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Baerenzung dit Baron T, Yobrégat O, Jacques A, Simon V, Geffroy O. A novel approach to discriminate the volatilome of Vitis vinifera berries by Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry analysis and chemometrics. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Morrison KA, Clowers BH. Characterization of alkylphosphonic acid vapors using atmospheric flow tube-ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1363-1371. [PMID: 29845656 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A key aspect of detecting hazardous compounds at ultra-trace levels for processing, compliance, and clean-up purposes involves developing methods that are not only sensitive, but also highly selective with minimal sampling effort. Atmospheric flow tube mass spectrometry (AFT-MS) using dielectric barrier discharge ionization has emerged as a technique that combines such features for vapor detection. AFT-MS is thus appealing for application to ambient screening for chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and their degradation products. Initial characterization of AFT-MS for CWA detection necessitates examining less harmful simulant species. A predominant hydrolysis product of most organophosphorus CWAs is methylphosphonic acid and most other hydrolysis products consist of some form of an alkylphosphonic acid. METHODS An application of AFT-MS is presented wherein a homologous series of four alkylphosphonic acids (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and t-butylphosphonic acid) were first qualitatively evaluated as anionic clusters with nitrate. These anionic adducts were subsequently quantified from non-equilibrium headspace vapor sampled over alkylphosphonic acid solutions in methanol. RESULTS The series of phosphonic acids demonstrated consistent relative ion abundances thought to be related at least in part to the relative vapor pressures depending on their alkyl chains. For quantitation, the resulting linear ranges were found to be 2 to 50 ppmsoln for methylphosphonic acid, 5 to 50 ppmsoln for ethylphosphonic acid, and 2 to 25 ppmsoln for propylphosphonic acid and t-butylphosphonic acid; quality controls of 15 ppmsoln were used to assess the quantitation accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Although measured over a limited dynamic range, the real-time analysis afforded by this method suggests the feasibility of using thermodynamically stable anionic adducts to monitor organophosphorus compounds via AFT-MS. In addition, this is proof-of-concept for the use of this ambient sensing technique to detect phosphonic acids. Furthermore, a discussion is included regarding gaps in clustering thermodynamics literature that would assist in uncovering physical or chemical explanations for observed trends.
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Castada HZ, Polentz V, Barringer S, Wick M. Temperature-dependent Henry's Law constants of 4-alkyl branched-chain fatty acids and 3-methylindole in an oil-air matrix and analysis of volatiles in lamb fat using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:2135-2145. [PMID: 28987017 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 4-Alkyl branched-chain fatty acids and 3-methylindole are characteristic flavor compounds associated with sheep meat. Determining their partitioning behavior between the gas and condensed phase and ultimately developing a correlation between the compound's headspace concentration and sensory descriptive grouping are important for high-throughput characterization and grading classification. METHODS The headspace concentrations of 3-methylindole, 4-methyloctanoic acid, 4-ethyl-octanoic acid, and 4-methylnonanoic acid above corn-oil-based standard solutions and lamb fat samples were measured using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The standard solutions were equilibrated at 80, 100, 110 and 125°C while the fat samples were equilibrated at 125°C. Statistical evaluation, linear and polynomial regression analyses were performed to establish the compound-specific and temperature-dependent Henry's Law constants, enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of phase changes. RESULTS The Henry's Law constants (kHcp ) were calculated from the regression analysis with a high degree of confidence (p < 0.05) and linearity (r2 > 0.99). The kHcp increased with increase in equilibrium temperature. The empirical calculation of ΔH and ΔS at different temperatures confirmed the temperature-dependence of the Henry's Law constants. The headspace concentrations of the lamb-flavor compounds were determined above actual lamb fat samples and the corresponding condensed-phase concentrations were successfully derived. CONCLUSIONS The temperature-dependent Henry's Law constants, ΔH, and ΔS of phase changes for 3-methylindole, 4-methyloctanoic acid, 4-ethyloctanoic acid, and 4-methylnonanoic acid in an air-oil matrix were empirically derived. The effectiveness of SIFT-MS for the direct, real-time, and rapid determination of key flavor compounds in lamb fat samples was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Z Castada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Victoria Polentz
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sheryl Barringer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Macdonald Wick
