1
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Gille CE, Finnegan PM, Hayes PE, Ranathunge K, Burgess TI, de Tombeur F, Migliorini D, Dallongeville P, Glauser G, Lambers H. Facilitative and competitive interactions between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants in an extremely phosphorus-impoverished environment: role of ectomycorrhizal fungi and native oomycete pathogens in shaping species coexistence. New Phytol 2024; 242:1630-1644. [PMID: 38105548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonmycorrhizal cluster root-forming species enhance the phosphorus (P) acquisition of mycorrhizal neighbours in P-impoverished megadiverse systems. However, whether mycorrhizal plants facilitate the defence of nonmycorrhizal plants against soil-borne pathogens, in return and via their symbiosis, remains unknown. We characterised growth and defence-related compounds in Banksia menziesii (nonmycorrhizal) and Eucalyptus todtiana (ectomycorrhizal, ECM) seedlings grown either in monoculture or mixture in a multifactorial glasshouse experiment involving ECM fungi and native oomycete pathogens. Roots of B. menziesii had higher levels of phytohormones (salicylic and jasmonic acids, jasmonoyl-isoleucine and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid) than E. todtiana which further activated a salicylic acid-mediated defence response in roots of B. menziesii, but only in the presence of ECM fungi. We also found that B. menziesii induced a shift in the defence strategy of E. todtiana, from defence-related secondary metabolites (phenolic and flavonoid) towards induced phytohormone response pathways. We conclude that ECM fungi play a vital role in the interactions between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants in a severely P-impoverished environment, by introducing a competitive component within the facilitation interaction between the two plant species with contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies. This study sheds light on the interplay between beneficial and detrimental soil microbes that shape plant-plant interaction in severely nutrient-impoverished ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément E Gille
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick M Finnegan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick E Hayes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Treena I Burgess
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Félix de Tombeur
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Duccio Migliorini
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Paul Dallongeville
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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2
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Fick A, Swart V, Bombarely A, van den Berg N. Comparative transcriptional analysis of Persea americana MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors following Phytophthora cinnamomi infection. Mol Plant Pathol 2024; 25:e13453. [PMID: 38590150 PMCID: PMC11002358 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells undergo extensive transcriptional reprogramming following pathogen infection, with these reprogramming patterns becoming more complex when pathogens, such as hemibiotrophs, exhibit different lifestyles. These transcriptional changes are often orchestrated by MYB, WRKY and AP2/ERF transcription factors (TFs), which modulate both growth and defence-related gene expression. Transcriptional analysis of defence-related genes in avocado (Persea americana) infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi indicated differential immune response activation when comparing a partially resistant and susceptible rootstock. This study identified 226 MYB, 82 WRKY, and 174 AP2/ERF TF-encoding genes in avocado, using a genome-wide approach. Phylogenetic analysis revealed substantial sequence conservation within TF groups underscoring their functional significance. RNA-sequencing analysis in a partially resistant and susceptible avocado rootstock infected with P. cinnamomi was indicative of an immune response switch occurring in either rootstock after 24 and 6 h post-inoculation, respectively. Different clusters of co-expressed TF genes were observed at these times, suggesting the activation of necrotroph-related immune responses at varying intervals between the two rootstocks. This study aids our understanding of avocado immune response activation following P. cinnamomi infection, and the role of the TFs therein, elucidating the transcriptional reprogramming disparities between partially resistant and susceptible rootstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fick
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Velushka Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de PlantasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas‐Universitat Politècnica de València (IBMCP‐CSIC‐UPV)ValenciaSpain
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
- Hans Merensky Chair in Avocado Research, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
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3
