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Tamayo-Trujillo R, Guevara-Ramírez P, Cadena-Ullauri S, Paz-Cruz E, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Zambrano AK. Human virome: Implications in cancer. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14086. [PMID: 36873548 PMCID: PMC9957661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the human virome has gained importance, especially after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, due to its possible involvement in autoimmune, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Characterization of the human virome can be carried out by shotgun next-generation sequencing (metagenomics), which allows the identification of all viral communities in an environmental sample and the discovery of new viral families not previously described. Variations in viral quantity and diversity have been associated with disease development, mainly due to their effect on gut bacterial microbiota. Phages can regulate bacterial flora through lysogeny; this is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, chronic inflammation, or cancer. The virome characterization in different human body ecological niches could help elucidate these particles' role in disease. Hence, it is important to understand the virome's influence on human health and disease. The present review highlights the significance of the human virome and how it is associated with disease, focusing on virome composition, characterization, and its association with cancer.
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2
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Parisi F, Freer G, Mazzanti CM, Pistello M, Poli A. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) and MMTV-like Viruses: An In-depth Look at a Controversial Issue. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050977. [PMID: 35632719 PMCID: PMC9147501 DOI: 10.3390/v14050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery as a milk factor, mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has been shown to cause mammary carcinoma and lymphoma in mice. MMTV infection depends upon a viral superantigen (sag)-induced immune response and exploits the immune system to establish infection in mammary epithelial cells when they actively divide. Simultaneously, it avoids immune responses, causing tumors through insertional mutagenesis and clonal expansion. Early studies identified antigens and sequences belonging to a virus homologous to MMTV in human samples. Several pieces of evidence fulfill a criterion for a possible causal role for the MMTV-like virus in human breast cancer (BC), though the controversy about whether this virus was linked to BC has raged for over 40 years in the literature. In this review, the most important issues related to MMTV, from its discovery to the present days, are retraced to fully explore such a controversial issue. Furthermore, the hypothesis of an MMTV-like virus raised the question of a potential zoonotic mouse–man transmission. Several studies investigate the role of an MMTV-like virus in companion animals, suggesting their possible role as mediators. Finally, the possibility of an MMTV-like virus as a cause of human BC opens a new era for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Chiara Maria Mazzanti
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini, 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Italy;
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge, 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Kasai Y, Gan SP, Funaki T, Ohashi‐Kumagai Y, Tominaga M, Shiu S, Suzuki D, Matsubara D, Sakamoto T, Sakurai‐Yageta M, Ito T, Murakami Y. Trans-homophilic interaction of CADM1 promotes organ infiltration of T-cell lymphoma by adhesion to vascular endothelium. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:1669-1678. [PMID: 35213073 PMCID: PMC9128163 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial step of organ infiltration of malignant cells is the interaction with host vascular endothelial cells, which is often mediated by specific combinations of cell adhesion molecules. Cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) is overexpressed in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and provides a cell-surface diagnostic marker. CADM1 promotes the adhesion of ATL cells to vascular endothelial cells and multiple organ infiltration in mice. However, its binding partner on host cells has not yet been identified. In this study, we show that CADM1 promotes transendothelial migration of ATL cells in addition to the adhesion to vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, CADM1 enhances liver infiltration of mouse T-cell lymphoma cells, EL4, after tail vein injection, whereas a CADM1 mutant lacking adhesive activity did not. Among the known CADM1-binding proteins expressed in primary endothelial cells, only CADM1 and CADM4 could induce morphological extension of ATL cells when plated onto glass coated with these proteins. Furthermore, CADM1-mediated liver infiltration of EL4 cells was canceled in conventional and vascular endothelium-specific Cadm1 knockout mice, whereas it was not canceled in Cadm4 knockout mice. These results suggest that CADM1 on host vascular endothelial cells is required for organ infiltration of ATL and other T-cell lymphomas expressing CADM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kasai
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Siew Pey Gan
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Toko Funaki
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yuki Ohashi‐Kumagai
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Mizuki Tominaga
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Shu‐Jen Shiu
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Diagnostic PathologyUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Department of Cancer BiologyInstitute of Biomedical ScienceKansai Medical UniversityHirakataJapan
