1
|
Roviello GN, Gröschel S, Pedone C, Diederichsen U. Synthesis of novel MMT/acyl-protected nucleo alanine monomers for the preparation of DNA/alanyl-PNA chimeras. Amino Acids 2010; 38:1301-9. [PMID: 19629638 PMCID: PMC2860553 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alanyl-peptide nucleic acid (alanyl-PNA)/DNA chimeras are oligomers envisaged to be beneficial in efficient DNA diagnostics based on an improved molecular beacon concept. A synthesis of alanyl-PNA/DNA chimera can be based on the solid phase assembly of the oligomer with mixed oligonucleotide/peptide backbone under DNA synthesis conditions, in which the nucleotides are introduced as phosphoramidites, whereas the nucleo amino acids make use of the acid labile monomethoxytrityl (MMT) group for temporary protection of the alpha-amino groups and acyl protecting groups for the exocyclic amino functions of the nucleobases. In this work, we realized for the first time the synthesis of all four MMT/acyl-protected nucleo alanines, achieved by deprotection/reprotection of the newly synthesized Boc/acyl intermediates, useful monomers for the obtainment of (alanyl-PNA)/DNA chimeras by conditions fully compatible with the standard phosphoramidite DNA synthesis strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. N. Roviello
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - S. Gröschel
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C. Pedone
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - U. Diederichsen
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lönnberg H. Solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates useful for delivery and targeting of potential nucleic acid therapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1065-94. [PMID: 19175328 DOI: 10.1021/bc800406a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Olignucleotide-based drugs show promise as a novel form of chemotherapy. Among the hurdles that have to be overcome on the way of applicable nucleic acid therapeutics, inefficient cellular uptake and subsequent release from endosomes to cytoplasm appear to be the most severe ones. Covalent conjugation of oligonucleotides to molecules that expectedly facilitate the internalization, targets the conjugate to a specific cell-type or improves the parmacokinetics offers a possible way to combat against these shortcomings. Since workable chemistry is a prerequisite for biological studies, development of efficient and reproducible methods for preparation of various types of oligonucleotide conjugates has become a subject of considerable importance. The present review summarizes the advances made in the solid-supported synthesis of oligonucleotide conjugates aimed at facilitating the delivery and targeting of nucleic acid drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Porcheddu A, Giacomelli G, Piredda I, Carta M, Nieddu G. A Practical and Efficient Approach to PNA Monomers Compatible with Fmoc-Mediated Solid-Phase Synthesis Protocols. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Efimov VA, Choob MV, Buryakova AA, Chakhmakhcheva OG. Synthesis And Binding Study Of Phosphonate Analogues Of Pnas And Their Hybrids With Pnas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Efimov
- a Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow , 117871 , Russia
| | - Michael V. Choob
- a Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow , 117871 , Russia
| | - Alla A. Buryakova
- a Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow , 117871 , Russia
| | - Oksana G. Chakhmakhcheva
- a Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow , 117871 , Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uhlmann E, Will DW, Breipohl G, Peyman A, Langner D, Knolle J, O'Malley G. Synthesis of Polyamide Nucleic Acids (Pnas), Pna /Dna-Chimeras and Phosphonic Ester Nucleic Acids (Phonas). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Uhlmann
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| | - D. W. Will
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| | - G. Breipohl
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| | - A. Peyman
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| | - D. Langner
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| | - J. Knolle
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| | - G. O'Malley
- a Hoechst AG, Central Pharma Research G 838 , D-65926, Frankfurt , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lundin KE, Good L, Strömberg R, Gräslund A, Smith CIE. Biological activity and biotechnological aspects of peptide nucleic acid. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2006; 56:1-51. [PMID: 16735154 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(06)56001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During the latest decades a number of different nucleic acid analogs containing natural nucleobases on a modified backbone have been synthesized. An example of this is peptide nucleic acid (PNA), a DNA mimic with a noncyclic peptide-like backbone, which was first synthesized in 1991. Owing to its flexible and neutral backbone PNA displays very good hybridization properties also at low-ion concentrations and has subsequently attracted large interest both in biotechnology and biomedicine. Numerous modifications have been made, which could be of value for particular settings. However, the original PNA does so far perform well in many diverse applications. The high biostability makes it interesting for in vivo use, although the very limited diffusion over lipid membranes requires further modifications in order to make it suitable for treatment in eukaryotic cells. The possibility to use this nucleic acid analog for gene regulation and gene editing is discussed. Peptide nucleic acid is now also used for specific genetic detection in a number of diagnostic techniques, as well as for site-specific labeling and hybridization of functional molecules to both DNA and RNA, areas that are also discussed in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Lundin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mischiati