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Calixte EI, Liyanage OT, Gass DT, Gallagher ES. Formation of Carbohydrate-Metal Adducts from Solvent Mixtures during Electrospray: A Molecular Dynamics and ESI-MS Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:2738-2745. [PMID: 34735139 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is frequently used to produce gas-phase ions for mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques. The composition of solvents used in ESI-MS is often manipulated to enhance analyte ionization, including for carbohydrates. Moreover, to characterize analyte structures, ESI has been coupled to hydrogen/deuterium exchange, ion mobility, and tandem MS. Therefore, it is important to understand how solvent composition affects the structure of carbohydrates during and after ESI. In this work, we use molecular dynamics to simulate the desolvation of ESI droplets containing a model carbohydrate and observe the formation of carbohydrate adducts with metal ions. Molecular-level details on the effects of formulating mixtures of water, methanol, and acetonitrile to achieve enhanced ionization are presented. We complement our simulations with ESI-MS experiments. We report that when sprayed from aqueous mixtures containing volatile solvents, carbohydrates ionize to form metal-ion adducts rapidly due to rapid solvent evaporation rather than changes in the ionization mechanism. We find that when sprayed from solvent mixtures, carbohydrates are primarily solvated by water due to the migration of more volatile solvents to the surface of the droplet. Ultimately, the structure of the carbohydrate varies depending on its solvent environment, as inter- and intramolecular interactions are affected. We propose that solvents with 25% or more water may be used to enhance the ionization of carbohydrates with minimal effect on the structure during and after ESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emvia I Calixte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - O Tara Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798-7348, United States
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Madunić K, Wagt S, Zhang T, Wuhrer M, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM. Dopant-Enriched Nitrogen Gas for Enhanced Electrospray Ionization of Released Glycans in Negative Ion Mode. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6919-6923. [PMID: 33914523 PMCID: PMC8153384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
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The desolvation and
ionization process of analytes can significantly
be improved by enriching the nebulizing gas with a dopant (dopant
enriched nitrogen (DEN) gas) in the electrospray source. However,
for the analysis of released glycans in negative ion mode, the usage
of DEN gas remains largely unexplored. For this purpose, we investigated
the effect of different polar protic solvents (methanol, ethanol,
and isopropanol) as well as using solely the nebulizing gas or ambient
air on the ionization and charge state distribution of released N- and O-glycans. Compared to the standard
acetonitrile enriched nitrogen gas, isopropanol showed the highest
increase in regards to peak areas. Moreover, it showed large benefits
for the identification of glycan structures at high sensitivity as
the increased precursor intensities subsequently resulted in higher
intensities in tandem MS mode. While similar effects are noted for
both neutral and sialylated species, the most significant effect was
observed for early eluting glycans where very low acetonitrile concentrations
were present in the eluent. The best results in terms of S/N ratios
were obtained with methanol, with less effect on the MS/MS signal
enhancement. Therefore, the use of this dopant would be particularly
beneficial for high sensitivity MS-mode applications. In conclusion,
isopropanol enriched DEN gas greatly improves the detection of both N-and O-glycan species and their tandem
mass spectra, particularly for the early eluting species whose ionization
in the absence of DEN gas is hindered by low organic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Madunić
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Wagt
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sobolevsky T, Ahrens B. High-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay as initial testing procedure for analysis of total urinary fraction. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:283-298. [PMID: 32852861 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, a lot of effort was put into the development of multiclass initial testing procedures (ITP) to streamline analytical workflow in antidoping laboratories. Here, a high-throughput assay based on liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry suitable for use as initial testing procedure covering multiple classes of compounds prohibited in sports is described. Employing a 96-well plate packed with 10 mg of weak cation exchange polymeric sorbent, up to 94 urine samples and their associated positive and negative controls can be processed in less than 3 h with minimal labor. The assay requires a 0.5-ml urine aliquot, which is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis followed by solid phase extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution in a 96-well collection plate. With a 10-min run time, more than 100 analytes can be detected using electrospray ionization with polarity switching. The assay can be run nearly 24/7 with minimal downtime for instrument maintenance while detecting picogram amounts for the majority of analytes. Having analyzed approximately 28,000 samples, nearly 400 adverse analytical findings were found of which only one tenth were at or above 50% of the minimum required performance level established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Compounds most often identified were stanozolol, GW1516, ostarine, LGD4033, and clomiphene, with median estimated concentrations in the range of 0.02-0.09 ng/ml (either as parent drug or a metabolite). Our data demonstrate the importance of using a highly sensitive ITP to ensure efficient antidoping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Thacker JB, Schug KA. Quantitative determination of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in hard ciders and apple juice by LC–MS/MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Thacker
