ROS-scavenging enzymes, corroborating the hypothesis that the ADT3 supply of Phe is required to control ROS concentration and distribution to protect cellular components. In addition, loss of ADT3 disrupts cotyledon epidermal patterning by affecting the number and expansion of pavement cells and stomata cell fate specification; we also observed severe alterations in mesophyll cells, which lack oil bodies and normal plastids. Interestingly, up-regulation of the pathway leading to cuticle production is accompanied by an abnormal cuticle structure and/or deposition in the adt3 mutant. Such impairment results in an increase in cell permeability and provides a link to understand the cell defects in the adt3 cotyledon epidermis. We suggest an additional role of Phe in supplying nutrients to the young seedling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Para
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
| | - DurreShahwar Muhammad
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
| | - Danielle A Orozco-Nunnelly
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
| | - Ramis Memishi
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
| | - Michael J Naldrett
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
| | - Katherine M Warpeha
- Weinberg College of Art and Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 (A.P.);Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607 (D.M., D.A.O.-N., R.M., K.M.W.); andProteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (S.A., M.J.N.)
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Marques JPR, Amorim L, Spósito MB, Appezzato-da-Glória B. Ultrastructural changes in the epidermis of petals of the sweet orange infected by Colletotrichum acutatum. Protoplasma 2016; 253:1233-1242. [PMID: 26334287 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Postbloom fruit drop (PFD) is an important disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum. PFD is characterised by the formation of necrotic lesions on the petals and stigmas of flowers as well as premature abscission of the fruit in Citrus spp. We compare the ultrastructure of the epidermis of uninoculated Citrus sinensis petals with that of petals inoculated with the fungus to understand the changes that occur upon C. acutatum infection. Healthy petals have a cuticle with parallel striations covering the uniseriate epidermis. This pattern consists of vacuolated parietal cells whose cytoplasm contains mitochondria, plastids with an undeveloped endomembrane system and a slightly dense stroma, a poorly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, few lipid droplets, and a nucleus positioned near the inner periclinal wall. In damaged regions, the cytoplasm of some cells is densely packed with well-developed endoplasmic reticulum, a large number of hyperactive dictyosomes, numerous mitochondria, and many lipid droplets. The plastids have an electron-dense stroma, starch grains, and a large amount of electron-dense lipid droplets, which can be released into vacuoles or the endoplasmic reticulum. Multivesicular bodies and myelin bodies are frequently observed in the vacuole, cytoplasm, and periplasmic space. Vesicles migrate through the cell wall and are involved in the deposition of cuticular material. In the later stages of infection, there is deposition of new cuticle layers in plaques. The outer periclinal walls can be thick. These observations indicate that epidermal cells respond to the pathogen, resulting in cuticular and parietal changes, which may limit further infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo R Marques
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Amorim
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel B Spósito
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Cx. Postal 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gan L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Lei C, Zhao Z, Zhu S, Lin Q, Wu F, Guo X, Wang J, Zhang X, Wan J. Wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis in rice. Plant Cell Rep 2016; 35:1687-1698. [PMID: 27106031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1983-1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
WSL3 encodes β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) in rice, in a similar way to YBR159w in yeast, and is essential for VLCFA biosynthesis and leaf wax accumulation. Cuticular waxes on plant surfaces limit non-stomatal water loss, protect plants against deposits of dust and impose a physical barrier to pathogen infection. We identified a wax-deficient mutant of rice, wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 (wsl3), which exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype that includes reduced epicuticular wax crystals on the leaf surface and altered wax composition. Map-based cloning demonstrated that defects in the mutant were caused by two adjacent single-nucleotide changes in a gene encoding β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) that catalyzes the second step of the fatty acid elongation reaction. The identity of WSL3 was further confirmed by genetic complementation. Transient assays of fluorescent protein-tagged WSL3 in tobacco protoplasts showed that WSL3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, the compartment of fatty acid elongation in cells. Quantitative PCR and histochemical staining indicated that WSL3 is universally expressed in tissues. RNA interference of WSL3 caused a phenotype that mimicked the wsl3 mutant. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) 20:0 and 22:0, or 20:1Δ(11) and 22:1Δ(13), were detected when WSL3 and Arabidopsis fatty acid elongation 1 (FAE1) were co-expressed in a yeast ybr159wΔ mutant strain. Our results indicated that WSL3 affects rice cuticular wax production by participating in VLCFA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Gan L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Lei C, Zhao Z, Zhu S, Lin Q, Wu F, Guo X, Wang J, Zhang X, Wan J. Wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis in rice. Plant Cell Rep 2016; 35:1687-98. [PMID: 27106031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