C, Sereni A, Finotti A, Breda L, Cortesi R, Nastruzzi C, Romanelli A, Saviano M, Bianchi N, Pedone C, Borgatti M, Gambari R. Complexation to cationic microspheres of double-stranded peptide nucleic acid-DNA chimeras exhibiting decoy activity. J Biomed Sci 2005; 11:697-704. [PMID: 15316146 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The major aim of this paper was to determine whether cationic microspheres (CM), consisting of the permeable polymer Eudragit RS 100 plus the cationic surfactant dioctadecyl-dimethyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB(18)), could bind to double-stranded peptide nucleic acid PNA-DNA-PNA (PDP) chimeras exhibiting decoy activity against NF-kappaB transcription factors. Microspheres were produced by the 'solvent evaporation method' and centrifugation at 500, 1,000 and 3,000 rpm to obtain different-sized microparticles. Microsphere morphology, size and size distribution were determined by optical and electron microscopy observations. In order to determine their binding activity, double-stranded DNA-based and PDP-based decoy molecules were incubated with different amounts of microparticles in the presence of 100 ng of either (32)P-labeled DNA-DNA or DNA-PDP hybrid molecules or cold PDP-PDP hybrids. The complexes were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The resistance of (32)P-labeled DNA-DNA and DNA-PDP molecules in the presence of serum or cellular extracts was evaluated after binding to CM by gel electrophoresis analysis. DDAB(18) Eudragit RS 100 microspheres are able to bind to DNA-PDP and PDP-PDP hybrids, to deliver these molecules to target cells and to protect DNA-PDP molecules from enzymatic degradation in simulated biological fluids. In addition, when assayed in ex vivo conditions, DDAB(18) Eudragit RS 100 microspheres exhibited low toxicity. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that CM can be considered suitable formulations for pharmacogenomic therapy employing double-stranded PDP chimeras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mischiati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cortesi R, Mischiati C, Borgatti M, Breda L, Romanelli A, Saviano M, Pedone C, Gambari R, Nastruzzi C. Formulations for natural and peptide nucleic acids based on cationic polymeric submicron particles. AAPS J 2004; 6:10-21. [PMID: 18465254 PMCID: PMC2750937 DOI: 10.1208/ps060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/09/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the production and characterization of cationic submicron particles constituted with Eudragit RS 100, plus different cationic surfactants, such as dioctadecyl-dimethyl-ammonium bromide (DDAB18) and diisobutyphenoxyethyl-dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (DEBDA), as a transport and delivery system for DNA/DNA and DNA/peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybrids and PNA-DNA chimeras. Submicron particles could offer advantages over other delivery systems because they maintain unaltered physicochemical properties for long time periods, allowing long-term storage, and are suitable for industrial production. Submicron particles were characterized in terms of size, size distribution, morphology, and zeta potential. Moreover, the in vitro activity and ability of submicron particles to complex different types of nucleic acids were described. Finally, the ability of submicron particles to deliver functional genes to cells cultured in vitro was determined by a luciferase activity assay, demonstrating that submicron particles possess superior transfection efficiency with respect to commercially available, liposome-based transfection kits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cortesi
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Mischiati
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Breda
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Michele Saviano
- />Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carlo Pedone
- />Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- />Laboratory for the Development of Pharmacological and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia, Biotechnology Centre, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Nastruzzi
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Perugia Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, via del Liceo, 06100 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Virta P, Katajisto J, Niittymäki T, Lönnberg H. Solid-supported synthesis of oligomeric bioconjugates. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Borgatti M, Lampronti I, Romanelli A, Pedone C, Saviano M, Bianchi N, Mischiati C, Gambari R. Transcription factor decoy molecules based on a peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-DNA chimera mimicking Sp1 binding sites. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:7500-9. [PMID: 12446679 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206780200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are DNA-mimicking molecules in which the sugar-phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone composed of N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units. We determined whether double-stranded molecules based on PNAs and PNA-DNA-PNA (PDP) chimeras could be capable of stable interactions with nuclear proteins belonging to the Sp1 transcription factor family and, therefore, could act as decoy reagents able to inhibit molecular interactions between Sp1 and DNA. Since the structure of PNA/PNA hybrids is very different from that of the DNA/DNA double helix, they could theoretically alter the molecular structure of the double-stranded PNA-DNA-PNA chimeras, perturbing interactions with specific transcription factors. We found that PNA-based hybrids do not inhibit Sp1/DNA interactions. In contrast, hybrid molecules based on PNA-DNA-PNA chimeras are very effective decoy molecules, encouraging further experiments focused on the possible use of these molecules for the development of potential agents for a decoy approach in gene therapy. In this respect, the finding that PDP-based decoy molecules are more resistant than DNA/DNA hybrids to enzymatic degradation appears to be of great interest. Furthermore, their resistance can even be improved after complexation with cationic liposomes to which PDP/PDP chimeras are able to bind by virtue of their internal DNA structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borgatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ferrara University, Via L.Borsari n.46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romanelli A, Pedone C, Saviano M, Bianchi N, Borgatti M, Mischiati C, Gambari R. Molecular interactions with nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors of a PNA-DNA chimera mimicking NF-kappaB binding sites. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:6066-75. [PMID: 11733000 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The decoy approach against nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a useful tool to alter NF-kappaB dependent gene expression using synthetic oligonucleotides (ODNs) carrying NF-kappaB specific cis-elements. Unfortunately, ODNs are not stable and need to be be extensively modified to be used in vivo or ex vivo. We have previously evaluated the possible use of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as decoy molecules. The backbone of PNAs is composed of N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units, rendering these molecules resistant to both nucleases and proteases. We found that the binding of NF-kappaB transcription factors to PNAs was either very low (binding to PNA-PNA hybrids) or exhibited low stability (binding to PNA-DNA hybrids). The main consideration of the present paper was to determine whether PNA-DNA chimeras mimicking NF-kappaB binding sites are capable of stable interactions with proteins belonging to the NF-kappaB family. Molecular modeling was employed for the design of PNA-DNA chimeras; prediction of molecular interactions between chimeras and NF-kappaB nuclear proteins were investigated by molecular dynamics simulations, and interactions between PNA-DNA chimeras and NF-kappaB proteins were studied by gel shifts. We found significant differences between the structure of duplex NF-kappaB PNA-DNA chimera and duplex NF-kappaB DNA-DNA. However, it was found that these differences do not prevent the duplex PNA-DNA chimera from binding to NF-kappaB transcription factors, being able to suppress the molecular interactions between HIV-1 LTR and p50, p52 and nuclear factors from B-lymphoid cells. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the designed NF-kappaB DNA-PNA chimeras could be used for a decoy approach in gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Romanelli
- Biocrystallography Research Center, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu P, Wang W, Zhang H, Yang X, Liang TC, Gao X. Synthesis and characterization of a tetranucleotide analogue containing alternating phosphonate-amide backbone linkages. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:107-19. [PMID: 11197331 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is the synthesis and characterization of a tetranucleotide, 5'-dC-phosphonate-T-amide-T-ophosphonate-dC (III), in which the C-T and T-C steps contain a phosphonate backbone bond and T-T is a peptide nucleic acid dimer unit (neutral backbone). The 5'- and 3'-OH groups of the tetramer can be further derivatized and, thus, the compound is a potential building block for longer oligonucleotides which will contain alternating backbone modifications at designated positions. The synthesis involved first the preparation of two hybrid peptide-deoxyribose dinucleotides, CT-CO (I) and N-CT (II) (C and T are nucleobases; CO and N are carboxylic and amino terminal, respectively); each is linked through a phosphonate linkage. A condensation reaction between the two dimers, followed by deprotection, resulted in the formation of a peptide linkage to give the desired tetramer III. The reaction conditions used are mild to afford products in moderate to excellent yields. The DNA-PNA-DNA tetramer, d(CTTC), is a substrate for T4 kinase but fails to give a ligation product, even though NMR shows weak interactions between the tetramer III with its complementary sequence, d(GAAG).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Yu
- Department of Chemistry University of Houston, TX 77204-5641, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Malchère C, Verheijen J, van der Laan S, Bastide L, van Boom J, Lebleu B, Robbins I. A short phosphodiester window is sufficient to direct RNase H-dependent RNA cleavage by antisense peptide nucleic acid. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:463-8. [PMID: 11198930 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential pharmacologic benefits of using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as an antisense agent are tempered by its incapacity to activate RNase H. The mixed backbone oligonucleotide (ON) (or gapmer) approach, in which a short internal window of RNAse H-competent residues is embedded within an RNase H-incompetent ON has not been applied previously to PNA because PNA and DNA hybridize to RNA with very different helical structures, creating structural perturbations at the two PNA-DNA junctions. It is demonstrated here for the first time that a short internal phosphodiester window within a PNA is sufficient to evoke the RNase H-dependent cleavage of a targeted RNA and to abrogate translation elongation in a well-characterized in vitro assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Malchère
