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Bennur PL, O'Brien M, Fernando SC, Doblin MS. Improving transformation and regeneration efficiency in medicinal plants: Insights from other recalcitrant species. J Exp Bot 2024:erae189. [PMID: 38652155 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are integral to traditional medicine systems world-wide, being pivotal for human health. Harvesting plant material from natural environments, however, has led to species scarcity, prompting action to develop cultivation solutions that also aid conservation efforts. Biotechnological tools, specifically plant tissue culture and genetic transformation, offer solutions for sustainable, large-scale production and enhanced yield of valuable biomolecules. While these techniques are instrumental to the development of the medicinal plant industry, the challenge of inherent regeneration recalcitrance in some species to in vitro cultivation hampers these efforts. This review examines the strategies for overcoming recalcitrance in medicinal plants using a holistic approach, emphasising the meticulous choice of explants, e.g. embryonic/meristematic tissues; plant growth regulators, e.g. synthetic cytokinins; and use of novel regeneration-enabling methods to deliver morphogenic genes e.g. GRF/GIF chimeras and nanoparticles, which have been shown to contribute to overcoming recalcitrance barriers in agriculture crops. Furthermore, it highlights the benefit of cost-effective genomic technologies that enable precise genome editing and the value of integrating data-driven models to address genotype-specific challenges in medicinal plant research. These advances mark a progressive step towards a future where medicinal plant cultivation is not only more efficient and predictable but also inherently sustainable, ensuring the continued availability and exploitation of these important plants for current and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Lakshman Bennur
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food (LISAF), Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Martin O'Brien
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food (LISAF), Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Shyama C Fernando
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food (LISAF), Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food (LISAF), Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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2
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Nadiminti PP, Wilson SM, van de Meene A, Hao A, Humphries J, Ratcliffe J, Yi C, Peirats-Llobet M, Lewsey MG, Whelan J, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Spatiotemporal deposition of cell wall polysaccharides in oat endosperm during grain development. Plant Physiol 2023; 194:168-189. [PMID: 37862163 PMCID: PMC10756759 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is a cereal crop whose grains are rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan or MLG), a soluble dietary fiber. In our study, we analyzed oat endosperm development in 2 Canadian varieties with differing MLG content and nutritional value. We confirmed that oat undergoes a nuclear type of endosperm development but with a shorter cellularization phase than barley (Hordeum vulgare). Callose and cellulose were the first polysaccharides to be detected in the early anticlinal cell walls at 11 days postemergence (DPE) of the panicle. Other polysaccharides such as heteromannan and homogalacturonan were deposited early in cellularization around 12 DPE after the first periclinal walls are laid down. In contrast to barley, heteroxylan deposition coincided with completion of cellularization and was detected from 14 DPE but was only detectable after demasking. Notably, MLG was the last polysaccharide to be laid down at 18 DPE within the differentiation phase, rather than during cellularization. In addition, differences in the spatiotemporal patterning of MLG were also observed between the 2 varieties. The lower MLG-containing cultivar AC Morgan (3.5% w/w groats) was marked by the presence of a discontinuous pattern of MLG labeling, while labeling in the same walls in CDC Morrison (5.6% w/w groats) was mostly even and continuous. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed higher transcript levels of multiple MLG biosynthetic cellulose synthase-like F (CSLF) and CSLH genes during grain development in CDC Morrison compared with AC Morgan that likely contributes to the increased abundance of MLG at maturity in CDC Morrison. CDC Morrison was also observed to have smaller endosperm cells with thicker walls than AC Morgan from cellularization onwards, suggesting the processes controlling cell size and shape are established early in development. This study has highlighted that the molecular processes influencing MLG content and deposition are more complex than previously imagined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavani P Nadiminti
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alfie Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Julian Ratcliffe
- Latrobe University Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Changyu Yi
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Lonsdale A, Ceballos-Laita L, Takahashi D, Uemura M, Abadía J, Davis MJ, Bacic A, Doblin MS. LSPpred Suite: Tools for Leaderless Secretory Protein Prediction in Plants. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1428. [PMID: 37050054 PMCID: PMC10097205 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteins that are secreted without a classical signal peptide leader sequence are termed leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) and are implicated in both plant development and (a)biotic stress responses. In plant proteomics experimental workflows, identification of LSPs is hindered by the possibility of contamination from other subcellar compartments upon purification of the secretome. Applying machine learning algorithms to predict LSPs in plants is also challenging due to the rarity of experimentally validated examples for training purposes. This work attempts to address this issue by establishing criteria for identifying potential plant LSPs based on experimental observations and training random forest classifiers on the putative datasets. The resultant plant protein database LSPDB and bioinformatic prediction tools LSPpred and SPLpred are available at lsppred.lspdb.org. The LSPpred and SPLpred modules are internally validated on the training dataset, with false positives controlled at 5%, and are also able to classify the limited number of established plant LSPs (SPLpred (3/4, LSPpred 4/4). Until such time as a larger set of bona fide (independently experimentally validated) LSPs is established using imaging technologies (light/fluorescence/electron microscopy) to confirm sub-cellular location, these tools represent a bridging method for predicting and identifying plant putative LSPs for subsequent experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Javier Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Melissa J. Davis
- Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Welling MT, Deseo MA, O’Brien M, Clifton J, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Metabolomic analysis of methyl jasmonate treatment on phytocannabinoid production in Cannabis sativa. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1110144. [PMID: 37025140 PMCID: PMC10070988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a multi-use and chemically complex plant which is utilized for food, fiber, and medicine. Plants produce a class of psychoactive and medicinally important specialized metabolites referred to as phytocannabinoids (PCs). The phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a naturally occurring methyl ester of jasmonic acid and a product of oxylipin biosynthesis which initiates and regulates the biosynthesis of a broad range of specialized metabolites across a number of diverse plant lineages. While the effects of exogenous MeJA application on PC production has been reported, treatments have been constrained to a narrow molar range and to the targeted analysis of a small number of compounds. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry with data-dependent acquisition, we examined the global metabolomic effects of MeJA in C. sativa to explore oxylipin-mediated regulation of PC biosynthesis and accumulation. A dose-response relationship was observed, with an almost two-fold increase in PC content found in inflorescences of female clones treated with 15 mM MeJA compared to the control group. Comparison of the inflorescence metabolome across MeJA treatments coupled with targeted transcript analysis was used to elucidate key regulatory components contributing to PC production and metabolism more broadly. Revealing these biological signatures improves our understanding of the role of the oxylipin pathway in C. sativa and provides putative molecular targets for the metabolic engineering and optimization of chemical phenotype for medicinal and industrial end-uses.
