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Polozsányi Z, Galádová H, Kaliňák M, Jopčík M, Kaliňáková B, Breier A, Šimkovič M. The Antimicrobial Effects of Myrosinase Hydrolysis Products Derived from Glucosinolates Isolated from Lepidium draba. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:995. [PMID: 38611524 PMCID: PMC11013450 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Lepidium draba (hoary cress) is a perennial plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family that produces two dominant glucosinolates (GLSs): glucoraphanin (GRN) and sinalbin (SBN). They represent the stored form, which is converted upon the myrosinase (Myr) hydrolysis activity to active compounds, mainly isothiocyanates (ITCs) such as sulforaphane (SFN) or p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (pHBITC). Research on ITCs that have proven anticancer, antimicrobial, and chemoprotective properties is usually conducted with pure commercially available compounds. However, these are chemically reactive, making it difficult to use them directly for preventive purposes in dietary supplements. Efforts are currently being made to prepare dietary supplements enriched with GLS and/or Myr. In this study, we report a simple but efficient chromatographic procedure for the isolation and purification of GLSs from MeOH extract from hoary cress based on a combination of ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Sephadex LH-20. To obtain the Myr required for efficient hydrolysis of GLSs into antibacterial ITCs, we developed a rapid method for its extraction from the seeds of Lepidium sativum (garden cress). The yields of GLSs were 22.9 ± 1.2 mg GRN (purity 96%) and 10.4 ± 1.1 mg SBN (purity 92%) from 1 g of dry plant material. Both purified GLSs were used as substrates for the Myr. Analysis of the composition of hydrolysis products (HPs) revealed differences in their hydrolysis rates and in the degree of conversion from GLSs to individual ITCs catalyzed by Myr. When GRNs were cleaved, SFNs were formed in an equimolar ratio, but the formation of pHBITCs was only half that of cleaved SBNs. The decrease in pHBITC content is due to its instability compared to SFN. While SFN is stable in aqueous media during the measurement, pHBITC undergoes non-enzymatic hydrolysis to p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and thiocyanate ions. Testing of the antimicrobial effects of the HPs formed from GRN by Myr under premix or in situ conditions showed inhibition of the growth of model prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. This observation could serve as the jumping-off point for the design of a two-component mixture, based on purified GLSs and Myr that is, usable in food or the pharmaceutical industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Polozsányi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Galádová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Kaliňák
- Central Laboratories, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Jopčík
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademická 969, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Kaliňáková
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Albert Breier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Šimkovič
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Elbarbry F, Jones G, Ung A. Catechin Reduces Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats through Modulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism. Molecules 2022; 27:8432. [PMID: 36500525 PMCID: PMC9735775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: hypertension affects approximately half of the adults in the United States (roughly 116 million). The cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in the kidney has been found to play a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study examines the anti-hypertensive effect of the natural polyphenolic compound catechin (CAT) and investigates if it impacts the metabolism of AA in the kidney in comparison to captopril (CAP): a commonly used antihypertensive drug. (2) Methods: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were randomly divided into five groups. The treatment groups were administered CAT in drinking water at doses of 10 and 50 mg/kg. A positive control group received CAP at a dose of 10 mg/kg in the drinking water, and one group received both CAP and CAT at doses of 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Blood pressure was monitored weekly for five weeks. The activity of the two major enzymes involved in AA metabolism in the kidney, namely CYP4A and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), were analyzed. (3) Results: CAP monotherapy was found to reduce blood pressure compared to the control untreated rats but did not demonstrate any effect on AA metabolism. Low- and high-dose CAT resisted the rise in blood pressure observed in the untreated SHR and significantly lowered blood pressure compared to the control group, respectively. Only rats treated with high CAT doses demonstrated significant inhibition of CYP4A and sEH enzyme activities. The coadministration of CAP and a high dose of CAT resulted in more pronounced blood pressure-lowering effects, but no more significant effects on AA metabolism were found compared to a high dose of CAT alone. (4) Conclusion: the modulation of AA metabolism in the kidney contributes, at least partially, to the blood pressure-lowering effect of CAT in SHR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University Oregon, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
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Effect of Dietary Doses of Quercetin on Hepatic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 44:761-770. [PMID: 31065969 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of quercetin (QR) has shown several health benefits in clinical and pre-clinical studies. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of dietary doses of QR on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in spontaneously hypertensive rats in order to investigate the potential for herb-drug interactions. METHODS The activity and/or protein expression of selected cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and microsomal epoxide hydrolase were measured in hepatic microsomes using specific probe substrates and/or polyclonal antibodies. Cytosolic fraction was utilized to measure protein level and activity of major antioxidant systems. RESULTS The doses employed in our study did not cause any significant alterations in the activity and/or protein level of CYP1A1, CYP2A6, CYP2E, and glutathione (GSH). While the activity and apoprotein levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2B1/2 were significantly reduced by the medium and high doses of QR, the activity and/or protein level of microsomal CYP3A and cytosolic GSH-S-transferase, GSH reductase, and GSH peroxidase were significantly enhanced. Activity and protein level of CYP2C9 were significantly inhibited by all doses. Only the high-dose QR resulted in significant inhibition of both microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase as well as induction of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that dietary doses of QR may offer chemoprevention through stimulation of the endogenous antioxidant systems and inhibition of CYP enzymes involved in bioactivation of procarcinogens. However, modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes by QR could have potential for herb-drug interactions with the possibility of serious complications.