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Chen L, Xu Z, Huang J, Shu H, Hui Y, Zhu D, Wu Y, Dong S, Wu Z. Plant immunity suppressor SKRP encodes a novel RNA-binding protein that targets exon 3' end of unspliced RNA. New Phytol 2023; 240:1467-1483. [PMID: 37658678 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory roles of RNA splicing in plant immunity are emerging but still largely obscure. We reported previously that Phytophthora pathogen effector Avr3c targets a soybean protein SKRP (serine/lysine/arginine-rich protein) to impair soybean basal immunity by regulating host pre-mRNA alternative splicing, while the biochemical nature of SKRP remains unknown. Here, by using Arabidopsis as a model, we studied the mechanism of SKRP in regulating pre-mRNA splicing and plant immunity. AtSKRP confers impaired plant immunity against Phytophthora capsici and associates with spliceosome component PRP8 and splicing factor SR45, which positively and negatively regulate plant immunity, respectively. Enhanced crosslinking and immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (eCLIP-seq) showed AtSKRP is a novel RNA-binding protein that targets exon 3' end of unspliced RNA. Such position-specific binding of SKRP is associated with its activity in suppressing intron retention, including at positive immune regulatory genes UBP25 and RAR1. In addition, we found AtSKRP self-interact and forms oligomer, and these properties are associated with its function in plant immunity. Overall, our findings reveal that the immune repressor SKRP is a spliceosome-associated protein that targets exon 3' end to regulate pre-mRNA splicing in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihui Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufan Hui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Danling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), and The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Chen H, Fang Y, Song W, Shu H, Li X, Ye W, Wang Y, Dong S. The SET domain protein PsKMT3 regulates histone H3K36 trimethylation and modulates effector gene expression in the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Mol Plant Pathol 2023; 24:346-358. [PMID: 36748674 PMCID: PMC10013772 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to overcome host immunity and promote colonization. In oomycete plant pathogens, the expression of many effector genes is altered upon infection; however, the regulatory mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we identified a su(var)3-9, enhancer of zeste, and trithorax (SET) domain protein-encoding gene, PsKMT3, that was highly induced at early infection stages in Phytophthora sojae. Deletion of PsKMT3 led to asexual development and pathogenicity defects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) and western blot analyses demonstrated that histone H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) was significantly reduced genome-wide in mutants. RNA-seq analysis identified 374 genes encoding secreted proteins that were differentially expressed in pskmt3 at the mycelium stage. The significantly altered genes encompassed the RxLR (Arg-x-Lys-Arg) effector gene family, including the essential effector genes Avh23, Avh181, Avh240, and Avh241. Transcriptome analysis at early infection stages showed misregulation of effector gene expression waves in pskmt3. H3K36me3 was directly and indirectly associated with RxLR effector gene activation. Our results reveal a role of a SET domain protein in regulating effector gene expression and modulating histone methylation in P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yujie Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenrui Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, the Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, the Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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5
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Li T, Ai G, Fu X, Liu J, Zhu H, Zhai Y, Pan W, Shen D, Jing M, Xia A, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici RXLR effector manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disturbing the protein trafficking pathway. Mol Plant Pathol 2022; 23:1721-1736. [PMID: 36193624 PMCID: PMC9644280 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici encodes hundreds of RXLR effectors that enter the plant cells and suppress host immunity. Only a few of these genes are conserved across different strains and species. Such core effectors might target hub genes and immune pathways in hosts. Here, we describe the functional characterization of the core P. capsici RXLR effector RXLR242. The expression of RXLR242 was up-regulated during infection, and its ectopic expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, an experimental plant host, further promoted Phytophthora infection. RXLR242 physically interacted with a group of RAB proteins that belong to the small GTPase family and play a role in regulating transport pathways in the intracellular membrane trafficking system. In addition, RXLR242 impeded the secretion of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (PR1) protein to the apoplast. This phenomenon resulted from the competitive binding of RXLR242 to RABE1-7. We also found that RXLR242 interfered with the association between RABA4-3 and its binding protein, thereby disrupting the trafficking of the membrane receptor FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2. Thus, RXLR242 manipulates plant immunity by targeting RAB proteins and disrupting protein trafficking in the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Li
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Gan Ai
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Hai Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ying Zhai
- Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Weiye Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Maofeng Jing
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ai Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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6
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Naqvi S, He Q, Trusch F, Qiu H, Pham J, Sun Q, Christie JM, Gilroy EM, Birch PRJ. Blue-light receptor phototropin 1 suppresses immunity to promote Phytophthora infestans infection. New Phytol 2022; 233:2282-2293. [PMID: 34923631 PMCID: PMC9255860 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and phots in regulating plant immunity. We showed previously that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 targets potato (St)NRL1, promoting its ability to enhance susceptibility by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of the immune regulator StSWAP70. This raises the question: do BL and phots negatively regulate immunity? We employed coimmunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression and targeted mutation to investigate contributions of phots to regulating immunity. Whereas transient overexpression of Stphot1 and Stphot2 enhances P. infestans colonization of Nicotiana benthamiana, silencing endogenous Nbphot1 or Nbphot2 reduces infection. Stphot1, but not Stphot2, suppressed the INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) immune response in a BL- and NRL1-dependent manner. Stphot1, when coexpressed with StNRL1, promotes degradation of StSWAP70, whereas Stphot2 does not. Kinase-dead Stphot1 fails to suppress ICD, enhance P. infestans colonization or promote StSWAP70 degradation. Critically, BL enhances P. infestans infection, which probably involves phots but not other BL receptors such as cryptochromes and F-box proteins ZTL1 and FKF1. We demonstrate that Stphot1 and Stphot2 play different roles in promoting susceptibility, and Stphot1 kinase activity is required for BL- and StNRL1-mediated immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Huishan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - Jasmine Pham
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Qingguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU)Ministry of EducationKey Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU)Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubei430070China
| | - John M. Christie
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems BiologyCollege of Medical, Veterinary, and Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesJames Hutton InstituteUniversity of Dundee School of Life SciencesErrol RdInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular ScienceJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeDD2 5DAUK
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7
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Shi R, Jin J, Nifong JM, Shew D, Lewis RS. Homoeologous chromosome exchange explains the creation of a QTL affecting soil-borne pathogen resistance in tobacco. Plant Biotechnol J 2022; 20:47-58. [PMID: 34453871 PMCID: PMC8710904 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crop plant partial resistance to plant pathogens controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTL) is desirable in cultivar development programmes because of its increased durability. Mechanisms underlying such resistance are difficult to study. We performed RNA-seq analyses for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) nearly isogenic lines (NILs) with and without favourable allele(s) at Phn7.1, a major QTL influencing partial resistance to the soil-borne pathogens Phytophthora nicotianae and Ralstonia solanacearum. Based upon combined analyses of transcriptome-based sequence variation and gene expression profiles, we concluded that allelic variability at the Phn7.1 locus was likely generated from homoeologous exchange, which led to deletion of low-expressing members of the SAR8.2 gene family and duplication of high-expressing SAR8.2 genes from a different subgenome of allotetraploid tobacco. The high expression of endogenous Phn7.1-associated SAR8.2 genes was correlated with observed resistance to P. nicotianae. Our findings suggest a role for genomic rearrangements in the generation of favourable genetic variability affecting resistance to pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jessica M. Nifong
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - David Shew
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Ramsey S. Lewis
- Department of Crop and Soil SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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Ai G, Zhu H, Fu X, Liu J, Li T, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Yang K, Pan W, Zhang H, Wu Z, Dong S, Xia Y, Wang Y, Xia A, Wang Y, Dou D, Jing M. Phytophthora infection signals-induced translocation of NAC089 is required for endoplasmic reticulum stress response-mediated plant immunity. Plant J 2021; 108:67-80. [PMID: 34374485 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants deploy various immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived extracellular signals and subsequently activate the downstream defense response. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a part in the plant defense response, known as ER stress-mediated immunity (ERSI), that halts pathogen infection. However, the mechanism for the ER stress response to signals of pathogen infection remains unclear. Here, we characterized the ER stress response regulator NAC089, which was previously reported to positively regulate programed cell death (PCD), functioning as an ERSI regulator. NAC089 translocated from the ER to the nucleus via the Golgi in response to Phytophthora capsici culture filtrate (CF), which is a mixture of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Plasma membrane localized co-receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) was required for the CF-mediated translocation of NAC089. The nuclear localization of NAC089, determined by the NAC domain, was essential for immune activation and PCD. Furthermore, NAC089 positively contributed to host resistance against the oomycete pathogen P. capsici and the bacteria pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. We also proved that NAC089-mediated immunity is conserved in Nicotiana benthamiana. Together, we found that PAMP signaling induces the activation of ER stress in plants, and that NAC089 is required for ERSI and plant resistance against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowei Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tianli Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiye Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zishan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Saiyu Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yeqiang Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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9
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Wang S, Xing R, Wang Y, Shu H, Fu S, Huang J, Paulus JK, Schuster M, Saunders DGO, Win J, Vleeshouwers V, Wang Y, Zheng X, van der Hoorn RAL, Dong S. Cleavage of a pathogen apoplastic protein by plant subtilases activates host immunity. New Phytol 2021; 229:3424-3439. [PMID: 33251609 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast is a harsh environment in which hydrolytic enzymes, especially proteases, accumulate during pathogen infection. However, the defense functions of most apoplastic proteases remain largely elusive. We show here that a newly identified small cysteine-rich secreted protein PC2 from the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans induces immunity in Solanum plants only after cleavage by plant apoplastic subtilisin-like proteases, such as tomato P69B. A minimal 61 amino acid core peptide carrying two key cysteines, conserved widely in most oomycete species, is sufficient for PC2-induced cell death. Furthermore, we showed that Kazal-like protease inhibitors, such as EPI1, produced by P. infestans prevent PC2 cleavage and dampen PC2 elicited host immunity. This study reveals that cleavage of pathogen proteins to release immunogenic peptides is an important function of plant apoplastic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongkang Xing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shenggui Fu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Judith K Paulus
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Mariana Schuster
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vivianne Vleeshouwers
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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10
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Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Turnbull D, Whisson SC. Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant- Phytophthora interactions. New Phytol 2020; 228:445-458. [PMID: 32394464 PMCID: PMC7540312 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the cell biology underlying the burgeoning molecular genetic and genomic knowledge of oomycete pathogenicity is essential to gain the full context of how these pathogens cause disease on plants. An intense research focus on secreted Phytophthora effector proteins, especially those containing a conserved N-terminal RXLR motif, has meant that most cell biological studies into Phytophthora diseases have focussed on the effectors and their host target proteins. While these effector studies have provided novel insights into effector secretion and host defence mechanisms, there remain many unanswered questions about fundamental processes involved in spore biology, host penetration and haustorium formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Dionne Turnbull
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteErrol RoadInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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11
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Tomczynska I, Stumpe M, Doan TG, Mauch F. A Phytophthora effector protein promotes symplastic cell-to-cell trafficking by physical interaction with plasmodesmata-localised callose synthases. New Phytol 2020; 227:1467-1478. [PMID: 32396661 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors act as disease promoting factors that target specific host proteins with roles in plant immunity. Here, we investigated the function of the RxLR3 effector of the plant-pathogen Phytophthora brassicae. Arabidopsis plants expressing a FLAG-RxLR3 fusion protein were used for co-immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify host targets of RxLR3. Fluorescently labelled fusion proteins were used for analysis of subcellular localisation and function of RxLR3. Three closely related members of the callose synthase family, CalS1, CalS2 and CalS3, were identified as targets of RxLR3. RxLR3 co-localised with the plasmodesmal marker protein PDLP5 (PLASMODESMATA-LOCALISED PROTEIN 5) and with plasmodesmata-associated deposits of the β-1,3-glucan polymer callose. In line with a function as an inhibitor of plasmodesmal callose synthases (CalS) enzymes, callose depositions were reduced and cell-to-cell trafficking was promoted in the presence of RxLR3. Plasmodesmal callose deposition in response to infection was compared with wild-type suppressed in RxLR3-expressing Arabidopsis lines. Our results implied a virulence function of the RxLR3 effector as a positive regulator of plasmodesmata transport and provided evidence for competition between P. brassicae and Arabidopsis for control of cell-to-cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Tomczynska
