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Li TC, Li DL, Ho J, Yu CC, Wang SS, Ho JJ. Enhancing Thickness Uniformity of Nb 2O 5/SiO 2 Multilayers Using Shadow Masks for Flexible Color-Filtering Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:551. [PMID: 38675362 PMCID: PMC11051998 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Using a stainless shadow mask combined with a magnetron-ion-assisted deposition (IAD) sputtering system, we investigate the surface morphologies and optical properties of microfilms. Optimal color-filter (CF) coating microfilms with niobium pent-oxide (Nb2O5)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) multilayers on a hard polycarbonate (HPC) substrate, grown at 85 °C and 50 SCCM oxygen flow, can obtain a fairly uniform thickness (with an average roughness of 0.083 and 0.106 nm respectively for Nb2O5 and SiO2 films) through all positions. On a flexible HPC substrate with the Nb2O5/SiO2 microfilms, meanwhile, the peak transmittances measured in the visible range are 95.70% and 91.47%, respectively, for coatings with and without a shadow mask for this new-tech system. For the optimal CF application with a shadow mask, transmittance on each 100 nm band-pass wavelength is enhanced by 4.04% absolute (blue), 2.96% absolute (green), and 2.12% absolute (red). Moreover, the developed new-tech system not only enhances the quality of the films by achieving smoother and uniform surfaces but also reduces deposition time, thereby improving overall process efficiency. For the with-shadow-mask condition, there is little shift at 50% transmittance (T50%), and high transmittance (~97%) is maintained after high-temperature (200 °C) baking for 12 h. These results are well above the commercial CF standard (larger than 90%) and demonstrate reliability and good durability for flexible optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chien Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Peining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (D.-L.L.); (S.-S.W.)
| | - Dong-Lin Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Peining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (D.-L.L.); (S.-S.W.)
| | - Jiashow Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, 66-147B Eng. IV Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1594, USA;
| | - Chih-Chiang Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Peining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (D.-L.L.); (S.-S.W.)
| | - Sheng-Shih Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Peining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (D.-L.L.); (S.-S.W.)
| | - Jyh-Jier Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Peining Rd., Keelung 20224, Taiwan; (T.-C.L.); (D.-L.L.); (S.-S.W.)
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Fu D, Yang R, Wang Y, Guo X, Cheng C, Hua F. Nanocellulose-Enhanced, Easily Processable Cellulose-Based Flexible Pressure Sensor for Wearable Epidermal Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38597296 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) based on biomass materials have gained considerable attention for their potential in wearable electronics, human-machine interaction, and environmental protection. Herein, flexible silver nanowire-dual-cellulose paper (SNdCP) containing common cellulose fibers, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), and silver nanowires (AgNWs) for FPSs was assembled by a facile papermaking strategy. Compared with bacterial cellulose (BC) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), CNFs possess better dimensions and reinforcement, which enables the composite paper to exhibit better mechanical properties (tensile stress of 164.65 MPa) and electrical conductivity (11600 S·m-1), providing more possibilities for FPSs. Benefiting from these advantages, we construct an easily processable and sensitive human-interactive FPS based on a composite paper with high sensitivity (0.050 kPa-1), fast response/recovery time (158/95 ms), and exceptional stability (>1000 bending cycles), capable of responding to finger motions, voice recognition, and human pulses; through further employment as the array unit and a control circuit, the observed highly adaptive mechano-electric transformability and functions are well maintained. Overall, a facile and versatile strategy with the potential to provide clues for the fabrication of cellulose-based FPSs with outstanding performance was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danning Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Rendang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Feiguo Hua
- Zhejiang Jinjiahao Green Nanomaterials Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324404, China
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3
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Yang X, Zeng P, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Zuo J, Duan H, Hu Y. High-performance, large-area flexible SERS substrates prepared by reactive ion etching for molecular detection. Nanotechnology 2024; 35:245301. [PMID: 38478979 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of molecular detection, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has garnered increasing attention due to its rapid detection, high sensitivity, and non-destructive characteristics. However, conventional rigid SERS substrates are either costly to fabricate and challenging to prepare over a large area, or they exhibit poor uniformity and repeatability, making them unsuitable for inspecting curved object surfaces. In this work, we present a flexible SERS substrate with high sensitivity as well as good uniformity and repeatability. First, the flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate is manually formulated and cured. SiO2/Ag layer on the substrate can be obtained in a single process by using ion beam sputtering. Then, reactive ion etching is used to etch the upper SiO2layer of the film, which directly leads to the desired densely packed nanostructure. Finally, a layer of precious metal is deposited on the densely packed nanostructure by thermal evaporation. In our proposed system, the densely packed nanostructure obtained by etching the SiO2layer directly determines the SERS ability of the substrate. The bottom layer of silver mirror can reflect the penetrative incident light, the spacer layer of SiO2and the top layer of silver thin film can further localize the light in the system, which can realize the excellent absorption of Raman laser light, thus enhancing SERS ability. In the tests, the prepared substrates show excellent SERS performance in detecting crystalline violet with a detection limit of 10-11M. The development of this SERS substrate is anticipated to offer a highly effective and convenient method for molecular substance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankun Zuo
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
- Innovation Institute of the Greater Bay Area, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, People's Republic of China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
- Innovation Institute of the Greater Bay Area, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
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Pradhan BK, Tyagi P, Pal S, Mauraya AK, Roopa, Aggarwal V, Pal P, Kushvaha SS, Muthusamy SK. Role of Surface Chemistry of Ta Metal Foil on the Growth of GaN Nanorods by Laser Molecular Beam Epitaxy and Their Field Emission Characteristics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38427781 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of surface nitridation of Ta metal foil substrates on the growth of GaN nanorods using the laser molecular beam epitaxy (LMBE) technique and the field emission characteristics of the grown GaN nanorod ensemble. Surface morphology examinations underscore the pivotal role of Ta foil nitridation in shaping the dimensions and densities of GaN nanorods. Bare Ta foil fosters the formation of high-density, vertically self-aligned GaN nanorods at a growth temperature of 700 °C. Furthermore, the density of these nanorods is directly related to the duration of Ta foil nitridation, with increased duration leading to a reduced nanorod density. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) studies reveal that the transition of the Ta foil surface from tantalum oxide to tantalum nitride during nitridation emerges as a crucial factor influencing GaN nanorod growth. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at ambient temperature reveals a strong near-band-edge (NBE) emission peak with negligible defect-related peaks, displaying the high optical quality of the GaN nanorods. The highly dense vertically aligned GaN nanorod ensemble growth without Ta prenitridation exhibits the most favorable field emission performance, featuring a turn-on field of 2.1 V/μm, a field enhancement factor of 2480, and a stable long-term operation at the emission current density of 2.26 mA/cm2. This study advances the understanding of the role of the surface chemistry of metal foil in determining GaN nanorod growth and opens up exciting possibilities for tailoring advanced optoelectronic devices for specific application requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Kumar Pradhan
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prashant Tyagi
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Samanta Pal
- CSIR─Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mauraya
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Roopa
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vishnu Aggarwal
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prabir Pal
- CSIR─Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, 196, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sunil Singh Kushvaha
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Muthusamy
- CSIR─National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Jiao K, Cao W, Yuan W, Yuan H, Zhu J, Gao X, Duan S, Yong R, Zhao Z, Song P, Jiang ZJ, Wang Y, Zhu J. Cellulose Nanostructures as Tunable Substrates for Nanocellulose-Metal Hybrid Flexible Composites. Chempluschem 2024:e202300704. [PMID: 38363060 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposite represents the backbone of many industrial fabrication applications and exerts a substantial social impact. Among these composites, metal nanostructures are often employed as the active constituents, thanks to their various chemical and physical properties, which offer the ability to tune the application scenarios in thermal management, energy storage, and biostable materials, respectively. Nanocellulose, as an emerging polymer substrate, possesses unique properties of abundance, mechanical flexibility, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. Based on the combination of flexible nanocellulose with specific metal fillers, the essential parameters involving mechanical strength, flexibility, anisotropic thermal resistance, and conductivity can be enhanced. Nowadays, the approach has found extensive applications in thermal management, energy storage, biostable electronic materials, and piezoelectric devices. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly correlate cellulose nanocomposites' properties with different metallic fillers. This review summarizes the extraction of nanocellulose and preparation of metal modified cellulose nanocomposites, including their wide and particular applications in modern advanced devices. Moreover, we also discuss the challenges in the synthesis, the emerging designs, and unique structures, promising directions for future research. We wish this review can give a valuable overview of the unique combination and inspire the research directions of the multifunctional nanocomposites using proper cellulose and metallic fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wenwen Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Intelligent Transportation, Suzhou City University, Suzhou, 215104, China
| | - Xiaowu Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Sixuan Duan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ruiqi Yong
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Jiang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute & Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
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Su GY, You MC, Chuang KW, Wu MH, Hsieh CH, Lin CY, Yang CY, Anbalagan AK, Lee CH. Investigating Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Epitaxially Strained CoFe Thin Films on a Flexible Mica. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:3154. [PMID: 38133051 PMCID: PMC10745607 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the crystal structure, epitaxial relation, and magnetic properties in CoFe thin films deposited on a flexible mica substrate. The epitaxial growth of CoFe thin films was successfully achieved by DC magnetron sputtering, forming three CoFe(002) domains exhibiting four-fold symmetry on the mica substrate. A notable achievement of this work was the attainment of the highest anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) value reported to date on a flexible substrate. Additionally, it was observed that the magnetic characteristics of the CoFe films on the flexible mica substrate display reversibility upon strain release. More importantly, the AMR effect of epitaxial CoFe films on flexible mica shows lesser dependence on the crystalline orientation and remains the same under different bending states. These findings demonstrate the potential of utilizing CoFe films on flexible substrates to develop wearable magnetoresistance sensors with diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yang Su
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (G.-Y.S.); (M.-C.Y.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Min-Chang You
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (G.-Y.S.); (M.-C.Y.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Kai-Wei Chuang
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (G.-Y.S.); (M.-C.Y.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Cheng-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (C.-Y.Y.)