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas USA
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Al Tamim A, AlRabeh M, Al Tamimi A, AlAjlan A, Alowaifeer A. Fast and simple method for the detection and quantification of 15 synthetic dyes in sauce, cotton candy, and pickle by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Thacker JB, Schug KA. Use of a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor for the Determination of Electrospray Response Factors and Its Application to Underivatized Sugars Under Various Solvent Parameters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:439-447. [PMID: 30560542 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometric (MS) response of an analyte and its concentration has been well studied for permanently charged and basic analytes in the positive ionization mode, but there has been a lack of research effort for other analytes, and for the negative ionization mode, in general. In this study, this relationship was investigated for various adducts and deprotonated species of glucose, sucrose, and raffinose using a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) coupled with ESI-tandem MS to obtain a continuum of response factors across a wide concentration range in both the positive and negative ionization modes with a single injection under 18 different combinations of solvents and additives. Profiles of response factors vs. concentrations varied widely and were dependent upon the analyte and solvent parameters. The use of ammonium trifluoroacetate resulted in the highest response factors for methanol-based and acetonitrile-based solvents in the positive and negative ionization modes, respectively. Ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, and sodium chloride in 80:20 acetonitrile:water in the negative ionization mode resulted in good linearities, useful for quantitative analysis. In the positive ionization mode, response factors tended to increase with an increase in the molecular weight of the analyte, and acetonitrile was generally found to decrease response factors. We have also demonstrated the ability of CSTR-ESI-MS to visualize ionization suppression in the presence of co-analytes. These data should be useful for liquid chromatography-ESI-MS method development for sugar analysis, to help guide the choice of mobile phase that will result in high sensitivity and linearity. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Thacker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Pl., Box 19065, Arlington, TX, 76019-0065, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Pl., Box 19065, Arlington, TX, 76019-0065, USA.
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Liyanage OT, Brantley MR, Calixte EI, Solouki T, Shuford KL, Gallagher ES. Characterization of Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Parameters on In-ESI Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange of Carbohydrate-Metal Ion Adducts. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:235-247. [PMID: 30353291 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The conformations of glycans are crucial for their biological functions. In-electrospray ionization (ESI) hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a promising technique for studying carbohydrate conformations since rapidly exchanging functional groups, e.g., hydroxyls, can be labeled on the timeframe of ESI. However, regular application of in-ESI HDX to characterize carbohydrates requires further analysis of the in-ESI HDX methodology. For instance, in this method, HDX occurs concurrently to the analyte transitioning from solution to gas-phase ions. Therefore, there is a possibility of sampling both gas-phase and solution-phase conformations of the analyte. Herein, we differentiate in-ESI HDX of metal-adducted carbohydrates from gas-phase HDX and illustrate that this method analyzes solvated species. We also systematically examine the effects of ESI parameters, including spray solvent composition, auxiliary gas flow rate, sheath gas flow rate, sample infusion rate, sample concentration, and spray voltage, and discuss their effects on in-ESI HDX. Further, we model the structural changes of a trisaccharide, melezitose, and its intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding in solvents with different compositions of methanol and water. These molecular dynamic simulations support our experimental results and illustrate how an individual ESI parameter can alter the conformations we sample by in-ESI HDX. In total, this work illustrates how the fundamental processes of ESI alter the magnitude of HDX for carbohydrates and suggest parameters that should be considered and/or optimized prior to performing experiments with this in-ESI HDX technique. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tara Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Matthew R Brantley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Emvia I Calixte
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Kevin L Shuford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Abstract
Quantification of noncovalent interactions is the key for the understanding of binding mechanisms, of biological systems, for the design of drugs, their delivery and for the design of receptors for separations, sensors, actuators, or smart materials.
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