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Li W, Thuan Lu H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Stevens GW, Mumford KA. A novel efficient liquid-liquid solvent extraction process for cannabinoid mimic recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Luo F, Zhang Q, Xin H, Liu H, Yang H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Li L. A Phytochrome B-PIF4-MYC2/MYC4 module inhibits secondary cell wall thickening in response to shaded light. Plant Commun 2022; 3:100416. [PMID: 35927944 PMCID: PMC9700123 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell walls (SCWs) in stem cells provide mechanical strength and structural support for growth. SCW thickening varies under different light conditions. Our previous study revealed that blue light enhances SCW thickening through the redundant function of MYC2 and MYC4 directed by CRYPTOCHROME1 (CRY1) signaling in fiber cells of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem. In this study, we find that the Arabidopsis PHYTOCHROME B mutant phyB displays thinner SCWs in stem fibers, but thicker SCWs are deposited in the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) quadruple mutant pif1pif3pif4pif5 (pifq). The shaded light condition with a low ratio of red to far-red light inhibits stem SCW thickening. PIF4 interacts with MYC2 and MYC4 to affect their localization in nuclei, and this interaction results in inhibition of the MYCs' transactivation activity on the NST1 promoter. Genetic evidence shows that regulation of SCW thickening by PIFs is dependent on MYC2/MYC4 function. Together, the results of this study reveal a PHYB-PIF4-MYC2/MYC4 module that inhibits SCW thickening in fiber cells of the Arabidopsis stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest, State Forestry Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongquan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Wiles D, Shanbhag BK, O'Brien M, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Beddoe T. Heterologous production of Cannabis sativa-derived specialised metabolites of medicinal significance - Insights into engineering strategies. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113380. [PMID: 36049526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. has been known for at least 2000 years as a source of important, medically significant specialised metabolites and several bio-active molecules have been enriched from multiple chemotypes. However, due to the many levels of complexity in both the commercial cultivation of cannabis and extraction of its specialised metabolites, several heterologous production approaches are being pursued in parallel. In this review, we outline the recent achievements in engineering strategies used for heterologous production of cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids along with their strength and weakness. We provide an overview of the specialised metabolism pathway in C. sativa and a comprehensive list of the specialised metabolites produced along with their medicinal significance. We highlight cannabinoid-like molecules produced by other species. We discuss the key biosynthetic enzymes and their heterologous production using various hosts such as microbial and eukaryotic systems. A brief discussion on complementary production strategies using co-culturing and cell-free systems is described. Various approaches to optimise specialised metabolite production through co-expression, enzyme engineering and pathway engineering are discussed. We derive insights from recent advances in metabolic engineering of hosts with improved precursor supply and suggest their application for the production of C. sativa speciality metabolites. We present a collation of non-conventional hosts with speciality traits that can improve the feasibility of commercial heterologous production of cannabis-based specialised metabolites. We provide a perspective of emerging research in synthetic biology, allied analytical techniques and plant heterologous platforms as focus areas for heterologous production of cannabis specialised metabolites in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wiles
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Bhuvana K Shanbhag
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Martin O'Brien
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia; La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Welling MT, Deseo MA, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Biosynthetic origins of unusual cannabimimetic phytocannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L: A review. Phytochemistry 2022; 201:113282. [PMID: 35718133 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae) produce an array of more than 160 isoprenylated resorcinyl polyketides, commonly referred to as phytocannabinoids. These compounds represent molecules of therapeutic importance due to their modulation of the human endocannabinoid system (ECS). While understanding of the biosynthesis of the major phytocannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) has grown rapidly in recent years, the biosynthetic origin and genetic regulation of many potentially therapeutically relevant minor phytocannabinoids remain unknown, which limits the development of chemotypically elite varieties of C. sativa. This review provides an up-to-date inventory of unusual phytocannabinoids which exhibit cannabimimetic-like activities and proposes putative metabolic origins. Metabolic branch points exploitable for combinatorial biosynthesis and engineering of phytocannabinoids with augmented therapeutic activities are also described, as is the role of phytocannabinoid remodelling to accelerate the therapeutic portfolio expansion in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Welling
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Myrna A Deseo
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, AgriBio Building, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
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Li W, Lu HT, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Stevens GW, Mumford KA. A solvent loss study for the application of solvent extraction processes in the pharmaceutical industry. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.117400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Narciso JO, Zeng W, Ford K, Lampugnani ER, Humphries J, Austarheim I, van de Meene A, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of GALT8, an Arabidopsis GT31 β-(1,3)-Galactosyltransferase That Influences Seedling Development. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:678564. [PMID: 34113372 PMCID: PMC8186459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily, a group of highly diverse proteoglycans that are present in the cell wall, plasma membrane as well as secretions of almost all plants, with important roles in many developmental processes. The role of GALT8 (At1g22015), a Glycosyltransferase-31 (GT31) family member of the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database (CAZy), was examined by biochemical characterization and phenotypic analysis of a galt8 mutant line. To characterize its catalytic function, GALT8 was heterologously expressed in tobacco leaves and its enzymatic activity tested. GALT8 was shown to be a β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) that catalyzes the synthesis of a β-(1,3)-galactan, similar to the in vitro activity of KNS4/UPEX1 (At1g33430), a homologous GT31 member previously shown to have this activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the products were of 2-6 degree of polymerisation (DP). Previous reporter studies showed that GALT8 is expressed in the central and synergid cells, from whence the micropylar endosperm originates after the fertilization of the central cell of the ovule. Homozygous mutants have multiple seedling phenotypes including significantly shorter hypocotyls and smaller leaf area compared to wild type (WT) that are attributable to defects in female gametophyte and/or endosperm development. KNS4/UPEX1 was shown to partially complement the galt8 mutant phenotypes in genetic complementation assays suggesting a similar but not identical role compared to GALT8 in β-(1,3)-galactan biosynthesis. Taken together, these data add further evidence of the important roles GT31 β-(1,3)-GalTs play in elaborating type II AGs that decorate AGPs and pectins, thereby imparting functional consequences on plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oñate Narciso
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin R. Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingvild Austarheim
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Hurgobin B, Tamiru‐Oli M, Welling MT, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Whelan J, Lewsey MG. Recent advances in Cannabis sativa genomics research. New Phytol 2021; 230:73-89. [PMID: 33283274 PMCID: PMC7986631 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants purported to have unique medicinal properties. However, scientific research of cannabis has been restricted by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961, an international treaty that prohibits the production and supply of narcotic drugs except under license. Legislation governing cannabis cultivation for research, medicinal and even recreational purposes has been relaxed recently in certain jurisdictions. As a result, there is now potential to accelerate cultivar development of this multi-use and potentially medically useful plant species by application of modern genomics technologies. Whilst genomics has been pivotal to our understanding of the basic biology and molecular mechanisms controlling key traits in several crop species, much work is needed for cannabis. In this review we provide a comprehensive summary of key cannabis genomics resources and their applications. We also discuss prospective applications of existing and emerging genomics technologies for accelerating the genetic improvement of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Hurgobin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
| | - Muluneh Tamiru‐Oli
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
| | - Matthew T. Welling
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
| | - James Whelan
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Plant Energy BiologyLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
| | - Mathew G. Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and FoodDepartment of Animal, Plant and Soil SciencesSchool of Life SciencesLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal AgricultureLa Trobe UniversityAgriBio BuildingBundooraVIC3086Australia
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12
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Strasser R, Seifert G, Doblin MS, Johnson KL, Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F, Bacic A, Estevez JM. Cracking the "Sugar Code": A Snapshot of N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways and Functions in Plants Cells. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:640919. [PMID: 33679857 PMCID: PMC7933510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental co-translational and/or post-translational modification process where an attachment of sugars onto either proteins or lipids can alter their biological function, subcellular location and modulate the development and physiology of an organism. Glycosylation is not a template driven process and as such produces a vastly larger array of glycan structures through combinatorial use of enzymes and of repeated common scaffolds and as a consequence it provides a huge expansion of both the proteome and lipidome. While the essential role of N- and O-glycan modifications on mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we are just starting to decode their biological functions in plants. Although significant advances have been made in plant glycobiology in the last decades, there are still key challenges impeding progress in the field and, as such, holistic modern high throughput approaches may help to address these conceptual gaps. In this snapshot, we present an update of the most common O- and N-glycan structures present on plant glycoproteins as well as (1) the plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) and glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) responsible for their biosynthesis; (2) a summary of microorganism-derived GHs characterized to cleave specific glycosidic linkages; (3) a summary of the available tools ranging from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lectins to chemical probes for the detection of specific sugar moieties within these complex macromolecules; (4) selected examples of N- and O-glycoproteins as well as in their related GTs to illustrate the complexity on their mode of action in plant cell growth and stress responses processes, and finally (5) we present the carbohydrate microarray approach that could revolutionize the way in which unknown plant GTs and GHs are identified and their specificities characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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13
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Bain M, van de Meene A, Costa R, Doblin MS. Characterisation of Cellulose Synthase Like F6 ( CslF6) Mutants Shows Altered Carbon Metabolism in β-D-(1,3;1,4)-Glucan Deficient Grain in Brachypodium distachyon. Front Plant Sci 2021; 11:602850. [PMID: 33505412 PMCID: PMC7829222 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.602850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is a small, fast growing grass species in the Pooideae subfamily that has become established as a model for other temperate cereals of agricultural significance, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The unusually high content in whole grains of β-D-(1,3;1,4)-glucan or mixed linkage glucan (MLG), considered a valuable dietary fibre due to its increased solubility in water compared with cellulose, makes B. distachyon an attractive model for these polysaccharides. The carbohydrate composition of grain in B. distachyon is interesting not only in understanding the synthesis of MLG, but more broadly in the mechanism(s) of carbon partitioning in cereal grains. Several mutants in the major MLG synthase, cellulose synthase like (CSL) F6, were identified in a screen of a TILLING population that show a loss of function in vitro. Surprisingly, loss of cslf6 synthase capacity appears to have a severe impact on survival, growth, and development in B. distachyon in contrast to equivalent mutants in barley and rice. One mutant, A656T, which showed milder growth impacts in heterozygotes shows a 21% (w/w) reduction in average grain MLG and more than doubling of starch compared with wildtype. The endosperm architecture of grains with the A656T mutation is altered, with a reduction in wall thickness and increased deposition of starch in larger granules than typical of wildtype B. distachyon. Together these changes demonstrate an alteration in the carbon storage of cslf6 mutant grains in response to reduced MLG synthase capacity and a possible cross-regulation with starch synthesis which should be a focus in future work in composition of these grains. The consequences of these findings for the use of B. distachyon as a model species for understanding MLG synthesis, and more broadly the implications for improving the nutritional value of cereal grains through alteration of soluble dietary fibre content are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bain
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rafael Costa
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L’Institut National de Recherche pour L’Agriculture, L’Alimentation et L’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université de Paris, Orsay, France
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food (LIAF), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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van de Meene A, McAloney L, Wilson SM, Zhou J, Zeng W, McMillan P, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010127. [PMID: 33440743 PMCID: PMC7828102 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Lauren McAloney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Sarah M. Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - JiZhi Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Paul McMillan
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Welling MT, Deseo MA, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Untargeted Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Chemical Complexity of Dioecious Cannabis Flowers. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is a mostly dioecious multi-use flowering plant genus. Sexual dimorphism is an important characteristic in Cannabis-based commercial production systems, which has consequences for fibre, seed, and the yield of secondary metabolites, such as phytocannabinoid and terpenes for therapeutic uses. Beyond the obvious morphological differences between male and female plants, metabolic variation among dioecious flowers is largely undefined. Here, we report a pilot metabolomic study comparing staminate (male) and pistillate (female) unisexual flowers. Enrichment of the α-linolenic acid pathway and consensus evaluation of the jasmonic acid (JA) related compound 12-oxo-phytodienoicacid (OPDA) among differentially abundant metabolites suggests that oxylipin signalling is associated with secondary metabolism and sex expression in female flowers. Several putative phytocannabinoid-like compounds were observed to be upregulated in female flowers, but full identification was not possible due to the limitation of available databases. Targeted analysis of 14 phytocannabinoids using certified reference standards (cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (Δ9-THCAA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinolic acid (CBNA), cannabinol (CBN), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), and tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)) showed a higher total phytocannabinoid content in female flowers compared with the male flowers, as expected. In summary, the development of a phytocannabinoid-specific accurate-mass MSn fragmentation spectral library and gene pool representative metabolome has the potential to improve small molecule compound annotation and accelerate understanding of metabolic variation underlying phenotypic diversity in Cannabis.