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Yao Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (C.-H.H.); (C.-Y.Y.)
| | - Aswin kumar Anbalagan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (G.-Y.S.); (M.-C.Y.); (M.-H.W.)
| | - Chih-Hao Lee
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; (G.-Y.S.); (M.-C.Y.); (M.-H.W.)
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
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Zhang T, Chai Y, Wang S, Yu J, Jiang S, Zhu W, Fang Z, Li B. Recent Study Advances in Flexible Sensors Based on Polyimides. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:9743. [PMID: 38139589 PMCID: PMC10747040 DOI: 10.3390/s23249743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
With the demand for healthy life and the great advancement of flexible electronics, flexible sensors are playing an irreplaceably important role in healthcare monitoring, wearable devices, clinic treatment, and so on. In particular, the design and application of polyimide (PI)-based sensors are emerging swiftly. However, the tremendous potential of PI in sensors is not deeply understood. This review focuses on recent studies in advanced applications of PI in flexible sensors, including PI nanofibers prepared by electrospinning as flexible substrates, PI aerogels as friction layers in triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), PI films as sensitive layers based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in relative humidity (RH) sensors, photosensitive PI (PSPI) as sacrificial layers, and more. The simple laser-induced graphene (LIG) technique is also introduced in the application of PI graphitization to graphene. Finally, the prospect of PIs in the field of electronics is proposed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yamei Chai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Suisui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Jianing Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Wenxuan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Zihao Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
| | - Bin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Applied Catalysis Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (T.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.W.); (J.Y.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (Z.F.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin 300354, China
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Urban M, Rosati G, Maroli G, Pelle FD, Bonini A, Sajti L, Fedel M, Merkoçi A. Nanostructure Tuning of Gold Nanoparticles Films via Click Sintering. Small 2023:e2306167. [PMID: 37963854 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal metal nanoparticles dispersions are commonly used to create functional printed electronic devices and they typically require time-, energy- and equipment-consuming post-treatments to improve their electrical and mechanical properties. Traditional methods, e.g. thermal, UV/IR, and microwave treatments, limit the substrate options and may require expensive equipment, not available in all the laboratories. Moreover, these processes also cause the collapse of the film (nano)pores and interstices, limiting or impeding its nanostructuration. Finding a simple approach to obtain complex nanostructured materials with minimal post-treatments remains a challenge. In this study, a new sintering method for gold nanoparticle inks that called as "click sintering" has been reported. The method uses a catalytic reaction to enhance and tune the nanostructuration of the film while sintering the metallic nanoparticles, without requiring any cumbersome post-treatment. This results in a conductive and electroactive nanoporous thin film, whose properties can be tuned by the conditions of the reaction, i.e., concentration of the reagent and time. Therefore, this study presents a novel and innovative one-step approach to simultaneously sinter gold nanoparticles films and create functional nanostructures, directly and easily, introducing a new concept of real-time treatment with possible applications in the fields of flexible electronics, biosensing, energy, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Urban
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Giulio Rosati
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Gabriel Maroli
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" via R. Balzarini 1, Teramo, 64100, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Laszlo Sajti
- Nano-Engineering Group, RHP Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria
| | - Mariangela Fedel
- Nano-Engineering Group, RHP Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, 2444, Austria
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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Park D, Lee D, Moghaddam MH, Kim DS. Trench Formation under the Tunable Nanogap: Its Depth Depends on Maximum Strain and Periodicity. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1991. [PMID: 38004848 PMCID: PMC10673380 DOI: 10.3390/mi14111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanogaps have been studied for many years in the context of a significant amount of field enhancements. Nanogaps of macroscopic lengths for long-wave applications have attracted much interest, and recently one dimensional tunable nanogaps have been demonstrated using flexible PET substrates. For nanogaps on flexible substrates with applied tensile strain, large stress is expected in the vicinity of the gap, and it has been confirmed that several hundred nanometer-deep trenches form beneath the position of the nanogap because of this stress singularity. Here, we studied trench formation under nanogap structures using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1. We constructed a 2D nanogap unit cell, consisting of gold film with a crack on a PDMS substrate containing a trench beneath the crack. Then, we calculated the von Mises stress at the bottom of the trench for various depths and spatial periods. Based on it, we derived the dependence of the trench depth on the strain and periodicity for various yield strengths. It was revealed that as the maximum tensile strain increases, the trench deepens and then diverges. Moreover, longer periods lead to larger depths for the given maximum strain and larger gap widths. These results could be applied to roughly estimate achievable gap widths and trench depths for stretchable zerogap devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dai-Sik Kim
- Department of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; (D.P.); (D.L.); (M.H.M.)
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10
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Muthusamy L, Uppalapati B, Azad S, Bava M, Koley G. Self-Polarized P(VDF-TrFE)/Carbon Black Composite Piezoelectric Thin Film. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4131. [PMID: 37896374 PMCID: PMC10610547 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-polarized energy harvesting materials have seen increasing research interest in recent years owing to their simple fabrication method and versatile application potential. In this study, we systematically investigated self-polarized P(VDF-TrFE)/carbon black (CB) composite thin films synthesized on flexible substrates, with the CB content varying from 0 to 0.6 wt.% in P(VDF-TrFE). The presence of -OH functional groups on carbon black significantly enhances its crystallinity, dipolar orientation, and piezoelectric performance. Multiple characterization techniques were used to investigate the crystalline quality, chemical structure, and morphology of the composite P(VDF-TrFE)/CB films, which indicated no significant changes in these parameters. However, some increase in surface roughness was observed when the CB content increased. With the application of an external force, the piezoelectrically generated voltage was found to systematically increase with higher CB content, reaching a maximum value at 0.6 wt.%, after which the sample exhibited low resistance. The piezoelectric voltage produced by the unpoled 0.6 wt.% CB composite film significantly exceeded the unpoled pure P(VDF-TrFE) film when subjected to the same applied strain. Furthermore, it exhibited exceptional stability in the piezoelectric voltage over time, exceeding the output voltage of the poled pure P(VDF-TrFE) film. Notably, P(VDF_TrFE)/CB composite-based devices can be used in energy harvesting and piezoelectric strain sensing to monitor human motions, which has the potential to positively impact the field of smart wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Muthusamy
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (B.U.); (S.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Balaadithya Uppalapati
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (B.U.); (S.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Samee Azad
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (B.U.); (S.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Manav Bava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Goutam Koley
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (B.U.); (S.A.); (G.K.)
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11
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Qiu M, Tang L, Wang J, Xu Q, Zheng S, Weng S. SERS with Flexible β-CD@AuNP/PTFE Substrates for In Situ Detection and Identification of PAH Residues on Fruit and Vegetable Surfaces Combined with Lightweight Network. Foods 2023; 12:3096. [PMID: 37628095 PMCID: PMC10453087 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on fruit and vegetable surfaces is important for protecting human health and ensuring food safety. In this study, a method for the in situ detection and identification of PAH residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces was developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on a flexible substrate and lightweight deep learning network. The flexible SERS substrate was fabricated by assembling β-cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles (β-CD@AuNPs) on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film coated with perfluorinated liquid (β-CD@AuNP/PTFE). The concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (Nap), and pyrene (Pyr) residues on fruit and vegetable surfaces could be detected at 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25 μg/cm2, respectively, and all the relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10%, indicating that the β-CD@AuNP/PTFE exhibited high sensitivity and stability. The lightweight network was then used to construct a classification model for identifying various PAH residues. ShuffleNet obtained the best results with accuracies of 100%, 96.61%, and 97.63% for the training, validation, and prediction datasets, respectively. The proposed method realised the in situ detection and identification of various PAH residues on fruit and vegetables with simplicity, celerity, and sensitivity, demonstrating great potential for the rapid, nondestructive analysis of surface contaminant residues in the food-safety field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqing Qiu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Le Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jinghong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Qingshan Xu
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
| | - Shouguo Zheng
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (M.Q.); (Q.X.)
