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Wang T, Xiong B, Tan L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Ma M, Xu Y, Liao L, Sun G, Liang D, Xia H, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wang J. Effects of interstocks on growth and photosynthetic characteristics in 'Yuanxiaochun' Citrus seedlings. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:977-987. [PMID: 32645281 DOI: 10.1071/fp20079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To obtain the compatibility of interstocks crossing with 'Yuanxiaochun', we performed a comparative analysis with five interstocks. From the 60th to 240th day after grafting, there was a significant difference between different treatments. All the new shoot/interstock diameter ratios were <1, indicating that there was no obvious phenomenon of small feet in 'Yuanxiaochun' seedlings of five kinds of interstocks. The density of 'Yuanxiaochun' was significantly different. Chl a, Chl b, T-Chl content of 'Shiranuhi', 'Harumi', 'Tarocco' changed greatly from the 90th to 120th day after grafting. The intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) of 'Shiranuhi' was significantly higher than the other interstocks. In addition, when 'Yuanxiaochun' was grafted onto 'Shiranuhi', net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and tanspiration rate (Tr) were higher. When 'Harumi' were used as the interstocks of 'Yuanxiaochun', the light saturation point (LSP) value was larger, which was conducive to the utilisation of strong light. Moreover, the value of LSP-LCP (LCP, light compensation point) of 'Harumi' and 'Tarocco' were significantly higher than the other three interstocks. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), RuBP maximum regeneration rate (Jmax) and maximum carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco (Vcmax) value of 'Shiranuhi' was significantly lower than that of 'Ponkan'. The CO2 compensation point (CCP) of 'Harumi' interstock was lower, but the CO2 saturation point (CSP) of 'Tarocco' interstock was higher than those of other interstocks respectively. There was a small difference in initial fluorescence (F0) of different interstocks. The maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII in the dark (Fv/Fm) of 'Kumquat' was the lowest. In addition, Both Y(II) and ETR values of the 'Yuanxiaochun' leaves of 'Ponkan' interstock was the largest one. However, the non-photochemical quenching (qN) of 'Ponkan' was significantly lower, and that of 'Tarocco' interstock was the highest one. Interstocks have different effect on the growth and development, photosynthetic characteristics related to physiological characteristics of 'Yuanxiaochun' trees. 'Ponkan' and 'Kumquat' as the interstock of 'Yuanxiaochun' was more conducive to the rapid accumulation of photosynthetic products for normal vegetative and reproductive growth of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Liping Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Youting Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yinghuan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; and Corresponding authors. ;
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Gallinger J, Gross J. Phloem Metabolites of Prunus Sp. Rather than Infection with Candidatus Phytoplasma Prunorum Influence Feeding Behavior of Cacopsylla pruni Nymphs. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:756-770. [PMID: 31965396 PMCID: PMC7429536 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are specialized small bacteria restricted to the phloem tissue and spread by hemipterans feeding on plant sieve tube elements. As for many other plant pathogens, it is known that phytoplasmas alter the chemistry of their hosts. Most research on phytoplasma-plant interactions focused on the induction of plant volatiles and phytohormones. Little is known about the influence of phytoplasma infections on the nutritional composition of phloem and consequences on vector behavior and development. The plum psyllid Cacopsylla pruni transmits 'Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum', the causing agent of European Stone Fruit Yellows (ESFY). While several Prunus species are susceptible for psyllid feeding, they show different responses to the pathogen. We studied the possible modulation of plant-insect interactions by bacteria-induced changes in phloem sap chemistry. Therefore, we sampled phloem sap from phytoplasma-infected and non-infected Prunus persica and Prunus insititia plants, which differ in their susceptibility to ESFY and psyllid feeding. Furthermore, the feeding behavior and development of C. pruni nymphs was compared on infected and non-infected P. persica and P. insititia plants. Phytoplasma infection did not affect phloem consumption by C. pruni nymphs nor their development time. In contrast, the study revealed significant differences between P. insititia and P. persica in terms of both phloem chemistry and feeding behavior of C. pruni nymphs. Phloem feeding phases were four times longer on P. insititia than on P. persica, resulting in a decreased development time and higher mortality of vector insects on P. persica plants. These findings explain the low infestation rates of peach cultivars with plum psyllids commonly found in field surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannicke Gallinger
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany
- Plant Chemical Ecology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gross
- Laboratory of Applied Chemical Ecology, Institute for Plant Protection in Fruit Crops and Viticulture, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut, Dossenheim, Germany.