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Castada HZ, Wick C, Harper WJ, Barringer S. Headspace quantification of pure and aqueous solutions of binary mixtures of key volatile organic compounds in Swiss cheeses using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:81-90. [PMID: 25462367 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Twelve volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have recently been identified as key compounds in Swiss cheese with split defects. It is important to know how these VOCs interact in binary mixtures and if their behavior changes with concentration in binary mixtures. METHODS Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) was used for the headspace analysis of VOCs commonly found in Swiss cheeses. Headspace (H/S) sampling and quantification checks using SIFT-MS and further linear regression analyses were carried out on twelve selected aqueous solutions of VOCs. Five binary mixtures of standard solutions of VOCs were also prepared and the H/S profile of each mixture was analyzed. RESULTS A very good fit of linearity for the twelve VOCs (95% confidence level) confirms direct proportionality between the H/S and the aqueous concentration of the standard solutions. Henry's Law coefficients were calculated with a high degree of confidence. SIFT-MS analysis of five binary mixtures showed that the more polar compounds reduced the H/S concentration of the less polar compounds, while the addition of a less polar compound increased the H/S concentration of the more polar compound. CONCLUSIONS In the binary experiment, it was shown that the behavior of a compound in the headspace can be significantly affected by the presence of another compound. Thus, the matrix effect plays a significant role in the behavior of molecules in a mixed solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Z Castada
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Castada HZ, Wick C, Taylor K, Harper WJ. Analysis of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds in Split and Nonsplit Swiss Cheese Samples Using Selected-Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J Food Sci 2014; 79:C489-98. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hardy Z. Castada
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; The Ohio State Univ; 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building; 2015 Fyffe Rd Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Cheryl Wick
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; The Ohio State Univ; 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building; 2015 Fyffe Rd Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Kaitlyn Taylor
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; The Ohio State Univ; 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building; 2015 Fyffe Rd Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - W. James Harper
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; The Ohio State Univ; 110 Parker Food Science and Technology Building; 2015 Fyffe Rd Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Chippendale TWE, Španěl P, Smith D, El Haj AJ. Counting cell numberin situby quantification of dimethyl sulphide in culture headspace. Analyst 2014; 139:4903-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01102c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic activity by cells reduces DMSO to DMS that can be analysed non-invasively to determine cell numbers in a culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. E. Chippendale
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent, UK
- Cobra Biologics
- Keele ST5 5SP, UK
| | - Patrik Španěl
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent, UK
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
| | - David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine – Keele University
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Chippendale TWE, Hu B, El Haj AJ, Smith D. A study of enzymatic activity in cell cultures via the analysis of volatile biomarkers. Analyst 2012; 137:4677-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35815h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Julák J, Scholtz V, Kotúčová S, Janoušková O. The persistent microbicidal effect in water exposed to the corona discharge. Phys Med 2011; 28:230-9. [PMID: 21925912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes and particularly explains a new phenomenon of persistent microbicidal effect of water previously exposed to the low-temperature plasma, which cannot be attributed to the acidification only. The direct microbicidal action of plasma is well documented, being mediated by number of reactive particles with a short lifetime. However, we observed the microbicidal effect also in exposed water stored for a month, where it must be mediated by stable particles. In water and in phosphate-buffered saline, the formation of NO(x) and corresponding acids, H(2)O(2) and O(3) was confirmed after exposition to the low-temperature plasma generated in air by DC negative glow corona and positive streamer discharge. The time course of acidification, H(2)O(2) and O(3) formation were deremined. Except uncertain traces of HCN, SIFT-MS analysis of exposed liquids reveals no additional reactive compounds. The microbicidal effect persists almost unchanged during 4 weeks of storage, although O(3) completely and H(2)O(2) almost disappears. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli were inactivated within 10 min of incubation in exposed liquids, Candida albicans needs at least 1 h. The solutions prepared by artificial mixing of reactive compounds mimic the action of exposed water, but in lesser extent. The acid milieu is the main cause of the microbicidal effect, but the possibility of still unidentified additional compound remains open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Julák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Studničkova 7, 128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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Chippendale TWE, Španěl P, Smith D. Time-resolved selected ion flow tube mass spectrometric quantification of the volatile compounds generated by E. coli JM109 cultured in two different media. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2163-2172. [PMID: 21710596 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary measurements have been made of the volatile compounds emitted by the bacterium E. coli JM109 cultured in the commonly used media Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) and lysogeny broth (LB) using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, as a step towards the real time, non-invasive monitoring of accidental infections of mammalian cell cultures. In one procedure, the culture medium alone and the E. coli cells/medium combination were held at 37 °C in bottles sealed with septa for a given time period, usually overnight, to allow the bacterium to proliferate, after which the captured headspace was analysed directly by SIFT-MS. Several compounds were seen to be produced by the E. coli cells that depended on the liquid medium used: when cultured in DMEM, copious amounts of ethanol, acetaldehyde and hydrogen sulphide were produced; in LB ammonia is the major volatile product. In a second procedure, to ensure aerobic conditions prevailed in the cell culture, selected volatile compounds were monitored by SIFT-MS in real time for several hours above the open-to-air E. coli/DMEM culture held at close to 37 °C. The temporal variations in the concentrations of some compounds, which reflect their production rates in the culture, indicate maxima. Thus, the maxima in the ethanol and acetaldehyde production are a reflection of the reduction of glucose from the DMEM by the vigorous E. coli cells and the maximum in the hydrogen sulphide level is an indication of the loss of the sulphur-bearing amino acids from the DMEM. Serendipitously, emissions from DMEM inadvertently infected with the bacterium C. testosteroni were observed when large quantities of ammonia were seen to be produced. The results of this preliminary study suggest that monitoring volatile compounds might assist in the early detection of bacterial infection in large-scale bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W E Chippendale
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Smith D, Španěl P. Direct, rapid quantitative analyses of BVOCs using SIFT-MS and PTR-MS obviating sample collection. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The topic of ambient gas analysis has been rapidly developed in the last few years with the evolution of the exciting new techniques such as DESI, DART and EESI. The essential feature of all is that analysis of trace gases can be accomplished either in the gas phase or those released from surfaces, crucially avoiding sample collection or modification. In this regard, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, also performs ambient analyses both accurately and rapidly. In this focused review we describe the underlying ion chemistry underpinning SIFT-MS through a discourse on the reactions of different classes of organic and inorganic molecules with H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2)(+)˙ studied using the SIFT technique. Rate coefficients and ion products of these reactions facilitate absolute SIFT-MS analyses and can also be useful for the interpretation of data obtained by the other ambient analysis methods mentioned above. The essential physics and flow dynamics of SIFT-MS are described that, together with the reaction kinetics, allow SIFT-MS to perform absolute ambient analyses of trace compounds in humid atmospheric air, exhaled breath and the headspace of aqueous liquids. Several areas of research that, through pilot experiments, are seen to benefit from ambient gas analysis using SIFT-MS are briefly reviewed. Special attention is given to exhaled breath and urine headspace analysis directed towards clinical diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, and some other areas researched using SIFT-MS are summarised. Finally, extensions to current areas of application and indications of other directions in which SIFT-MS can be exploited for ambient analysis are alluded to.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
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Spaněl P, Smith D. Progress in SIFT-MS: breath analysis and other applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:236-267. [PMID: 20648679 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, is described from its inception as the modified very large SIFT instruments used to demonstrate the feasibility of SIFT-MS as an analytical technique, towards the smaller but bulky transportable instruments and finally to the current smallest Profile 3 instruments that have been located in various places, including hospitals and schools to obtain on-line breath analyses. The essential physics and engineering principles are discussed, which must be appreciated to design and construct a SIFT-MS instrument. The versatility and sensitivity of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by typical mass spectra obtained using the three precursor ions H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2)(+)·, and the need to account for differential ionic diffusion and mass discrimination in the analytical algorithms is emphasized to obtain accurate trace gas analyses. The performance of the Profile 3 instrument is illustrated by the results of several pilot studies, including (i) on-line real time quantification of several breath metabolites for cohorts of healthy adults and children, which have provided