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Zeng G, Dong Y, Luo J, Zhou Y, Li C, Li K, Li X, Li J. Desirable Strong and Tough Adhesive Inspired by Dragonfly Wings and Plant Cell Walls. ACS Nano 2024; 18:9451-9469. [PMID: 38452378 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The production of wood-based panels has a significant demand for mechanically strong and flexible biomass adhesives, serving as alternatives to nonrenewable and toxic formaldehyde-based adhesives. Nonetheless, plywood usually exhibits brittle fracture due to the inherent trade-off between rigidity and toughness, and it is susceptible to damage and deformation defects in production applications. Herein, inspired by the microstructure of dragonfly wings and the cross-linking structure of plant cell walls, a soybean meal (SM) adhesive with great strength and toughness was developed. The strategy was combined with a multiple assembly system based on the tannic acid (TA) stripping/modification of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2@TA) hybrids, phenylboronic acid/quaternary ammonium doubly functionalized chitosan (QCP), and SM. Motivated by the microstructure of dragonfly wings, MoS2@TA was tightly bonded with the SM framework through Schiff base and strong hydrogen bonding to dissipate stress energy through crack deflection, bridging, and immobilization. QCP imitated borate chemistry in plant cell walls to optimize interfacial interactions within the adhesive by borate ester bonds, boron-nitrogen coordination bonds, and electrostatic interactions and dissipate energy through sacrificial bonding. The shear strength and fracture toughness of the SM/QCP/MoS2@TA adhesive were 1.58 MPa and 0.87 J, respectively, which were 409.7% and 866.7% higher than those of the pure SM adhesive. In addition, MoS2@TA and QCP gave the adhesive good mildew resistance, durability, weatherability, and fire resistance. This bioinspired design strategy offers a viable and sustainable approach for creating multifunctional strong and tough biobased materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming Dong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Pei Y, Xue Q, Shu P, Xu W, Du X, Wu M, Liu K, Pirrello J, Bouzayen M, Hong Y, Liu M. Bifunctional transcription factors SlERF.H5 and H7 activate cell wall and repress gibberellin biosynthesis genes in tomato via a conserved motif. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00174-6. [PMID: 38579721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic structure that plays an essential role in development, but the mechanism regulating cell wall formation remains poorly understood. We demonstrate that two transcription factors, SlERF.H5 and SlERF.H7, control cell wall formation and tomato fruit firmness in an additive manner. Knockout of SlERF.H5, SlERF.H7, or both genes decreased cell wall thickness, firmness, and cellulose contents in fruits during early development, especially in double-knockout lines. Overexpressing either gene resulted in thicker cell walls and greater fruit firmness with elevated cellulose levels in fruits but severely dwarf plants with lower gibberellin contents. We further identified that SlERF.H5 and SlERF.H7 activate the cellulose biosynthesis gene SlCESA3 but repress the gibberellin biosynthesis gene GA20ox1. Moreover, we identified a conserved LPL motif in these ERFs responsible for their activities as transcriptional activators and repressors, providing insight into how bifunctional transcription factors modulate distinct developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qihan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Weijie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaofei Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, Toulouse, France
| | - Yiguo Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China.
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Ajayi O, Zelinsky E, Anderson CT. A core of cell wall proteins functions in wall integrity responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Direct 2024; 8:e579. [PMID: 38576997 PMCID: PMC10987976 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell walls surround all plant cells, and their composition and structure are tightly regulated to maintain cellular and organismal homeostasis. In response to wall damage, the cell wall integrity (CWI) system is engaged to ameliorate effects on plant growth. Despite the central role CWI plays in plant development, our current understanding of how this system functions at the molecular level is limited. Here, we investigated the transcriptomes of etiolated seedlings of mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with defects in three major wall polysaccharides, pectin (quasimodo2), cellulose (cellulose synthase3 je5), and xyloglucan (xyloglucan xylosyltransferase1 and 2), to probe whether changes in the expression of cell wall-related genes occur and are similar or different when specific wall components are reduced or missing. Many changes occurred in the transcriptomes of pectin- and cellulose-deficient plants, but fewer changes occurred in the transcriptomes of xyloglucan-deficient plants. We hypothesize that this might be because pectins interact with other wall components and/or integrity sensors, whereas cellulose forms a major load-bearing component of the wall; defects in either appear to trigger the expression of structural proteins to maintain wall cohesion in the absence of a major polysaccharide. This core set of genes functioning in CWI in plants represents an attractive target for future genetic engineering of robust and resilient cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyeyemi Ajayi
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ellen Zelinsky
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and FormationThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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Kfoury B, Rodrigues WFC, Kim SJ, Brandizzi F, Del-Bem LE. Multiple horizontal gene transfer events have shaped plant glycosyl hydrolase diversity and function. New Phytol 2024; 242:809-824. [PMID: 38417454 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Plant glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) play a crucial role in selectively breaking down carbohydrates and glycoconjugates during various cellular processes, such as reserve mobilization, pathogen defense, and modification/disassembly of the cell wall. In this study, we examined the distribution of GH genes in the Archaeplastida supergroup, which encompasses red algae, glaucophytes, and green plants. We identified that the GH repertoire expanded from a few tens of genes in early archaeplastidians to over 400 genes in modern angiosperms, spanning 40 GH families in land plants. Our findings reveal that major evolutionary transitions were accompanied by significant changes in the GH repertoire. Specifically, we identified at least 23 GH families acquired by green plants through multiple horizontal gene transfer events, primarily from bacteria and fungi. We found a significant shift in the subcellular localization of GH activity during green plant evolution, with a marked increase in extracellular-targeted GH proteins associated with the diversification of plant cell wall polysaccharides and defense mechanisms against pathogens. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the macroevolutionary processes that have shaped the GH repertoire in plants, highlighting the acquisition of GH families through horizontal transfer and the role of GHs in plant adaptation and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Kfoury
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Del-Bem Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Wenderson Felipe Costa Rodrigues
- Del-Bem Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Luiz-Eduardo Del-Bem
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Del-Bem Lab, Department of Botany, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Tamburrini KC, Kodama S, Grisel S, Haon M, Nishiuchi T, Bissaro B, Kubo Y, Longhi S, Berrin JG. The disordered C-terminal tail of fungal LPMOs from phytopathogens mediates protein dimerization and impacts plant penetration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319998121. [PMID: 38513096 PMCID: PMC10990093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319998121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are monocopper enzymes that oxidatively degrade various polysaccharides, such as cellulose. Despite extensive research on this class of enzymes, the role played by their C-terminal regions predicted to be intrinsically disordered (dCTR) has been overlooked. Here, we investigated the function of the dCTR of an LPMO, called CoAA9A, up-regulated during plant infection by Colletotrichum orbiculare, the causative agent of anthracnose. After recombinant production of the full-length protein, we found that the dCTR mediates CoAA9A dimerization in vitro, via a disulfide bridge, a hitherto-never-reported property that positively affects both binding and activity on cellulose. Using SAXS experiments, we show that the homodimer is in an extended conformation. In vivo, we demonstrate that gene deletion impairs formation of the infection-specialized cell called appressorium and delays penetration of the plant. Using immunochemistry, we show that the protein is a dimer not only in vitro but also in vivo when secreted by the appressorium. As these peculiar LPMOs are also found in other plant pathogens, our findings open up broad avenues for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty C. Tamburrini
- CNRS Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille13009, France
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
| | - Sayo Kodama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka573-0101, Japan
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE Platform, Marseille13009, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE Platform, Marseille13009, France
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa920-1164, Japan
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
| | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka573-0101, Japan
| | - Sonia Longhi
- CNRS Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille13009, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
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6
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Molinelli L, Drula E, Gaillard JC, Navarro D, Armengaud J, Berrin JG, Tron T, Tarrago L. Methionine oxidation of carbohydrate-active enzymes during white-rot wood decay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0193123. [PMID: 38376171 PMCID: PMC10952391 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01931-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungi employ secreted carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) along with reactive oxygen species (ROS), like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to degrade lignocellulose in wood. H2O2 serves as a co-substrate for key oxidoreductases during the initial decay phase. While the degradation of lignocellulose by CAZymes is well documented, the impact of ROS on the oxidation of the secreted proteins remains unclear, and the identity of the oxidized proteins is unknown. Methionine (Met) can be oxidized to Met sulfoxide (MetO) or Met sulfone (MetO2) with potential deleterious, antioxidant, or regulatory effects. Other residues, like proline (Pro), can undergo carbonylation. Using the white-rot Pycnoporus cinnabarinus grown on aspen wood, we analyzed the Met content of the secreted proteins and their susceptibility to oxidation combining H218O2 with deep shotgun proteomics. Strikingly, their overall Met content was significantly lower (1.4%) compared to intracellular proteins (2.1%), a feature conserved in fungi but not in metazoans or plants. We evidenced that a catalase, widespread in white-rot fungi, protects the secreted proteins from oxidation. Our redox proteomics approach allowed the identification of 49 oxidizable Met and 40 oxidizable Pro residues within few secreted proteins, mostly CAZymes. Interestingly, many of them had several oxidized residues localized in hotspots. Some Met, including those in GH7 cellobiohydrolases, were oxidized up to 47%, with a substantial percentage of sulfone (13%). These Met are conserved in fungal homologs, suggesting important functional roles. Our findings reveal that white-rot fungi safeguard their secreted proteins by minimizing their Met content and by scavenging ROS and pinpoint redox-active residues in CAZymes.IMPORTANCEThe study of lignocellulose degradation by fungi is critical for understanding the ecological and industrial implications of wood decay. While carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) play a well-established role in lignocellulose degradation, the impact of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on secreted proteins remains unclear. This study aims at evaluating the effect of H2O2 on secreted proteins, focusing on the oxidation of methionine (Met). Using the model white-rot fungi Pycnoporus cinnabarinus grown on aspen wood, we showed that fungi protect their secreted proteins from oxidation by reducing their Met content and utilizing a secreted catalase to scavenge exogenous H2O2. The research identified key oxidizable Met within secreted CAZymes. Importantly, some Met, like those of GH7 cellobiohydrolases, undergone substantial oxidation levels suggesting important roles in lignocellulose degradation. These findings highlight the adaptive mechanisms employed by white-rot fungi to safeguard their secreted proteins during wood decay and emphasize the importance of these processes in lignocellulose breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Molinelli