| | - Mika Sakurai‐Yageta
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank OrganizationTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Institute of Medical ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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4
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Ghobadi MZ, Emamzadeh R, Afsaneh E. Exploration of mRNAs and miRNA classifiers for various ATLL cancer subtypes using machine learning. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:433. [PMID: 35449091 PMCID: PMC9026691 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a cancer disease that is developed due to the infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. It can be classified into four main subtypes including, acute, chronic, smoldering, and lymphoma. Despite the clinical manifestations, there are no reliable diagnostic biomarkers for the classification of these subtypes. Methods Herein, we employed a machine learning approach, namely, Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross-Validation (SVM-RFECV) to classify the different ATLL subtypes from Asymptomatic Carriers (ACs). The expression values of multiple mRNAs and miRNAs were used as the features. Afterward, the reliable miRNA-mRNA interactions for each subtype were identified through exploring the experimentally validated-target genes of miRNAs. Results The results revealed that miR-21 and its interactions with DAAM1 and E2F2 in acute, SMAD7 in chronic, MYEF2 and PARP1 in smoldering subtypes could significantly classify the diverse subtypes. Conclusions Considering the high accuracy of the constructed model, the identified mRNAs and miRNA are proposed as the potential therapeutic targets and the prognostic biomarkers for various ATLL subtypes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09540-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rahman Emamzadeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Elaheh Afsaneh
- Department of Physics, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jarib, Isfahan, 81746, Iran
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Jo T, Noguchi K, Sakai T, Kubota-Koketsu R, Irie S, Matsuo M, Taguchi J, Abe K, Shigematsu K. HTLV-1 Tax-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes in long-term survivors of aggressive-type adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3238-3250. [PMID: 35315593 PMCID: PMC9468428 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a relatively refractory peripheral T‐cell lymphoma caused by human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1). The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of long‐term survivors with ATLL. Methods We conducted an observational study of 75 aggressive‐type ATLL patients. Flow cytometry was conducted to analyze HTLV‐1 Tax‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTLs) and T‐cell receptor Vβ gene repertoire. Results We first evaluated six long‐term survivors among 37 patients who were newly diagnosed with ATLL and then treated with intensive chemotherapy without mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody for C‐C chemokine receptor four antigen. Reversal of the CD4‐to‐CD8 ratio (CD4/CD8) in peripheral mononuclear cells was observed in all six patients. Three of these six patients showed reversed CD4/CD8 immediately after herpes virus infection. Four of these six patients who could be examined demonstrated long‐term maintenance of HTLV‐1 Tax‐specific CTLs. We subsequently identified four long‐term survivors among 38 patients who were newly diagnosed with ATLL and then treated with intensive chemotherapy plus mogamulizumab. All four patients showed reversed CD4/CD8, and three of the four patients contracted herpes virus infection during immunochemotherapy. Six of the total 10 patients were subjected to CTL analyses. Tax‐specific CTLs were observed, and the CTLs that were almost entirely composed of memory CTLs in all patients were recorded. HTLV‐1 provirus was also detected in all six patients. Conclusions These data suggest that Tax‐specific memory CTLs probably, together with anticancer agents, eradicate ATLL cells and exhibit long‐term preventive effects from relapse ATLL. Thus, the strong activation of cellular immunity, such as herpes virus infection, seems to be necessary to induce such a potent number of Tax‐specific CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Jo
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Noguchi
- Department of Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakai
- Department of Laboratory, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sadaharu Irie
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Matsuo
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Taguchi
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kuniko Abe
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuto Shigematsu
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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Emanuele Liardo RL, Borzì AM, Spatola C, Martino B, Privitera G, Basile F, Biondi A, Vacante M. Effects of infections on the pathogenesis of cancer. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:431-445. [PMID: 34380789 PMCID: PMC8354054 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_339_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown an inverse relationship between acute infections and cancer development. On the other hand, there is a growing evidence that chronic infections may contribute significantly to the carcinogenesis. Factors responsible for increased susceptibility to infections may include modifications of normal defence mechanisms or impairment of host immunity due to altered immune function, genetic polymorphisms, ageing and malnourishment. Studies have demonstrated that children exposed to febrile infectious diseases show a subsequent reduced risk for ovarian cancer, melanoma and many other cancers, while common acute infections in adults are associated with reduced risks for melanoma, glioma, meningioma and multiple cancers. Chronic inflammation associated with certain infectious diseases has been suggested as a cause for the development of tumours. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis due to infections include cell proliferation and DNA replication by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, production of toxins that affect the cell cycle and lead to abnormal cell growth and inhibition of apoptosis. This review was aimed to summarize the available evidence on acute infections as a means of cancer prevention and on the role of chronic infections in the development and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Luca Emanuele Liardo
- Radiodiagnostic & Oncological Radiotherapy Unit, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco’ Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Spatola
- Radiodiagnostic & Oncological Radiotherapy Unit, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco’ Catania, Italy
| | - Barbara Martino
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Privitera
- Radiodiagnostic & Oncological Radiotherapy Unit, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco’ Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Vacante
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
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Takenouchi N, Tanaka M, Sato T, Yao J, Fujisawa JI, Izumo S, Kubota R, Matsuura E. Expression of TSLC1 in patients with HAM/TSP. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:404-414. [PMID: 32285300 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is chronic myelopathy characterized by slowly progressive spastic paraparesis and urinary dysfunction. A few biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid are known to be related to disease activity, but no biomarker has been reported in peripheral blood. This study aims to explore the expression level of the adhesion molecule during the expression level of the adhesion molecule among HAM/TSP disease activity. In lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 and DNAX accessory molecule 1, no variation in expression levels specific to HTLV-1 infection was observed in CD4-positive T cells; however, TSLC1 expression was higher in HAM patients than in asymptomatic carriers and non-infected persons. TSLC1 tended to be higher in patients whose symptoms were worsening. On the contrary, the expression level of TSLC1 in CD8-positive T cells was lower in HAM patients than in asymptomatic carriers, and this tendency was stronger in patients whose symptoms had deteriorated. No significant correlation was found between TSLC1 and either of the transcription factors Tax or HBZ in any T cell group. Therefore, TSLC1 expression in CD4-positive T cells might be a useful biomarker of HAM/TSP disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Takenouchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan. .,Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Teruaki Sato
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan.,Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Jinchun Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Fujisawa
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shuji Izumo
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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Viral Oncology: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6120111. [PMID: 29186062 PMCID: PMC5742800 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6120111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncoviruses are implicated in approximately 12% of all human cancers. A large number of the world's population harbors at least one of these oncoviruses, but only a small proportion of these individuals go on to develop cancer. The interplay between host and viral factors is a complex process that works together to create a microenvironment conducive to oncogenesis. In this review, the molecular biology and oncogenic pathways of established human oncoviruses will be discussed. Currently, there are seven recognized human oncoviruses, which include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV). Available and emerging therapies for these oncoviruses will be mentioned.
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Kozakai T, Takahashi M, Higuchi M, Hara T, Saito K, Tanaka Y, Masuko M, Takizawa J, Sone H, Fujii M. MAGI-1 expression is decreased in several types of human T-cell leukemia cell lines, including adult T-cell leukemia. Int J Hematol 2017; 107:337-344. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Shimoda K, Shide K, Kameda T, Hidaka T, Kubuki Y, Kamiunten A, Sekine M, Akizuki K, Shimoda H, Yamaji T, Nakamura K, Abe H, Miike T, Iwakiri H, Tahara Y, Sueta M, Yamamoto S, Hasuike S, Nagata K, Kitanaka A. TET2 Mutation in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2016; 55:145-9. [PMID: 26763362 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.55.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function of ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) is a common event in myeloid malignancies, and plays pleiotropic roles, including augmenting stem cell self-renewal and skewing hematopoietic cells to the myeloid lineage. TET2 mutation has also been reported in lymphoid malignancies; 5.7~12% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and 18~83% of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas had TET2 mutations. We investigated TET2 mutations in 22 adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) patients and identified a missense mutation in 3 cases (14%). TET2 mutation occurred in a number of ATLL patients and was likely involved in their leukemogenesis.
