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Pradhan BK, Tyagi P, Pal S, Mauraya AK, Roopa, Aggarwal V, Pal P, Kushvaha SS, Muthusamy SK. Role of Surface Chemistry of Ta Metal Foil on the Growth of GaN Nanorods by Laser Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Their Field Emission Characteristics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38427781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of surface nitridation of Ta metal foil substrates on the growth of GaN nanorods using the laser molecular beam epitaxy (LMBE) technique and the field emission characteristics of the grown GaN nanorod ensemble. Surface morphology examinations underscore the pivotal role of Ta foil nitridation in shaping the dimensions and densities of GaN nanorods. Bare Ta foil fosters the formation of high-density, vertically self-aligned GaN nanorods at a growth temperature of 700 °C. Furthermore, the density of these nanorods is directly related to the duration of Ta foil nitridation, with increased duration leading to a reduced nanorod density. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) studies reveal that the transition of the Ta foil surface from tantalum oxide to tantalum nitride during nitridation emerges as a crucial factor influencing GaN nanorod growth. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at ambient temperature reveals a strong near-band-edge (NBE) emission peak with negligible defect-related peaks, displaying the high optical quality of the GaN nanorods. The highly dense vertically aligned GaN nanorod ensemble growth without Ta prenitridation exhibits the most favorable field emission performance, featuring a turn-on field of 2.1 V/μm, a field enhancement factor of 2480, and a stable long-term operation at the emission current density of 2.26 mA/cm2. This study advances the understanding of the role of the surface chemistry of metal foil in determining GaN nanorod growth and opens up exciting possibilities for tailoring advanced optoelectronic devices for specific application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Kumar Pradhan
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prashant Tyagi
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Samanta Pal
- CSIR─Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mauraya
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Roopa
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Aggarwal
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prabir Pal
- CSIR─Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sunil Singh Kushvaha
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Muthusamy
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Abstract
In this study, TaWN films were fabricated through co-sputtering. The effects of W addition on the structural variation and mechanical properties of these films were investigated. TaWN films formed face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solutions. With the increase in the W content, the fcc phase varied from TaN-dominant to W2N-dominant, which was accompanied by a decrease in the lattice constant and alterations in material characteristics, such as the chemical bonding and mechanical properties. The phase change was further correlated with the bonding characteristics of films examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hardness increased from 21.7 GPa for a Ta54N46 film to 23.2–31.9 GPa for TaWN films, whereas the Young’s modulus increased from 277 GPa for the Ta54N46 film to 302–391 GPa for the TaWN films. The enhancement in films’ mechanical properties was attributed to the strengthening of the solid solution and the phase change. The wear behavior of the fabricated TaWN films was evaluated using the pin-on-disk test. The Ta17W55N28 and Ta36W24N40 films exhibited an abrasive wear behavior and low wear rates of 4.9–7.6 × 10−6 mm3/Nm.
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Influence of nitrogen concentration on electrical, mechanical, and structural properties of tantalum nitride thin films prepared via DC magnetron sputtering. APPLIED PHYSICS A-MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00339-022-05501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Structural and Mechanical Properties of Fluorine-Containing TaCxNy Thin Films Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
TaN thin-film coatings are well known for their good mechanical properties, acceptable toughness, as well as good biocompatibility. However, the friction coefficient of these films is sometimes too high, or the hemocompatibility is poor. The purpose of this study is to reduce the friction coefficient and increase the hydrophobicity of TaN coatings by introducing carbon and fluorine into the coatings. This study has never been conducted by other researchers. Fluorine-containing tantalum carbonitride (i.e., F–TaCxNy) top layers were deposited on TaN/Ta interlayers by reactive sputtering with fixed nitrogen and various hexafluoroethane (C2F6) mass flow rates. During the deposition process, C2F6 gas with various mass flow rates was added. After deposition, these F–TaCxNy multi-layered films were then characterized using XRD, XPS, FTIR, FESEM, WDS, a nano-indenter, a water contact-angle measurement system, and a tribometer. The tribological tests were carried out in the environment with and without humidity. The surface energies of the films were examined with water contact-angle variation. According to structural analysis, TaN phase would transform to TaCxNy with the increase in the C2F6 mass flow rate, which would result in a decrease in the friction coefficient and an increase in hydrophobicity. The films’ hardness (H, increased at most by 20%), elastic modulus (E), and H/E ratio first increased then decreased, most likely due to the increase in relatively soft C–F bonding. According to the results obtained from tribotesting, it was found that an increase in carbon and fluorine contents in the films reduces the friction by more than 30%, and wear rate by more than 50%. More importantly, the effects of moisture on the friction coefficient can be minimized to almost nothing. In a water contact-angle study, the contact angle increased from 60° to 85° with the increase in C2F6 mass flow rates. This evidence illustrated that hemocompatibility of the TaN thin film can be significantly enhanced through the formation of Ta–C and C–Fx bonding. The chemical composition and bonding status of these films, especially the existence of C–Fx bonds, were studied by FTIR and XPS. In sum, with the increased C2F6 mass flow rate, the carbon and fluorine contents in the films increased, while the nitrogen content decreased. The structure, bonding status, and compositions varied accordingly. The tribological behaviors were significantly improved. Furthermore, by carrying out tribotesting in humid air and a dry argon environment, it was confirmed that the greater the fluorine content, the less sensitive the films would be to environment change. This is attributable to the induced lower surface energy and reduced adsorption to water vapor due to the increase in C–Fx bonds. The successfully fabricated and studied F–TaCxNy films could be applied in many areas such as artificial blood vessels, or precision components in an atmospheric or vacuum environment.