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Nguyen V, Espiritu M, Elbarbry F. Development and validation of a sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS cocktail assay for CYP450 enzymes: Application to study the effect of catechin on rat hepatic CYP activity. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4789. [PMID: 31885091 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method that enables the simultaneous quantification of probe substrates and metabolites of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes was developed and validated. These substrates (metabolites)-coumarin (7-hydroxycoumarin), tolbutamide (4-hydroxytolbutamide), S-mephenytoin (4-hydroxymephenytoin), dextromethorphan (dextrorphan), and testosterone (6β-hydroxytestosterone)-were utilized as markers for the activities of the major human CYP enzymes CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, respectively. Analytes were separated on Kinetex C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 5 μm) using a binary gradient mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. Metabolites were detected and quantified by MS using multiple reaction monitoring at m/z 163 → 107.2 for 7-hydroxycoumarin, m/z 235 → 150.1 for 4-hydroxymephenytoin, m/z 287 → 171 for 4-hydroxytolbutamide, m/z 258 → 157.1 for dextrorphan, m/z 305 → 269 for 6β-hydroxytestosterone, and m/z 237 → 194 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited good linearity over a range of 10-500 ng/mL with acceptable accuracy and precision criteria. As a proof of concept, the developed cocktail assay was successfully used to examine the potential impact of catechin on the activity of the major rat liver CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Michael Espiritu
- Department of Pharmacy, Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- Department of Pharmacy, Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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Gigliotti JC, Tin A, Pourafshar S, Cechova S, Wang YT, Sung SSJ, Bodonyi-Kovacs G, Cross JV, Yang G, Nguyen N, Chan F, Rebholz C, Yu B, Grove ML, Grams ME, Köttgen A, Scharpf R, Ruiz P, Boerwinkle E, Coresh J, Le TH. GSTM1 Deletion Exaggerates Kidney Injury in Experimental Mouse Models and Confers the Protective Effect of Cruciferous Vegetables in Mice and Humans. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:102-116. [PMID: 31727850 PMCID: PMC6935006 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSTM1 encodes glutathione S-transferase μ-1 (GSTM1), which belongs to a superfamily of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes. The highly prevalent GSTM1 deletion variant is associated with kidney disease progression in human cohorts: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. METHODS We generated a Gstm1 knockout mouse line to study its role in a CKD model (involving subtotal nephrectomy) and a hypertension model (induced by angiotensin II). We examined the effect of intake of cruciferous vegetables and GSTM1 genotypes on kidney disease in mice as well as in human ARIC study participants. We also examined the importance of superoxide in the mediating pathways and of hematopoietic GSTM1 on renal inflammation. RESULTS Gstm1 knockout mice displayed increased oxidative stress, kidney injury, and inflammation in both models. The central mechanism for kidney injury is likely mediated by oxidative stress, because treatment with Tempol, an superoxide dismutase mimetic, rescued kidney injury in knockout mice without lowering BP. Bone marrow crosstransplantation revealed that Gstm1 deletion in the parenchyma, and not in bone marrow-derived cells, drives renal inflammation. Furthermore, supplementation with cruciferous broccoli powder rich in the precursor to antioxidant-activating sulforaphane significantly ameliorated kidney injury in Gstm1 knockout, but not wild-type mice. Similarly, among humans (ARIC study participants), high consumption of cruciferous vegetables was associated with fewer kidney failure events compared with low consumption, but this association was observed primarily in participants homozygous for the GSTM1 deletion variant. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a role for the GSTM1 enzyme in the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and protective metabolites in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology and
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Yves T Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York
| | | | | | - Janet V Cross
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Guang Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Heinrich-Heine University of Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
| | - Fang Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and
| | - Casey Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology and
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health and
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Morgan E Grams
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine and
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Department of Epidemiology and
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Robert Scharpf
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Heath, Baltimore, Maryland
- Division of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Phillip Ruiz
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology and
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Heath, Baltimore, Maryland
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Isothiocyanates and Xenobiotic Detoxification. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700916. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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