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11
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Chen Y, Williams V, Filippova M, Filippov V, Duerksen-Hughes P. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2155-86. [PMID: 25340830 PMCID: PMC4276961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of 10%-15% of human cancers worldwide. The most common outcome for virus-induced reprogramming is genomic instability, including accumulation of mutations, aberrations and DNA damage. Although each virus has its own specific mechanism for promoting carcinogenesis, the majority of DNA oncogenic viruses encode oncogenes that transform infected cells, frequently by targeting p53 and pRB. In addition, integration of viral DNA into the human genome can also play an important role in promoting tumor development for several viruses, including HBV and HPV. Because viral integration requires the breakage of both the viral and the host DNA, the integration rate is believed to be linked to the levels of DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, including inflammation induced by either the virus itself or by co-infections with other agents, environmental agents and other factors. Typically, cancer develops years to decades following the initial infection. A better understanding of virus-mediated carcinogenesis, the networking of pathways involved in transformation and the relevant risk factors, particularly in those cases where tumorigenesis proceeds by way of virus integration, will help to suggest prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of virus-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Vonetta Williams
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Maria Filippova
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Nakahata S, Ichikawa T, Maneesaay P, Saito Y, Nagai K, Tamura T, Manachai N, Yamakawa N, Hamasaki M, Kitabayashi I, Arai Y, Kanai Y, Taki T, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Shimoda K, Ohshima K, Horii A, Shima H, Taniwaki M, Yamaguchi R, Morishita K. Loss of NDRG2 expression activates PI3K-AKT signalling via PTEN phosphorylation in ATLL and other cancers. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3393. [PMID: 24569712 PMCID: PMC3948061 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT activation has a causal role in adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma (ATLL) and other cancers. ATLL cells do not harbour genetic alterations in PTEN and PI3KCA but express high levels of PTEN that is highly phosphorylated at its C-terminal tail. Here we report a mechanism for the N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2)-dependent regulation of PTEN phosphatase activity via the dephosphorylation of PTEN at the Ser380, Thr382 and Thr383 cluster within the C-terminal tail. We show that NDRG2 is a PTEN-binding protein that recruits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) to PTEN. The expression of NDRG2 is frequently downregulated in ATLL, resulting in enhanced phosphorylation of PTEN at the Ser380/Thr382/Thr383 cluster and enhanced activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Given the high incidence of T-cell lymphoma and other cancers in NDRG2-deficient mice, PI3K-AKT activation via enhanced PTEN phosphorylation may be critical for the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nakahata
- 1] Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan [2]
| | - Tomonaga Ichikawa
- 1] Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan [2]
| | - Phudit Maneesaay
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Nishi 1-1, Gakuen Kibana Dai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Saito
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagai
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Nawin Manachai
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Norio Yamakawa
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Makoto Hamasaki
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Issay Kitabayashi
- Division of Hematological Malignancy, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Arai
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Taki
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, 67 Asahimati, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Akira Horii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shima
- Division of Cancer Chemotherapy, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-Shiode, Natori 981-1293, Japan
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Department of Molecular Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Miyazaki, Nishi 1-1, Gakuen Kibana Dai, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Matsuoka M, Yasunaga JI. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1: replication, proliferation and propagation by Tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:684-91. [PMID: 24060211 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) spreads primarily by cell-to-cell transmission. Therefore, HTLV-1 promotes the proliferation of infected cells to facilitate transmission. In HTLV-1 infected individuals, the provirus is present mainly in effector/memory T cells and Foxp3+ T cells. Recent study suggests that this immunophenotype is acquired by infected cells through the function of HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ). Tax, which is encoded by the plus strand, is crucial for viral replication and de novo infection, while HBZ, encoded by the minus strand, is important for proliferation of infected cells. Importantly, HBZ and Tax have opposing functions in most transcription pathways. HBZ and Tax cooperate in elaborate ways to permit viral replication, proliferation of infected cells and propagation of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Matsuoka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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14