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16
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Ceballos-Laita L, Gutierrez-Carbonell E, Takahashi D, Lonsdale A, Abadía A, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Uemura M, Abadía J, López-Millán AF. Effects of Excess Manganese on the Xylem Sap Protein Profile of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) as Revealed by Shotgun Proteomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8863. [PMID: 33238539 PMCID: PMC7700171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal toxicity is a common problem in crop species worldwide. Some metals are naturally toxic, whereas others such as manganese (Mn) are essential micro-nutrients for plant growth but can become toxic when in excess. Changes in the composition of the xylem sap, which is the main pathway for ion transport within the plant, is therefore vital to understanding the plant's response(s) to metal toxicity. In this study we have assessed the effects of exposure of tomato roots to excess Mn on the protein profile of the xylem sap, using a shotgun proteomics approach. Plants were grown in nutrient solution using 4.6 and 300 µM MnCl2 as control and excess Mn treatments, respectively. This approach yielded 668 proteins reliably identified and quantified. Excess Mn caused statistically significant (at p ≤ 0.05) and biologically relevant changes in relative abundance (≥2-fold increases or ≥50% decreases) in 322 proteins, with 82% of them predicted to be secretory using three different prediction tools, with more decreasing than increasing (181 and 82, respectively), suggesting that this metal stress causes an overall deactivation of metabolic pathways. Processes most affected by excess Mn were in the oxido-reductase, polysaccharide and protein metabolism classes. Excess Mn induced changes in hydrolases and peroxidases involved in cell wall degradation and lignin formation, respectively, consistent with the existence of alterations in the cell wall. Protein turnover was also affected, as indicated by the decrease in proteolytic enzymes and protein synthesis-related proteins. Excess Mn modified the redox environment of the xylem sap, with changes in the abundance of oxido-reductase and defense protein classes indicating a stress scenario. Finally, results indicate that excess Mn decreased the amounts of proteins associated with several signaling pathways, including fasciclin-like arabinogalactan-proteins and lipids, as well as proteases, which may be involved in the release of signaling peptides and protein maturation. The comparison of the proteins changing in abundance in xylem sap and roots indicate the existence of tissue-specific and systemic responses to excess Mn. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021973.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ceballos-Laita
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (E.G.-C.); (A.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Elain Gutierrez-Carbonell
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (E.G.-C.); (A.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (D.T.); (M.U.)
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Anunciación Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (E.G.-C.); (A.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (M.S.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (M.S.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (D.T.); (M.U.)
- Department of Plant-bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Javier Abadía
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (E.G.-C.); (A.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
| | - Ana Flor López-Millán
- Plant Stress Physiology Group, Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC, P.O. Box 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain; (L.C.-L.); (E.G.-C.); (A.A.); (A.F.L.-M.)
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17
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Garcia-Gimenez G, Barakate A, Smith P, Stephens J, Khor SF, Doblin MS, Hao P, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Targeted mutation of barley (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases reveals complex relationships between the storage and cell wall polysaccharide content. Plant J 2020; 104:1009-1022. [PMID: 32890421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) grain is comparatively rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a source of fermentable dietary fibre that protects against various human health conditions. However, low grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content is preferred for brewing and distilling. We took a reverse genetics approach, using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mutations in members of the Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene superfamily that encode known (HvCslF6 and HvCslH1) and putative (HvCslF3 and HvCslF9) (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases. Resultant mutations ranged from single amino acid (aa) substitutions to frameshift mutations causing premature stop codons, and led to specific differences in grain morphology, composition and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan was absent in the grain of cslf6 knockout lines, whereas cslf9 knockout lines had similar (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content to wild-type (WT). However, cslf9 mutants showed changes in the abundance of other cell-wall-related monosaccharides compared with WT. Thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length, width and surface area were altered in cslf6 knockouts, and to a lesser extent TGW in cslf9 knockouts. cslf3 and cslh1 mutants had no effect on grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. Our data indicate that multiple members of the CslF/H family fulfil important functions during grain development but, with the exception of HvCslF6, do not impact the abundance of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in mature grain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdellah Barakate
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Pauline Smith
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shi F Khor
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee. Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
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18
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Ho WWH, Hill CB, Doblin MS, Shelden MC, van de Meene A, Rupasinghe T, Bacic A, Roessner U. Integrative Multi-omics Analyses of Barley Rootzones under Salinity Stress Reveal Two Distinctive Salt Tolerance Mechanisms. Plant Commun 2020; 1:100031. [PMID: 33367236 PMCID: PMC7748018 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying rootzone-localized responses to salinity during early stages of barley development remain elusive. In this study, we performed the analyses of multi-root-omes (transcriptomes, metabolomes, and lipidomes) of a domesticated barley cultivar (Clipper) and a landrace (Sahara) that maintain and restrict seedling root growth under salt stress, respectively. Novel generalized linear models were designed to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and abundant metabolites (DAMs) specific to salt treatments, genotypes, or rootzones (meristematic Z1, elongation Z2, and maturation Z3). Based on pathway over-representation of the DEGs and DAMs, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis is the most statistically enriched biological pathway among all salinity responses observed. Together with histological evidence, an intense salt-induced lignin impregnation was found only at stelic cell wall of Clipper Z2, compared with a unique elevation of suberin deposition across Sahara Z2. This suggests two differential salt-induced modulations of apoplastic flow between the genotypes. Based on the global correlation network of the DEGs and DAMs, callose deposition that potentially adjusted symplastic flow in roots was almost independent of salinity in rootzones of Clipper, and was markedly decreased in Sahara. Taken together, we propose two distinctive salt tolerance mechanisms in Clipper (growth-sustaining) and Sahara (salt-shielding), providing important clues for improving crop plasticity to cope with deteriorating global soil salinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wing Ho Ho
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Camilla B. Hill
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Megan C. Shelden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Corresponding author
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19
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Zhang Q, Xie Z, Zhang R, Xu P, Liu H, Yang H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Li L. Blue Light Regulates Secondary Cell Wall Thickening via MYC2/MYC4 Activation of the NST1-Directed Transcriptional Network in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2018; 30:2512-2528. [PMID: 30242037 PMCID: PMC6241271 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell walls (SCWs) are formed in some specific types of plant cells, providing plants with mechanical strength. During plant growth and development, formation of secondary cell walls is regulated by various developmental and environmental signals. The underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the blue light receptor cryptochrome1 (cry1) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana for its SCW phenotypes. During inflorescence stem growth, SCW thickening in the vasculature was significantly affected by blue light. cry1 plants displayed a decline of SCW thickening in fiber cells, while CRY1 overexpression led to enhanced SCW formation. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the reduced SCW thickening was associated with repression of the NST1-directed transcription regulatory networks. Further analyses revealed that the expression of MYC2/MYC4 that is induced by blue light activates the transcriptional network underlying SCW thickening. The activation is caused by direct binding of MYC2/MYC4 to the NST1 promoter. This study demonstrates that SCW thickening in fiber cells is regulated by a blue light signal that is mediated through MYC2/MYC4 activation of NST1-directed SCW formation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongquan Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, La Trobe University, Bundoora VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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20
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Golz JF, Allen PJ, Li SF, Parish RW, Jayawardana NU, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Layers of regulation - Insights into the role of transcription factors controlling mucilage production in the Arabidopsis seed coat. Plant Sci 2018; 272:179-192. [PMID: 29807590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A polysaccharide-rich mucilage is released from the seed coat epidermis of numerous plant species and has been intensively studied in the model plant Arabidopsis. This has led to the identification of a large number of genes involved in the synthesis, secretion and modification of cell wall polysaccharides such as pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose being identified. These genes include a small network of transcription factors (TFs) and transcriptional co-regulators, that not only regulate mucilage production, but epidermal cell differentiation and in some cases flavonoid biosynthesis in the internal endothelial layer of the seed coat. Here we focus on the function of these regulators and propose a simplified model where they are assigned to a hierarchical gene network with three regulatory levels (tiers) as a means of assisting in the interpretation of the complexity. We discuss limitations of current methodologies and highlight some of the problems associated with defining the function of TFs, particularly those that perform different functions in adjacent layers of the seed coat. We suggest approaches that should provide a more accurate picture of the function of transcription factors involved with mucilage production and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Golz
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Patrick J Allen
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Centre, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Song F Li