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stumpe
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tu Giang Doan
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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12
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Sapsford SJ, Waller LP. Seeing the forest not just for its trees: exotic pathogens shift forest communities aboveground and belowground. New Phytol 2020; 227:283-285. [PMID: 32386332 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Sapsford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | - Lauren P Waller
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
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13
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Li Q, Wang J, Bai T, Zhang M, Jia Y, Shen D, Zhang M, Dou D. A Phytophthora capsici effector suppresses plant immunity via interaction with EDS1. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:502-511. [PMID: 31997517 PMCID: PMC7060136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
EDS1 (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1) plays a crucial role in both effector-triggered immunity activation and plant basal defence. However, whether pathogen effectors can target EDS1 or an EDS1-related pathway to manipulate immunity is rarely reported. In this study, we identified a Phytophthora capsici Avirulence Homolog (Avh) RxLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effector PcAvh103 that interacts with EDS1. We demonstrated that PcAvh103 can facilitate P. capsici infection and is required for pathogen virulence. Furthermore, genetic evidence showed that PcAvh103 contributes to virulence through targeting EDS1. Finally, PcAvh103 specifically interacts with the lipase domain of EDS1 and can promote the disassociation of EDS1-PAD4 (Phytoalexin Deficient 4) complex in planta. Together, our results revealed that the P. capsici RxLR effector PcAvh103 targets host EDS1 to suppress plant immunity, probably through disrupting the EDS1-PAD4 immune signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of BotanyJiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjingChina
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian Bai
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yuling Jia
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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14
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Li W, Zhao D, Dong J, Kong X, Zhang Q, Li T, Meng Y, Shan W. AtRTP5 negatively regulates plant resistance to Phytophthora pathogens by modulating the biosynthesis of endogenous jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:95-108. [PMID: 31701600 PMCID: PMC6913198 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved powerful immune systems to recognize pathogens and avoid invasions, but the genetic basis of plant susceptibility is less well-studied, especially to oomycetes, which cause disastrous diseases in many ornamental plants and food crops. In this research, we identified a negative regulator of plant immunity to the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica, AtRTP5 (Arabidopsis thaliana Resistant to Phytophthora 5), which encodes a WD40 repeat domain-containing protein. The AtRTP5 protein, which was tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP), is localized in the nucleus and plasma membrane. Both the A. thaliana T-DNA insertion rtp5 mutants and the Nicotiana benthamiana RTP5 (NbRTP5) silencing plants showed enhanced resistance to P. parasitica, while overexpression of AtRTP5 rendered plants more susceptible. The transcriptomic analysis showed that mutation of AtRTP5 suppressed the biosynthesis of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-dependent responses. In contrast, salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis and SA-dependent responses were activated in the T-DNA insertion mutant rtp5-3. These results show that AtRTP5 acts as a conserved negative regulator of plant immunity to Phytophthora pathogens by interfering with JA and SA signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Jingwen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Xianglan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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15