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Kozako T, Arima N, Yoshimitsu M, Honda SI, Soeda S. Liposomes and nanotechnology in drug development: focus on oncotargets. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4943-51. [PMID: 23028222 PMCID: PMC3446859 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is the development of an engineered device at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular level in the nanometer range. Advances in nanotechnology have proven beneficial in therapeutic fields such as drug-delivery and gene/protein delivery. Antigen delivery systems are important for inducing and modifying immune responses. In cellular immunity, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important in the host defense against tumors. Key to the development of CTL-inducible vaccines is the ability to deliver antigens to antigen-presenting cells efficiently and to induce the subsequent activation of T cell-mediated immunity without adjuvants, as they can induce excessive inflammation leading to systemic febrile disease. Since expression and cloning methods for tumor-associated antigens have been reported, cancer vaccines that induce effective cell immunity may be promising therapeutic candidates, but Th2 cells are undesirable for use in cancer immunotherapy. Peptide vaccines have immunological and economic advantages as cancer vaccines because CTL epitope peptides from tumor-associated antigens have high antigen-specificity. However, cancer vaccines have had limited effectiveness in clinical responses due to the ability of cancer cells to “escape” from cancer immunity and a low efficiency of antigen-specific CTL induction due to immunogenic-free synthetic peptides. In contrast, carbohydrate-decorated particles such as carbohydrate-coated liposomes with encapsulated antigens might be more suitable as antigen delivery vehicles to antigen-presenting cells. Oligomannose-coated liposomes (OML) can eliminate established tumors in mouse cancer models. In addition, OMLs with an encased antigen can induce antigen-specific CTLs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from patients. Feasibility studies of OML-based vaccines have revealed their potential for clinical use as vaccines for diseases where CTLs act as effector cells. Furthermore, use of the hepatitis B core particle, in which tumor-antigen epitopes are set, has consistently been shown to induce strong CTL responses without the use of an adjuvant. Thus, nanoparticles may provide a new prophylactic strategy for infectious disease and therapeutic approaches for cancer via the induction of T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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15
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Olière S, Douville R, Sze A, Belgnaoui SM, Hiscott J. Modulation of innate immune responses during human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:197-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Lairmore MD, Anupam R, Bowden N, Haines R, Haynes RAH, Ratner L, Green PL. Molecular determinants of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 transmission and spread. Viruses 2011; 3:1131-65. [PMID: 21994774 PMCID: PMC3185783 DOI: 10.3390/v3071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infects approximately 15 to 20 million people worldwide, with endemic areas in Japan, the Caribbean, and Africa. The virus is spread through contact with bodily fluids containing infected cells, most often from mother to child through breast milk or via blood transfusion. After prolonged latency periods, approximately 3 to 5% of HTLV-1 infected individuals will develop either adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), or other lymphocyte-mediated disorders such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The genome of this complex retrovirus contains typical gag, pol, and env genes, but also unique nonstructural proteins encoded from the pX region. These nonstructural genes encode the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins, as well as novel proteins essential for viral spread in vivo such as, p30, p12, p13 and the antisense encoded HBZ. While progress has been made in the understanding of viral determinants of cell transformation and host immune responses, host and viral determinants of HTLV-1 transmission and spread during the early phases of infection are unclear. Improvements in the molecular tools to test these viral determinants in cellular and animal models have provided new insights into the early events of HTLV-1 infection. This review will focus on studies that test HTLV-1 determinants in context to full length infectious clones of the virus providing insights into the mechanisms of transmission and spread of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lairmore
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-9203; Fax: +1-614-292-6473
| | - Rajaneesh Anupam
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Nadine Bowden
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Robyn Haines
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Rashade A. H. Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8069, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mail: (L.R.)