- />Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISM2, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Elodie Drula
- />Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Gaillard
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - David Navarro
- />Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- />Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Tron
- Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISM2, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Tarrago
- />Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Amos BK, Pook V, Prates E, Stork J, Shah M, Jacobson DA, DeBolt S. Discovery and Characterization of Fluopipamine, a Putative Cellulose Synthase 1 Antagonist within Arabidopsis. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3171-3179. [PMID: 38291808 PMCID: PMC10870765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weeds are increasingly a problem in crop fields when exposed to similar chemistry over time. To avoid future yield losses, identifying herbicidal chemistry needs to be accelerated. We screened 50,000 small molecules using a liquid-handling robot and light microscopy focusing on pre-emergent herbicides in the family of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. Through phenotypic, chemical, genetic, and in silico methods we uncovered 6-{[4-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl}-N-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (fluopipamine). Symptomologies support fluopipamine as a putative antagonist of cellulose synthase enzyme 1 (CESA1) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Ectopic lignification, inhibition of etiolation, phenotypes including loss of anisotropic cellular expansion, swollen roots, and live cell imaging link fluopipamine to cellulose biosynthesis inhibition. Radiolabeled glucose incorporation of cellulose decreased in short-duration experiments when seedlings were incubated in fluopipamine. To elucidate the mechanism, ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenized M2 seedlings were screened for fluopipamine resistance. Two loci of genetic resistance were linked to CESA1. In silico docking of fluopipamine, quinoxyphen, and flupoxam against various CESA1 mutations suggests that an alternative binding site at the interface between CESA proteins is necessary to preserve cellulose polymerization in compound presence. These data uncovered potential fundamental mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis in plants along with feasible leads for herbicidal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kirtley Amos
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- N.C.
Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Victoria Pook
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Erica Prates
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Manesh Shah
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daniel A. Jacobson
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
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8
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Chen Z, Shen D, Shi Y, Chen Y, He H, Jiang J, Wang F, Jiang J, Wang X, Li X, Zeng W. Genome-Wide Identification of Expansins in Rubus chingii and Profiling Analysis during Fruit Ripening and Softening. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:431. [PMID: 38337963 PMCID: PMC10857257 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Improving fruit size or weight, firmness, and shelf life is a major target for horticultural crop breeding. It is associated with the depolymerization and rearrangement of cell components, including pectin, hemicellulose, cellulose, and other structural (glyco)proteins. Expansins are structural proteins to loosen plant cell wall polysaccharides in a pH-dependent manner and play pivotal roles in the process of fruit development, ripening, and softening. Rubus chingii Hu, a unique Chinese red raspberry, is a prestigious pharmaceutical and nutraceutical dual-function food with great economic value. Thirty-three RchEXPs were predicted by genome-wide identification in this study, containing twenty-seven α-expansins (EXPAs), three β-expansins (EXPBs), one expansin-like A (EXPLA), and two expansin-like B (EXPLBs). Subsequently, molecular characteristics, gene structure and motif compositions, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal location, collinearity, and regulatory elements were further profiled. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR assays of fruits from different developmental stages and lineages showed that the group of RchEXPA5, RchEXPA7, and RchEXPA15 were synergistically involved in fruit expanding and ripening, while another group of RchEXPA6 and RchEXPA26 might be essential for fruit ripening and softening. They were regulated by both abscisic acid and ethylene and were collinear with phylogenetic relationships in the same group. Our new findings laid the molecular foundation for improving the fruit texture and shelf life of R. chingii medicinal and edible fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Danwei Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Yujie Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Yiquan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Honglian He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Junfeng Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Fan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Jingyong Jiang
- Institute of Horticulture, Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linhai 317000, China;
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaobai Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultral Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China; (Z.C.); (D.S.); (Y.S.); (X.W.)
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9
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Yu J, Zhang Y, Cosgrove DJ. The nonlinear mechanics of highly extensible plant epidermal cell walls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316396121. [PMID: 38165937 PMCID: PMC10786299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316396121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermal cell walls maintain the mechanical integrity of plants and restrict organ growth. Mechanical analyses can give insights into wall structure and are inputs for mechanobiology models of plant growth. To better understand the intrinsic mechanics of epidermal cell walls and how they may accommodate large deformations during growth, we analyzed a geometrically simple material, onion epidermal strips consisting of only the outer (periclinal) cell wall, ~7 μm thick. With uniaxial stretching by >40%, the wall showed complex three-phase stress-strain responses while cyclic stretching revealed reversible and irreversible deformations and elastic hysteresis. Stretching at varying strain rates and temperatures indicated the wall behaved more like a network of flexible cellulose fibers capable of sliding than a viscoelastic composite with pectin viscosity. We developed an analytic framework to quantify nonlinear wall mechanics in terms of stiffness, deformation, and energy dissipation, finding that the wall stretches by combined elastic and plastic deformation without compromising its stiffness. We also analyzed mechanical changes in slightly dehydrated walls. Their extension became stiffer and more irreversible, highlighting the influence of water on cellulose stiffness and sliding. This study offers insights into the structure and deformation modes of primary cell walls and presents a framework that is also applicable to tissues and whole organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
- China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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10
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Ishida K. Reciprocal regulation of cellulose and lignin biosynthesis by the transcription factor OsTCP19. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:5-8. [PMID: 38128900 PMCID: PMC10735464 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on:
Lv S, Lin Z, Shen J, Luo L, Xu Q, Li L, Gui J. 2024. OsTCP19 coordinates inhibition of lignin biosynthesis and promotion of cellulose biosynthesis to modify lodging resistance in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany 75, 123–136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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11
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Abstract
Years ago, a classic textbook would define plant cell walls based on passive features. For instance, a sort of plant exoskeleton of invariable polysaccharide composition, and probably painted in green. However, currently, this view has been expanded to consider plant cell walls as active, heterogeneous, and dynamic structures with a high degree of complexity. However, what do we mean when we refer to a cell wall as a dynamic structure? How can we investigate the different implications of this dynamism? While the first question has been the subject of several recent publications, defining the ideal strategies and tools needed to address the second question has proven to be challenging due to the myriad of techniques available. In this review, we will describe the capacities of several methodologies to study cell wall composition, structure, and other aspects developed or optimized in recent years. Keeping in mind cell wall dynamism and plasticity, the advantages of performing long-term non-invasive live-imaging methods will be emphasized. We specifically focus on techniques developed for Arabidopsis thaliana primary cell walls, but the techniques could be applied to both secondary cell walls and other plant species. We believe this toolset will help researchers in expanding knowledge of these dynamic/evolving structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alonso Baez
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Laura Bacete
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Dima ȘO, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Tritean N, Ghiurea M, Capră L, Nicolae CA, Faraon V, Neamțu C, Oancea F. Spectroscopic Analyses Highlight Plant Biostimulant Effects of Baker's Yeast Vinasse and Selenium on Cabbage through Foliar Fertilization. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:3016. [PMID: 37631226 PMCID: PMC10458166 DOI: 10.3390/plants12163016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to find relevant analytic fingerprints for plants' structural characterization using spectroscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analyses (TGAs) as alternative methods, particularized on cabbage treated with selenium-baker's yeast vinasse formulation (Se-VF) included in a foliar fertilizer formula. The hypothesis investigated is that Se-VF will induce significant structural changes compared with the control, analytically confirming the biofortification of selenium-enriched cabbage as a nutritive vegetable, and particularly the plant biostimulant effects of the applied Se-VF formulation on cabbage grown in the field. The TGA evidenced a structural transformation of the molecular building blocks in the treated cabbage leaves. The ash residues increased after treatment, suggesting increased mineral accumulation in leaves. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidenced a pectin-Iα-cellulose structure of cabbage that correlated with each other in terms of leaf crystallinity. FTIR analysis suggested the accumulation of unesterified pectin and possibly (seleno) glucosinolates and an increased network of hydrogen bonds. The treatment with Se-VF formulation induced a significant increase in the soluble fibers of the inner leaves, accompanied by a decrease in the insoluble fibers. The ratio of soluble/insoluble fibers correlated with the crystallinity determined by XRD and with the FTIR data. The employed analytic techniques can find practical applications as fast methods in studies of the effects of new agrotechnical practices, while in our particular case study, they revealed effects specific to plant biostimulants of the Se-VF formulation treatment: enhanced mineral utilization and improved quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Naomi Tritean
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenței nr. 91-95, Sector 5, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marius Ghiurea
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Luiza Capră
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Victor Faraon
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Constantin Neamțu
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
| | - Florin Oancea
- Polymers and Bioresources Departments, National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independenței nr. 202, Sector 6, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (Ș.-O.D.); (N.T.); (M.G.); (L.C.); (C.-A.N.); (V.F.); (C.N.)