- Anhui Institute of Innovation for Industrial Technology, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China; (L.T.); (J.W.)
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12
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Wang H, Dong C, Gui Y, Ye J, Altaleb S, Thomaschewski M, Movahhed Nouri B, Patil C, Dalir H, Sorger VJ. Self-Powered Sb 2Te 3/MoS 2 Heterojunction Broadband Photodetector on Flexible Substrate from Visible to Near Infrared. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1973. [PMID: 37446489 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures, assembled by stacking of two-dimensional (2D) crystal layers, have emerged as a promising new material system for high-performance optoelectronic applications, such as thin film transistors, photodetectors, and light-emitters. In this study, we showcase an innovative device that leverages strain-tuning capabilities, utilizing a MoS2/Sb2Te3 vdWs p-n heterojunction architecture designed explicitly for photodetection across the visible to near-infrared spectrum. These heterojunction devices provide ultra-low dark currents as small as 4.3 pA, a robust photoresponsivity of 0.12 A W-1, and reasonable response times characterized by rising and falling durations of 0.197 s and 0.138 s, respectively. These novel devices exhibit remarkable tunability under the application of compressive strain up to 0.3%. The introduction of strain at the heterojunction interface influences the bandgap of the materials, resulting in a significant alteration of the heterojunction's band structure. This subsequently shifts the detector's optical absorption properties. The proposed strategy of strain-induced engineering of the stacked 2D crystal materials allows the tuning of the electronic and optical properties of the device. Such a technique enables fine-tuning of the optoelectronic performance of vdWs devices, paving the way for tunable high-performance, low-power consumption applications. This development also holds significant potential for applications in wearable sensor technology and flexible electro-optic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Optelligence LLC, 10703 Marlboro Pike, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Florida, 968 Center Drive 216 Larsen Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chaobo Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yaliang Gui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jiachi Ye
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Florida, 968 Center Drive 216 Larsen Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Salem Altaleb
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Florida, 968 Center Drive 216 Larsen Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Martin Thomaschewski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Behrouz Movahhed Nouri
- Optelligence LLC, 10703 Marlboro Pike, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chandraman Patil
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Hamed Dalir
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Florida, 968 Center Drive 216 Larsen Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Volker J Sorger
- Optelligence LLC, 10703 Marlboro Pike, Upper Marlboro, MD 20772, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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13
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Kassem O, Barnier V, Nasreldin M, Reslan J, Aoufi A, Ravichandran A, Sao-Joao S, Hoummada K, Charai A, Rieu M, Viricelle JP, Djenizian T, Mohamed S. Selective Growth of Graphene-Confined Inkjet-Printed Sn Nanoparticles on Plastic Using Intense Pulsed Light Annealing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37319374 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Printing graphene-based nanomaterials on flexible substrates has become a burgeoning platform for next-generation technologies. Combining graphene and nanoparticles to create hybrid nanomaterials has been proven to boost device performance, thanks to their complementary physical and chemical properties. However, high growth temperatures and long processing times are often required to produce high-quality graphene-based nanocomposites. For the first time, we report a novel scalable approach for additive manufacturing of Sn patterns on polymer foil and their selective conversion into nanocomposite films under atmospheric conditions. A combination of inkjet printing and intense flashlight irradiation techniques is studied. Light pulses that are selectively absorbed by the printed Sn patterns cause a temperature of over 1000 °C to be reached locally in a split second without damaging the underlying polymer foil. The top surface of the polymer foil at the interface with printed Sn becomes locally graphitized and acts as a carbon source, transforming printed Sn into Sn@graphene (Sn@G) core-shell patterns. Our results revealed a decrease in electrical sheet resistance, with an optimal value (Rs = 72 ± 2 Ω/sq) reached when light pulses with an energy density of 12.8 J/cm2 were applied. These graphene-protected Sn nanoparticle patterns exhibit excellent resistance against air oxidation for months. Finally, we demonstrate the implementation of Sn@G patterns as electrodes for Li-ion microbatteries (LIBs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), showing remarkable performance. This work offers new insight into the development of a versatile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective technique for producing well-defined patterns of graphene-based nanomaterials directly on a flexible substrate using different light-absorbing nanoparticles and carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Kassem
- Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Etienne, F-13541 Gardanne, France
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vincent Barnier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Mohamed Nasreldin
- Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Etienne, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Jawad Reslan
- Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Etienne, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Asdin Aoufi
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Aravindnarain Ravichandran
- Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Etienne, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Sergio Sao-Joao
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Khalid Hoummada
- IM2NP, Faculté des Sciences de Saint-Jérôme Case 142, Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Ahmed Charai
- IM2NP, Faculté des Sciences de Saint-Jérôme Case 142, Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde Rieu
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Paul Viricelle
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thierry Djenizian
- Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Etienne, F-13541 Gardanne, France
- Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Tole Bi Street, 96A., 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Saadaoui Mohamed
- Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, Mines Saint-Etienne, F-13541 Gardanne, France
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14
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Zeng P, Zheng M, Chen H, Chen G, Shu Z, Chen L, Liang H, Zhou Y, Zhao Q, Duan H. Wafer-Level Highly Dense Metallic Nanopillar-Enabled High-Performance SERS Substrates for Molecular Detection. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13111733. [PMID: 37299638 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seeking sensitive, large-scale, and low-cost substrates is highly important for practical applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology. Noble metallic plasmonic nanostructures with dense hot spots are considered an effective construction to enable sensitive, uniform, and stable SERS performance and thus have attracted wide attention in recent years. In this work, we reported a simple fabrication method to achieve wafer-scale ultradense tilted and staggered plasmonic metallic nanopillars filled with numerous nanogaps (hot spots). By adjusting the etching time of the PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) layer, the optimal SERS substrate with the densest metallic nanopillars was obtained, which possessed a detection limit down to 10-13 M by using crystal violet as the detected molecules and exhibited excellent reproducibility and long-term stability. Furthermore, the proposed fabrication approach was further used to prepare flexible substrates; for example, a SERS flexible substrate was proven to be an ideal platform for analyzing low-concentration pesticide residues on curved fruit surfaces with significantly enhanced sensitivity. This type of SERS substrate possesses potential in real-life applications as low-cost and high-performance sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Hao Chen
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528000, China
| | | | - Zhiwen Shu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Innovation Institute, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Innovation Institute, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, China
| | - Huikang Liang
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Innovation Institute, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, National Engineering Research Centre for High Efficiency Grinding, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Innovation Institute, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, China
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15
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Shabbir B, Yu JC, Warnakula T, Ayyubi RAW, Pollock JA, Hossain MM, Kim JE, Macadam N, Ng LWT, Hasan T, Vak D, Kitchen MJ, Jasieniak JJ. Printable Perovskite Diodes for Broad-Spectrum Multienergy X-Ray Detection. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2210068. [PMID: 36852617 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multienergy X-ray detection is critical to effectively differentiate materials in a variety of diagnostic radiology and nondestructive testing applications. Silicon and selenium X-ray detectors are the most common for multienergy detection; however, these present poor energy discrimination across the broad X-ray spectrum and exhibit limited spatial resolution due to the high thicknesses required for radiation attenuation. Here, an X-ray detector based on solution-processed thin-film metal halide perovskite that overcomes these challenges is introduced. By harnessing an optimized n-i-p diode configuration, operation is achieved across a broad range of soft and hard X-ray energies stemming from 0.1 to 10's of keV. Through detailed experimental and simulation work, it is shown that optimized Cs0.1 FA0.9 PbI3 perovskites effectively attenuate soft and hard X-rays, while also possessing excellent electrical properties to result in X-ray detectors with high sensitivity factors that exceed 5 × 103 µ C G y Vac - 1 cm - 2 $\mu {\rm{C}}\;{{\bf Gy}}_{{\rm{Vac}}}^{ - 1}\;{\rm{c}}{{\rm{m}}^{ - 2}}$ and 6 × 104 µC Gy-1 cm-2 within soft and hard X-ray regimes, respectively. Harnessing the solution-processable nature of the perovskites, roll-to-roll printable X-ray detectors on flexible substrates are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Shabbir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jae Choul Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Tharindu Warnakula
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - R A W Ayyubi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - James A Pollock
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - M Mosarof Hossain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Jueng-Eun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Nasiruddin Macadam
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leonard W T Ng
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Tawfique Hasan
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, UK
| | - Doojin Vak
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Marcus J Kitchen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jacek J Jasieniak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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16