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Centre, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Roger W Parish
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Centre, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Nadeeka U Jayawardana
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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21
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Roberts AW, Lahnstein J, Hsieh YSY, Xing X, Yap K, Chaves AM, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Dimitroff G, Lonsdale A, Roberts E, Bulone V, Fincher GB, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Burton RA. Functional Characterization of a Glycosyltransferase from the Moss Physcomitrella patens Involved in the Biosynthesis of a Novel Cell Wall Arabinoglucan. Plant Cell 2018; 30:1293-1308. [PMID: 29674386 PMCID: PMC6048786 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (MLG), an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in the Poaceae, has been detected in ascomycetes, algae, and seedless vascular plants, but not in eudicots. Although MLG has not been reported in bryophytes, a predicted glycosyltransferase from the moss Physcomitrella patens (Pp3c12_24670) is similar to a bona fide ascomycete MLG synthase. We tested whether Pp3c12_24670 encodes an MLG synthase by expressing it in wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and testing for release of diagnostic oligosaccharides from the cell walls by either lichenase or (1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase. Lichenase, an MLG-specific endohydrolase, showed no activity against cell walls from transformed N. benthamiana, but (1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase released oligosaccharides that were distinct from oligosaccharides released from MLG by this enzyme. Further analysis revealed that these oligosaccharides were derived from a novel unbranched, unsubstituted arabinoglucan (AGlc) polysaccharide. We identified sequences similar to the P. patens AGlc synthase from algae, bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes, raising the possibility that other early divergent plants synthesize AGlc. Similarity of P. patens AGlc synthase to MLG synthases from ascomycetes, but not those from Poaceae, suggests that AGlc and MLG have a common evolutionary history that includes loss in seed plants, followed by a more recent independent origin of MLG within the monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Kuok Yap
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - George Dimitroff
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Roberts
- Biology Department, Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
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22
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, MacMillan CP, Galletti R, Golz JF, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. Arabidopsis DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 regulates cell wall composition and axial growth in the inflorescence stem. Plant Direct 2017; 1:e00027. [PMID: 31245676 PMCID: PMC6508578 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Axial growth in plant stems requires a fine balance between elongation and stem mechanical reinforcement to ensure mechanical stability. Strength is provided by the plant cell wall, the deposition of which must be coordinated with cell expansion and elongation to ensure that integrity is maintained during growth. Coordination of these processes is critical and yet poorly understood. The plant-specific calpain, DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), plays a key role in growth coordination in leaves, yet its role in regulating stem growth has not been addressed. Using plants overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1 (CALPAIN OE) and a DEK1 knockdown line (amiRNA-DEK1), we undertook morphological, biochemical, biophysical, and microscopic analyses of mature inflorescence stems. We identify a novel role for DEK1 in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and coordination of growth during inflorescence stem development. CALPAIN OE plants are significantly reduced in stature and have short, thickened stems, while amiRNA-DEK1 lines have weakened stems that are unable to stand upright. Microscopic analyses of the stems identify changes in cell size, shape and number, and differences in both primary and secondary cell wall thickness and composition. Taken together, our results suggest that DEK1 influences primary wall growth by indirectly regulating cellulose and pectin deposition. In addition, we observe changes in secondary cell walls that may compensate for altered primary cell wall composition. We propose that DEK1 activity is required for the coordination of stem strengthening with elongation during axial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchKölnGermany
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | - Roberta Galletti
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - John F. Golz
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | - Gwyneth C. Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon CNRS INRA UCB Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell WallsSchool of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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23
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Johnson KL, Gidley MJ, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Cell wall biomechanics: a tractable challenge in manipulating plant cell walls 'fit for purpose'! Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:163-171. [PMID: 28915438 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The complexity and recalcitrance of plant cell walls has contributed to the success of plants colonising land. Conversely, these attributes have also impeded progress in understanding the roles of walls in controlling and directing developmental processes during plant growth and also in unlocking their potential for biotechnological innovation. Recent technological advances have enabled the probing of how primary wall structures and molecular interactions of polysaccharides define their biomechanical (and hence functional) properties. The outputs have led to a new paradigm that places greater emphasis on understanding how the wall, as a biomechanical construct and cell surface sensor, modulates both plant growth and material properties. Armed with this knowledge, we are gaining the capacity to design walls 'fit for (biotechnological) purpose'!
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Norris JH, Li X, Huang S, Van de Meene AML, Tran ML, Killeavy E, Chaves AM, Mallon B, Mercure D, Tan HT, Burton RA, Doblin MS, Kim SH, Roberts AW. Functional Specialization of Cellulose Synthase Isoforms in a Moss Shows Parallels with Seed Plants. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:210-222. [PMID: 28768816 PMCID: PMC5580779 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The secondary cell walls of tracheary elements and fibers are rich in cellulose microfibrils that are helically oriented and laterally aggregated. Support cells within the leaf midribs of mosses deposit cellulose-rich secondary cell walls, but their biosynthesis and microfibril organization have not been examined. Although the Cellulose Synthase (CESA) gene families of mosses and seed plants diversified independently, CESA knockout analysis in the moss Physcomitrella patens revealed parallels with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) in CESA functional specialization, with roles for both subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization. The similarities include regulatory uncoupling of the CESAs that synthesize primary and secondary cell walls, a requirement for two or more functionally distinct CESA isoforms for secondary cell wall synthesis, interchangeability of some primary and secondary CESAs, and some CESA redundancy. The cellulose-deficient midribs of ppcesa3/8 knockouts provided negative controls for the structural characterization of stereid secondary cell walls in wild type P. patens Sum frequency generation spectra collected from midribs were consistent with cellulose microfibril aggregation, and polarization microscopy revealed helical microfibril orientation only in wild type leaves. Thus, stereid secondary walls are structurally distinct from primary cell walls, and they share structural characteristics with the secondary walls of tracheary elements and fibers. We propose a mechanism for the convergent evolution of secondary walls in which the deposition of aggregated and helically oriented microfibrils is coupled to rapid and highly localized cellulose synthesis enabled by regulatory uncoupling from primary wall synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna H Norris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Shixin Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Allison M L Van de Meene
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mai L Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Erin Killeavy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Bailey Mallon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Danielle Mercure
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Hwei-Ting Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
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25
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, Galletti R, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. Regulation of cell wall genes in response to DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1)-induced cell wall changes. Plant Signal Behav 2017; 12:e1345405. [PMID: 28692330 PMCID: PMC5616153 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1345405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Defective Kernel1 (DEK1) is a plant-specific calpain involved in epidermis specification and maintenance. DEK1 regulation of the epidermal cell wall is proposed to be key to ensure tissue integrity and coordinated growth. Changes in the expression of DEK1 are correlated with changes in the expression of cell wall-related genes. For example, we have found that Lipid transfer protein 3 (LTP3), EXPANSIN 11 (EXP11), and an AP2 transcription factor (AP2TF) are misexpressed in plants with constitutively altered levels of DEK1 activity. RT-qPCR studies show that LTP3 and AP2TF may respond to a DEK1-generated signal whereas EXP11 is not altered immediately after dexamethasone induction of CALPAIN suggesting it is not in the direct signaling pathway downstream of DEK1. Our data suggest these genes are regulated by a feedback mechanism in response to DEK1-induced changes in the cell wall, and contribute to the phenotypes seen in plants with altered DEK1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Roberta Galletti
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gwyneth C. Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, CNRS, INRA, UCB Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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26
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Kannam SK, Oehme DP, Doblin MS, Gidley MJ, Bacic A, Downton MT. Hydrogen bonds and twist in cellulose microfibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:433-439. [PMID: 28917886 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing experimental and computational evidence that cellulose microfibrils can exist in a stable twisted form. In this study, atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to investigate the importance of intrachain hydrogen bonds on the twist in cellulose microfibrils. We systematically enforce or block the formation of these intrachain hydrogen bonds by either constraining dihedral angles or manipulating charges. For the majority of simulations a consistent right handed twist is observed. The exceptions are two sets of simulations that block the O2-O6' intrachain hydrogen bond, where no consistent twist is observed in multiple independent simulations suggesting that the O2-O6' hydrogen bond can drive twist. However, in a further simulation where exocyclic group rotation is also blocked, right-handed twist still develops suggesting that intrachain hydrogen bonds are not necessary to drive twist in cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Kumar Kannam
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Daniel P Oehme
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew T Downton
- IBM Research Australia, Level 5, 204 Lygon Street, 3053 Carlton, Victoria, Australia.