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bd. Mărăști nr. 59, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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de Souza WR, Mitchell RA, Cesarino I. Editorial: The plant cell wall: advances and current perspectives. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1235749. [PMID: 37426983 PMCID: PMC10325644 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1235749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Vicré M, Lionetti V. Editorial: Plant cell wall in pathogenesis, parasitism and symbiosis, Volume II. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1230438. [PMID: 37409282 PMCID: PMC10319148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1230438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Vicré
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV UR 4358, Rouen, France
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze applicate alla Protezione dell’Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali (CIABC), Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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15
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Wannitikul P, Wattana-Amorn P, Sathitnaitham S, Sakulkoo J, Suttangkakul A, Wonnapinij P, Bassel GW, Simister R, Gomez LD, Vuttipongchaikij S. Disruption of a DUF247 Containing Protein Alters Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Reduces Growth in Arabidopsis. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:1977. [PMID: 37653894 PMCID: PMC10221614 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall biosynthesis is a complex process that requires proteins and enzymes from glycan synthesis to wall assembly. We show that disruption of At3g50120 (DUF247-1), a member of the DUF247 multigene family containing 28 genes in Arabidopsis, results in alterations to the structure and composition of cell wall polysaccharides and reduced growth and plant size. An ELISA using cell wall antibodies shows that the mutants also exhibit ~50% reductions in xyloglucan (XyG), glucuronoxylan (GX) and heteromannan (HM) epitopes in the NaOH fraction and ~50% increases in homogalacturonan (HG) epitopes in the CDTA fraction. Furthermore, the polymer sizes of XyGs and GXs are reduced with concomitant increases in short-chain polymers, while those of HGs and mHGs are slightly increased. Complementation using 35S:DUF247-1 partially recovers the XyG and HG content, but not those of GX and HM, suggesting that DUF247-1 is more closely associated with XyGs and HGs. DUF247-1 is expressed throughout Arabidopsis, particularly in vascular and developing tissues, and its disruption affects the expression of other gene members, indicating a regulatory control role within the gene family. Our results demonstrate that DUF247-1 is required for normal cell wall composition and structure and Arabidopsis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaporn Wannitikul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Sukhita Sathitnaitham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Jenjira Sakulkoo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
| | - Anongpat Suttangkakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Passorn Wonnapinij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Leonardo D. Gomez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK; (R.S.); (L.D.G.)
| | - Supachai Vuttipongchaikij
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.W.); (S.S.); (J.S.); (A.S.); (P.W.)
- Center of Advanced studies for Tropical Natural Resources, Kasetsart University, Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chattuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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16
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Cheng T, Veselská T, Křížková B, Švec K, Havlíček V, Stadler M, Kolařík M. Insight into the genomes of dominant yeast symbionts of European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108975. [PMID: 37077248 PMCID: PMC10106607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spruce bark beetle Ips typographus can trigger outbreaks on spruce that results in significant losses in the forest industry. It has been suggested that symbiotic microorganisms inhabiting the gut of bark beetles facilitate the colonization of plant tissues as they play a role in the detoxification of plant secondary metabolites, degrade plant cell wall and ameliorate beetle's nutrition. In this study, we sequenced and functionally annotated the genomes of five yeasts Kuraishia molischiana, Cryptococcus sp., Nakazawaea ambrosiae, Ogataea ramenticola, and Wickerhamomyces bisporus isolated from the gut of Ips typographus. Genome analysis identified 5314, 7050, 5722, 5502, and 5784 protein coding genes from K. molischiana, Cryptococcus sp., N. ambrosiae, O. ramenticola, and W. bisporus, respectively. Protein-coding sequences were classified into biological processes, cellular and molecular function based on gene ontology terms enrichment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotation was used to predict gene functions. All analyzed yeast genomes contain full pathways for the synthesis of essential amino acids and vitamin B6, which have nutritional importance to beetle. Furthermore, their genomes contain diverse gene families related to the detoxification processes. The prevalent superfamilies are aldo-keto reductase, ATP-binding cassette and the major facilitator transporters. The phylogenetic relationships of detoxification-related enzymes aldo-keto reductase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and ATP-binding cassette are presented. Genome annotations also revealed presence of genes active in lignocellulose degradation. In vitro analyses did not confirm enzymatic endolytic degradation of lignocellulose; however, all species can utilize and pectin and produce a large spectrum of exolytic enzymes attacking cellulose, chitin, and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tereza Veselská
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
| | - Barbora Křížková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
| | - Karel Švec
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
| | - Václav Havlíček
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czechia
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Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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18
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Giuseppe PO, Bonfim IM, Murakami MT. Enzymatic systems for carbohydrate utilization and biosynthesis in Xanthomonas and their role in pathogenesis and tissue specificity. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:455-470. [PMID: 36960784 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas plant pathogens can infect hundreds of agricultural plants. These bacteria exploit sophisticated molecular strategies based on multiple secretion systems and their associated virulence factors to overcome the plant defenses, including the physical barrier imposed by the plant cell walls and the innate immune system. Xanthomonads are equipped with a broad and diverse repertoire of Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZymes), which besides enabling the utilization of complex plant carbohydrates as carbon and energy source, can also play pivotal roles in virulence and bacterial lifestyle in the host. CAZymes in xanthomonads are often organized in multienzymatic systems similar to the Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PUL) from Bacteroidetes known as CUT systems (from Carbohydrate Utilization systems associated with TonB-dependent transporters). Xanthomonas bacteria are also recognized to synthesize distinct exopolysaccharides including xanthan gum and untapped exopolysaccharides associated with biofilm formation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the multifaceted roles of CAZymes in xanthomonads, connecting their function with pathogenicity and tissue specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila O Giuseppe
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela M Bonfim
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario T Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Joyce GE, Kagan IA, Flythe MD, Davis BE, Schendel RR. Profiling of cool-season forage arabinoxylans via a validated HPAEC-PAD method. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1116995. [PMID: 36993841 PMCID: PMC10040848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cool-season pasture grasses contain arabinoxylans (AX) as their major cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharide. AX structural differences may influence enzymatic degradability, but this relationship has not been fully explored in the AX from the vegetative tissues of cool-season forages, primarily because only limited AX structural characterization has been performed in pasture grasses. Structural profiling of forage AX is a necessary foundation for future work assessing enzymatic degradability and may also be useful for assessing forage quality and suitability for ruminant feed. The main objective of this study was to optimize and validate a high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) method for the simultaneous quantification of 10 endoxylanase-released xylooligosaccharides (XOS) and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) in cool-season forage cell wall material. The following analytical parameters were determined or optimized: chromatographic separation and retention time (RT), internal standard suitability, working concentration range (CR), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), relative response factor (RRF), and quadratic calibration curves. The developed method was used to profile the AX structure of four cool-season grasses commonly grown in pastures (timothy, Phleum pratense L.; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L.; tall fescue, Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.; and Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L.). In addition, the cell wall monosaccharide and ester-linked hydroxycinnamic acid contents were determined for each grass. The developed method revealed unique structural aspects of the AX structure of these forage grass samples that complemented the results of the cell wall monosaccharide analysis. For example, xylotriose, representing an unsubstituted portion of the AX polysaccharide backbone, was the most abundantly-released oligosaccharide in all the species. Perennial rye samples tended to have greater amounts of released oligosaccharides compared to the other species. This method is ideally suited to monitor structural changes of AX in forages as a result of plant breeding, pasture management, and fermentation of plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenna E. Joyce
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Isabelle A. Kagan
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael D. Flythe
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Brittany E. Davis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Rachel R. Schendel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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20