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Wen HY, Lu YS, Guo CY, Chang MY, Huang WY, Hsieh TL. Application of Self-Assembled Polyarylether Substrate in Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14050920. [PMID: 37241543 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The structure used in this study is as follows: substrate/PMMA/ZnS/Ag/MoO3/NPB/Alq3/LiF/Al. Here, PMMA serves as the surface flattening layer, ZnS/Ag/MoO3 as the anode, NPB as the hole injection layer, Alq3 as the emitting layer, LiF as the electron injection layer, and aluminum as the cathode. The properties of the devices with different substrates were investigated using P4 and glass, developed in the laboratory, as well as commercially available PET. After film formation, P4 creates holes on the surface. The light field distribution of the device was calculated at wavelengths of 480 nm, 550 nm, and 620 nm using optical simulation. It was found that this microstructure contributes to light extraction. The maximum brightness, external quantum efficiency, and current efficiency of the device at a P4 thickness of 2.6 μm were 72,500 cd/m2, 1.69%, and 5.68 cd/A, respectively. However, the maximum brightness of the same structure with PET (130 μm) was 9500 cd/m2. The microstructure of the P4 substrate was found to contribute to the excellent device performance through analysis of the AFM surface morphology, film resistance, and optical simulation results. The holes formed by the P4 substrate were created solely by spin-coating the material and then placing it on a heating plate to dry, without any special processing. To confirm the reproducibility of the naturally formed holes, devices were fabricated again with three different emitting layer thicknesses. The maximum brightness, external quantum efficiency, and current efficiency of the device at an Alq3 thickness of 55 nm were 93,400 cd/m2, 1.7%, and 5.6 cd/A, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Wen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shien Lu
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yan Guo
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ying Chang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Li Hsieh
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
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17
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Hu L, Deng J, Xie Y, Qian F, Dong Y, Xu C. In Situ Growth of Graphene on Polyimide for High-Responsivity Flexible PbS-Graphene Photodetectors. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1339. [PMID: 37110924 PMCID: PMC10147023 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an ideal material for flexible optoelectronic devices due to its excellent electrical and optical properties. However, the extremely high growth temperature of graphene has greatly limited the direct fabrication of graphene-based devices on flexible substrates. Here, we have realized in situ growth of graphene on a flexible polyimide substrate. Based on the multi-temperature-zone chemical vapor deposition cooperated with bonding a Cu-foil catalyst onto the substrate, the growth temperature of graphene was controlled at only 300 °C, enabling the structural stability of polyimide during growth. Thus, large-area high-quality monolayer graphene film was successfully in situ grown on polyimide. Furthermore, a PbS-graphene flexible photodetector was fabricated using the graphene. The responsivity of the device reached 105 A/W with 792 nm laser illumination. The in-situ growth ensures good contact between graphene and substrate; therefore, the device performance can remain stable after multiple bending. Our results provide a highly reliable and mass-producible path for graphene-based flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangchen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yiyang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fengsong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yibo Dong
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
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18
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Paul P, Addamane SJ, Liu PQ. Mid-Infrared Intersubband Cavity Polaritons in Flexible Single Quantum Well. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2890-2897. [PMID: 36999755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Strong and ultrastrong coupling between intersubband transitions in quantum wells and cavity photons have been realized in mid-infrared and terahertz spectral regions. However, most previous works employed a large number of quantum wells on rigid substrates to achieve coupling strengths reaching the strong or ultrastrong coupling regime. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate ultrastrong coupling between the intersubband transition in a single quantum well and the resonant mode of photonic nanocavity at room temperature. We also observe strong coupling between the nanocavity resonance and the second-order intersubband transition in a single quantum well. Furthermore, we implement for the first time such intersubband cavity polariton systems on soft and flexible substrates and demonstrate that bending of the single quantum well does not significantly affect the characteristics of the cavity polaritons. This work paves the way to broaden the range of potential applications of intersubband cavity polaritons including soft and wearable photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspita Paul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Sadhvikas J Addamane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Peter Qiang Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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19
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Moorthy VM, Rathnasami JD, Srivastava VM. Design Optimization and Characterization with Fabrication of Nanomaterials-Based Photo Diode Cell for Subretinal Implant Application. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:934. [PMID: 36903812 PMCID: PMC10005570 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An ultrathin nano photodiode array fabricated in a flexible substrate can be an ideal therapeutic replacement for degenerated photoreceptor cells damaged by Age-related Macula Degeneration (AMD) and Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), such as retinal infections. Silicon-based photodiode arrays have been attempted as artificial retinas. Considering the difficulties caused by hard silicon subretinal implants, researchers have diverted their attention towards organic photovoltaic cells-based subretinal implants. Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) has been a favorite choice as an anode electrode. A mix of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyleste (P3HT: PCBM) has been utilized as an active layer in such nanomaterial-based subretinal implants. Though encouraging results have been obtained during the trial of such retinal implants, the need to replace ITO with a suitable transparent conductive electrode will be a suitable substitute. Further, conjugated polymers have been used as active layers in such photodiodes and have shown delamination in the retinal space over time despite their biocompatibility. This research attempted to fabricate and characterize Bulk Hetero Junction (BHJ) based Nano Photo Diode (NPD) utilizing Graphene-polyethylene terephthalate (G-PET)/semiconducting Single-Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (s-SWCNT): fullerene (C60) blend/aluminium (Al) structure to determine the issues in the development of subretinal prosthesis. An effective design approach adopted in this analysis has resulted in developing an NPD with an Efficiency of 10.1% in a non-ITO-driven NPD structure. Additionally, the results show that the efficiency can be further improved by increasing active layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai M. Moorthy
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Joseph D. Rathnasami
- Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608 002, India
| | - Viranjay M. Srivastava
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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20
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Ramazanov S, Sobola D, Gajiev G, Orudzhev F, Kaspar P, Gummetov A. Multiferroic/Polymer Flexible Structures Obtained by Atomic Layer Deposition. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 36616050 PMCID: PMC9823920 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers how a film of bismuth ferrite BiFeO3 (BFO) is formed on a polymeric flexible polyimide substrate at low temperature ALD (250 °C). Two samples of BFO/Polyimide with different thicknesses (42 nm, 77 nm) were studied. As the thickness increases, a crystalline BFO phase with magnetic and electrical properties inherent to a multiferroic is observed. An increase in the film thickness promotes clustering. The competition between the magnetic and electrical subsystems creates an anomalous behavior of the magnetization at a temperature of 200 K. This property is probably related to the multiferroic/polymer interface. This paper explores the prerequisites for the low-temperature growth of BFO films on organic materials as promising structural components for flexible and quantum electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhgasan Ramazanov
- Amirkhanov Institute of Physics, Dagestan Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala 367003, Russia
| | - Dinara Sobola
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gaji Gajiev
- Amirkhanov Institute of Physics, Dagestan Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala 367003, Russia
| | - Farid Orudzhev
- Amirkhanov Institute of Physics, Dagestan Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala 367003, Russia
| | - Pavel Kaspar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 2848/8, 61600 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adil Gummetov
- Amirkhanov Institute of Physics, Dagestan Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala 367003, Russia
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21
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Lu YC, Liao WH, Wu TJ, Yasuda K, Song JM. Cu-Ag Nanocomposite Pastes for Low Temperature Bonding and Flexible Interlayer-Interconnections. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12234241. [PMID: 36500864 PMCID: PMC9738825 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cu-Ag composite pastes consisting of carboxylate-capped Ag nanoparticles, spray-pyrolyzed Ag submicron particles, and copper formate were developed in this study for low-temperature low-pressure bonding. The joints between the Cu, Ni/Au, and Ag finished substrates can be well formed at temperatures as low as 160 °C under a load pressure of 1.6 MPa. The joints with Cu substrates possess 18.0 MPa bonding strength, while those with Ag surface finish could be enhanced to 23.3 MPa. When subject to sintering under 10 MPa at 160 °C, the electrical resistivity of the sintered structure on metal-coated polymeric substrates was around 11~17 μΩ-cm and did not differ too much when subjected to harsh reliability tests such as mechanical bending and thermal cycling tests, as well as electrical current stressing. This low-temperature, low-pressure nanocomposite paste shows great potential as interconnect materials for microelectronics or flexible device assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Chi Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsun Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jui Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kiyokazu Yasuda
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jenn-Ming Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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22
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Šutka A, Mežule L, Denisova V, Meier-Haack J, Kulkarni A, Bitina S, Smits K, Vihodceva S. Straightforward Approach for Preparing Durable Antibacterial ZnO Nanoparticle Coatings on Flexible Substrates. Molecules 2022; 27. [PMID: 36431772 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible antibacterial materials have gained utmost importance in protection from the distribution of bacteria and viruses due to the exceptional variety of applications. Herein, we demonstrate a readily scalable and rapid single-step approach for producing durable ZnO nanoparticle antibacterial coating on flexible polymer substrates at room temperature. Substrates used are polystyrene, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, high density polyethylene and a commercial acrylate type adhesive tape. The deposition was achieved by a spin-coating process using a slurry of ZnO nanoparticles in toluene. A stable modification layer was obtained when toluene was a solvent for the polymer substrates, namely polystyrene and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). These coatings show high antibacterial efficiency causing >5 log decrease in the viable counts of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia. coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in 120 min. Even after tapping these coated surfaces 500 times, the antibacterial properties remained unchanged, showing that the coating obtained by the presented method is very robust. In contrast to the above findings, the coatings are unstable when toluene is not a solvent for the substrate.