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Li T, Wang Q, Feng R, Li L, Ding L, Fan G, Li W, Du Y, Zhang M, Huang G, Schäfer P, Meng Y, Tyler BM, Shan W. Negative regulators of plant immunity derived from cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases are targeted by multiple Phytophthora Avr3a-like effectors. New Phytol 2019. [PMID: 31436314 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogens secrete numerous effectors to manipulate host immunity. While some effectors share a conserved structural fold, it remains unclear if any have conserved host targets. Avr3a-like family effectors, which are related to Phytophthora infestans effector PiAvr3a and are widely distributed across diverse clades of Phytophthora species, were used to study this question. By using yeast-two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays, we identified members of the plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (CAD7) subfamily as targets of multiple Avr3a-like effectors from Phytophthora pathogens. The CAD7 subfamily has expanded in plant genomes but lost the lignin biosynthetic activity of canonical CAD subfamilies. In turn, we identified CAD7s as negative regulators of plant immunity that are induced by Phytophthora infection. Moreover, AtCAD7 was stabilized by Avr3a-like effectors and involved in suppression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity, including callose deposition, reactive oxygen species burst and WRKY33 expression. Our results reveal CAD7 subfamily proteins as negative regulators of plant immunity that are exploited by multiple Avr3a-like effectors to promote infection in different host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ruirui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Licai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guangjin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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16
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Fawke S, Torode TA, Gogleva A, Fich EA, Sørensen I, Yunusov T, Rose JKC, Schornack S. Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 controls filamentous pathogen interactions and cell wall properties of the tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermis. New Phytol 2019; 223:1547-1559. [PMID: 30980530 PMCID: PMC6767537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leaf outer epidermal cell wall acts as a barrier against pathogen attack and desiccation, and as such is covered by a cuticle, composed of waxes and the polymer cutin. Cutin monomers are formed by the transfer of fatty acids to glycerol by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases, which facilitate their transport to the surface. The extent to which cutin monomers affect leaf cell wall architecture and barrier properties is not known. We report a dual functionality of pathogen-inducible GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE 6 (GPAT6) in controlling pathogen entry and cell wall properties affecting dehydration in leaves. Silencing of Nicotiana benthamiana NbGPAT6a increased leaf susceptibility to infection by the oomycetes Phytophthora infestans and Phytophthora palmivora, whereas overexpression of NbGPAT6a-GFP rendered leaves more resistant. A loss-of-function mutation in tomato SlGPAT6 similarly resulted in increased susceptibility of leaves to Phytophthora infection, concomitant with changes in haustoria morphology. Modulation of GPAT6 expression altered the outer wall diameter of leaf epidermal cells. Moreover, we observed that tomato gpat6-a mutants had an impaired cell wall-cuticle continuum and fewer stomata, but showed increased water loss. This study highlights a hitherto unknown role for GPAT6-generated cutin monomers in influencing epidermal cell properties that are integral to leaf-microbe interactions and in limiting dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Fawke
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Anna Gogleva
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Eric A. Fich
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Temur Yunusov
- Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU)University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Jocelyn K. C. Rose
- Plant Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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17
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Studholme DJ, Panda P, Sanfuentes Von Stowasser E, González M, Hill R, Sambles C, Grant M, Williams NM, McDougal RL. Genome sequencing of oomycete isolates from Chile supports the New Zealand origin of Phytophthora kernoviae and makes available the first Nothophytophthora sp. genome. Mol Plant Pathol 2019; 20:423-431. [PMID: 30390404 PMCID: PMC6637878 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequences were generated for six oomycete isolates collected from forests in Valdivia, Chile. Three of the isolates were identified morphologically as Phytophthora kernoviae, whereas two were similar to other clade 10 Phytophthora species. One isolate was tentatively identified as Nothophytophthora valdiviana based on nucleotide sequence similarity in the cytochrome oxidase 1 gene. This is the first genome sequence for this recently described genus. The genome assembly was more fragmented and contained many duplicated genes when compared with the other Phytophthora sequences. Comparative analyses were performed with genomic sequences of the P. kernoviae isolates from the UK and New Zealand. Although the potential New Zealand origin of P. kernoviae has been suggested, new isolations from Chile had cast doubt on this hypothesis. We present evidence supporting P. kernoviae as having originated in New Zealand. However, investigation of the diversity of oomycete species in Chile has been limited and warrants further exploration. We demonstrate the expediency of genomic analyses in determining phylogenetic relationships between isolates within new and often scantly represented taxonomic groups, such as Phytophthora clade 10 and Nothophytophthora. Data are available on GenBank via BioProject accession number PRJNA352331.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Preeti Panda