representative concentration/population distributions, and the comparative analyses of breath exhaled via the mouth and nose that identify systemic and orally-generated compounds, (ii) the enhancement of breath metabolites by drug ingestion, (iii) the identification of HCN as a marker of Pseudomonas colonization of the airways and (iv) emission of volatile compounds from urine, especially ketone bodies, and from skin. Some very recent developments are discussed, including the quantification of carbon dioxide in breath and the combination of SIFT-MS with GC and ATD, and their significance. Finally, prospects for future SIFT-MS developments are alluded to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spaněl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Iachetta L, Malek L, Ross BM. The reactions of H(3)O(+), NO(+) and O(2) (+) with several flavourant esters studied using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:815-822. [PMID: 20187085 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of H(3)O(+), NO(+), and O(2) (+) with nineteen ester compounds occurring naturally in plants, and having important flavourant properties, were examined using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The H(3)O(+) reactions primarily generate [R(1)COOR(2).H](+), and may also produce [R(2)](+) fragment ions and/or fragmentation within the ester linkage. Collisional association/adduct ions, [R(1)COOR(2).NO](+), are the main products formed in the NO(+) reactions, although the carboxyl fragment ion is also detected frequently. The identification of the parent compound may be made more easily in the H(3)O(+) and NO(+) reactions. The inclusion of O(2) (+) reactions in the analysis provides additional information, which may be applied when the identity of a parent compound cannot be determined solely from the H(3)O(+) and NO(+) analysis. Consideration of the product ions generated with the three precursors suggests that SIFT-MS can differentiate between many of the esters investigated, including isomers, although the product ions generated in the reactions with some esters are too similar to allow independent quantification. Our data therefore suggest that SIFT-MS may be a useful tool to rapidly analyse and quantify flavourant esters in complex gas mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Iachetta
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
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Rowbottom L, Workman C, Roberts NB. Evaluation of selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry for the measurement of ethanol, methanol and isopropanol in physiological fluids: effect of osmolality and sample volume. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2763-2767. [PMID: 19639584 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is particularly suited for the analysis of volatile low molecular weight compounds. We have evaluated this technique for the assay of different alcohols in aqueous solutions, including blood plasma, and in particular whether the osmolality or sample volume affected vapourisation. Solutions of three different alcohols (methanol, ethanol and isopropanol) ranging from 0.005 to 50 mmol/L were prepared in deionised water (0 milliosmol), phosphate-buffered saline (690 mOsm), isotonic saline (294 mOsm) and plasma (296 mOsm). The vapour above the sample (50 to 1000 microL) contained in air-tight tubes at 37 degrees C was aspirated into the instrument. The outputs for ethanol, methanol and isopropanol were linear over the concentration range and independent of the sample volume and relatively independent of the osmolar concentration. SIFT-MS can reliably and accurately measure common alcohols in the headspace above aqueous solutions, including serum/plasma. This novel application of SIFT-MS is easy to follow, requires no sample preparation and the wide dynamic range will facilitate measurement of alcohols present from normal metabolism as well as when taken in excess or in accidental poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Rowbottom
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals, 4th Floor, Duncan Building, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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Pysanenko A, Wang T, Spanel P, Smith D. Acetone, butanone, pentanone, hexanone and heptanone in the headspace of aqueous solution and urine studied by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1097-1104. [PMID: 19280607 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Urine is commonly analysed in clinical practice by a variety of liquid-phase techniques to check for excessive ketone bodies, proteins and salts to name just a few compounds. However, little work has been carried out to measure the volatile compounds emitted by urine since these do not yet have an established role in clinical diagnosis. There is, however, a growing body of evidence that these volatile compounds can be indicators of adverse physiological conditions and disease and with the advent of sensitive gas-phase analytical methods they can be quickly quantified in urine headspace and potentially provide valuable support for clinical diagnosis. Thus, we are developing selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS, for the real-time analysis of urine headspace, ultimately to support rapid diagnosis in the clinical environment. In this paper we focus on volatile ketones in the headspace of aqueous solutions and urine donated by three healthy volunteers. Using SIFT-MS, we have unambiguously quantified in urine headspace acetone, by far the most abundant ketone, butanone, pentanone, hexanone and heptanone using NO(+) precursor ions. Further