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Thiyagarajan GB, Mukkavilli RS, Graf D, Fischer T, Wilhelm M, Christiansen S, Mathur S, Kumar R. Self-supported amorphous TaN x(O y)/nickel foam thin film as an advanced electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3310-3313. [PMID: 35179160 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) amorphous tantalum-oxy nitride film on porous three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam (TaNx(Oy)/NF) utilizing tantalum precursor, tris(diethylamino)(ethylimino)tantalum(V), ([Ta(NEt)(NEt2)3]) with preformed Ta-N bonds is reported as a potential self-supported electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The morphological analyses revealed the formation of thin film of core-shell structured TaNx(Oy) coating (ca. 236 nm) on NF. In 0.5 M H2SO4, TaNx(Oy)/NF exhibited enhanced HER activity with a low onset potential as compared to the bare NF (-50 mV vs. -166 mV). The TaNx(Oy)/NF samples also displayed higher current density (-11.08 mA cm-2vs. -3.36 mA cm-2 at 400 mV), lower Tafel slope (151 mV dec-1vs. 179 mV dec-1) and lower charge transfer resistance exemplifying the advantage of TaNx(Oy) coating towards enhanced HER performance. The enhanced HER catalytic activity is attributed to the synergistic effect between the amorphous TaNx(Oy) film and the nickel foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Babu Thiyagarajan
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India. .,Ceramic Technologies Group-Center of Excellence in Materials and Manufacturing for Futuristic Mobility, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India
| | - Raghunath Sharma Mukkavilli
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India.
| | - David Graf
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Michael Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Department Correlative Microscopy and Materials Data, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS), Forchheim, Germany.,Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin (FU), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanjay Mathur
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India. .,Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstraße 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India. .,Ceramic Technologies Group-Center of Excellence in Materials and Manufacturing for Futuristic Mobility, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai 600036, India
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Study on the Electrical, Structural, Chemical and Optical Properties of PVD Ta(N) Films Deposited with Different N2 Flow Rates. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11080937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By reactive DC magnetron sputtering from a pure Ta target onto silicon substrates, Ta(N) films were prepared with different N2 flow rates of 0, 12, 17, 25, 38, and 58 sccm. The effects of N2 flow rate on the electrical properties, crystal structure, elemental composition, and optical properties of Ta(N) were studied. These properties were characterized by the four-probe method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Results show that the deposition rate decreases with an increase of N2 flows. Furthermore, as resistivity increases, the crystal size decreases, the crystal structure transitions from β-Ta to TaN(111), and finally becomes the N-rich phase Ta3N5(130, 040). Studying the optical properties, it is found that there are differences in the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of Ta(N) with different thicknesses and different N2 flow rates, depending on the crystal size and crystal phase structure.
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Li F, Jian J, Xu Y, Liu W, Ye Q, Feng F, Li C, Jia L, Wang H. Surface defect passivation of Ta3N5 photoanode via pyridine grafting for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:024705. [PMID: 32668911 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youxun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang’an Street, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang’an Street, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Lichao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang’an Street, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
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Wang L, Zhang B, Rui Q. Plasma-Induced Vacancy Defects in Oxygen Evolution Cocatalysts on Ta3N5 Photoanodes Promoting Solar Water Splitting. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, National Engineering Research Center for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Mohandas JC, Abou-Hamad E, Callens E, Samantaray MK, Gajan D, Gurinov A, Ma T, Ould-Chikh S, Hoffman AS, Gates BC, Basset JM. From single-site tantalum complexes to nanoparticles of Ta x N y and TaO x N y supported on silica: elucidation of synthesis chemistry by dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5650-5661. [PMID: 28989603 PMCID: PMC5621011 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01365e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-stable catalysts consisting of tantalum nitride nanoparticles represented as a mixture of Ta x N y and TaO x N y with diameters in the range of 0.5 to 3 nm supported on highly dehydroxylated silica were synthesized from TaMe5 (Me = methyl) and dimeric Ta2(OMe)10 with guidance by the principles of surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC). Characterization of the supported precursors and the supported nanoparticles formed from them was carried out by IR, NMR, UV-Vis, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies complemented with XRD and high-resolution TEM, with dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced NMR spectroscopy being especially helpful by providing enhanced intensities of the signals of 1H, 13C, 29Si, and 15N at their natural abundances. The characterization data provide details of the synthesis chemistry, including evidence of (a) O2 insertion into Ta-CH3 species on the support and (b) a binuclear to mononuclear transformation of species formed from Ta2(OMe)10 on the support. A catalytic test reaction, cyclooctene epoxidation, was used to probe the supported nanoparticles, with 30% H2O2 serving as the oxidant. The catalysts gave selectivities up to 98% for the epoxide at conversions as high as 99% with a 3.4 wt% loading of Ta present as Ta x N y /TaO x N y .
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C Mohandas
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Edy Abou-Hamad
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Emmanuel Callens
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Manoja K Samantaray
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
| | - David Gajan
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS-Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1) , Université de Lyon , Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs , 69100 , Villeurbanne , France
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Samy Ould-Chikh
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
| | - Adam S Hoffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , USA .
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , 23955-6900 Thuwal , Saudi Arabia .
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Alishahi M, Mahboubi F, Mousavi Khoie SM, Aparicio M, Lopez-Elvira E, Méndez J, Gago R. Structural properties and corrosion resistance of tantalum nitride coatings produced by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17869c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a correlation between the corrosion resistance, structure, roughness and the porosity of TaN sputtered films.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alishahi
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran 15875-4413
- Iran
| | - F. Mahboubi
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran 15875-4413
- Iran
| | - S. M. Mousavi Khoie
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran 15875-4413
- Iran
| | - M. Aparicio
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - E. Lopez-Elvira
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - J. Méndez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - R. Gago
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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