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.)Rotorua3015New Zealand
| | - Eugenio Sanfuentes Von Stowasser
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de BiotecnologíaUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepción4070386Chile
| | - Mariela González
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de BiotecnologíaUniversidad de ConcepciónConcepción4070386Chile
| | - Rowena Hill
- Biosciences, University of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Jodrell LaboratoryRoyal Botanic GardensKewTW9 3DSUK
| | | | - Murray Grant
- Biosciences, University of ExeterStocker RoadExeterEX4 4QDUK
- Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Nari M. Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Ltd.)Rotorua3015New Zealand
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18
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Kale SD. PenSeq: coverage you can count on. New Phytol 2019; 221:1177-1179. [PMID: 30644579 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiv D Kale
- Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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19
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Huang J, Chen L, Lu X, Peng Q, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang BY, Yang B, Waletich JR, Yin W, Zheng X, Wang Y, Dong S. Natural allelic variations provide insights into host adaptation of Phytophthora avirulence effector PsAvr3c. New Phytol 2019; 221:1010-1022. [PMID: 30169906 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as fungi and oomycetes, secrete avirulence (AVR) effectors that trigger plant immune responses and provide striking examples of host adaptations. Avr effector genes display different types of allelic variations, including deletions, epigenetic silencing and sequence polymorphisms, to avoid detection. However, how effector sequence polymorphisms enable pathogens to dodge host immune surveillance remains largely unknown. PsAvr3c is a Phytophthora AVR gene that is recognized by soybean carrying Rps3c. PsAvr3c natural alleles display a rich diversity of single nucleotide polymorphisms in field isolates. We combined both site-directed mutagenesis and population sequence surveys to identify a serine substitution of glycine at position 174 in PsAvr3c that resulted in evasion of Rps3c-mediated soybean immunity. The S174G substitution did not affect the nuclear localization of PsAvr3c in planta, which is required to activate Rps3c, but it significantly impaired the binding affinity of PsAvr3c with a previously identified spliceosome-associated protein GmSKRPs. Silencing GmSKRPs specifically impaired PsAvr3c-triggered cell death in Rps3c soybean. This study uncovered a plant Phytophthora pathogen that adapted to a resistant plant through a key amino acid mutation and subsequently reduced the binding affinity with a plant immune regulator to evade host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bai Yu Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Justin Reed Waletich
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Wang Y, Ye W, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification of long non-coding RNAs suggests a potential association with effector gene transcription in Phytophthora sojae. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:2177-2186. [PMID: 29665235 PMCID: PMC6638102 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) identified and characterized in mammals, plants and fungi have been found to play critical regulatory roles in biological processes. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in oomycete plant pathogens, which cause devastating damage to the economy and ecosystems. We used strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to generate a computational pipeline to identify lncRNAs in Phytophthora sojae, a model oomycete plant pathogen. In total, 940 lncRNAs with 1010 isoforms were identified from RNA-seq data obtained from four representative stages of P. sojae. The lncRNAs had shorter transcript lengths, longer exon lengths, fewer numbers of exons, lower GC content and higher minimum free energy values compared with protein-coding genes. lncRNAs in P. sojae exhibited low sequence conservation amongst oomycetes and P. sojae isolates. Transcriptional data indicated that P. sojae lncRNAs tended to be transcribed in a stage-specific manner; representative lncRNAs were validated by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Phytophthora sojae lncRNAs were concentrated in gene-sparse regions, and lncRNAs were associated with secreted protein and effector coding genes. The neighbouring genes of lncRNAs encoded various effector family members, and RNA-seq data revealed a correlation between the transcription level of lncRNAs and their neighbouring genes. Our results provide the first comprehensive identification of lncRNAs in oomycetes and suggest a potential association between lncRNAs and effector genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingJiangsu 210095China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingJiangsu 210095China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsu 210095China
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjingJiangsu 210095China