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23
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Gong T, Li H, Wang G, Guan F, Huang W, Zhang X. An anti-scratch flexible SERS substrate for pesticide residue detection on the surface of fruits and vegetables. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:405501. [PMID: 35767929 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7cf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose an anti-scratch flexible surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate with arrayed nanocavity microstructures fabricated by colloidal lithography. The nanocavity microstructure of the substrate can well protect the inner gold nanoparticles during wipe sampling. The prepared flexible substrate was able to detect 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) with a concentration down to 1 fM. Furthermore, the substrate was used to detect 6-BA residues on the surface of apples and bean sprouts through wipe sampling, which shows great potential in the field of rapid on-site detection, especially in the detection of pesticide residues on the surface of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Exemplary School of Microelectronics), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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24
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Shi Y, Shen Z. Recent Advances in Flexible RF MEMS. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13071088. [PMID: 35888905 PMCID: PMC9315774 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that are based on flexible substrates are widely used in flexible, reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) systems, such as RF MEMS switches, phase shifters, reconfigurable antennas, phased array antennas and resonators, etc. When attempting to accommodate flexible deformation with the movable structures of MEMS, flexible RF MEMS are far more difficult to structurally design and fabricate than rigid MEMS devices or other types of flexible electronics. In this review, we survey flexible RF MEMS with different functions, their flexible film materials and their fabrication process technologies. In addition, a fabrication process for reconfigurable three-dimensional (3D) RF devices based on mechanically guided assembly is introduced. The review is very helpful to understand the overall advances in flexible RF MEMS, and serves the purpose of providing a reference source for innovative researchers working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Shi
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (USETC), Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Zhigang Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Powder Technology Research and Development, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence:
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25
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Byram C, Rathod J, Moram SSB, Mangababu A, Soma VR. Picosecond Laser-Ablated Nanoparticles Loaded Filter Paper for SERS-Based Trace Detection of Thiram, 1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and Nile Blue. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 35807985 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, filter paper (FP)-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates have stimulated significant attention owing to their promising advantages such as being low-cost, easy to handle, and practically suitable for real-field applications in comparison to the solid-based substrates. Herein, a simple and versatile approach of laser-ablation in liquid for the fabrication of silver (Ag)-gold (Au) alloy nanoparticles (NPs). Next, the optimization of flexible base substrate (sandpaper, printing paper, and FP) and the FP the soaking time (5−60 min) was studied. Further, the optimized FP with 30 min-soaked SERS sensors were exploited to detect minuscule concentrations of pesticide (thiram-50 nM), dye (Nile blue-5 nM), and an explosive (RDX-1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine-100 nM) molecule. Interestingly, a prominent SERS effect was observed from the Au NPs exhibiting satisfactory reproducibility in the SERS signals over ~1 cm2 area for all of the molecules inspected with enhancement factors of ~105 and relative standard deviation values of <15%. Furthermore, traces of pesticide residues on the surface of a banana and RDX on the glass slide were swabbed with the optimized FP substrate and successfully recorded the SERS spectra using a portable Raman spectrometer. This signifies the great potential application of such low-cost, flexible substrates in the future real-life fields.
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26
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Azad S, Gajula D, Sapkota N, Rao A, Koley G. Infrared Transmission Characteristics of Phase Transitioning VO 2 on Various Substrates. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:812. [PMID: 35630279 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Infrared transmission characteristics of VO2 thin films synthesized on multiple substrates, using a low-pressure direct oxidation technique, have been characterized. Material characterization of these films indicates high material quality, which resulted in large variation of electrical and optical properties at phase transition. A change in optical transmissivity greater than 80% was observed for these films utilizing infrared (IR) laser illumination at 1550 nm. Phase transition enabled by temperature change induced by a pulsed high-power laser beam resulted in modulated IR laser transmission with a low time constant in VO2 on transparent quartz and muscovite substrates. Investigation of the effect of mechanical strain on phase transition in VO2 grown on flexible muscovite substrate indicate shift in transition temperature to higher for tensile and lower for compressive strains.
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27
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Ramazanov S, Sobola D, Ţălu Ş, Orudzev F, Arman A, Kaspar P, Dallaev R, Ramazanov G. Multiferroic behavior of the functionalized surface of a flexible substrate by deposition of Bi 2 O 3 and Fe 2 O 3. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1300-1310. [PMID: 34820938 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of bismuth and iron oxides were obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on the surface of a flexible substrate poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylene-pyromellitimide) (Kapton) at a temperature of 250°C. The layer thickness was 50 nm. The samples were examined by secondary-ion mass spectrometry, and uniform distribution of elements in the film layer was observed. Surface morphology, electrical polarization, and mechanical properties were investigated by atomic force microscope, piezoelectric force microscopy, and force modulation microscopy. The values of current in the near-surface layer varied in the range of ±80 pA when a potential of 5 V was applied. Chemical analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, where the formation of Bi2 O3 and Fe2 O3 phases, as well as intermediate phases in the Bi-Fe-O system, was observed. Magnetic measurements were carried out by a vibrating sample magnetometer that showed a ferromagnetic response. The low-temperature method of functionalization of the Kapton surface with bismuth and iron oxides will make it possible to adapt the Bi-Fe-O system to flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhgasan Ramazanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Dinara Sobola
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
- Academy of Sciences ČR, Institute of Physics of Materials, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ştefan Ţălu
- The Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Farid Orudzev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Ali Arman
- Vacuum Technology Research Group, ACECR, Sharif University Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pavel Kaspar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rashid Dallaev
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Guseyn Ramazanov
- Faculty of Technology, Course "Design", Dagestan State Technical University, Makhachkala, Russia
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28
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García-García A, Toral V, Quílez Del Moral JF, Galisteo Pretel A, Morales DP, Salinas-Castillo A, Cepeda J, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Bobinger M, Salmerón JF, Rivadeneyra A, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Selectivity of Relative Humidity Using a CP Based on S-Block Metal Ions. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1664. [PMID: 35214565 DOI: 10.3390/s22041664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the syntheses of a novel coordination polymer (CP) based on the perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylate (pery) linkers and sodium metal ions. We have chosen sodium metal center with the aim of surmising the effect that the modification of the metal ion may have on the relative humidity (RH) experimental measurements of the material. We confirm the role of the ions in the functionalization of the deposited layer by modifying their selectivity towards moisture content, paving the way to the generation of sensitive and selective chemical sensors.