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Naka R, Tsuchiya K, Numata K. Cell wall-denaturing molecules for plant gene modification. Chembiochem 2023:e202200803. [PMID: 36811229 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic molecules, such as zwitterionic liquids (ZILs) and polypeptides (ZIPs), are attracting attention for application in new methods that can be used to loosen tight cell wall networks in a biocompatible manner. These novel methods can enhance the cell wall permeability of nanocarriers and increase their transfection efficiency into targeted subcellular organelles in plants. Herein, we provide an overview of the recent progress and future perspectives of such molecules that function as boosters for cell wall-penetrating nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Naka
- Kyoto University - Katsura Campus: Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus, Department of Material Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Kousuke Tsuchiya
- Kyoto University - Katsura Campus: Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus, Department of Material Chemistry, JAPAN
| | - Keiji Numata
- Kyoto University - Katsura Campus: Kyoto Daigaku - Katsura Campus, Material Chemistry, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, 6158510, Kyoto, JAPAN
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21
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Alvarez Martinez I, Ruprecht C, Senf D, Wang HT, Urbanowicz B, Pfrengle F. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of long-chain oligosaccharides for studying xylan-modifying enzymes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203941. [PMID: 36791391 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant research is hampered in several aspects by a lack of pure oligosaccharide samples that closely represent structural features of cell wall glycans. An alternative to purely chemical synthesis to access these oligosaccharides is chemo-enzymatic synthesis using glycosynthases. These enzymes enable the ligation of oligosaccharide donors, when activated for example as a-glycosyl fluorides, with suitable acceptor oligosaccharides. Herein, the synthesis of xylan oligosaccharides up to dodecasaccharides is reported, with glycosynthase-mediated coupling reactions as key steps. The xylo-oligosaccharide donors were protected at the non-reducing end with a 4-O-tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group to prevent polymerization. Installation of an unnatural 3-O-methylether substituent at the reducing end xylose of the oligosaccharides ensured good water solubility. Biochemical assays demonstrated enzymatic activity for the xylan acetyltransferase XOAT1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, xylan arabinofuranosyl-transferase XAT3 enzymes from rice and switchgrass, and the xylan glucuronosyltransferase GUX3 from Arabidopsis thaliana. In case of the glucuronosyltransferase GUX3, MALDI-MS/MS analysis of the reaction product suggested that a single glucuronosyl substituent was installed primarily at the central xylose residues of the dodecasaccharide acceptor, demonstrating the value of long-chain acceptors for assaying biosynthetic glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alvarez Martinez
- Universität für Bodenkultur Wien: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Department of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- BOKU: Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Department of Chemistry, AUSTRIA
| | - Deborah Senf
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces: Max-Planck-Institut fur Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung, Biomolecular Systems, GERMANY
| | - Hsin-Tzu Wang
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Universitat fur Bodenkultur Wien, Department of Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Wien, AUSTRIA
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22
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Behar H, Mottiar Y, Chandrasekhar R, Grappadelli AC, Pauly M, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD, Brumer H. Populus endo-glucanase 16 localizes to the cell walls of developing tissues. Plant Direct 2023; 7:e482. [PMID: 36733272 PMCID: PMC9887094 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hemicelluloses comprise a group of matrix glycans that interact with cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls and play important roles in establishing wall architecture. The structures of hemicelluloses are determined by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that synthesize, integrate, and break down these polymers. Specifically, endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) enzymes, which are related to the well-known xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene products in Glycoside Hydrolase Family 16 (GH16), have been implicated in the degradation of the β(1,4)-linked backbone of mixed-linkage β(1,3);β(1,4)-glucans (MLG) and xyloglucans. EG16 members are single-copy genes found in most plant clades but are absent from many eudicots, including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Until recently, EG16 members had only been characterized in vitro, establishing their substrate specificity, protein structure, and phylogenetic history, but their biological function was unknown. Here we used a hybrid polar, Populus alba × Populus grandidentata (P39), as a model to examine EG16 expression, subcellular localization, and pheno- and chemotypes of EG16-downregulated P39 plants. Populus EG16 expression is strong in young tissues, but RNAi-mediated downregulation did not impact plant growth nor the fine structure of the hemicellulose xyloglucan, suggesting a restricted or currently unknown role in angiosperm physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Behar
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Yaseen Mottiar
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Rohan Chandrasekhar
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and BiotechnologyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - A. Lacey Samuels
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Shawn D. Mansfield
- Department of Wood ScienceUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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23
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. Mol Plant 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Liu J, Otie V, Matsuura A, Junichi K, Irshad M, Zheng Y, Fujimaki H, An P. Pectin Characteristics Affect Root Growth in Spinach under Salinity. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3130. [PMID: 36432859 PMCID: PMC9696937 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In understanding the role of root cell wall mechanisms in plant tolerance to salinity, it is important to elucidate the changes in the pectin composition and physical properties of the cell wall. Two salt-sensitive (Helan 3 and Prius β) and one salt-tolerant (R7) spinach cultivars were used to investigate the pectin polysaccharides, the characteristics of pectin, including the degree of pectin methy-lesterification, the HG:RG-I ratio, neutral side chains (galactan/arabinangalactan), and elasticity and viscosity parameters in the root elongation zone under salinity. Root growth was inhibited by salinity, whereas the root diameter was thickened in all cultivars. Salinity significantly reduced cell wall extensibility in all cultivars, and increased cell wall viscosity in Helan 3 and R7 relative to Prius β. Pectin was significantly increased under salinity stress. Cell wall viscosity was affected by pectin due to the molar proportion of uronic acid and/or pectin characteristics (HG:RG-I ratio). The molar proportion of uronic acid in pectin was reduced in Helan 3 and R7 compared with Prius β. The length and degree of pectin methy-lesterification of neutral side chains were significantly decreased in the R7 cultivar, with no significant changes in the other two cultivars. Demethylation of pectin could alter root growth and boost salt tolerance in the R7 cultivar. In this study, it is shown that cell wall pectin played important roles in regulating the root growth of Spinacia oleracea L. under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Victoria Otie
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar 540271, Nigeria
| | - Asana Matsuura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Village, Kamiina-County Nagano, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Kashiwagi Junichi
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abbottabad Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Yuanrun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plants, West China Subalpine Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haruyuki Fujimaki
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
| | - Ping An
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan
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26
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Pineda-Hernández E, Cruz-Valderrama JE, Gómez-Maqueo X, Martínez-Barajas E, Gamboa-deBuen A. BIIDXI, a DUF642 Cell Wall Protein That Regulates Pectin Methyl Esterase Activity, Is Involved in Thermotolerance Processes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3049. [PMID: 36432778 PMCID: PMC9694414 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall remodeling is an important process during plant responses to heat stress. Pectins, a group of cell wall polysaccharides with a great diversity of complex chemical structures, are also involved in heat stress responses. Enzymatic activity of the pectin methyl esterases, which remove methyl groups from pectins in the cell wall, is regulated by DUF642 proteins, as described in different plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Our results demonstrated that heat stress altered the expression of the DUF642 gene, BIIDXI. There was an important decrease in BIIDXI expression during the first hour of HS, followed by an increase at 24 h. bdx-1 seedlings had less tolerance to heat stress but presented a normal heat stress response; HSFA2 and HSP22 expressions were highly increased, as they were in WT seedlings. Thermopriming triggered changes in pectin methyl esterase activity in WT seedlings, while no increases in PME activity were detected in bdx-1 seedlings at the same conditions. Taken together, our results suggest that BIIDXI is involved in thermotolerance via PME activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pineda-Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - José Erik Cruz-Valderrama
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ximena Gómez-Maqueo
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Eleazar Martínez-Barajas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alicia Gamboa-deBuen
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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27