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Howden AJM, Stam R, Martinez Heredia V, Motion GB, ten Have S, Hodge K, Marques Monteiro Amaro TM, Huitema E. Quantitative analysis of the tomato nuclear proteome during Phytophthora capsici infection unveils regulators of immunity. New Phytol 2017; 215:309-322. [PMID: 28394025 PMCID: PMC5637918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogen interactions are complex associations driven by the interplay of host and microbe-encoded factors. With secreted pathogen proteins (effectors) and immune signalling components found in the plant nucleus, this compartment is a battleground where susceptibility is specified. We hypothesized that, by defining changes in the nuclear proteome during infection, we can pinpoint vital components required for immunity or susceptibility. We tested this hypothesis by documenting dynamic changes in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) nuclear proteome during infection by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. We enriched nuclei from infected and noninfected tissues and quantitatively assessed changes in the nuclear proteome. We then tested the role of candidate regulators in immunity through functional assays. We demonstrated that the host nuclear proteome dynamically changes during P. capsici infection. We observed that known nuclear immunity factors were differentially expressed and, based on this observation, selected a set of candidate regulators that we successfully implicated in immunity to P. capsici. Our work exemplifies a powerful strategy to gain rapid insight into important nuclear processes that underpin complex crop traits such as resistance. We have identified a large set of candidate nuclear factors that may underpin immunity to pathogens in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. M. Howden
- Division of Plant ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI)InvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Remco Stam
- Division of Plant ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI)InvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Section of Population GeneticsTechnische Universität München85354FreisingGermany
| | - Victor Martinez Heredia
- Division of Plant ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI)InvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Graham B. Motion
- Division of Plant ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI)InvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Sara ten Have
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDow StreetDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Kelly Hodge
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and ExpressionSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDow StreetDundeeDD1 5EHUK
| | - Tiago M. Marques Monteiro Amaro
- Division of Plant ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI)InvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
| | - Edgar Huitema
- Division of Plant ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI)InvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector ConsortiumJHIInvergowrieDundeeDD2 5DAUK
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv D Kale
- Biocomplexity Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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Bufford JL, Hulme PE, Sikes BA, Cooper JA, Johnston PR, Duncan RP. Taxonomic similarity, more than contact opportunity, explains novel plant-pathogen associations between native and alien taxa. New Phytol 2016; 212:657-667. [PMID: 27440585 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel associations between plants and pathogens can have serious impacts on managed and natural ecosystems world-wide. The introduction of alien plants increases the potential for biogeographically novel plant-pathogen associations to arise when pathogens are transmitted from native to alien plant species and vice versa. We quantified biogeographically novel associations recorded in New Zealand over the last 150 yr between plant pathogens (fungi, oomycetes and plasmodiophorids) and vascular plants. We examined the extent to which taxonomic similarity, pathogen traits, contact opportunity and sampling effort could explain the number of novel associates for host and pathogen species. Novel associations were common; approximately one-third of surveyed plants and pathogens were recorded with at least one biogeographically novel associate. Native plants had more alien pathogens than vice versa. Taxonomic similarity between the native and alien flora and the total number of recorded associations (a measure of sampling effort) best explained the number of novel associates among species. The frequency of novel associations and the importance of sampling effort as an explanatory variable emphasize the need for effective monitoring and risk assessment tools to mitigate the potential environmental and economic impact of novel pathogen associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bufford
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand.
| | - Philip E Hulme
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin A Sikes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS, 66047, USA
| | - Jerry A Cooper
- Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Johnston
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Richard P Duncan
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, PO Box 85084, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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