WSL3 encodes β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) in rice, in a similar way to YBR159w in yeast, and is essential for VLCFA biosynthesis and leaf wax accumulation. Cuticular waxes on plant surfaces limit non-stomatal water loss, protect plants against deposits of dust and impose a physical barrier to pathogen infection. We identified a wax-deficient mutant of rice, wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 (wsl3), which exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype that includes reduced epicuticular wax crystals on the leaf surface and altered wax composition. Map-based cloning demonstrated that defects in the mutant were caused by two adjacent single-nucleotide changes in a gene encoding β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) that catalyzes the second step of the fatty acid elongation reaction. The identity of WSL3 was further confirmed by genetic complementation. Transient assays of fluorescent protein-tagged WSL3 in tobacco protoplasts showed that WSL3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, the compartment of fatty acid elongation in cells. Quantitative PCR and histochemical staining indicated that WSL3 is universally expressed in tissues. RNA interference of WSL3 caused a phenotype that mimicked the wsl3 mutant. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) 20:0 and 22:0, or 20:1Δ(11) and 22:1Δ(13), were detected when WSL3 and Arabidopsis fatty acid elongation 1 (FAE1) were co-expressed in a yeast ybr159wΔ mutant strain. Our results indicated that WSL3 affects rice cuticular wax production by participating in VLCFA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Demko V, Ako E, Perroud PF, Quatrano R, Olsen OA. The phenotype of the CRINKLY4 deletion mutant of Physcomitrella patens suggests a broad role in developmental regulation in early land plants. Planta 2016; 244:275-84. [PMID: 27100110 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Deletion of the ancestral gene of the land plant multigene family of receptor like kinase CR4 in Physcomitrella patens demonstrates involvement in developmental control of gametophytic and sporophytic organs. The CRINKLY4 (CR4) family of receptor kinases in angiosperms consists of three clades, one including CR4, the CR4-related CCR1 and CCR2, a second including CCR3 and CCR4 family members, and a third and more distant clade. In addition to crinkly leaves in maize, which gave rise to the mutant gene name, CR4 is implicated in ovule, embryo, flower and root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. In root tips of the same species the module including a CLAVATA3/ESR-related protein, an Arabidopsis CR4, a CLAVATA1 and a WUSCHEL-related homeobox 5 (CLE40-ACR4-CLV1-WOX5) is implicated in meristem cell regulation. In embryos and shoots, CR4 acts together with A. thaliana MERISTEM LAYER 1 and PROTODERMAL FACTOR 2 to promote A. thaliana epidermis differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that early land plants, e.g. mosses carry a single ancestral CR4 gene, together with genes encoding the other members of the CLE40-ACR4-CLV1-WOX5 signaling module. Here we show that CR4 serves as a broad regulator of morphogenesis both in gametophyte phyllids, archegonia and in sporophyte epidermis of the moss Physcomitrella patens. The phenotype of the CR4 deletion mutant in moss provides insight into the role of the ancestral CR4 gene as a regulator of development in early land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Demko
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mlynska Dolina, 84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eugene Ako
- Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences, 2318, Hamar, Norway
| | - Pierre-François Perroud
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Plant Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Quatrano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Odd-Arne Olsen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O.Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
- Department of Natural Science and Technology, Hedmark University of Applied Sciences, 2318, Hamar, Norway.
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Gimenez E, Castañeda L, Pineda B, Pan IL, Moreno V, Angosto T, Lozano R. TOMATO AGAMOUS1 and ARLEQUIN/TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 MADS-box genes have redundant and divergent functions required for tomato reproductive development. Plant Mol Biol 2016; 91:513-31. [PMID: 27125648 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Within the tomato MADS-box gene family, TOMATO AGAMOUS1 (TAG1) and ARLEQUIN/TOMATO AGAMOUS LIKE1 (hereafter referred to as TAGL1) are, respectively, members of the euAG and PLE lineages of the AGAMOUS clade. They perform crucial functions specifying stamen and carpel development in the flower and controlling late fruit development. To gain insight into the roles of TAG1 and TAGL1 genes and to better understand their functional redundancy and diversification, we characterized single and double RNAi silencing lines of these genes and analyzed expression profiles of regulatory genes involved in reproductive development. Double RNAi lines did show cell abnormalities in stamens and carpels and produced extremely small fruit-like organs displaying some sepaloid features. Expression analyses indicated that TAG1 and TAGL1 act together to repress fourth whorl sepal development, most likely through the MACROCALYX gene. Results also proved that TAG1 and TAGL1 have diversified their functions in fruit development: while TAG1 controls placenta and seed formation, TAGL1 participates in cuticle development and lignin biosynthesis inhibition. It is noteworthy that both TAG1 and double RNAi plants lacked seed development due to abnormalities in pollen formation. This seedless phenotype was not associated with changes in the expression of B-class stamen identity genes Tomato MADS-box 6 and Tomato PISTILLATA observed in silencing lines, suggesting that other regulatory factors should participate in pollen formation. Taken together, results here reported support the idea that both redundant and divergent functions of TAG1 and TAGL1 genes are needed to control tomato reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Gimenez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Laura Castañeda
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Benito Pineda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irvin L Pan
- Department of Biology, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA, 02357, USA