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29
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Kim Y, Alimperti S, Choi P, Noh M. An Inkjet Printed Flexible Electrocorticography (ECoG) Microelectrode Array on a Thin Parylene-C Film. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22031277. [PMID: 35162023 PMCID: PMC8838719 DOI: 10.3390/s22031277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a conventional, invasive technique for recording brain signals from the cortical surface using an array of electrodes. In this study, we developed a highly flexible 22-channel ECoG microelectrode array on a thin Parylene film using novel fabrication techniques. Narrow (<40 µm) and thin (<500 nm) microelectrode patterns were first printed on PDMS, then the patterns were transferred onto Parylene films via vapor deposition and peeling. A custom-designed, 3D-printed connector was built and assembled with the Parylene-based flexible ECoG microelectrode array without soldering. The impedance of the assembled ECoG electrode array was measured in vitro by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the result was consistent. In addition, we conducted in vivo studies by implanting the flexible ECoG sensor in a rat and successfully recording brain signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoontae Kim
- American Dental Association Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (Y.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Stella Alimperti
- American Dental Association Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA; (Y.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Paul Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Moses Noh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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30
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Li J, Yi W, Yin M, Yang H, Li J, Li Y, Jiao Z, Bai H, Zou M, Xi G. Plasmonic Rare-Earth Nanosheets as Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Substrates with High Sensitivity and Stability for Multicomponent Analysis. ACS Nano 2022; 16:1160-1169. [PMID: 35023714 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Looking for high-performance substrates is an important goal of current surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) research. Herein, ultrathin multilayer rhenium (Re) nanosheets as a rare-earth metal substrate are found to have extraordinary SERS performance. These Re nanosheets are prepared through a convenient low-temperature molten salt strategy, and their total thickness is ∼5 nm, including 3-4 layers of ultrathin nanosheets with a thickness of only ∼1 nm. The viscosity of molten salt plays a key role in the formation of these ultrathin layered nanosheets. These nanosheets exhibit a strong and well-defined localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect in the visible light region. The plasmonic Re nanosheets show excellent SERS performance with high sensitivity, chemical stability, and signal repeatability. The lowest detection limit for toxic compounds is 10-12 mol, and the corresponding Raman enhancement factor is 9.1 × 108. A composite enhancement mechanism caused by localized-SPR and charge transport has played an important role in the rare-earth-SERS. High-throughput multiassay analysis is performed on the flexible membrane assembled from the Re nanosheets, which highlights that our system is capable of rapid separation and identification of the samples containing various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbin Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
- College of Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Wencai Yi
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yin
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Junfang Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Li
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- College of Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, P.R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Mingqiang Zou
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Guangcheng Xi
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
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31
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Han C, Li X, Liu Y, Tang Y, Liu M, Li X, Shao C, Ma J, Liu Y. Flexible All-Inorganic Room-Temperature Chemiresistors Based on Fibrous Ceramic Substrate and Visible-Light-Powered Semiconductor Sensing Layer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2102471. [PMID: 34672107 PMCID: PMC8655210 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As the most extensively used gas-sensing devices, inorganic semiconductor chemiresistors are facing great challenges in realizing mechanical flexibility and room-temperature gas detection for developing next-generation wearable sensing devices. Herein, for the first time, flexible all-inorganic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)/In2 O3 /graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) (ZIC) gas sensor is designed by employing YSZ nanofibers as substrate, and ultrathin In2 O3 /g-C3 N4 heterostructures as active sensing layer. The YSZ substrate possesses small nanofiber diameter (310 nm), ultrafine grain size (23.9 nm), and abundant dangling bonds, endowing it with striking mechanical flexibility and strong adhesion with In2 O3 /g-C3 N4 sensing layer. Meanwhile, the ultrathin thickness (≈7 nm) of In2 O3 /g-C3 N4 ensures that the inorganic sensing layer has tiny linear strain along with the deformation of flexible YSZ substrate, thereby enabling unusual bending capacity. To address the operating temperature issue, the gas sensor is operated by using a visible-light-powered strategy. Under visible-light illumination, the flexible ZIC sensor exhibits a perfectly reversible response/recovery dynamic process and ultralow detection limit of 50 ppb to toxic nitrogen dioxide at room temperature. This work not only provides an insight into the mechanical flexibility of inorganic materials, but also offers a valuable reference for developing other flexible inorganic-semiconductor-based room-temperature gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohan Han
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Yujing Tang
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Mingzhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Xinghua Li
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Changlu Shao
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Jiangang Ma
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Key Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of EducationNortheast Normal University5268 Renmin StreetChangchun130024China
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Min JG, Cho WJ. Sol-Gel Composites-Based Flexible and Transparent Amorphous Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Synaptic Transistors for Wearable Intelligent Electronics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237233. [PMID: 34885817 PMCID: PMC8658838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose the fabrication of sol-gel composite-based flexible and transparent synaptic transistors on polyimide (PI) substrates. Because a low thermal budget process is essential for the implementation of high-performance synaptic transistors on flexible PI substrates, microwave annealing (MWA) as a heat treatment process suitable for thermally vulnerable substrates was employed and compared to conventional thermal annealing (CTA). In addition, a solution-processed wide-bandgap amorphous In-Ga-Zn (2:1:1) oxide (a-IGZO) channel, an organic polymer chitosan electrolyte-based electric double layer (EDL), and a high-k Ta2O5 thin-film dielectric layer were applied to achieve high flexibility and transparency. The essential synaptic plasticity of the flexible and transparent synaptic transistors fabricated with the MWA process was demonstrated by single spike, paired-pulse facilitation, multi-spike facilitation excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC), and three-cycle evaluation of potentiation and depression behaviors. Furthermore, we verified the mechanical robustness of the fabricated device through repeated bending tests and demonstrated that the electrical properties were stably maintained. As a result, the proposed sol-gel composite-based synaptic transistors are expected to serve as transparent and flexible intelligent electronic devices capable of stable neural operation.
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Kim M, Jee H, Lee J. Photo-Sintered Silver Thin Films by a High-Power UV-LED Module for Flexible Electronic Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2840. [PMID: 34835606 PMCID: PMC8621171 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent printed electronics technology, a photo-sintering technique using intense pulsed light (IPL) source has attracted attention, instead of conventional a thermal sintering process with long time and high temperature. The key principle of the photo-sintering process is the selective heating of a thin film with large light absorption coefficients, while a transparent substrate does not heat by the IPL source. Most research on photo-sintering has used a xenon flash lamp as a light source. However, the xenon flash lamp requires instantaneous high power and is unsuitable for large area applications. In this work, we developed a new photo-sintering system using a high-power ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) module. A LED light source has many merits such as low power consumption and potential large-scale application. The silver nanoparticles ink was inkjet-printed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and photo-sintered by the UV-LED module with the wavelength of 365 and 385 nm. The electrical resistivity as low as 5.44 × 10-6 Ω·cm (just about three times compared to value of bulk silver) was achieved at optimized photo-sintering conditions (wavelength of 365 nm and light intensity of 300 mW/cm2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaehyeong Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (M.K.); (H.J.)
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Wang J, Wang W, Li J, Mu X, Yan X, Wang Z, Su J, Lei T, Wang C. Universal Strategy to Prepare a Flexible Photothermal Absorber Based on Hierarchical Fe-MOF-74 toward Highly Efficient Solar Interfacial Seawater Desalination. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:45944-45956. [PMID: 34525807 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven interfacial steam generation (SDISG), as an emerging green and renewable approach to overcome water shortage, is very suitable for remote locations, developing countries, and disaster zones because it does not require an additional energy supply. However, the traditional metal-based and carbon-based absorbers always suffered from fragility (or rigidity) and the complex preparation process, which dramatically inhibited their transportation and installation in areas with poor infrastructure. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a universal method to fabricate flexible solar evaporators. Herein, a novel solar evaporator that integrates a flexible matrix (Cu mesh or textile) and a hierarchical Fe-MOF-74 photothermal absorber component is perfectly prepared for the rapid and efficient SDISG. Notably, the results show that Fe-MOF-74-based flexible textile matrix composites exhibit outstanding light absorption (83.81%), low thermal conductivity (0.1730 W/m K), super hydrophilic properties (within 50 ms, the contact angle is close to 0°), excellent salt resistance, high evaporation rate (1.35 kg/m2 h), and photothermal conversion efficiency (η is 81.5% under one sun, stable for 30 days). Owing to the flexibility, recyclability, and above-mentioned excellent performance, the prepared hierarchical Fe-MOF-74-based flexible composite systems are more practical for transportation, large-scale production, and stable and efficient applications. As a result, this work offers new insight into the future development of the combination of a MOF-based photothermal absorber and flexible substrates, as well as for the application of interfacial solar seawater desalination, and provides a new reference for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulong Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weike Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xueyang Mu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyue Yan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zerui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinbu Su
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Lei
- School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chengbing Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Functionalization for Inorganic Material, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi, China
- Zhejiang Wenzhou Research Institute of Light Industry, Wenzhou 325003, Zhejiang, China
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Lee D, Lee D, Yun HS, Kim DS. Angstrom-Scale Active Width Control of Nano Slits for Variable Plasmonic Cavity. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11092463. [PMID: 34578777 PMCID: PMC8465792 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanogap slits can operate as a plasmonic Fabry–Perot cavity in the visible and infrared ranges due to the gap plasmon with an increased wavenumber. Although the properties of gap plasmon are highly dependent on the gap width, active width tuning of the plasmonic cavity over the wafer length scale was barely realized. Recently, the fabrication of nanogap slits on a flexible substrate was demonstrated to show that the width can be adjusted by bending the flexible substrate. In this work, by conducting finite element method (FEM) simulation, we investigated the structural deformation of nanogap slit arrays on an outer bent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate and the change of the optical properties. We found that the tensile deformation is concentrated in the vicinity of the gap bottom to widen the gap width proportionally to the substrate curvature. The width widening leads to resonance blueshift and field enhancement decrease. Displacement ratio ((width change)/(supporting stage translation)), which was identified to be proportional to the substrate thickness and slit period, is on the order of 10−5 enabling angstrom-scale width control. This low displacement ratio comparable to a mechanically controllable break junction highlights the great potential of nanogap slit structures on a flexible substrate, particularly in quantum plasmonics.