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Notova S, Cannac N, Rabagliati L, Touzard M, Mante J, Navon Y, Coche-Guérente L, Lerouxel O, Heux L, Imberty A. Building an Artificial Plant Cell Wall on a Lipid Bilayer by Assembling Polysaccharides and Engineered Proteins. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3516-3528. [PMID: 36194500 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall constitutes a fundamental structural component of plant cells, providing them with mechanical resistance and flexibility. Mimicking this wall is a critical step in the conception of an experimental model of the plant cell. The assembly of cellulose/hemicellulose in the form of cellulose nanocrystals and xyloglucans as a representative model of the plant cell wall has already been mastered; however, these models lacked the pectin component. In this work, we used an engineered chimeric protein designed for bridging pectin to the cellulose/hemicellulose network, therefore achieving the assembly of complete cell wall mimics. We first engineered a carbohydrate-binding module from Ruminococcus flavefaciens able to bind oligogalacturonan, resulting in high-affinity polygalacturonan receptors with Kd in the micromolar range. A Janus protein, with cell wall gluing property, was then designed by assembling this carbohydrate-binding module with a Ralstonia solanacearum lectin specific for fucosylated xyloglucans. The resulting supramolecular architecture is able to bind fucose-containing xyloglucans and homogalacturonan, ensuring high affinity for both. A two-dimensional assembly of an artificial plant cell wall was then built first on synthetic polymer and then on the supported lipid bilayer. Such an artificial cell wall can serve as a basis for the development of plant cell mechanical models and thus deepen the understanding of the principles underlying various aspects of plant cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Notova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Nathan Cannac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Luca Rabagliati
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Maeva Touzard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Josselin Mante
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Yotam Navon
- The Pulp and Paper Research & Technical Centre, 38044Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Heux
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Imberty
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000Grenoble, France
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28
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Kirsch R, Okamura Y, Haeger W, Vogel H, Kunert G, Pauchet Y. Metabolic novelty originating from horizontal gene transfer is essential for leaf beetle survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205857119. [PMID: 36161953 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205857119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) provides an evolutionary shortcut for recipient organisms to gain novel functions. Although reports of HGT in higher eukaryotes are rapidly accumulating, in most cases the evolutionary trajectory, metabolic integration, and ecological relevance of acquired genes remain unclear. Plant cell wall degradation by HGT-derived enzymes is widespread in herbivorous insect lineages. Pectin is an abundant polysaccharide in the walls of growing parts of plants. We investigated the significance of horizontally acquired pectin-digesting polygalacturonases (PGs) of the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae. Using a CRISPR/Cas9-guided gene knockout approach, we generated a triple knockout and a quadruple PG-null mutant in order to investigate the enzymatic, biological, and ecological effects. We found that pectin-digestion 1) is exclusively linked to the horizontally acquired PGs from fungi, 2) became fixed in the host genome by gene duplication leading to functional redundancy, 3) compensates for nutrient-poor diet by making the nutritious cell contents more accessible, and 4) facilitates the beetles development and survival. Our analysis highlights the selective advantage PGs provide to herbivorous insects and demonstrate the impact of HGT on the evolutionary success of leaf-feeding beetles, major contributors to species diversity.
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29
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Sanhueza D, Begum RA, Albenne C, Jamet E, Fry SC. An Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-protein (AGP31) and several cationic AGP fragments catalyse the boron bridging of rhamnogalacturonan-II. Biochem J 2022:BCJ20220340. [PMID: 36062804 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20220340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is a complex pectic domain in plant primary cell walls. In vivo, most RG-II domains are covalently dimerised via borate diester bridges, essential for correct cell-wall assembly, but the dimerisation of pure RG-II monomers by boric acid in vitro is extremely slow. Cationic ‘chaperones’ can promote dimerisation, probably by overcoming the mutual repulsion between neighbouring anionic RG-II molecules. Highly effective artificial chaperones include Pb2+ and polyhistidine, but the proposed natural chaperones remained elusive. We have now tested cationic peptide fragments of several Arabidopsis thaliana arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) as candidates. Fragments of AGP17, 18, 19 and 31 were effective, typically at ∼25 µg/ml (9–19 µM), promoting the boron bridging of 16–20 µM monomeric RG-II at pH 4.8 in vitro. Native AGP31 glycoprotein was also effective, and hexahistidine was moderately so. All chaperones tested interacted reversibly with RG-II and were not consumed during the reaction; thus they acted catalytically, and may constitute the first reported boron-acting enzyme activity, an RG-II borate diesterase. Many of the peptide chaperones became less effective catalysts at higher concentration, which we interpret as due to the formation of RG-II–peptide complexes with a net positive charge, as mutually repulsive as negatively charged pure RG-II molecules. The four unique AGPs studied here may serve an enzymic role in the living plant cell, acting on RG-II within Golgi cisternae and/or in the apoplast after secretion. In this way, RG-II and specific AGPs may contribute to cell-wall assembly and hence plant cell expansion and development.
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30
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He S, Jiang B, Chakraborty A, Yu G. The Evolution of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 in Insects Related to Their Adaptation to Plant Utilization. Insects 2022; 13:786. [PMID: 36135486 PMCID: PMC9500737 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insects closely interact with plants with multiple genes involved in their interactions. β-glucosidase, constituted mainly by glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1), is a crucial enzyme in insects to digest plant cell walls and defend against natural enemies with sequestered plant metabolites. To gain more insights into the role of this enzyme in plant-insect interactions, we analyzed the evolutionary history of the GH1 gene family with publicly available insect genomes. We found that GH1 is widely present in insects, while the gene numbers are significantly higher in insect herbivores directly feeding on plant cell walls than in other insects. After reconciling the insect GH1 gene tree with a species tree, we found that the patterns of duplication and loss of GH1 genes differ among insect orders, which may be associated with the evolution of their ecology. Furthermore, the majority of insects' GH1 genes were tandem-duplicated and subsequently went through neofunctionalization. This study shows the evolutionary history of an important gene family GH1 in insects and facilitates our understanding of the evolution of insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin He
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Beijing Rd. 1, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guozhi Yu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Rd. 46, Ya’an 625014, China
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31
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Yang B, Stamm G, Bürstenbinder K, Voiniciuc C. Microtubule-associated IQD9 orchestrates cellulose patterning in seed mucilage. New Phytol 2022; 235:1096-1110. [PMID: 35488480 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis seeds release large capsules of mucilaginous polysaccharides, which are shaped by an intricate network of cellulosic microfibrils. Cellulose synthase complexes are guided by the microtubule cytoskeleton, but it is unclear which proteins mediate this process in the seed coat epidermis. Using reverse genetics, we identified IQ67 DOMAIN 9 (IQD9) and KINESIN LIGHT CHAIN-RELATED 1 (KLCR1) as two highly expressed genes during seed development and comprehensively characterized their roles in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. Mutations in IQD9 as well as in KLCR1 lead to compact mucilage capsules with aberrant cellulose distribution, which can be rescued by transgene complementation. IQD9 physically interacts with KLCR1 and localizes to cortical microtubules (MTs) to maintain their organization in seed coat epidermal (SCE) cells. IQD9 as well as a previously identified TONNEAU1 (TON1) RECRUITING MOTIF 4 (TRM4) protein act to maintain cellulose synthase velocity. Our results demonstrate that IQD9, KLCR1 and TRM4 are MT-associated proteins that are required for seed mucilage architecture. This study provides the first direct evidence that members of the IQD, KLCR and TRM families have overlapping roles in cell wall biosynthesis. Therefore, SCE cells provide an attractive system to further decipher the complex genetic regulation of polarized cellulose deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Independent Junior Research Group-Designer Glycans, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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32
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Wang D, Jin S, Chen Z, Shan Y, Li L. Genome-wide identification of the pectin methylesterase inhibitor genes in Brassica napus and expression analysis of selected members. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:940284. [PMID: 35937343 PMCID: PMC9354821 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.940284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs) modulate the status of pectin methylesterification by inhibiting the activity of pectin methylesterase (PME). Recent advances indicate PMEIs play an important role in regulating plant cell wall properties and defense responses. In this study, a genome-wide analysis of PMEI gene family in Brassica napus (B. napus) was conducted and the expression patterns of PMEI genes in response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum) was investigated. A total of 190 PMEI proteins were identified from the genome of B. napus. Chromosomal location, gene structure and properties of the PMEI family were analyzed, and these features were compared with Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). A total of 123 syntenic ortholog pairs were detected from BnPMEI family by synteny analysis. Results showed the expansion of BnPMEI genes was likely predominately from whole-genome duplication (WGD) or segmental duplications. Multiple cis-elements related to plant growth and development, environmental stress responses, hormone responses were detected in the promoters of BnPMEI genes, implying they were regulated by both internal and external factors. Furthermore, expression analysis of transcriptome data combined with quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) validation identified several candidates that were strongly responsive to S. sclerotiorum infection. These BnPMEI genes are candidates for manipulation to breed novel and improved genotypes that are more resistant to sclerotinia stem rot (SSR). Extensive interactions were detected among 30 BnPMEI proteins, forming complex protein-protein interaction networks. Besides, 48 BnPMEIs showed interactions with other proteins including a range of cell wall structure-related enzymes. This study provides new insights into the evolution and function of PMEIs in B. napus and lays a foundation for breeding novel genotypes for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Shunda Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit Tree Biology of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yue Shan