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27
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Johnson KL, Cassin AM, Lonsdale A, Bacic A, Doblin MS, Schultz CJ. Pipeline to Identify Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:886-903. [PMID: 28446635 PMCID: PMC5462032 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are functional proteins that lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure. The study of IDPs is a rapidly growing area as the crucial biological functions of more of these proteins are uncovered. In plants, IDPs are implicated in plant stress responses, signaling, and regulatory processes. A superfamily of cell wall proteins, the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), have characteristic features of IDPs. Their protein backbones are rich in the disordering amino acid proline, they contain repeated sequence motifs and extensive posttranslational modifications (glycosylation), and they have been implicated in many biological functions. HRGPs are evolutionarily ancient, having been isolated from the protein-rich walls of chlorophyte algae to the cellulose-rich walls of embryophytes. Examination of HRGPs in a range of plant species should provide valuable insights into how they have evolved. Commonly divided into the arabinogalactan proteins, extensins, and proline-rich proteins, in reality, a continuum of structures exists within this diverse and heterogenous superfamily. An inability to accurately classify HRGPs leads to inconsistent gene ontologies limiting the identification of HRGP classes in existing and emerging omics data sets. We present a novel and robust motif and amino acid bias (MAAB) bioinformatics pipeline to classify HRGPs into 23 descriptive subclasses. Validation of MAAB was achieved using available genomic resources and then applied to the 1000 Plants transcriptome project (www.onekp.com) data set. Significant improvement in the detection of HRGPs using multiple-k-mer transcriptome assembly methodology was observed. The MAAB pipeline is readily adaptable and can be modified to optimize the recovery of IDPs from other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Andrew M Cassin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Carolyn J Schultz
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
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Johnson KL, Cassin AM, Lonsdale A, Wong GKS, Soltis DE, Miles NW, Melkonian M, Melkonian B, Deyholos MK, Leebens-Mack J, Rothfels CJ, Stevenson DW, Graham SW, Wang X, Wu S, Pires JC, Edger PP, Carpenter EJ, Bacic A, Doblin MS, Schultz CJ. Insights into the Evolution of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins from 1000 Plant Transcriptomes. Plant Physiol 2017; 174:904-921. [PMID: 28446636 PMCID: PMC5462033 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate-rich cell walls of land plants and algae have been the focus of much interest given the value of cell wall-based products to our current and future economies. Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), a major group of wall glycoproteins, play important roles in plant growth and development, yet little is known about how they have evolved in parallel with the polysaccharide components of walls. We investigate the origins and evolution of the HRGP superfamily, which is commonly divided into three major multigene families: the arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), extensins (EXTs), and proline-rich proteins. Using motif and amino acid bias, a newly developed bioinformatics pipeline, we identified HRGPs in sequences from the 1000 Plants transcriptome project (www.onekp.com). Our analyses provide new insights into the evolution of HRGPs across major evolutionary milestones, including the transition to land and the early radiation of angiosperms. Significantly, data mining reveals the origin of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored AGPs in green algae and a 3- to 4-fold increase in GPI-AGPs in liverworts and mosses. The first detection of cross-linking (CL)-EXTs is observed in bryophytes, which suggests that CL-EXTs arose though the juxtaposition of preexisting SPn EXT glycomotifs with refined Y-based motifs. We also detected the loss of CL-EXT in a few lineages, including the grass family (Poaceae), that have a cell wall composition distinct from other monocots and eudicots. A key challenge in HRGP research is tracking individual HRGPs throughout evolution. Using the 1000 Plants output, we were able to find putative orthologs of Arabidopsis pollen-specific GPI-AGPs in basal eudicots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Andrew M Cassin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Gane Ka-Shu Wong
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas W Miles
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Michael Melkonian
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Barbara Melkonian
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Michael K Deyholos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - James Leebens-Mack
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Carl J Rothfels
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Dennis W Stevenson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Sean W Graham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Xumin Wang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Shuangxiu Wu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - J Chris Pires
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Eric J Carpenter
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.)
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.)
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.)
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.)
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.)
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.)
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.)
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
| | - Carolyn J Schultz
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (K.L.J., A.M.C., A.L., A.B., M.S.D.);
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, China (G.K.-S.W., E.J.C.);
- Florida Museum of Natural History, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 32611 (D.E.S., N.W.M.);
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, D50674 Cologne, Germany (M.M., B.M.);
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada (M.K.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 3062 (J.L.-M.);
- University Herbarium and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 (C.J.R.);
- New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458 (D.W.S.);
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada (S.W.G.);
- Key Laboratory of Genome Science and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.W., S.W.);
- Division of Biological Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 (J.C.P.);
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 (P.P.E.); and
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (C.J.S.)
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van de Meene AML, Doblin MS, Bacic A. The plant secretory pathway seen through the lens of the cell wall. Protoplasma 2017; 254:75-94. [PMID: 26993347 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Secretion in plant cells is often studied by looking at well-characterised, evolutionarily conserved membrane proteins associated with particular endomembrane compartments. Studies using live cell microscopy and fluorescent proteins have illuminated the highly dynamic nature of trafficking, and electron microscopy studies have resolved the ultrastructure of many compartments. Biochemical and molecular analyses have further informed about the function of particular proteins and endomembrane compartments. In plants, there are over 40 cell types, each with highly specialised functions, and hence potential variations in cell biological processes and cell wall structure. As the primary function of secretion in plant cells is for the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and apoplastic transport complexes, it follows that utilising our knowledge of cell wall glycosyltransferases (GTs) and their polysaccharide products will inform us about secretion. Indeed, this knowledge has led to novel insights into the secretory pathway, including previously unseen post-TGN secretory compartments. Conversely, our knowledge of trafficking routes of secretion will inform us about polarised and localised deposition of cell walls and their constituent polysaccharides/glycoproteins. In this review, we look at what is known about cell wall biosynthesis and the secretory pathway and how the different approaches can be used in a complementary manner to study secretion and provide novel insights into these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - M S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Suzuki T, Narciso JO, Zeng W, van de Meene A, Yasutomi M, Takemura S, Lampugnani ER, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Ishiguro S. KNS4/UPEX1: A Type II Arabinogalactan β-(1,3)-Galactosyltransferase Required for Pollen Exine Development. Plant Physiol 2017; 173:183-205. [PMID: 27837085 PMCID: PMC5210738 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pollen exine is essential for protection from the environment of the male gametes of seed-producing plants, but its assembly and composition remain poorly understood. We previously characterized Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants with abnormal pollen exine structure and morphology that we named kaonashi (kns). Here we describe the identification of the causal gene of kns4 that was found to be a member of the CAZy glycosyltransferase 31 gene family, identical to UNEVEN PATTERN OF EXINE1, and the biochemical characterization of the encoded protein. The characteristic exine phenotype in the kns4 mutant is related to an abnormality of the primexine matrix laid on the surface of developing microspores. Using light microscopy with a combination of type II arabinogalactan (AG) antibodies and staining with the arabinogalactan-protein (AGP)-specific β-Glc Yariv reagent, we show that the levels of AGPs in the kns4 microspore primexine are considerably diminished, and their location differs from that of wild type, as does the distribution of pectin labeling. Furthermore, kns4 mutants exhibit reduced fertility as indicated by shorter fruit lengths and lower seed set compared to the wild type, confirming that KNS4 is critical for pollen viability and development. KNS4 was heterologously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and was shown to possess β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase activity responsible for the synthesis of AG glycans that are present on both AGPs and/or the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I. These data demonstrate that defects in AGP/pectic glycans, caused by disruption of KNS4 function, impact pollen development and viability in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Joan Oñate Narciso
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Wei Zeng
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Allison van de Meene
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Masayuki Yasutomi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Shunsuke Takemura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
| | - Sumie Ishiguro
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan (T.S., M.Y., S.T., S.I.); and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia (J.O.N., W.Z., A.v.d.M., E.R.L., M.S.D., A.B.)