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Pakharenko V, Mukherjee S, Dias OAT, Wu C, Manion J, Singh CV, Seferos D, Tjong J, Oksman K, Sain M. Thermoconformational Behavior of Cellulose Nanofiber Films as a Device Substrate and Their Superior Flexibility and Durability to Glass. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:40853-40862. [PMID: 34403248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design and high-throughput manufacturing of thin renewable energy devices with high structural and atomic configurational stability are crucial for the fabrication of green electronics. Yet, this concept is still in its infancy. In this work, we report the extraordinary durability of thin molecular interlayered organic flexible energy devices based on chemically tuned cellulose nanofiber transparent films that outperform glass by decreasing the substrate weight by 50%. The nanofabricated flexible thin film has an exceptionally low thermal coefficient of expansion of 1.8 ppm/K and a stable atomic configuration under a harsh fabrication condition (over 190 °C for an extended period of 5 h). A flexible optoelectronic device using the same renewable cellulose nanofiber film substrate was found to be functionally operational over a life span of 5 years under an intermittent operating condition. The success of this device's stability opens up an entirely new frontier of applications of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Pakharenko
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Graduate Department of Forestry, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto M5S3E8, Canada
| | - Sankha Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto M5S3E4, Canada
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Otavio Augusto Titton Dias
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Graduate Department of Forestry, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto M5S3E8, Canada
| | - Crystal Wu
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Graduate Department of Forestry, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto M5S3E8, Canada
| | - Joseph Manion
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto M5S3E4, Canada
| | - Dwight Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Jimi Tjong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S3G8, Canada
- Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Mohini Sain
- Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing, Graduate Department of Forestry, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto M5S3E8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S3G8, Canada
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Abstract
We report a chemiresistive cyclohexanone sensor on a flexible substrate based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with thiourea (TU) derivatives. A wrapper polymer containing both 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) groups and azide groups (P(4VP-VBAz)) was employed to obtain a homogeneous SWCNT dispersion via noncovalent functionalization of SWCNTs. The P(4VP-VBAz)-SWCNT composite dispersion was then spray-coated onto an organosilanized flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film to achieve immobilizing quaternization between the pyridyl groups from the polymer and the functional PET substrate, thereby surface anchoring SWCNTs. Subsequent surface functionalization was performed to incorporate a TU selector into the composites, resulting in P(Q4VP-VBTU)-SWCNT, for the detection of cyclohexanone via hydrogen bonding interactions. An increase in conductance was observed as a result of the hydrogen-bonded complex with cyclohexanone resulting in a higher hole density and/or mobility in SWCNTs. As a result, a sensor device fabricated with P(Q4VP-VBTU)-SWCNT composites exhibited chemiresistive responses (ΔG/G0) of 7.9 ± 0.6% in N2 (RH 0.1%) and 4.7 ± 0.4% in air (RH 5%), respectively, upon exposure to 200 ppm cyclohexanone. Selective cyclohexanone detection was achieved with minor responses (ΔG/G0 < 1.4% at 500 ppm) toward interfering volatile organic compounds (VOC). analytes. We demonstrate a robust sensing platform using the polymer-SWCNT composites on a flexible PET substrate for potential application in wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Yoon
- Optical and Electromagnetic Materials Team, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (DEVCOM SC), Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary F. Walsh
- Optical and Electromagnetic Materials Team, U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (DEVCOM SC), Natick, Massachusetts 01760, United States
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Hwee Wong GD, Xu Z, Gan W, Ang CCI, Law WC, Tang J, Zhang W, Wong PKJ, Yu X, Xu F, Wee ATS, Seet CS, Lew WS. Strain-Mediated Spin-Orbit Torque Enhancement in Pt/Co on Flexible Substrate. ACS Nano 2021; 15:8319-8327. [PMID: 33970603 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current-induced magnetization switching by spin-orbit torque generated in heavy metals offers an enticing realm for energy-efficient memory and logic devices. The spin Hall efficiency is a key parameter in describing the generation of spin current. Recent findings have reported enhancement of spin Hall efficiency by mechanical strain, but its origin remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate a 45% increase in spin Hall efficiency in the platinum/cobalt (Pt/Co) bilayer, of which 78% of the enhancement was preserved even after the strain was removed. Spin transparency and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism revealed that the enhancement was attributed to a bulk effect in the Pt layer. This was further confirmed by the linear relationship between the spin Hall efficiency and resistivity, which indicates an increase in skew-scattering. These findings shed light on the origin of enhancement and are promising in shaping future utilization of mechanical strain for energy-efficient devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Dao Hwee Wong
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte. Ltd., 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406
| | - Zhan Xu
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weiliang Gan
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Calvin Ching Ian Ang
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Wai Cheung Law
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte. Ltd., 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406
| | - Jiaxuan Tang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ping Kwan Johnny Wong
- School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yu
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore 117603
| | - Feng Xu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic and Intermetallic Materials Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics and Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546
| | - Chim Seng Seet
- GLOBALFOUNDRIES Singapore Pte. Ltd., 60 Woodlands Industrial Park D Street 2, Singapore 738406
| | - Wen Siang Lew
- School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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Ai T, Fan Y, Wang H, Zou X, Bao W, Deng Z, Zhao Z, Li M, Kou L, Feng X, Li M. Microstructure and Properties of Ag-Doped ZnO Grown Hydrothermally on a Graphene-Coated Polyethylene Terephthalate Bilayer Flexible Substrate. Front Chem 2021; 9:661127. [PMID: 33996754 PMCID: PMC8120319 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.661127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ag-doped ZnO nanorods growth on a PET-graphene substrate (Ag-ZnO/PET-GR) with different Ag-doped content were synthesized by low-temperature ion-sputtering-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. The phase composition, morphologies of ZnO, and electrical properties were analyzed. Ag-doping affects the initially perpendicular growth of ZnO nanorods, resulting in oblique growth of ZnO nanorods becoming more obvious as the Ag-doped content increases, and the diameter of the nanorods decreasing gradually. The width of the forbidden band gap of the ZnO films decreases with increasing Ag-doped content. For the Ag-ZnO/PET-GR composite structure, the Ag-ZnO thin film with 5% Ag-doped content has the largest carrier concentration (8.1 × 1018 cm−3), the highest mobility (67 cm2 · V−1 · s−1), a small resistivity (0.09 Ω·cm), and impressive electrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Ai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Chengdu Hongke Electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Huhu Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Xiangyu Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Weiwei Bao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Zhongguo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Miao Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Lingjiang Kou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Mei Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Slag Comprehensive Utilization and Environmental Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Shaanxi Province Engineering and Technology Research Center of Resource Utilization of Metallurgical Slag, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
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40
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Wang H, Chen L. Electrowetting-on-Dielectric Based Economical Digital Microfluidic Chip on Flexible Substrate by Inkjet Printing. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11121113. [PMID: 33339126 PMCID: PMC7765594 DOI: 10.3390/mi11121113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to get rid of the dependence on expensive photolithography technology and related facilities, an economic and simple design and fabrication technology for digital microfluidics (DMF) is proposed. The electrodes pattern was generated by inkjet printing nanosilver conductive ink on the flexible Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with a 3D circuit board printer, food wrap film was attached to the electrode array to act as the dielectric layer and Teflon® AF was sprayed to form a hydrophobic layer. The PET substrate and food wrap film are low cost and accessible to general users. The proposed flexible DMF chips can be reused for a long time by replacing the dielectric film coated with hydrophobic layer. The resolution and conductivity of silver traces and the contact angle and velocity of the droplets were evaluated to demonstrate that the proposed technology is comparable to the traditional DMF fabrication process. As far as the rapid prototyping of DMF is concerned, this technology has shown very attractive advantages in many aspects, such as fabrication cost, fabrication time, material selection and mass production capacity, without sacrificing the performance of DMF. The flexible DMF chips have successfully implemented basic droplet operations on a square and hexagon electrode array.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China
| | - Liguo Chen
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Soochow 215006, China;
- Correspondence:
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Elvira-Hernández EA, Romero-García J, Ledezma-Pérez A, Herrera-May AL, Hernández-Hernández E, Uscanga-González LA, Jarvio-Cordova VA, Hurtado G, Gallardo-Vega C, de León A. Synthesis of ZnO Nanorod Film Deposited by Spraying with Application for Flexible Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Microdevices. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E6759. [PMID: 33256037 DOI: 10.3390/s20236759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things have significantly increased the use of sensors and electronic products based on flexible substrates, which require electrical energy for their performance. This electrical energy can be supplied by piezoelectric vibrational energy harvesting (pVEH) devices. These devices can convert energy from ambient mechanical excitations into electrical energy. In order to develop, these devices require piezoelectric films fabricated with a simple and low-cost process. In this work, we synthesize ZnO nanorod film by a solvothermal method and deposit by spraying on ITO (indium-tin-oxide)/PET (polyethylene terephthalate) flexible substrate for a pVEH microdevice. The results of the characterization of the ZnO nanorod film using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirm the typical reflections for this type of nanomaterial (JCPDS 36-145). Based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, the size of the nanorod film is close to 1380 nm, and the average diameter is 221 ± 67 nm. In addition, the morphological characteristics of the ZnO nanorod film are obtained using atomic force microscopy (AFM) tapping images. The pVEH microdevice has a resonant frequency of 37 Hz, a generated voltage and electrical power of 9.12 V and 6.67 μW, respectively, considering a load resistance of 107.7 kΩ and acceleration of 1.5 g. The ZnO nanorod film may be applied to pVEH microdevices with flexible substrates using a low-cost and easy fabrication process.