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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Garroum I, Bidzinski P, Daraspe J, Mucciolo A, Humbel BM, Morel JB, Nawrath C. Cuticular Defects in Oryza sativa ATP-binding Cassette Transporter G31 Mutant Plants Cause Dwarfism, Elevated Defense Responses and Pathogen Resistance. Plant Cell Physiol 2016; 57:1179-88. [PMID: 27121976 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between plant and environment. Homologs of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter AtABCG32/HvABCG31 clade are necessary for the formation of a functional cuticle in both monocots and dicots. Here we characterize the osabcg31 knockout mutant and hairpin RNA interference (RNAi)-down-regulated OsABCG31 plant lines having reduced plant growth and a permeable cuticle. The reduced content of cutin in leaves and structural alterations in the cuticle and at the cuticle-cell wall interface in plants compromised in OsABCG31 expression explain the cuticle permeability. Effects of modifications of the cuticle on plant-microbe interactions were evaluated. The cuticular alterations in OsABCG31-compromised plants did not cause deficiencies in germination of the spores or the formation of appressoria of Magnaporthe oryzae on the leaf surface, but a strong reduction of infection structures inside the plant. Genes involved in pathogen resistance were constitutively up-regulated in OsABCG31-compromised plants, thus being a possible cause of the resistance to M. oryzae and the dwarf growth phenotype. The findings show that in rice an abnormal cuticle formation may affect the signaling of plant growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène Garroum
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Bidzinski
- INRA, UMR-BGPI TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Present address: INRA, SupAgro, UMR-BPMP, Bat. 7, 2 place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean Daraspe
- University of Lausanne, Electron Microscopy Facility, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- University of Lausanne, Electron Microscopy Facility, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno M Humbel
- University of Lausanne, Electron Microscopy Facility, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Morel
- INRA, UMR-BGPI TA A-54/K, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- University of Lausanne, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Guzmán-Delgado P, Graça J, Cabral V, Gil L, Fernández V. The presence of cutan limits the interpretation of cuticular chemistry and structure: Ficus elastica leaf as an example. Physiol Plant 2016; 157:205-20. [PMID: 26756450 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles have been traditionally classified on the basis of their ultrastructure, with certain chemical composition assumptions. However, the nature of the plant cuticle may be misinterpreted in the prevailing model, which was established more than 150 years ago. Using the adaxial leaf cuticle of Ficus elastica, a study was conducted with the aim of analyzing cuticular ultrastructure, chemical composition and the potential relationship between structure and chemistry. Gradual chemical extractions and diverse analytical and microscopic techniques were performed on isolated leaf cuticles of two different stages of development (i.e. young and mature leaves). Evidence for the presence of cutan in F. elastica leaf cuticles has been gained after chemical treatments and tissue analysis by infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Significant calcium, boron and silicon concentrations were also measured in the cuticle of this species. Such mineral elements which are often found in plant cell walls may play a structural role and their presence in isolated cuticles further supports the interpretation of the cuticle as the most external region of the epidermal cell wall. The complex and heterogeneous nature of the cuticle, and constraints associated with current analytical procedures may limit the chance for establishing a relationship between cuticle chemical composition and structure also in relation to organ ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guzmán-Delgado
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Graça
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Cabral
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Centro de Estudos Florestais, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Koutalianou M, Orfanidis S, Katsaros C. Effects of high temperature on the ultrastructure and microtubule organization of interphase and dividing cells of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Protoplasma 2016; 253:299-310. [PMID: 25874590 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Short-time temperature effects (34-40 °C) on microtubule (MT) organization and on cell structure of young epidermal leaf cells of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa were investigated under laboratory conditions using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tubulin immunofluorescence. The interphase MT network was affected by the increased temperature, the effect being time dependent and expressed in both the form and the orientation of the MT bundles. After 1 h at 38 °C, there was also a severe disturbance in dividing cells with thick and short MTs in the mitotic spindle and atypically organized phragmoplasts, while after 2 h at 38 °C the mitotic index was tenfold reduced compared with the control material. After 6 h at 38 °C, a large number of telophase cells were observed, meaning that cytokinesis was blocked. TEM observation revealed cells with uncompleted cell plates consisting of swollen vesicles and branched cisternae, with no phragmoplast MTs. These cells bear a nucleolus with segregated fibrillar and granular zones, an increased number of swollen mitochondria, and numerous parallel arrays of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae in the cortical cytoplasm. The possible relationship of these changes in C. nodosa with a response mechanism in order to face elevated temperature effects of climate change is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Koutalianou
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece
| | - S Orfanidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, Fisheries Research Institute, 640 07 Nea Peramos, Kavala, Greece
| | - C Katsaros
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, 157 84, Greece.
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