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, Galletti R, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) Regulates Cell Walls in the Leaf Epidermis. Plant Physiol 2016; 172:2204-2218. [PMID: 27756823 PMCID: PMC5129726 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis is crucial to survival, regulating interactions with the environment and controlling plant growth. The phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) is a master regulator of epidermal differentiation and maintenance, acting upstream of epidermis-specific transcription factors, and is required for correct cell adhesion. It is currently unclear how changes in DEK1 lead to cellular defects in the epidermis and the pathways through which DEK1 acts. We have combined growth kinematic studies, cell wall analysis, and transcriptional analysis of genes downstream of DEK1 to determine the cause of phenotypic changes observed in DEK1-modulated lines of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We reveal a novel role for DEK1 in the regulation of leaf epidermal cell wall structure. Lines with altered DEK1 activity have epidermis-specific changes in the thickness and polysaccharide composition of cell walls that likely underlie the loss of adhesion between epidermal cells in plants with reduced levels of DEK1 and changes in leaf shape and size in plants constitutively overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1. Calpain-overexpressing plants also have increased levels of cellulose and pectins in epidermal cell walls, and this is correlated with the expression of several cell wall-related genes, linking transcriptional regulation downstream of DEK1 with cellular effects. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the role of the epidermal cell walls in growth regulation and establish a new role for DEK1 in pathways regulating epidermal cell wall deposition and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Roberta Galletti
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
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Douchkov D, Lueck S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Rajaraman J, Johrde A, Doblin MS, Beahan CT, Kopischke M, Fuchs R, Lipka V, Niks RE, Bulone V, Chowdhury J, Little A, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Schweizer P. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. New Phytol 2016; 212:421-33. [PMID: 27352228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lueck
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Annika Johrde
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
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Hill CB, Cassin A, Keeble-Gagnère G, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Roessner U. De novo transcriptome assembly and analysis of differentially expressed genes of two barley genotypes reveal root-zone-specific responses to salt exposure. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31558. [PMID: 27527578 PMCID: PMC4985707 DOI: 10.1038/srep31558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots are the first organs sensing and responding to salinity stress, manifested differentially between different root types, and also at the individual tissue and cellular level. High genetic diversity and the current lack of an assembled map-based sequence of the barley genome severely limit barley research potential. We used over 580 and 600 million paired-end reads, respectively, to create two de novo assemblies of a barley landrace (Sahara) and a malting cultivar (Clipper) with known contrasting responses to salinity. Generalized linear models were used to statistically access spatial, treatment-related, and genotype-specific responses. This revealed a spatial gene expression gradient along the barley root, with more differentially expressed transcripts detected between different root zones than between treatments. The root transcriptome also showed a gradual transition from transcripts related to sugar-mediated signaling at the root meristematic zone to those involved in cell wall metabolism in the elongation zone, and defense response-related pathways toward the maturation zone, with significant differences between the two genotypes. The availability of these additional transcriptome reference sets will serve as a valuable resource to the cereal research community, and may identify valuable traits to assist in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Beate Hill
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Cassin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriel Keeble-Gagnère
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia
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Kuang B, Zhao X, Zhou C, Zeng W, Ren J, Ebert B, Beahan CT, Deng X, Zeng Q, Zhou G, Doblin MS, Heazlewood JL, Bacic A, Chen X, Wu AM. Role of UDP-Glucuronic Acid Decarboxylase in Xylan Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2016; 9:1119-1131. [PMID: 27179920 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) is the Xyl donor used in the synthesis of major plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as xylan (as a backbone-chain monosaccharide) and xyloglucan (as a branching monosaccharide). The biosynthesis of UDP-Xyl from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is irreversibly catalyzed by UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS). Until now, little has been known about the physiological roles of UXS in plants. Here, we report that AtUXS1, AtUXS2, and AtUXS4 are located in the Golgi apparatus whereas AtUXS3, AtUXS5, and AtUXS6 are located in the cytosol. Although all six single AtUXS T-DNA mutants and the uxs1 usx2 uxs4 triple mutant show no obvious phenotype, the uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 triple mutant has an irregular xylem phenotype. Monosaccharide analysis showed that Xyl levels decreased in uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 and linkage analysis confirmed that the xylan content in uxs3 xus5 uxs6 declined, indicating that UDP-Xyl from cytosol AtUXS participates in xylan synthesis. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that the molecular weight of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in the triple mutants, mainly composed of xylans, is lower than that in the wild type, suggesting an effect on the elongation of the xylan backbone. Upon saccharification treatment stems of the uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 triple mutants released monosaccharides with a higher efficiency than those of the wild type. Taken together, our results indicate that the cytosol UXS plays a more important role than the Golgi-localized UXS in xylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xianhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaomei Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingyin Zeng
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Joint BioEnergy Institute and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Research Center of woody forage engineering technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Province Research Center of woody forage engineering technology, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Ford KL, Chin T, Srivastava V, Zeng W, Doblin MS, Bulone V, Bacic A. Comparative "Golgi" Proteome Study of Lolium multiflorum and Populus trichocarpa. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4030023. [PMID: 28248233 PMCID: PMC5217351 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a crucial organelle in the biosynthesis of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are primarily destined for secretion to the cell surface (plasma membrane, cell wall and apoplast). Only a small proportion of the proteins involved in these processes have been identified in plants, with the majority of their functions still unknown. The availability of a GA proteome would greatly assist plant biochemists, cell and molecular biologists in determining the precise function of the cell wall-related proteins. There has been some progress towards defining the GA proteome in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana, yet in commercially important species, such as either the cereals or woody species there has been relatively less progress. In this study, we applied discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation to partially enrich GA from suspension cell cultures (SCCs) and combined this with stable isotope labelling (iTRAQ) to determine protein sub-cellular locations. Results from a representative grass species, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and a dicot species, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) are compared. The results confirm that membrane fractionation approaches that provide effective GA-enriched fractions for proteomic analyses in Arabidopsis are much less effective in the species examined here and highlight the complexity of the GA, both within and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Ford
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Tony Chin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Wei Zeng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Zhang Y, Nikolovski N, Sorieul M, Vellosillo T, McFarlane HE, Dupree R, Kesten C, Schneider R, Driemeier C, Lathe R, Lampugnani E, Yu X, Ivakov A, Doblin MS, Mortimer JC, Brown SP, Persson S, Dupree P. Golgi-localized STELLO proteins regulate the assembly and trafficking of cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11656. [PMID: 27277162 PMCID: PMC4906169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, cellulose is a key structural component of the plant cell wall. Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the endomembrane system and trafficked to the plasma membrane. While several proteins that affect CesA activity have been identified, components that regulate CSC assembly and trafficking remain unknown. Here we show that STELLO1 and 2 are Golgi-localized proteins that can interact with CesAs and control cellulose quantity. In the absence of STELLO function, the spatial distribution within the Golgi, secretion and activity of the CSCs are impaired indicating a central role of the STELLO proteins in CSC assembly. Point mutations in the predicted catalytic domains of the STELLO proteins indicate that they are glycosyltransferases facing the Golgi lumen. Hence, we have uncovered proteins that regulate CSC assembly in the plant Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nino Nikolovski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Tamara Vellosillo
- Energy Biosciences Institute, and Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ray Dupree
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Kesten
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - René Schneider
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carlos Driemeier
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rahul Lathe
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Edwin Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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Zeng W, Lampugnani ER, Picard KL, Song L, Wu AM, Farion IM, Zhao J, Ford K, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Asparagus IRX9, IRX10, and IRX14A Are Components of an Active Xylan Backbone Synthase Complex that Forms in the Golgi Apparatus. Plant Physiol 2016; 171:93-109. [PMID: 26951434 PMCID: PMC4854693 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylans are abundant components of plant cell walls and provide important raw materials for the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. A number of studies in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have suggested that the IRREGULAR XYLEM9 (IRX9), IRX10, and IRX14 proteins, as well as their homologs, are involved in xylan synthesis via a Golgi-localized complex termed the xylan synthase complex (XSC). However, both the biochemical and cell biological research lags the genetic and molecular evidence. In this study, we characterized garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) stem xylan biosynthesis genes (AoIRX9, AoIRX9L, AoIRX10, AoIRX14A, and AoIRX14B) by heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana We reconstituted and partially purified an active XSC and showed that three proteins, AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A, are necessary for xylan xylosyltranferase activity in planta. To better understand the XSC structure and its composition, we carried out coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis to show the molecular interactions between these three IRX proteins. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we showed that the DxD motifs of AoIRX10 and AoIRX14A are crucial for the catalytic activity. These data provide, to our knowledge, the first lines of biochemical and cell biological evidence that AoIRX9, AoIRX10, and AoIRX14A are core components of a Golgi-localized XSC, each with distinct roles for effective heteroxylan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Lili Song
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Isabela M Farion
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Jia Zhao
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Kris Ford
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (W.Z., E.R.L., K.L.P., I.M.F., J.Z., K.F., M.S.D., A.B.);Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou 311300, China (L.S.); andState Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (A.-M.W.)