to this, we have determined the Henry's Law coefficients, HLC, for these ketones in aqueous solution to allow the liquid-phase concentrations in urine to be estimated from headspace levels of their vapours. In addition, the influence of the addition of physiological amounts of dissolved urea, sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid on the partitioning of these ketones between the aqueous phase and gas phase has been investigated and found to be small, which gives greater credence to the use of the HLC obtained using aqueous solutions for the estimation of ketone concentrations in urine. Finally, parallel measurements of the levels of acetone in exhaled breath and urine headspace have been obtained and shown to be very similar, which gives support to the previous deduction from breath analysis that acetone is a truly systemic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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Sulé-Suso J, Pysanenko A, Španěl P, Smith D. Quantification of acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide in the headspace of malignant and non-malignant lung cells in vitro by SIFT-MS. Analyst 2009; 134:2419-25. [DOI: 10.1039/b916158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Senthilmohan ST, Kettle AJ, McEwan MJ, Dummer J, Edwards SJ, Wilson PF, Epton MJ. Detection of monobromamine, monochloramine and dichloramine using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry and their relevance as breath markers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:677-681. [PMID: 18257115 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report a fast, sensitive, real-time method to measure monobromamine, monochloramine and dichloramine using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). Relative rate coefficients and product distributions are reported for the reagent ions H3O+ and O2 +. Rapid reactions with the haloamines were observed with H3O+ and O2 + but no fast reaction was found with NO+. A slow reaction between NO+ and dichloramine was observed. We demonstrate the feasibility of determining these compounds in a single human breath for which the limit of detection is approaching 10 parts per billion (ppb). We also report preliminary measurements of these compounds in the breath of individuals where the concentrations of bromamine and chloramine ranged from 10 to 150 ppb.
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Julák J, Stránská E, Rosová V, Geppert H, Spanel P, Smith D. Bronchoalveolar lavage examined by solid phase microextraction, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 65:76-86. [PMID: 16048732 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Samples (210 in total) of broncholaveolar lavages (BALs), obtained from patients hospitalized with pneumonia in various departments of two hospitals, were analysed using the method of solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) with FID detection. Up to 20% (9% unequivocally, 11% probably) of these samples was found to contain volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in the series from acetic acid to heptanoic acid. Importantly, the presence of these acids indicates the presence of fermenting anaerobic bacteria, which were not detected by the conventional microbiological examination. Other compounds, namely the heptanol and cyclohexanone, were also detected by this method in some samples. Cyclohexanone occurred almost exclusively in samples from patients receiving intensive care with mechanical ventilation, and is suspected to originate from plastic parts of ventilators. Selected representative samples were also analysed using further methods, namely gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of native and silylated samples, and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). These methods confirmed the identities of above mentioned compounds, and detected numerous other compounds tentatively identified as various alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters and hydrogen cyanide, HCN. Most of these compounds occurred in small amounts and their origin and diagnostic significance remains uncertain, except, that is, for the HCN, which indicates the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Julák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, The First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnićkova 7, 128 08 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
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Wang T. A method for measuring enthalpy of volatilization of a compound, Delta(vol)H, from dilute aqueous solution. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2669-74. [PMID: 16915559 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study has developed a method for measuring the enthalpy of volatilization (Delta(vol)H) of a compound in a dilute solution via ion-molecule reactions and gas-phase analysis using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The Delta(vol)H/R value was obtained using an equation with three variant forms either from the headspace concentration of the solution or from individual product ion(s). Under certain experimental conditions, the equation has the simplest form [formula: see text], where R is the gas constant (8.314 J . mol(-1) . K(-1)), i(n) and I are the respective product and precursor ion count rates, and T is the temperature of the solution. As an example, a series of 27.0 micromol/L aqueous solutions of acetone was analyzed over a temperature range of 25-50 degrees C at 5 degrees C intervals using H3O+, NO+ and O2+* precursor ions, producing a mean Delta(vol)H/R value of 4700 +/- 200 K. This corresponds with current