| | - Patrick L. Green
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; E-Mails: (R.A.); (N.B.); (R.H.); (R.A.H.H.); (P.L.G.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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17
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Kozako T, Hirata S, Shimizu Y, Satoh Y, Yoshimitsu M, White Y, Lemonnier F, Shimeno H, Soeda S, Arima N. Oligomannose-coated liposomes efficiently induce human T-cell leukemia virus-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes without adjuvant. FEBS J 2011; 278:1358-66. [PMID: 21332943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, which is an aggressive peripheral T-cell neoplasm. Insufficient T-cell response to HTLV-1 is a potential risk factor in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Efficient induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes is important for immunological suppression of virus-infected cell proliferation and oncogenesis, but efficient induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes has evaded strategies utilizing poorly immunogenic free synthetic peptides. Here, we examined the efficient induction of an HTLV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell response by oligomannose-coated liposomes (OMLs) encapsulating the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted HTLV-1 Tax-epitope (OML/Tax). Immunization of HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice with OML/Tax induced an HTLV-1-specific gamma-interferon reaction, whereas immunization with epitope peptide alone induced no reaction. Upon exposure of dendritic cells to OML/Tax, the levels of CD86, major histocompatibility complex class I, HLA-A02 and major histocompatibility complex class II expression were increased. In addition, our results showed that HTLV-1-specific CD8+ T cells can be efficiently induced by OML/Tax from HTLV-1 carriers compared with epitope peptide alone, and these HTLV-1-specific CD8+ T cells were able to lyse cells presenting the peptide. These results suggest that OML/Tax is capable of inducing antigen-specific cellular immune responses without adjuvants and may be useful as an effective vaccine carrier for prophylaxis in tumors and infectious diseases by substituting the epitope peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kozako
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
The year 2011 marks the centenary of Francis Peyton Rous's landmark experiments on an avian cancer virus. Since then, seven human viruses have been found to cause 10-15% of human cancers worldwide. Viruses have been central to modern cancer research and provide profound insights into both infectious and non-infectious cancer causes. This diverse group of viruses reveals unexpected connections between innate immunity, immune sensors and tumour suppressor signalling that control both viral infection and cancer. This Timeline article describes common features of human tumour viruses and discusses how new technologies can be used to identify infectious causes of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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19
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and leukemic transformation: viral infectivity, Tax, HBZ and therapy. Oncogene 2010; 30:1379-89. [PMID: 21119600 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus discovered to be causative of a human cancer, adult T-cell leukemia. The transforming entity of HTLV-1 has been attributed to the virally-encoded oncoprotein, Tax. Unlike the v-onc proteins encoded by other oncogenic animal retroviruses that transform cells, Tax does not originate from a c-onc counterpart. In this article, we review progress in our understanding of HTLV-1 infectivity, cellular transformation, anti-sense transcription and therapy, 30 years after the original discovery of this virus.
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20
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Kameda T, Shide K, Shimoda HK, Hidaka T, Kubuki Y, Katayose K, Taniguchi Y, Sekine M, Kamiunntenn A, Maeda K, Nagata K, Matsunaga T, Shimoda K. Absence of gain-of-function JAK1 and JAK3 mutations in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:320-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bergonzini V, Salata C, Calistri A, Parolin C, Palù G. View and review on viral oncology research. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:11. [PMID: 20497566 PMCID: PMC2881002 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, almost one and a half million cases of cancer are diagnosed every year in the US and nearly 560,000 Americans are expected to die of cancer in the current year, more than 1,500 people a day (data from the American Cancer Society at http://www.cancer.org/). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly 20% of all cancers worldwide results from chronic infections; in particular, up to 15% of human cancers is characterized by a viral aetiology with higher incidence in Developing Countries. The link between viruses and cancer was one of the pivotal discoveries in cancer research during the past Century. Indeed, the infectious nature of specific tumors has important implications in terms of their prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. In the 21st Century, the research on viral oncology field continues to be vigorous, with new significant and original studies on viral oncogenesis and translational research from basic virology to treatment of cancer. This review will cover different viral oncology aspects, starting from the history of viral oncology and moving to the peculiar features of oncogenic RNA and DNA viruses, with a special focus on human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bergonzini
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Cristiano Salata
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, Padova 35123, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Microbiology and Virology, University of Padova, Via A Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy