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Abstract
The utilization of dietary cellulose by resident bacteria in the large intestine of mammals, both herbivores and omnivores (including humans), has been a subject of interest since the nineteenth century. Cellulolytic bacteria are key participants in this breakdown process of cellulose, which is otherwise indigestible by the host. They critically contribute to host nutrition and health through the production of short-chain fatty acids, in addition to maintaining the balance of intestinal microbiota. Despite this key role, cellulolytic bacteria have not been well studied. In this review, we first retrace the history of the discovery of cellulolytic bacteria in the large intestine. We then focus on the current knowledge of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the large intestine of various animal species and humans and discuss the methods used for isolating these bacteria. Moreover, we summarize the enzymes and the mechanisms involved in cellulose degradation. Finally, we present the contribution of these bacteria to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Froidurot
- Université Bourgogne Franche–Comté, Institut Agro Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France,CONTACT Alicia Froidurot Université Bourgogne Franche–Comté, Institut Agro Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Julliand
- Université Bourgogne Franche–Comté, Institut Agro Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
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Xu H, Giannetti A, Sugiyama Y, Zheng W, Schneider R, Watanabe Y, Oda Y, Persson S. Secondary cell wall patterning-connecting the dots, pits and helices. Open Biol 2022; 12:210208. [PMID: 35506204 PMCID: PMC9065968 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All plant cells are encased in primary cell walls that determine plant morphology, but also protect the cells against the environment. Certain cells also produce a secondary wall that supports mechanically demanding processes, such as maintaining plant body stature and water transport inside plants. Both these walls are primarily composed of polysaccharides that are arranged in certain patterns to support cell functions. A key requisite for patterned cell walls is the arrangement of cortical microtubules that may direct the delivery of wall polymers and/or cell wall producing enzymes to certain plasma membrane locations. Microtubules also steer the synthesis of cellulose-the load-bearing structure in cell walls-at the plasma membrane. The organization and behaviour of the microtubule array are thus of fundamental importance to cell wall patterns. These aspects are controlled by the coordinated effort of small GTPases that probably coordinate a Turing's reaction-diffusion mechanism to drive microtubule patterns. Here, we give an overview on how wall patterns form in the water-transporting xylem vessels of plants. We discuss systems that have been used to dissect mechanisms that underpin the xylem wall patterns, emphasizing the VND6 and VND7 inducible systems, and outline challenges that lay ahead in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Xu
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alessandro Giannetti
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Wenna Zheng
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Engle KA, Amos RA, Yang JY, Glushka J, Atmodjo M, Tan L, Huang C, Moremen KW, Mohnen D. Multiple Arabidopsis galacturonosyltransferases synthesize polymeric homogalacturonan by oligosaccharide acceptor-dependent or de novo synthesis. Plant J 2022; 109:1441-1456. [PMID: 34908202 PMCID: PMC8976717 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic glycan, functions as a cell wall structural and signaling molecule essential for plant growth, development and response to pathogens. HG exists as a component of pectic homoglycans, heteroglycans and glycoconjugates. HG is synthesized by members of the GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE (GAUT) family. UDP-GalA-dependent homogalacturonan:galacturonosyltransferase (HG:GalAT) activity has previously been demonstrated for GAUTs 1, 4 and 11, as well as the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex. Here, we show that GAUTs 10, 13 and 14 are also HG:GalATs and that GAUTs 1, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 1:7 synthesize polymeric HG in vitro. Comparison of the in vitro HG:GalAT specific activities of the heterologously-expressed proteins demonstrates GAUTs 10 and 11 with the lowest, GAUT1 and GAUT13 with moderate, and GAUT14 and the GAUT1:GAUT7 complex with the highest HG:GalAT activity. GAUT13 and GAUT14 are also shown to de novo synthesize (initiate) HG synthesis in the absence of exogenous HG acceptors, an activity previously demonstrated for GAUT1:GAUT7. The rate of de novo HG synthesis by GAUT13 and GAUT14 is similar to their acceptor dependent HG synthesis, in contrast to GAUT1:GAUT7 for which de novo synthesis occurred at much lower rates than acceptor-dependent synthesis. The results suggest a unique role for de novo HG synthesis by GAUTs 13 and 14. The reducing end of GAUT13-de novo-synthesized HG has covalently attached UDP, indicating that UDP-GalA serves as both a donor and acceptor substrate during de novo HG synthesis. The functional significance of unique GAUT HG:GalAT catalytic properties in the synthesis of different pectin glycan or glycoconjugate structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Engle
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Melani Atmodjo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Chin Huang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Jablonowski ND, Pauly M, Dama M. Microwave Assisted Pretreatment of Szarvasi (Agropyron elongatum) Biomass to Enhance Enzymatic Saccharification and Direct Glucose Production. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:767254. [PMID: 35058946 PMCID: PMC8765703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomass from perennial plants can be considered a carbon-neutral renewable resource. The tall wheatgrass hybrid Szarvasi-1 (Agropyron elongatum, hereafter referred to as "Szarvasi") belongs to the perennial Poaceae representing a species, which can grow on marginal soils and produce large amounts of biomass. Several conventional and advanced pretreatment methods have been developed to enhance the saccharification efficiency of plant biomass. Advanced pretreatment methods, such as microwave-assisted pretreatment methods are faster and use less energy compared to conventional pretreatment methods. In this study, we investigated the potential of Szarvasi biomass as a biorefinery feedstock. For this purpose, the lignocellulosic structure of Szarvasi biomass was investigated in detail. In addition, microwave-assisted pretreatments were applied to Szarvasi biomass using different reagents including weak acids and alkali. The produced pulp, hydrolysates, and extracted lignin were quantitatively characterized. In particular, the alkali pretreatment significantly enhanced the saccharification efficiency of the pulp 16-fold compared to untreated biomass of Szarvasi. The acid pretreatment directly converted 25% of the cellulose into glucose without the need of enzymatic digestion. In addition, based on lignin compositional and lignin linkage analysis a lignin chemical model structure present in Szarvasi biomass could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Murali Dama
- Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bacete L, Schulz J, Engelsdorf T, Bartosova Z, Vaahtera L, Yan G, Gerhold JM, Tichá T, Øvstebø C, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Johannessen-Starheim S, Margueritat J, Kollist H, Dehoux T, McAdam SAM, Hamann T. THESEUS1 modulates cell wall stiffness and abscisic acid production in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2119258119. [PMID: 34949719 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2119258119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants need to constantly adapt to a changing environment. Adaptation includes responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Key elements determining the response to abiotic stress are the cell walls surrounding all plant cells and the phytohormone abscisic acid, which influence turgor pressure in plants. Turgor pressure in plant cells is much higher than in animal cells and a key driver of plant growth and development. Here, we investigate the mechanism regulating cell wall stiffness and coordinating changes in stiffness and turgor with abscisic acid production. We characterize key elements of the mechanism and dissect its mode of action. This knowledge will enable us to improve plant resistance to drought stress, which is necessary due to our changing environment. Plant cells can be distinguished from animal cells by their cell walls and high-turgor pressure. Although changes in turgor and the stiffness of cell walls seem coordinated, we know little about the mechanism responsible for coordination. Evidence has accumulated that plants, like yeast, have a dedicated cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism. It monitors the functional integrity of the wall and maintains integrity through adaptive responses induced by cell wall damage arising during growth, development, and interactions with the environment. These adaptive responses include osmosensitive induction of phytohormone production, defense responses, as well as changes in cell wall composition and structure. Here, we investigate how the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism coordinates changes in cell wall stiffness and turgor in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that the production of abscisic acid (ABA), the phytohormone-modulating turgor pressure, and responses to drought depend on the presence of a functional cell wall. We find that the cell wall integrity sensor THESEUS1 modulates mechanical properties of walls, turgor loss point, ABA biosynthesis, and ABA-controlled processes. We identify RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN 12 as a component of cell wall integrity maintenance–controlling, cell wall damage–induced jasmonic acid (JA) production. We propose that THE1 is responsible for coordinating changes in turgor pressure and cell wall stiffness.
