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Alternatives to statistical decision trees in regulatory (eco-)toxicological bioassays. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1135-1149. [PMID: 32193567 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02690-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of (eco-) toxicological testing is to experimentally establish a dose or concentration-response and to identify a threshold with a biologically relevant and probably non-random deviation from "normal". Statistical tests aid this process. Most statistical tests have distributional assumptions that need to be satisfied for reliable performance. Therefore, most statistical analyses used in (eco-)toxicological bioassays use subsequent pre- or assumption-tests to identify the most appropriate main test, so-called statistical decision trees. There are however several deficiencies with the approach, based on study design, type of tests used and subsequent statistical testing in general. When multiple comparisons are used to identify a non-random change against negative control, we propose to use robust testing, which can be generically applied without the need of decision trees. Visualization techniques and reference ranges also offer advantages over the current pre-testing approaches. We aim to promulgate the concepts in the (eco-) toxicological community and initiate a discussion for regulatory acceptance.
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Lovell DP, Fellows M, Saul J, Whitwell J, Custer L, Dertinger S, Escobar P, Fiedler R, Hemmann U, Kenny J, Smith R, van der Leede BM, Zeller A. Analysis of historical negative control group data from the rat in vivo micronucleus assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 849:503086. [PMID: 32087845 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.503086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A database of micronuclei counts for historical negative control data from rat in vivo micronuclei tests performed in 10 different laboratories was established. Data were available from over 4000 negative control rats from 10 laboratories. The mean frequency of micronucleated cells (MN)/1000 cells ranged from 0.44 to 2.22, a 5-fold range. Overall there were no major sex or strain differences in frequency, although there were some small but statistically significant differences within laboratories. There was appreciable variability between experiments compared with variability within experiments in some laboratories. No specific factor was identified which could explain this variability although it was noted that many different vehicles were used in the experiments. It is hoped that these data will help laboratories beginning studies with the rat micronucleus assay and those involved in the assessment of micronucleus assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Lovell
- St George's Medical School, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - M Fellows
- Astra Zeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - J Saul
- Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - J Whitwell
- Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - L Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - P Escobar
- Merck Co. & Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - R Fiedler
- Covance Laboratories, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | - U Hemmann
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Kenny
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R Smith
- Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - B M van der Leede
- Janssen R&D, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Beerse, Belgium
| | - A Zeller
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, pRED Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Rojas JM, Bolze F, Thorup I, Nowak J, Dalsgaard CM, Skydsgaard M, Berthelsen LO, Keane KA, Søeborg H, Sjögren I, Jensen JT, Fels JJ, Offenberg HK, Andersen LW, Dalgaard M. The Effect of Diet-induced Obesity on Toxicological Parameters in the Polygenic Sprague-Dawley Rat Model. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:777-798. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623318803557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Bolze
- Toxicology Development Projects, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Inger Thorup
- Toxicopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jette Nowak
- Toxicopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Majken Dalgaard
- Early Regulatory Toxicology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
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Hothorn LA. The two-step approach—a significant ANOVA F-test before Dunnett's comparisons against a control—is not recommended. COMMUN STAT-THEOR M 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/03610926.2014.902225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wahlström E, Ollerstam A, Sundius L, Zhang H. Use of Lung Weight as Biomarker for Assessment of Lung Toxicity in Rat Inhalation Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:902-12. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312470763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subacute inhalation study (1 week or 2 weeks) is an important process for screening out inhaled compounds causing lung irritation. To investigate whether the lung weight can be used as an indicator for acute lung injury, we have analyzed retrospectively the lung weight data from 30 studies in rats exposed to dry powder inhalation. The lung weight change was correlated with lung histopathology in the majority of studies (25 of 30), showing as either both changed or both unchanged. The sensitivity and specificity of using the weight change in lungs as biomarker for predicting lung histopathology in these studies were over 80%. The pattern of lung weight change was often similar in the 1- to 2- week studies and the 4-week studies. Our analysis of covariance model showed that a study with 40 rats (5 males + 5 females/group and 4 groups) could detect lung weight change greater than 10% to 20% of control value. These results suggested that lung weight is a useful indicator for identifying acute lung toxic effect by inhaled compounds in these subacute inhalation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wahlström
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
- Formerly AstraZeneca R&D, Global Safety Assessment, Sweden
| | - Anna Ollerstam
- Formerly AstraZeneca R&D, Global Safety Assessment, Sweden
- LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Lena Sundius
- Formerly AstraZeneca R&D, Global Safety Assessment, Sweden
- Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pathology Science, Global Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
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