literature values and supports the consistency of the new method. Notably, using this method, as long as the concentration of the solution falls into the range of Henry's law, the exact concentration does not have to be known and it can require only one sample at each temperature. Compared with previous methods which involve the measurement of Henry's law constant at each temperature, this method significantly reduces the number of samples required and avoids the labour and difficulties in preparing standard solutions at very low concentrations. Further to this, if the contents of a solution were unknown the measured Delta(vol)H/R from individual product ion(s) can help to identify the origin of the ion(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Wang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Medical School, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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Smith D, Spanel P. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for on-line trace gas analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:661-700. [PMID: 15495143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is a new analytical technique for the real-time quantification of several trace gases simultaneously in air and breath. It relies on chemical ionization of the trace gas molecules in air/breath samples introduced into helium carrier gas using H(3)O(+), NO(+), and O(2) (+.) precursor ions. Reactions between the precursor ions and trace gas molecules proceed for an accurately defined time, the precursor and product ions being detected and counted by a downstream mass spectrometer, thus effecting quantification. Absolute concentrations of trace gases in single breath exhalation can be determined by SIFT-MS down to ppb levels, obviating sample collection and calibration. Illustrative examples of SIFT-MS studies include (i) analysis of gases from combustion engines, animals and their waste, and food; (ii) breath and urinary headspace studies of metabolites, ethanol metabolism, elevated acetone during ovulation, and exogenous compounds; and (iii) urinary infection and the presence of tumors, the influence of dialysis on breath ammonia, acetone, and isoprene, and acetaldehyde released by cancer cells in vitro. Flowing afterglow mass spectrometry (FA-MS) is briefly described, which allows on-line quantification of deuterium in breath water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.
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Spanel P, Wang T, Smith D. Coordinated FA-MS and SIFT-MS analyses of breath following ingestion of D2O and ethanol: total body water, dispersal kinetics and ethanol metabolism. Physiol Meas 2005; 26:447-57. [PMID: 15886440 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/26/4/011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A coordinated study of the dispersal of water between the various body compartments (stomach and gut, blood stream and tissue) and the similar dispersal kinetics of ethanol and its metabolism has been carried out involving two healthy volunteers using flowing afterglow mass spectrometry, FA-MS, and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, SIFT-MS. Thus, using these techniques, the variations of HDO and ethanol in breath, measured in successive single exhalations, were followed in real time after the ingestion of measured quantities of D2O and ethanol in proportion to the body weights of the subjects at the dose rates D2O approximately 0.283 g kg-1, ethanol approximately 0.067 g kg-1. During the FA-MS experimental periods (about 2 h), the dispersion of HDO into the body water and finally its equilibration in the total body water is observed from which total body water for each subject was determined. In the SIFT-MS measurements, the dispersion of ethanol into the body water and its loss via metabolism was observed until the physiological (pre-dose) breath level of ethanol for each individual was restored. A simple linear transformation is used to derive the time variations of the blood levels of HDO and ethanol. This has allowed a comparison of the fractions of the ingested ethanol that are metabolized during first-pass metabolism for the two subjects. Thus, in one subject 30% and in the other subject 40% of the ingested alcohol is metabolized in the first 20 min following ingestion. The good time resolution allowed by non-invasive breath analysis ensures that the rates of processes such as ethanol metabolism can be accurately measured. Simultaneous measurements of breath acetaldehyde (largely formed via the ethanol metabolism) and acetone were also performed during the SIFT-MS single breath exhalations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Spanel
- V Cermák Laboratory, J Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejskova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