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Bilkey N, Li H, Borodinov N, Ievlev AV, Ovchinnikova OS, Dixit R, Foston M. Correlated mechanochemical maps of Arabidopsis thaliana primary cell walls using atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy. Quant Plant Biol 2022; 3:e31. [PMID: 37077971 PMCID: PMC10095902 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in composition and organisation of the primary cell wall affects the mechanics of cellular morphogenesis. However, directly correlating cell wall composition, organisation and mechanics has been challenging. To overcome this barrier, we applied atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy to generate spatially correlated maps of chemical and mechanical properties for paraformaldehyde-fixed, intact Arabidopsis thaliana epidermal cell walls. AFM-IR spectra were deconvoluted by non-negative matrix factorisation (NMF) into a linear combination of IR spectral factors representing sets of chemical groups comprising different cell wall components. This approach enables quantification of chemical composition from IR spectral signatures and visualisation of chemical heterogeneity at nanometer resolution. Cross-correlation analysis of the spatial distribution of NMFs and mechanical properties suggests that the carbohydrate composition of cell wall junctions correlates with increased local stiffness. Together, our work establishes new methodology to use AFM-IR for the mechanochemical analysis of intact plant primary cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Bilkey
- Department of Biology, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
| | - Huiyong Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
| | - Nikolay Borodinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, USA
| | - Anton V. Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, USA
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, USA
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
| | - Marcus Foston
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri63130, USA
- Author for correspondence: M. Foston, E-mail:
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Gajek K, Janiak A, Korotko U, Chmielewska B, Marzec M, Szarejko I. Whole Exome Sequencing-Based Identification of a Novel Gene Involved in Root Hair Development in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413411. [PMID: 34948205 PMCID: PMC8709170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Root hairs play a crucial role in anchoring plants in soil, interaction with microorganisms and nutrient uptake from the rhizosphere. In contrast to Arabidopsis, there is a limited knowledge of root hair morphogenesis in monocots, including barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We have isolated barley mutant rhp1.e with an abnormal root hair phenotype after chemical mutagenesis of spring cultivar ‘Sebastian’. The development of root hairs was initiated in the mutant but inhibited at the very early stage of tip growth. The length of root hairs reached only 3% of the length of parent cultivar. Using a whole exome sequencing (WES) approach, we identified G1674A mutation in the HORVU1Hr1G077230 gene, located on chromosome 1HL and encoding a cellulose synthase-like C1 protein (HvCSLC1) that might be involved in the xyloglucan (XyG) synthesis in root hairs. The identified mutation led to the retention of the second intron and premature termination of the HvCSLC1 protein. The mutation co-segregated with the abnormal root hair phenotype in the F2 progeny of rhp1.e mutant and its wild-type parent. Additionally, different substitutions in HORVU1Hr1G077230 were found in four other allelic mutants with the same root hair phenotype. Here, we discuss the putative role of HvCSLC1 protein in root hair tube elongation in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gajek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Janiak
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Urszula Korotko
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Beata Chmielewska
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Marek Marzec
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Iwona Szarejko
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 40-032 Katowice, Poland; (K.G.); (A.J.); (B.C.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Robichaux KJ, Wallace IS. Signaling at Physical Barriers during Pollen-Pistil Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12230. [PMID: 34830110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In angiosperms, double fertilization requires pollen tubes to transport non-motile sperm to distant egg cells housed in a specialized female structure known as the pistil, mediating the ultimate fusion between male and female gametes. During this journey, the pollen tube encounters numerous physical barriers that must be mechanically circumvented, including the penetration of the stigmatic papillae, style, transmitting tract, and synergid cells as well as the ultimate fusion of sperm cells to the egg or central cell. Additionally, the pollen tube must maintain structural integrity in these compact environments, while responding to positional guidance cues that lead the pollen tube to its destination. Here, we discuss the nature of these physical barriers as well as efforts to genetically and cellularly identify the factors that allow pollen tubes to successfully, specifically, and quickly circumnavigate them.
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Hoshing R, Leeber BW, Kuhn H, Caianiello D, Dale B, Saladino M, Lusi R, Palaychuk N, Weingarten S, Basu A. The Chirality of Aggregated Yariv Reagents Correlates with Their AGP-Binding Ability*. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100532. [PMID: 34618387 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Yariv reagents are glycosylated triphenylazo dyes that bind to arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), proteoglycans found in plant cell walls that are integral for plant growth and development. Yariv reagents are widely utilized as imaging, purification, and quantification tools for AGPs and represent the only small molecule probe for interrogating AGP function. The ability of Yariv reagents to bind to AGPs is dependent on the structure of the terminal glycoside on the dye. The reason for this selectivity has not been understood until the present work. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we show that the Yariv reagents form supramolecular aggregates with helical chirality. More significantly, the ability of the Yariv reagent to bind AGPs is correlated with this helical chirality. This finding paves the way towards developing a more detailed understanding of the nature of the Yariv-AGP complex, and the design of AGP-binding reagents with higher affinities and selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuraj Hoshing
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Blaise W Leeber
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Helene Kuhn
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - David Caianiello
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Brandon Dale
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Michael Saladino
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Robert Lusi
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Natalie Palaychuk
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sarah Weingarten
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Amit Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Villa-Rivera MG, Cano-Camacho H, López-Romero E, Zavala-Páramo MG. The Role of Arabinogalactan Type II Degradation in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730543. [PMID: 34512607 PMCID: PMC8424115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactans (AGs) are structural polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. A small proportion of the AGs are associated with hemicellulose and pectin. Furthermore, AGs are associated with proteins forming the so-called arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which can be found in the plant cell wall or attached through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor to the plasma membrane. AGPs are a family of highly glycosylated proteins grouped with cell wall proteins rich in hydroxyproline. These glycoproteins have important and diverse functions in plants, such as growth, cellular differentiation, signaling, and microbe-plant interactions, and several reports suggest that carbohydrate components are crucial for AGP functions. In beneficial plant-microbe interactions, AGPs attract symbiotic species of fungi or bacteria, promote the development of infectious structures and the colonization of root tips, and furthermore, these interactions can activate plant defense mechanisms. On the other hand, plants secrete and accumulate AGPs at infection sites, creating cross-links with pectin. As part of the plant cell wall degradation machinery, beneficial and pathogenic fungi and bacteria can produce the enzymes necessary for the complete depolymerization of AGs including endo-β-(1,3), β-(1,4) and β-(1,6)-galactanases, β-(1,3/1,6) galactanases, α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-L-arabinopyranosidases, and β-D-glucuronidases. These hydrolytic enzymes are secreted during plant-pathogen interactions and could have implications for the function of AGPs. It has been proposed that AGPs could prevent infection by pathogenic microorganisms because their degradation products generated by hydrolytic enzymes of pathogens function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) eliciting the plant defense response. In this review, we describe the structure and function of AGs and AGPs as components of the plant cell wall. Additionally, we describe the set of enzymes secreted by microorganisms to degrade AGs from AGPs and its possible implication for plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
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Behar H, Tamura K, Wagner ER, Cosgrove DJ, Brumer H. Conservation of endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) activity across highly divergent plant lineages. Biochem J 2021; 478:3063-78. [PMID: 34338284 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20210341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly dynamic structures that are composed predominately of polysaccharides. As such, endogenous carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) are central to the synthesis and subsequent modification of plant cells during morphogenesis. The endo-glucanase 16 (EG16) members constitute a distinct group of plant CAZymes, angiosperm orthologs of which were recently shown to have dual β-glucan/xyloglucan hydrolase activity. Molecular phylogeny indicates that EG16 members comprise a sister clade with a deep evolutionary relationship to the widely studied apoplastic xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases/hydrolases (XTH). A cross-genome survey indicated that EG16 members occur as a single ortholog across species and are widespread in early diverging plants, including the non-vascular bryophytes, for which functional data were previously lacking. Remarkably, enzymological characterization of an EG16 ortholog from the model moss Physcomitrella patens (PpEG16) revealed that EG16 activity and sequence/structure are highly conserved across 500 million years of plant evolution, vis-à-vis orthologs from grapevine and poplar. Ex vivo biomechanical assays demonstrated that the application of EG16 gene products caused abrupt breakage of etiolated hypocotyls rather than slow extension, thereby indicating a mode-of-action distinct from endogenous expansins and microbial endo-glucanases. The biochemical data presented here will inform future genomic, genetic, and physiological studies of EG16 enzymes.