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Yakubov GE, Bonilla MR, Chen H, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Gidley MJ, Stokes JR. Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2799-816. [PMID: 26988718 PMCID: PMC4861025 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoindentation experiments are performed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to quantify the spatial distribution of mechanical properties of plant cell walls at nanometre length scales. At any specific location on the cell wall, a complex (non-linear) force-indentation response occurs that can be deconvoluted using a unique multiregime analysis (MRA). This allows an unambiguous evaluation of the local transverse elastic modulus of the wall. Nanomechanical measurements on suspension-cultured cells (SCCs), derived from Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) starchy endosperm, show three characteristic modes of deformation and a spatial distribution of elastic moduli across the surface. 'Soft' and 'hard' domains are found across length scales between 0.1 µm and 3 µm, which is well above a typical pore size of the polysaccharide mesh. The generality and wider applicability of this mechanical heterogeneity is verified through in planta characterization on leaf epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana and L. multiflorum The outcomes of this research provide a basis for uncovering and quantifying the relationships between local wall composition, architecture, cell growth, and/or morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb E Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mauricio R Bonilla
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huaying Chen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason R Stokes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Emanuelle S, Doblin MS, Stapleton DI, Bacic A, Gooley PR. Molecular Insights into the Enigmatic Metabolic Regulator, SnRK1. Trends Plant Sci 2016; 21:341-353. [PMID: 26642889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) lies at the heart of metabolic homeostasis in plants and is crucial for normal development and response to stress. Evolutionarily related to SNF1 in yeast and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in mammals, SnRK1 acts protectively to maintain homeostasis in the face of fluctuations in energy status. Despite a conserved function, the structure and regulation of the plant kinase differ considerably from its relatively well-understood opisthokont orthologues. In this review, we highlight the known plant-specific modes of regulation involving SnRK1 together with new insights based on a 3D molecular model of the kinase. We also summarise how these differences from other orthologues may be specific adaptations to plant metabolism, and offer insights into possible avenues of future inquiry into this enigmatic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Emanuelle
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - David I Stapleton
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Hervé C, Siméon A, Jam M, Cassin A, Johnson KL, Salmeán AA, Willats WGT, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Kloareg B. Arabinogalactan proteins have deep roots in eukaryotes: identification of genes and epitopes in brown algae and their role in Fucus serratus embryo development. New Phytol 2016; 209:1428-41. [PMID: 26667994 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated, hydroxyproline-rich proteins found at the cell surface of plants, where they play key roles in developmental processes. Brown algae are marine, multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes. They belong to the phylum Stramenopiles, which is unrelated to land plants and green algae (Chloroplastida). Brown algae share common evolutionary features with other multicellular organisms, including a carbohydrate-rich cell wall. They differ markedly from plants in their cell wall composition, and AGPs have not been reported in brown algae. Here we investigated the presence of chimeric AGP-like core proteins in this lineage. We report that the genome sequence of the brown algal model Ectocarpus siliculosus encodes AGP protein backbone motifs, in a gene context that differs considerably from what is known in land plants. We showed the occurrence of AGP glycan epitopes in a range of brown algal cell wall extracts. We demonstrated that these chimeric AGP-like core proteins are developmentally regulated in embryos of the order Fucales and showed that AGP loss of function seriously impairs the course of early embryogenesis. Our findings shine a new light on the role of AGPs in cell wall sensing and raise questions about the origin and evolution of AGPs in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Amandine Siméon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Andrew Cassin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Armando A Salmeán
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Bernard Kloareg
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
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Lonsdale A, Davis MJ, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Better Than Nothing? Limitations of the Prediction Tool SecretomeP in the Search for Leaderless Secretory Proteins (LSPs) in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1451. [PMID: 27729919 PMCID: PMC5037178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In proteomic analyses of the plant secretome, the presence of putative leaderless secretory proteins (LSPs) is difficult to confirm due to the possibility of contamination from other sub-cellular compartments. In the absence of a plant-specific tool for predicting LSPs, the mammalian-trained SecretomeP has been applied to plant proteins in multiple studies to identify the most likely LSPs. This study investigates the effectiveness of using SecretomeP on plant proteins, identifies its limitations and provides a benchmark for its use. In the absence of experimentally verified LSPs we exploit the common-feature hypothesis behind SecretomeP and use known classically secreted proteins (CSPs) of plants as a proxy to evaluate its accuracy. We show that, contrary to the common-feature hypothesis, plant CSPs are a poor proxy for evaluating LSP detection due to variation in the SecretomeP prediction scores when the signal peptide (SP) is modified. Removing the SP region from CSPs and comparing the predictive performance against non-secretory proteins indicates that commonly used threshold scores of 0.5 and 0.6 result in false-positive rates in excess of 0.3 when applied to plants proteins. Setting the false-positive rate to 0.05, consistent with the original mammalian performance of SecretomeP, yields only a marginally higher true positive rate compared to false positives. Therefore the use of SecretomeP on plant proteins is not recommended. This study investigates the trade-offs of using SecretomeP on plant proteins and provides insights into predictive features for future development of plant-specific common-feature tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Davis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Antony Bacic,
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Oehme DP, Downton MT, Doblin MS, Wagner J, Gidley MJ, Bacic A. Unique aspects of the structure and dynamics of elementary Iβ cellulose microfibrils revealed by computational simulations. Plant Physiol 2015; 168:3-17. [PMID: 25786828 PMCID: PMC4424011 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The question of how many chains an elementary cellulose microfibril contains is critical to understanding the molecular mechanism(s) of cellulose biosynthesis and regulation. Given the hexagonal nature of the cellulose synthase rosette, it is assumed that the number of chains must be a multiple of six. We present molecular dynamics simulations on three different models of Iβ cellulose microfibrils, 18, 24, and 36 chains, to investigate their structure and dynamics in a hydrated environment. The 36-chain model stays in a conformational space that is very similar to the initial crystalline phase, while the 18- and 24-chain models sample a conformational space different from the crystalline structure yet similar to conformations observed in recent high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. Major differences in the conformations sampled between the different models result from changes to the tilt of chains in different layers, specifically a second stage of tilt, increased rotation about the O2-C2 dihedral, and a greater sampling of non-TG exocyclic conformations, particularly the GG conformation in center layers and GT conformation in solvent-exposed exocyclic groups. With a reinterpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance data, specifically for contributions made to the C6 peak, data from the simulations suggest that the 18- and 24-chain structures are more viable models for an elementary cellulose microfibril, which also correlates with recent scattering and diffraction experimental data. These data inform biochemical and molecular studies that must explain how a six-particle cellulose synthase complex rosette synthesizes microfibrils likely comprised of either 18 or 24 chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Oehme
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Matthew T Downton
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Gidley
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
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Song L, Zeng W, Wu A, Picard K, Lampugnani ER, Cheetamun R, Beahan C, Cassin A, Lonsdale A, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Asparagus Spears as a Model to Study Heteroxylan Biosynthesis during Secondary Wall Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123878. [PMID: 25894575 PMCID: PMC4404143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a commercially important crop species utilized for its excellent source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. However, after harvest the tissue hardens and its quality rapidly deteriorates because spear cell walls become rigidified due to lignification and substantial increases in heteroxylan content. This latter observation prompted us to investigate the in vitro xylan xylosyltransferase (XylT) activity in asparagus. The current model system for studying heteroxylan biosynthesis, Arabidopsis, whilst a powerful genetic system, displays relatively low xylan XylT activity in in vitro microsomal preparations compared with garden asparagus therefore hampering our ability to study the molecular mechanism(s) of heteroxylan assembly. Here, we analyzed physiological and biochemical changes of garden asparagus spears stored at 4 °C after harvest and detected a high level of xylan XylT activity that accounts for this increased heteroxylan. The xylan XylT catalytic activity is at least thirteen-fold higher than that reported for previously published species, including Arabidopsis and grasses. A biochemical assay was optimized and up to seven successive Xyl residues were incorporated to extend the xylotetraose (Xyl4) acceptor backbone. To further elucidate the xylan biosynthesis mechanism, we used RNA-seq to generate an Asparagus reference transcriptome and identified five putative xylan biosynthetic genes (AoIRX9, AoIRX9-L, AoIRX10, AoIRX14_A, AoIRX14_B) with AoIRX9 having an expression profile that is distinct from the other genes. We propose that Asparagus provides an ideal biochemical system to investigate the biochemical aspects of heteroxylan biosynthesis and also offers the additional benefit of being able to study the lignification process during plant stem maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Aimin Wu
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kelsey Picard
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Edwin R. Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Cassin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Emanuelle S, Hossain MI, Moller IE, Pedersen HL, van de Meene AML, Doblin MS, Koay A, Oakhill JS, Scott JW, Willats WGT, Kemp BE, Bacic A, Gooley PR, Stapleton DI. SnRK1 from Arabidopsis thaliana is an atypical AMPK. Plant J 2015; 82:183-92. [PMID: 25736509 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the plant orthologue of the evolutionarily-conserved SNF1/AMPK/SnRK1 protein kinase family that contributes to cellular energy homeostasis. Functional as heterotrimers, family members comprise a catalytic α subunit and non-catalytic β and γ subunits; multiple isoforms of each subunit type exist, giving rise to various isoenzymes. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains homologues of each subunit type, and, in addition, two atypical subunits, β(3) and βγ, with unique domain architecture, that are found only amongst plants, suggesting atypical heterotrimers. The AtSnRK1 subunit structure was determined using recombinant protein expression and endogenous co-immunoprecipitation, and six unique isoenzyme combinations were identified. Each heterotrimeric isoenzyme comprises a catalytic α subunit together with the unique βγ subunit and one of three non-catalytic β subunits: β(1), β(2) or the plant-specific β(3) isoform. Thus, the AtSnRK1 heterotrimers contain the atypical βγ subunit rather than a conventional γ subunit. Mammalian AMPK heterotrimers are phosphorylated on the T-loop (pThr175/176) within both catalytic a subunits. However, AtSnRK1 is insensitive to AMP and ADP, and is resistant to T-loop dephosphorylation by protein phosphatases, a process that inactivates other SNF1/AMPK family members. In addition, we show that SnRK1 is inhibited by a heat-labile, >30 kDa, soluble proteinaceous factor that is present in the lysate of young rosette leaves. Finally, none of the three SnRK1 carbohydrate-binding modules, located in the β(1), β(2) and βγ subunits, associate with various carbohydrates, including starch, the plant analogue of glycogen to which AMPK binds in vitro. These data clearly demonstrate that AtSnRK1 is an atypical member of the SNF1/AMPK/SnRK1 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Emanuelle