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, UMR 5535 and EP 2030, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Verheijen JC, Chen L, Bayly SF, Torrence PF, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Synthesis and RNAse L binding and activation of a 2-5A-(5')-DNA-(3')-PNA chimera, a novel potential antisense molecule. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:1821-30. [PMID: 11200276 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008045463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fully automated solid-phase synthesis gave access to a hybrid in which 5'-phosphorylated-2'-5'-linked oligoadenylate (2-5A) is connected to the 5'-terminus of DNA which, in turn, is linked at the 3'-end to PNA [2-5A-(5')-DNA-(3')-PNA chimera]. This novel antisense molecule retains full RNase L activation potency while suffering only a slight reduction in binding affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Verheijen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Verheijen JC, Deiman BALM, Yeheskiely E, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Efficient Hydrolysis of RNA by a PNA – Diethylenetriamine Adduct. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000117)112:2<377::aid-ange377>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
Larsen HJ, Bentin T, Nielsen PE. Antisense properties of peptide nucleic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1489:159-66. [PMID: 10807005 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a nucleic acid mimic in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone has been replaced by a pseudo-peptide polymer to which the nucleobases are linked. PNA-oligomers can be synthesized in relatively large amounts, are highly stable in biological environments, and bind complementary DNA and RNA targets with remarkably high affinity and specificity. Thus PNA possesses many of the properties desired for a good antisense agent. Until recently, limited uptake of PNA into cells has been the major obstacle for applying PNA as an antisense agent in cell cultures and in vivo. Here, the antisense properties of PNA in vitro and in vivo will be reviewed. In particular, we will focus on recent observations indicating that PNA equipped with or without various uptake moieties may function as an efficient and gene-specific inhibitor of translation in Escherichia coli and in certain mammalian cell types.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Membrane Permeability
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Carriers/metabolism
- Drug Stability
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/enzymology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization/drug effects
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Oxytocin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oxytocin/genetics
- Peptide Nucleic Acids/chemistry
- Peptide Nucleic Acids/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Galanin
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neurotensin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neurotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Ribonuclease H/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Larsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, The Panum Institute, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Verheijen JC, Roon AMMV, Laan ACVD, Marel GAVD, Boom JHV. Synthesis of DNA-(3′)-PNA Chimeras with Conformationally Restricted Linkers Based on 4-Hydroxyproline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779908043093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Gee JE, Robbins I, van der Laan AC, van Boom JH, Colombier C, Leng M, Raible AM, Nelson JS, Lebleu B. Assessment of high-affinity hybridization, RNase H cleavage, and covalent linkage in translation arrest by antisense oligonucleotides. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 1998; 8:103-11. [PMID: 9593048 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides (ONs) are designed to hybridize target mRNA in a sequence-specific manner and inhibit gene expression by preventing translation, either by activation of RNase H or steric blockage of the ribosome complex. Second-generation ONs, which possess greater binding affinity for target RNA relative to the isosequential phosphodiester (PO) ONs, have been developed and include, among others, peptide nucleic acids (PNA) and N3' P5' phosphoramidate oligonucleotides (npONs). In the present study, PNA and npON derivatives were targeted to the coding portion of the complementary mRNA of the N protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in order to evaluate their ability to arrest translation in an in vitro rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. High-affinity hybridization of ONs lacking RNase H activity was not sufficient to block translation in this test system. Only antisense ONs acting via an RNase H mechanism or by steric hindrance through covalent attachment (via transplatin modification) to the target mRNA were found to definitively arrest translation in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Gee
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peyman A, Uhlmann E, Wagner K, Augustin S, Weiser C, Will DW, Breipohl G. PHONA-PNA-Cooligomere: Nucleinsäure-Mimetica mit interessanten Eigenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Abstract
The biophysical and biological properties of PNA (peptide nucleic acid) is briefly reviewed with special emphasis on recent three dimensional structures of PNA-nucleic acid complexes and on structure-activity relations in terms of nucleic acid hybridization properties. 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Nielsen
- Biochemistry Laboratory B, Center for Biomolecular Recognition, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vinayak R, van der Laan AC, Brill R, Otteson K, Andrus A, Kuyl-Yeheskiely E, van Boom JH. Automated Chemical Synthesis of PNA and PNA-DNA Chimera on a Nucleic Acid Synthesizer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
van der Laan AC, Brill R, Kuimelis RG, Kuyl-Yeheskiely E, van Boom JH, Andrus A, Vinayak R. A convenient automated solid-phase synthesis of PNA-(5′)-DNA-(3′)-PNA chimera. Tetrahedron Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)00344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Uhlmann E, Will DW, Breipohl G, Langner D, Ryte A. Synthese und Eigenschaften von PNA/DNA-Chimären. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|