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22
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Zimmerman B, Niewiesk S, Lairmore MD. Mouse models of human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:677-89. [PMID: 20442421 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus discovered, is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a number of lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory conditions including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Development of animal models to study the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases has been problematic. Mechanisms of early infection and cell-to-cell transmission can be studied in rabbits and nonhuman primates, but lesion development and reagents are limited in these species. The mouse provides a cost-effective, highly reproducible model in which to study factors related to lymphoma development and the preclinical efficacy of potential therapies against ATL. The ability to manipulate transgenic mice has provided important insight into viral genes responsible for lymphocyte transformation. Expansion of various strains of immunodeficient mice has accelerated the testing of drugs and targeted therapy against ATL. This review compares various mouse models to illustrate recent advances in the understanding of HTLV-1-associated ATL development and how improvements in these models are critical to the future development of targeted therapies against this aggressive T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zimmerman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Goss Laboratory, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093, USA
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23
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Masuda M, Maruyama T, Ohta T, Ito A, Hayashi T, Tsukasaki K, Kamihira S, Yamaoka S, Hoshino H, Yoshida T, Watanabe T, Stanbridge EJ, Murakami Y. CADM1 interacts with Tiam1 and promotes invasive phenotype of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-transformed cells and adult T-cell leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15511-15522. [PMID: 20215110 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.076653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CADM1 encodes a multifunctional immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule whose cytoplasmic domain contains a type II PSD95/Dlg/ZO-1 (PDZ)-binding motif (BM) for associating with other intracellular proteins. Although CADM1 lacks expression in T lymphocytes of healthy individuals, it is overexpressed in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) cells. It has been suggested that the expression of CADM1 protein promotes infiltration of leukemic cells into various organs and tissues, which is one of the frequent clinical manifestations of ATL. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that Tiam1 (T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1), a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, has a type II PDZ domain similar to those of membrane-associated guanylate kinase homologs (MAGUKs) that are known to bind to the PDZ-BM of CADM1. In this study, we demonstrated that the cytoplasmic domain of CADM1 directly interacted with the PDZ domain of Tiam1 and induced formation of lamellipodia through Rac activation in HTLV-I-transformed cell lines as well as ATL cell lines. Our results indicate that Tiam1 integrates signals from CADM1 to regulate the actin cytoskeleton through Rac activation, which may lead to tissue infiltration of leukemic cells in ATL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Masuda
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Tumor Suppression and Functional Genomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Maruyama
- Tumor Suppression and Functional Genomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohta
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ito
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomayoshi Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Tsukasaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Hematology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shimeru Kamihira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hoshino
- Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Eric J Stanbridge
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Yoshinori Murakami
- Tumor Suppression and Functional Genomics Project, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Abstract
Viruses are associated with 15-20% of human cancers worldwide. In the last century, many studies were directed towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms and genetic alterations by which viruses cause cancer. The importance of epigenetics in the regulation of gene expression has prompted the investigation of virus and host interactions not only at the genetic level but also at the epigenetic level. In this study, we summarize the published epigenetic information relating to the genomes of viruses directly or indirectly associated with the establishment of tumorigenic processes. We also review aspects such as viral replication and latency associated with epigenetic changes and summarize what is known about epigenetic alterations in host genomes and the implications of these for the tumoral process. The advances made in characterizing epigenetic features in cancer-causing viruses have improved our understanding of their functional mechanisms. Knowledge of the epigenetic changes that occur in the genome of these viruses should provide us with markers for following cancer progression, as well as new tools for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Fernandez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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25