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Wilson SM, Ho YY, Lampugnani ER, Van de Meene AML, Bain MP, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Determining the subcellular location of synthesis and assembly of the cell wall polysaccharide (1,3; 1,4)-β-D-glucan in grasses. Plant Cell 2015; 27:754-71. [PMID: 25770111 PMCID: PMC4558670 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The current dogma for cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis is that cellulose (and callose) is synthesized at the plasma membrane (PM), whereas matrix phase polysaccharides are assembled in the Golgi apparatus. We provide evidence that (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]) does not conform to this paradigm. We show in various grass (Poaceae) species that MLG-specific antibody labeling is present in the wall but absent over Golgi, suggesting it is assembled at the PM. Antibodies to the MLG synthases, cellulose synthase-like F6 (CSLF6) and CSLH1, located CSLF6 to the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, secretory vesicles, and the PM and CSLH1 to the same locations apart from the PM. This pattern was recreated upon expression of VENUS-tagged barley (Hordeum vulgare) CSLF6 and CSLH1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and, consistent with our biochemical analyses of native grass tissues, shown to be catalytically active with CSLF6 and CSLH1 in PM-enriched and PM-depleted membrane fractions, respectively. These data support a PM location for the synthesis of MLG by CSLF6, the predominant enzymatically active isoform. A model is proposed to guide future experimental approaches to dissect the molecular mechanism(s) of MLG assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yin Ying Ho
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Allison M L Van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa P Bain
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Mikkelsen MD, Harholt J, Ulvskov P, Johansen IE, Fangel JU, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Willats WGT. Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in charophyte green algae. Ann Bot 2014; 114:1217-36. [PMID: 25204387 PMCID: PMC4195564 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The charophyte green algae (CGA) are thought to be the closest living relatives to the land plants, and ancestral CGA were unique in giving rise to the land plant lineage. The cell wall has been suggested to be a defining structure that enabled the green algal ancestor to colonize land. These cell walls provide support and protection, are a source of signalling molecules, and provide developmental cues for cell differentiation and elongation. The cell wall of land plants is a highly complex fibre composite, characterized by cellulose cross-linked by non-cellulosic polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, embedded in a matrix of pectic polysaccharides. How the land plant cell wall evolved is currently unknown: early-divergent chlorophyte and prasinophyte algae genomes contain a low number of glycosyl transferases (GTs), while land plants contain hundreds. The number of GTs in CGA is currently unknown, as no genomes are available, so this study sought to give insight into the evolution of the biosynthetic machinery of CGA through an analysis of available transcriptomes. METHODS Available CGA transcriptomes were mined for cell wall biosynthesis GTs and compared with GTs characterized in land plants. In addition, gene cloning was employed in two cases to answer important evolutionary questions. KEY RESULTS Genetic evidence was obtained indicating that many of the most important core cell wall polysaccharides have their evolutionary origins in the CGA, including cellulose, mannan, xyloglucan, xylan and pectin, as well as arabino-galactan protein. Moreover, two putative cellulose synthase-like D family genes (CSLDs) from the CGA species Coleochaete orbicularis and a fragment of a putative CSLA/K-like sequence from a CGA Spirogyra species were cloned, providing the first evidence that all the cellulose synthase/-like genes present in early-divergent land plants were already present in CGA. CONCLUSIONS The results provide new insights into the evolution of cell walls and support the notion that the CGA were pre-adapted to life on land by virtue of the their cell wall biosynthetic capacity. These findings are highly significant for understanding plant cell wall evolution as they imply that some features of land plant cell walls evolved prior to the transition to land, rather than having evolved as a result of selection pressures inherent in this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida E Johansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Zhao X, Ouyang K, Gan S, Zeng W, Song L, Zhao S, Li J, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Chen XY, Marchant A, Deng X, Wu AM. Biochemical and molecular changes associated with heteroxylan biosynthesis in Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) during xylogenesis. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:602. [PMID: 25426124 PMCID: PMC4224071 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wood, derived from plant secondary growth, is a commercially important material. Both cellulose and lignin assembly have been well studied during wood formation (xylogenesis), but heteroxylan biosynthesis is less well defined. Elucidation of the heteroxylan biosynthetic pathway is crucial to understand the mechanism of wood formation. Here, we use Neolamarckia cadamba, a fast-growing tropical tree, as a sample to analyze heteroxylan formation at the biochemical and molecular levels during wood formation. Analysis of the non-cellulosic polysaccharides isolated from N. cadamba stems shows that heteroxylans dominate non-cellulosic polysaccharides and increase with xylogenesis. Microsomes isolated from stems of 1-year-old N. cadamba exhibited UDP-Xyl synthase and xylosyltransferase activities with the highest activity present in the middle and basal stem regions. To further understand the genetic basis of heteroxylan synthesis, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to generate transcriptomes of N. cadamba during xylogenesis. The RNA-seq results showed that genes related to heteroxylan synthesis had higher expression levels in the middle and basal part of the stem compared to the apical part. Our results describe the heteroxylan distribution and heteroxylan synthesis trait in N. cadamba and give a new example for understanding the mechanism of heteroxylan synthesis in tropical tree species in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
| | - Kunxi Ouyang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
| | - Siming Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, BeijingChina
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, GuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VICAustralia
| | - Lili Song
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, HangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
| | - Juncheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VICAustralia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VICAustralia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VICAustralia
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
| | - Alan Marchant
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, SouthamptonUK
| | - Xiaomei Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
- College of Forest, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- *Correspondence: Xiaomei Deng and Ai-Min Wu, College of Forest, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China e-mail: ;
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, GuangzhouChina
- College of Forest, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- *Correspondence: Xiaomei Deng and Ai-Min Wu, College of Forest, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China e-mail: ;
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49
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Doblin MS, Johnson KL, Humphries J, Newbigin EJ, Bacic A. Are designer plant cell walls a realistic aspiration or will the plasticity of the plant's metabolism win out? Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 26:108-14. [PMID: 24679266 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants have been redesigned by humans since the advent of modern agriculture some 10000 years ago, to provide ever increasing benefits to society. The phenomenal success of the green revolution in converting biomass from vegetative tissues into grain yield has sustained a growing population. At the dawn of the 21st century the need to further optimise plant biomass (largely plant walls) for a sustainable future is increasingly evident as our supply of fossil fuels is finite and the quality of our crop-based foods (functional foods; also determined by the composition of walls) are critical to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Our capacity to engineer 'designer walls' suited to particular purposes is challenging plant breeders and biotechnologists in unprecedented ways. In this review we provide an overview of the critical steps in the assembly and remodelling of walls, the success (or otherwise) of such approaches and highlight another complex network, the cell surface, as a cell wall integrity (CWI) sensor that exerts control over wall composition and will need to be considered in any future modification of walls for agro-industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika S Doblin
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Ed J Newbigin
- School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
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50
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Wilson SM, Burton RA, Collins HM, Doblin MS, Pettolino FA, Shirley N, Fincher GB, Bacic A. Pattern of deposition of cell wall polysaccharides and transcript abundance of related cell wall synthesis genes during differentiation in barley endosperm. Plant Physiol 2012; 159:655-70. [PMID: 22510768 PMCID: PMC3375932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunolabeling, combined with chemical analyses and transcript profiling, have provided a comprehensive temporal and spatial picture of the deposition and modification of cell wall polysaccharides during barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development, from endosperm cellularization at 3 d after pollination (DAP) through differentiation to the mature grain at 38 DAP. (1→3)-β-D-Glucan appears transiently during cellularization but reappears in patches in the subaleurone cell walls around 20 DAP. (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan, the most abundant polysaccharide of the mature barley grain, accumulates throughout development. Arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylan is deposited significantly earlier than we previously reported. This was attributable to the initial deposition of the polysaccharide in a highly substituted form that was not recognized by antibodies commonly used to detect arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans in sections of plant material. The epitopes needed for antibody recognition were exposed by pretreatment of sections with α-L-arabinofuranosidase; this procedure showed that arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans were deposited as early as 5 DAP and highlighted their changing structures during endosperm development. By 28 DAP labeling of hetero-(1→4)-β-D-mannan is observed in the walls of the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone walls. Although absent in mature endosperm cell walls we now show that xyloglucan is present transiently from 3 until about 6 DAP and disappears by 8 DAP. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of transcripts for GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE, Cellulose Synthase, and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes were consistent with the patterns of polysaccharide deposition. Transcript profiling of some members from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database glycosyl transferase families GT61, GT47, and GT43, previously implicated in arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan biosynthesis, confirms their presence during grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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