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Gorshkov V, Tsers I, Islamov B, Ageeva M, Gogoleva N, Mikshina P, Parfirova O, Gogoleva O, Petrova O, Gorshkova T, Gogolev Y. The Modification of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Potato Plants during Pectobacterium atrosepticum-Caused Infection. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10071407. [PMID: 34371610 PMCID: PMC8309280 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Our study is the first to consider the changes in the entire set of matrix plant cell wall (PCW) polysaccharides in the course of a plant infectious disease. We compared the molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide content, and the epitope distribution of pectic compounds and cross-linking glycans in non-infected potato plants and plants infected with Pectobacterium atrosepticum at the initial and advanced stages of plant colonization by the pathogen. To predict the gene products involved in the modification of the PCW polysaccharide skeleton during the infection, the expression profiles of potato and P. atrosepticum PCW-related genes were analyzed by RNA-Seq along with phylogenetic analysis. The assemblage of P. atrosepticum biofilm-like structures—the bacterial emboli—and the accumulation of specific fragments of pectic compounds that prime the formation of these structures were demonstrated within potato plants (a natural host of P. atrosepticum). Collenchyma was shown to be the most “vulnerable” tissue to P. atrosepticum among the potato stem tissues. The infection caused by the representative of the Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae was shown to affect not only pectic compounds but also cross-linking glycans; the content of the latter was increased in the infected plants compared to the non-infected ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Tsers
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Bakhtiyar Islamov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Olga Parfirova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Gogoleva
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuri Gogolev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (B.I.); (M.A.); (N.G.); (P.M.); (O.P.); (O.P.); (T.G.); (Y.G.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (I.T.); (O.G.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420111 Kazan, Russia
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Seven M, Derman ÜC, Harvey AJ. Enzymatic characterization of ancestral/group-IV clade xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase enzymes reveals broad substrate specificities. Plant J 2021; 106:1660-1673. [PMID: 33825243 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes play important roles in cell wall remodelling. Although previous studies have shown a pathway of evolution for XTH genes from bacterial licheninases, through plant endoglucanases (EG16), the order of development within the phylogenetic clades of true XTHs is yet to be elucidated. In addition, recent studies have revealed interesting and potentially useful patterns of transglycosylation beyond the standard xyloglucan-xyloglucan donor/acceptor substrate activities. To study evolutionary relationships and to search for enzymes with useful broad substrate specificities, genes from the 'ancestral' XTH clade of two monocots, Brachypodium distachyon and Triticum aestivum, and two eudicots, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus tremula, were investigated. Specific activities of the heterologously produced enzymes showed remarkably broad substrate specificities. All the enzymes studied had high activity with the cellulose analogue HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) as well as with mixed-link β-glucan as donor substrates, when compared with the standard xyloglucan. Even more surprising was the wide range of acceptor substrates that these enzymes were able to catalyse reactions with, opening a broad range of possible roles for these enzymes, both within plants and in industrial, pharmaceutical and medical fields. Genome screening and expression analyses unexpectedly revealed that genes from this clade were found only in angiosperm genomes and were predominantly or solely expressed in reproductive tissues. We therefore posit that this phylogenetic group is significantly different and should be renamed as the group-IV clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Seven
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Ü Cem Derman
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
| | - Andrew J Harvey
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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Narciso JO, Zeng W, Ford K, Lampugnani ER, Humphries J, Austarheim I, van de Meene A, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of GALT8, an Arabidopsis GT31 β-(1,3)-Galactosyltransferase That Influences Seedling Development. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:678564. [PMID: 34113372 PMCID: PMC8186459 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily, a group of highly diverse proteoglycans that are present in the cell wall, plasma membrane as well as secretions of almost all plants, with important roles in many developmental processes. The role of GALT8 (At1g22015), a Glycosyltransferase-31 (GT31) family member of the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database (CAZy), was examined by biochemical characterization and phenotypic analysis of a galt8 mutant line. To characterize its catalytic function, GALT8 was heterologously expressed in tobacco leaves and its enzymatic activity tested. GALT8 was shown to be a β-(1,3)-galactosyltransferase (GalT) that catalyzes the synthesis of a β-(1,3)-galactan, similar to the in vitro activity of KNS4/UPEX1 (At1g33430), a homologous GT31 member previously shown to have this activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the products were of 2-6 degree of polymerisation (DP). Previous reporter studies showed that GALT8 is expressed in the central and synergid cells, from whence the micropylar endosperm originates after the fertilization of the central cell of the ovule. Homozygous mutants have multiple seedling phenotypes including significantly shorter hypocotyls and smaller leaf area compared to wild type (WT) that are attributable to defects in female gametophyte and/or endosperm development. KNS4/UPEX1 was shown to partially complement the galt8 mutant phenotypes in genetic complementation assays suggesting a similar but not identical role compared to GALT8 in β-(1,3)-galactan biosynthesis. Taken together, these data add further evidence of the important roles GT31 β-(1,3)-GalTs play in elaborating type II AGs that decorate AGPs and pectins, thereby imparting functional consequences on plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Oñate Narciso
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Edwin R. Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Humphries
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ingvild Austarheim
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence on Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Mancuso E, Romanò C, Trattnig N, Gritsch P, Kosma P, Clausen MH. Rhamnogalacturonan II: Chemical Synthesis of a Substructure Including α-2,3-Linked Kdo*. Chemistry 2021; 27:7099-7102. [PMID: 33769639 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a fully deprotected Kdo-containing rhamnogalacturonan II pentasaccharide is described. The strategy relies on the preparation of a suitably protected homogalacturonan tetrasaccharide backbone, through a post-glycosylation oxidation approach, and its stereoselective glycosylation with a Kdo fluoride donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Mancuso
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Romanò
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nino Trattnig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 18 Muthgasse, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Gritsch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 18 Muthgasse, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800, Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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Liedtke I, Diehn S, Heiner Z, Seifert S, Obenaus S, Büttner C, Kneipp J. Multivariate Raman mapping for phenotypic characterization in plant tissue sections. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 251:119418. [PMID: 33461131 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and characterizing the biochemical variation in plant tissues is an important task in many research fields. Small spectral differences of the plant cell wall that are caused by genetic or environmental influences may be superimposed by individual variation as well as by a microscopic heterogeneity in molecular composition and structure of different histological substructures. A set of 56 samples from Cucumis sativus (cucumber) plants, comprising a total of ~168,000 spectra from tissue sections of leaf, stem, and roots was investigated by Raman microspectroscopic mapping excited at 532 nm. A multivariate analysis was carried out in order to assess the variation of the spectra with respect to origin of the tissue, the histological (cell wall) substructures, and the possibility to discriminate the spectra obtained from different individuals that had been subjected to two different conditions during growth. Combining the results of principal component analysis (PCA) based classification with the original spatial information in the maps of 23 sections of leaf xylem, variation in cell wall composition is found for four different individuals that also includes a discrimination of tissue grown in the presence and absence of additional silicic acid in the irrigation water of the plants. The spectral data point to differences in a contribution by carotenoids, as well as by hydroxycinnamic acids to the spectra. The results give new insight into the chemical heterogeneity of plant tissues and may be useful for elucidating biochemical processes associated with biomineralization by vibrational spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Liedtke
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Diehn
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Heiner
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany; School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof SALSA, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albert-Einstein-Straße 5-11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Obenaus
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Gartenbauwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Lentzeallee 55/57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Qiao Z, Lampugnani ER, Yan XF, Khan GA, Saw WG, Hannah P, Qian F, Calabria J, Miao Y, Grüber G, Persson S, Gao YG. Structure of Arabidopsis CESA3 catalytic domain with its substrate UDP-glucose provides insight into the mechanism of cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2024015118. [PMID: 33729990 PMCID: PMC7980446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2024015118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthases (CESAs) from the glycosyltransferase GT-2 family. In plants, the CESAs form a six-lobed rosette-shaped CESA complex (CSC). Here we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA3 (AtCESA3CatD) in both apo and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose (UDP-Glc)-bound forms. AtCESA3CatD has an overall GT-A fold core domain sandwiched between a plant-conserved region (P-CR) and a class-specific region (C-SR). By superimposing the structure of AtCESA3CatD onto the bacterial cellulose synthase BcsA, we found that the coordination of the UDP-Glc differs, indicating different substrate coordination during cellulose synthesis in plants and bacteria. Moreover, structural analyses revealed that AtCESA3CatD can form a homodimer mainly via interactions between specific beta strands. We confirmed the importance of specific amino acids on these strands for homodimerization through yeast and in planta assays using point-mutated full-length AtCESA3. Our work provides molecular insights into how the substrate UDP-Glc is coordinated in the CESAs and how the CESAs might dimerize to eventually assemble into CSCs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Wuan Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Patrick Hannah
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Feng Qian
- Division of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Genomics, Inc., Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Jacob Calabria
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551;
- NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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50
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Lorrai R, Ferrari S. Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:399. [PMID: 33669710 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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