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Silbermann K, Schneider G, Grassmann R. Stimulation of interleukin-13 expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax via a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-kappaB and NFAT. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:2788-2798. [PMID: 18931077 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/003699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein transforms human lymphocytes and is critical for the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukaemia. In HTLV-transformed cells, Tax upregulates interleukin (IL)-13, a cytokine with proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions that is linked to leukaemogenesis. Tax-stimulated IL-13 is thought to result in autocrine stimulation of HTLV-infected cells and thus may be relevant to their growth. The causal transactivation of the IL-13 promoter by Tax is predominantly dependent on a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-binding P element. Here, it was shown that the isolated IL-13 Tax-responsive element (IL13TaxRE) was sufficient to mediate IL-13 transactivation by Tax and NFAT1. However, cyclosporin A, a specific NFAT inhibitor, revealed that Tax transactivation of IL13TaxRE or wild-type IL-13 promoter was independent of NFAT and that NFAT did not contribute to IL-13 upregulation in HTLV-transformed cells. By contrast, Tax stimulation was repressible by an efficient nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB inhibitor (IkBaDN), indicating the requirement for NF-kappaB. The capacity of NF-kappaB to stimulate IL13TaxRE was demonstrated by a strong response to NF-kappaB in reporter assays and by direct binding of NF-kappaB to IL13TaxRE. Thus, IL13TaxRE in the IL-13 promoter represents a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-kappaB and NFAT. Together, these results indicate that Tax causes IL-13 upregulation in HTLV-1-infected cells via NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Silbermann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Grit Schneider
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralph Grassmann
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Adhesion-dependent growth of primary adult T cell leukemia cells with down-regulation of HTLV-I p40Tax protein: a novel in vitro model of the growth of acute ATL cells. Int J Hematol 2008; 88:551-564. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-008-0207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Laybourn P. The ups and downs of Tax and histones in adult T-cell leukemogenesis. Future Oncol 2008; 4:311-7. [PMID: 18518755 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.4.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Usui T, Yanagihara K, Tsukasaki K, Murata K, Hasegawa H, Yamada Y, Kamihira S. Characteristic expression of HTLV-1 basic zipper factor (HBZ) transcripts in HTLV-1 provirus-positive cells. Retrovirology 2008; 5:34. [PMID: 18426605 PMCID: PMC2386809 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HTLV-1 causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Although there have been many studies on the oncogenesis of the viral protein Tax, the precise oncogenic mechanism remains to be elucidated. Recently, a new viral factor, HTLV-1 basic Zip factor (HBZ), encoded from the minus strand mRNA was discovered and the current models of Tax-centered ATL cell pathogenesis are in conflict with this discovery. HBZs consisting of non-spliced and spliced isoforms (HBZ-SI) are thought to be implicated in viral replication and T-cell proliferation but there is little evidence on the HBZ expression profile on a large scale. Results To investigate the role of HBZ-SI in HTLV-1 provirus-positive cells, the HBZ-SI and Tax mRNA loads in samples with a mixture of infected and non-infected cells were measured and then adjusted by dividing by the HTLV-I proviral load. We show here that the HBZ-SI mRNA level is 4-fold higher than non-spliced HBZ and is expressed by almost all cells harboring HTLV-1 provirus with variable intensity. The proviral-adjusted HBZ-SI and Tax quantification revealed a characteristic imbalanced expression feature of high HBZ and low Tax expression levels in primary ATL cells or high HBZ and very high Tax levels in HTLV-1-related cell lines (cell lines) compared with a standard expression profile of low HBZ and low Tax in infected cells. Interestingly, according to the mutual Tax and HBZ expression status, HTLV-1-related cell lines were subcategorized into two groups, an ATL cell type with high HBZ and low Tax levels and another type with high Tax and either high or low HBZ, which was closely related to its cell origin. Conclusion This is the first comprehensive study to evaluate the mutual expression profile of HBZ and Tax in provirus-positive cells, revealing that there are quantitative and relative characteristic features among infected cells, primary ATL cells, and cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Usui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki City, Japan.
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Barbeau B, Mesnard JM. Does the HBZ gene represent a new potential target for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia? Int Rev Immunol 2008; 26:283-304. [PMID: 18027202 DOI: 10.1080/08830180701690843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Links between human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) were first suspected in 1980. Provirus integration has since been found in all ATL cells. Although the viral Tax protein is involved in the proliferation of the infected cells during the preleukemic stage, Tax expression is not systematically detected in primary leukemic cells. Recent studies found that the viral HBZ gene was always expressed in leukemic cells, suggesting its involvement in the progression of the infected cells toward malignancy. How could this new discovery be translated into possible new avenues for the prevention or treatment of ATL?
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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