- Plant Chemical Ecology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstr. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Ou C, Wang F, Wang J, Li S, Zhang Y, Fang M, Ma L, Zhao Y, Jiang S. A de novo genome assembly of the dwarfing pear rootstock Zhongai 1. Sci Data 2019; 6:281. [PMID: 31767847 PMCID: PMC6877535 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
'Zhongai 1' [(Pyrus ussuriensis × communis) × spp.] is an excellent pear dwarfing rootstock common in China. It is dwarf itself and has high dwarfing efficiency on most of main Pyrus cultivated species when used as inter-stock. Here we describe the draft genome sequences of 'Zhongai 1' which was assembled using PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads and Hi-C technology. We estimated the genome size is approximately 511.33 Mb by K-mer analysis and obtained a final genome of 510.59 Mb with a contig N50 size of 1.28 Mb. Next, 506.31 Mb (99.16%) of contigs were clustered into 17 chromosomes with a scaffold N50 size of 23.45 Mb. We further predicted 309.86 Mb (60.68%) of repetitive sequences and 43,120 protein-coding genes. The assembled genome will be a valuable resource and reference for future pear breeding, genetic improvement, and comparative genomics among related species. Moreover, it will help identify genes involved in dwarfism, early flowering, stress tolerance, and commercially desirable fruit characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Ou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Song Li
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Ming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China
| | - Shuling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, 125100, China.
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Yahyaa M, Rachmany D, Shaltiel-Harpaz L, Nawade B, Sadeh A, Ibdah M, Gerchman Y, Holland D, Ibdah M. A Pyrus communis gene for p-hydroxystyrene biosynthesis, has a role in defense against the pear psylla Cacopsylla biden. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:107-116. [PMID: 30825705 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Styrene analogs are known to be naturally synthesized in the leaves of pears and in other plant species, including several trees in the Styracaceae family. Styrene analogs are potential contributors to the aroma of wine, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and other fermented foods and beverages. In addition, styrene analogs perform important ecological functions such as insecticidal and antifeedant activities against insects. We showed here that exogenous applications of styrene and p-hydroxystyrene caused a dramatic reduction the number of eggs laid by psylla and of subsequent nymph survival. Despite their importance specific reactions that lead to the biosynthesis of the styrene analogs in pear are unknown. To identify genes involved in the synthesis of these metabolites, existing genome databases of the Rosaceae were screened for pear genes with significant sequence similarity to bacterial phenolic acid decarboxylase. Herein described are the isolation and characterization of a pear phenolic acid decarboxylase, designated PyPAD1, which catalyzed the decarboxylation of p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid to p-hydroxystyrene and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyrene respectively. Its apparent Km values for p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were 34.42 and 84.64 μM, respectively. The PyPAD1 preferred p-coumaric acid to ferulic acid as a substrate by a factor of 2.4 when comparing catalytic efficiencies in vitro. Expression analysis of PyPAD1 showed that the gene was transcribed in all five pear genotypes examined. However, transcript abundance was increased in correlation with the presence of p-hydroxystyrene in resistant cultivars Py-701 and Py-760 and in the sensitive cultivar Spadona when grafted on these resistant cultivars. Thus, PyPAD1 appears to be responsible for the decarboxylation of the p-coumaric acid, and for the production of metabolites that are active against pear psylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab Yahyaa
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Dor Rachmany
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel; Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel
| | - Liora Shaltiel-Harpaz
- Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, 12210, Israel; Migal Galilee Research Institute, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 11016, Israel
| | - Bhagwat Nawade
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Asaf Sadeh
- Agroecology Lab, Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Letsion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Muhammad Ibdah
- Sakhnin College Academic College for Teacher Education, Sakhnin, Israel
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- University of Haifa in Oranim, Kiryat Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Doron Holland
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Yaar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
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