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Deng C, Li N, Wang X, Zhang X, Zeng J. Rapid determination of acetone in human blood by derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl hydroxylamine followed by headspace liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:647-653. [PMID: 15700238 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, a simple, rapid, accurate and inexpensive method was developed for the determination of acetone in human blood. The proposed method is based on derivatization with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA), followed by headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In the present method, acetone in blood samples was derivatized with PFBHA and acetone oxime formed in several seconds. The formed oxime was enriched by HS-LPME using the organic solvent film (OSF) formed in a microsyringe barrel as extraction interface. Finally, the enriched oxime was analyzed by GC/MS in electron ionization (EI) mode. HS-LPME parameters including solvent, syringe plunger withdrawal rate, sampling volume, and extraction cycle were optimized and the method reproducibility, linearity, recovery and detection limit were studied. The proposed method was applied to determination of acetone in diabetes blood and normal blood. It has been shown that derivatization with HS-LPME and GC/MS is an alternative method for determination of the diabetes biomarker, acetone, in blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Current literature in journal of mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:347-356. [PMID: 12644999 DOI: 10.1002/jms.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Diskin AM, Spanel P, Smith D. Time variation of ammonia, acetone, isoprene and ethanol in breath: a quantitative SIFT-MS study over 30 days. Physiol Meas 2003; 24:107-19. [PMID: 12636190 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/24/1/308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A study of the concentrations of the common breath metabolites ammonia, acetone, isoprene, ethanol and acetaldehyde in the breath of five subjects over a period of 30 days has been carried out. Breath samples were taken and analysed in the early morning on arrival at the laboratory. The real time analyses of three consecutive breath exhalations were carried out using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) on line to the instrument. Sufficient data were obtained to allow meaningful concentration distributions to be obtained for ammonia, acetone, isoprene and ethanol. These showed that the ammonia, acetone and isoprene concentrations exhibited sensibly normal distributions, with coefficients of variation of typically 0.3. Obvious and statistically significant (p < 0.01) differences are apparent in the mean concentrations of these metabolites between the five individuals. The acetaldehyde concentrations were relatively low and close to the instrument detection limit, and the differences between the mean concentrations of the five subjects were not statistically significant (p = 0.4), so distributions were not obtained. The mean concentrations, in parts per billion (ppb), of each metabolite range amongst the five subjects are as follows: ammonia, 422-2389: acetone, 293-870; isoprene, 55-121; ethanol, 27-153; acetaldehyde, 2-5. There are no obvious patterns in the distributions of these particular metabolites for these individuals, except that the ammonia levels were greatest in the breath of the two oldest subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Diskin
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Diskin AM, Spanel P, Smith D. Increase of acetone and ammonia in urine headspace and breath during ovulation quantified using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Physiol Meas 2003; 24:191-9. [PMID: 12636196 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/24/1/314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) has been used for a detailed study of the daily variations in the acetone and ammonia content of the headspace above urine from a healthy female subject over the course of three separate menstrual cycles. Midstream urine samples were taken every morning prior to any food intake and the headspace subsequently analysed for a number of metabolites. Concurrent with the time of ovulation, a 3-to- 12-fold increase in the level of acetone in the urine headspace was observed. The successive peaks in acetone level and the subsequent return to baseline values were mirrored by similar increases in the ammonia levels, but these were a day out of phase. Interestingly, parallel breath analyses at ovulation showed no great increase in either acetone or ammonia above their normal morning levels, suggesting that these metabolites had been removed from the body during the night by the usual metabolic and physiological processes. The results of this study reveal what may be an important phenomenon at the time of ovulation and illustrate the potential and power of online SIFT-MS analysis in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Diskin
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Thomburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Smith D, Wang T, Sulé-Suso J, Spanel P, El Haj A. Quantification of acetaldehyde released by lung cancer cells in vitro using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:845-850. [PMID: 12672140 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The production of volatile compounds from cancer cell lines in vitro has been investigated using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). This technique enables on-line quantitative analyses of the headspace above cell/medium cultures. This paper reports the discovery that acetaldehyde is released by the lung cancer cell lines SK-MES and CALU-1. The concentration of acetaldehyde in the headspace of the medium/cell culture was measured after 16 h incubation at 37 degrees C and found to be proportional to the number of cancer cells in the medium (typically 10(8)). From these data, the acetaldehyde production rates of the SK-MES cells and the CALU-1 cells in vitro are determined to be 1 x 10(6) and 1.5-3 x 10(6) molecules/cell/min, respectively. The potential value of this new technique in cell biology and in industrial cell biotechnology is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Smith
- Centre for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.
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