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Falco A, Romero FJ, Loghin FC, Lyuleeva A, Becherer M, Lugli P, Morales DP, Rodriguez N, Salmerón JF, Rivadeneyra A. Printed and Flexible Microheaters Based on Carbon Nanotubes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1879. [PMID: 32961690 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates a cost-effective manufacturing method of flexible and fully printed microheaters, using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the heating element. Two different structures with different number of CNT layers have been characterized in detail. The benchmarking has been carried out in terms of maximum operating temperature, as well as nominal resistance and input power for different applied voltages. Their performances have been compared with previous reports for similar devices, fabricated with other technologies. The results have shown that the heaters presented can achieve high temperatures in a small area at lower voltages and lower input power. In particular, the fully printed heaters fabricated on a flexible substrate covering an area of 3.2 mm2 and operating at 9.5 V exhibit a maximum temperature point above 70 °C with a power consumption below 200 mW. Therefore, we have demonstrated that this technology paves the way for a cost-effective large-scale fabrication of flexible microheaters aimed to be integrated in flexible sensors.
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Rafique S, Burton MR, Badiei N, Gonzalez-Feijoo J, Mehraban S, Carnie MJ, Tarat A, Li L. Lightweight and Bulk Organic Thermoelectric Generators Employing Novel P-Type Few-Layered Graphene Nanoflakes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:30643-30651. [PMID: 32525306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene exhibits both high electrical conductivity and large elastic modulus, which makes it an ideal material candidate for many electronic devices. At present not much work has been conducted on using graphene to construct thermoelectric devices, particularly due to its high thermal conductivity and lack of bulk fabrication. Films of graphene-based materials, however, and their nanocomposites have been shown to be promising candidates for thermoelectric energy generation. Exploring methods to enhance the thermoelectric performance of graphene and produce bulk samples can significantly widen its application in thermoelectrics. Realization of bulk organic materials in the thermoelectric community is highly desired to develop cheap, Earth-abundant, light, and nontoxic thermoelectric generators. In this context, this work reports a new approach using pressed pellets bars of few-layered graphene (FLG) nanoflakes employed in thermoelectric generators (TEGs). First, FLG nanoflakes were produced by a novel dry physical grinding technique followed by graphene nanoflake liberation using plasma treatment. The resultant material is highly pure with very low defects, possessing 3 to 5-layer stacks as proved by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction measurement, and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal and electronic properties confirm the anisotropy of the material and hence the varied performance characteristics parallel to and perpendicular to the pressing direction of the pellets. The full thermoelectric properties were characterized both parallel and perpendicular to the pressing direction, and the proof-of-concept thermoelectric generators were fabricated with variable amounts of legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Rafique
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R Burton
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Nafiseh Badiei
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Feijoo
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Shahin Mehraban
- Materials Advanced Characterization Centre, Future Manufacturing Research Institute, College of Engineering Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Skewen, Swansea SA1 8EN United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Carnie
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Tarat
- Perpetuus Carbon Technologies Ltd., Unit B1, Olympus Ct, Mill Stream Way, Llansamlet, Swansea SA7 0AQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lijie Li
- Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
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Fryń P, Jewłoszewicz B, Bogdanowicz KA, Przybył W, Gonciarz A, Pich R, Marzec M, Iwan A. Research of Binary and Ternary Composites Based on Selected Aliphatic or Aliphatic-Aromatic Polymers, 5CB or SWCN Toward Biodegradable Electrodes. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E2480. [PMID: 32486053 PMCID: PMC7321163 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this paper was to study the optical, electrical, and thermal properties of hybrid composites based on biodegradable polymers (L,D-poly(lactic acid), polycaprolactone or Ecoflex®), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCN), and 4'-pentyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (5CB). The biodegradable polymers' binary and ternary compositions were analyzed in detail by ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy taking into consideration their chemical structure and interactions with 5CB and SWCN. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of the created hybrid layers showed thermal stability and changes in glass transition temperature and melting point in comparison to neat polymers, depending on the chemical structure of the polymer used and the type of composition. Morphology of the created layers were investigated by atomic force and polarizing microscopy. The static contact angle measurements of a water drop showed that all of the neat polymer layers were hydrophobic with angle values ranging from 108° to 115°. In addition, in the case of the Ecoflex layers, both with and without additives, a rapid sorption of the deposited water drop was observed. Finally, a simple device with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/poly [[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl ]] (PTB7) : [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM)/Ag/biodegradable polymer:SWCN architecture was constructed and tested using an infrared (IR) thermographic camera to investigate the surface defects on the created hybrid layers. Increasing the SWCN admixture from 0.01 to 0.5% significantly improved the conductivity only in the case of L,D-poly(lactic acid):SWCN (10:0.5), for which above 5 V, a current with a resistance of 3030.7 Ω could be measured. In order to use the created layers as flexible electrodes, the first experiments were carried out with an admixture of SWCN and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) as conductive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Fryń
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Beata Jewłoszewicz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.J.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.J.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Wojciech Przybył
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (B.J.); (K.A.B.); (W.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Gonciarz
- Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (R.P.)
| | - Robert Pich
- Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (R.P.)
| | - Monika Marzec
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Faculty of Security and Safety Research, General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Czajkowskiego 109 Str., 51-147 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (R.P.)
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Kang PL, Lin YH, Settu K, Yen CS, Yeh CY, Liu JT, Chen CJ, Chang SJ. A Facile Fabrication of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Cross-Linked Gelatin as Screen Printing Substrates. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051186. [PMID: 32456005 PMCID: PMC7284702 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on preparation and valuation of the biodegradable, native, and modified gelatin film as screen-printing substrates. Modified gelatin film was prepared by crosslinking with various crosslinking agents and the electrode array was designed by screen-printing. It was observed that the swelling ratio of C-2, crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and EDC/NHS (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide) was found to be lower (3.98%) than that of C-1 (crosslinked with only glutaraldehyde) (8.77%) and C-0 (without crosslinking) (28.15%). The obtained results indicate that the swelling ratios of both C-1 and C-2 were found to be lower than that of C-0 (control one without crosslinking). The Young's modulus for C-1 and C-2 was found to be 8.55 ± 0.57 and 23.72 ± 2.04 kPa, respectively. Hence, it was conveyed that the mechanical strength of C-2 was found to be two times higher than that of C-l, suggesting that the mechanical strength was enhanced upon dual crosslinking in this study also. The adhesion study indicates that silver ink adhesion on the gelation surface is better than that of carbon ink. In addition, the electrical response of C-2 with a screen-printed electrode (SPE) was found to be the same as the commercial polycarbonate (PC) substrate. The result of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay suggested that the silver SPE on C-2 was non-cytotoxic toward L929 fibroblast cells proliferation. The results indicated that C-2 gelatin is a promising material to act as a screen-printing substrate with excellent biodegradable and biocompatible properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Leun Kang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (P.-L.K.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan; (P.-L.K.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Kalpana Settu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University, New Taipei 23741, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Shu Yen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-S.Y.); (C.-Y.Y.)
| | - Chin-Yi Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-S.Y.); (C.-Y.Y.)
| | - Jen-Tsai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.-T.L.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-76151100-7467 (S.-J.C.)
| | - Ching-Jung Chen
- School of Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.-T.L.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-76151100-7467 (S.-J.C.)
| | - Shwu-Jen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; (C.-S.Y.); (C.-Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (J.-T.L.); (C.-J.C.); (S.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-76151100-7467 (S.-J.C.)
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Wang K, Dong H, Zhou D, Ito Y, Hu L, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Facile Fabrication of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Patterns on Flexible Substrate Based on a Photoimmobilization Technique. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:8722-8729. [PMID: 31994380 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted significant attention due to their outstanding properties. For their wide applications in electronics and optoelectronics, pure semiconducting SWCNTs (s-SWCNTs) and their precise placement are preconditions. Recent advances have focused on developing effective strategies to separate s-SWCNTs from raw SWCNTs, a mixture of metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, and deposit s-SWCNTs on target substrates. Herein, a polyfluorene-based alternative copolymer (PFBP) containing the benzophenone group was employed. PFBP achieved higher yield for s-SWCNTs than the well-studied poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) through solution process. Subsequently, the dispersed s-SWCNTs were immobilized on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate in a facile manner by the photoreactive benzophenone group upon exposure to UV irradiation, and chemically robust patterns were fabricated from micro to macro scales through photomasks. Our method accomplished by utilizing photoimmobilization is a simple cleaning procedure and an important step forward in pitch scaling for further applications of conjugated polymer wrapped s-SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 215123 Suzhou , China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 215123 Suzhou , China
| | - Di Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Engineering , Changshu Institute of Technology , Changshu , Jiangsu 215500 , China
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory , RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Lihua Hu
- Analysis and Testing Center , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 215123 Suzhou , China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , 215123 Suzhou , China
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Liu H, Geng J, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Wang F, Chen T, Sun L. Flexible Ultrasonic Transducer Array with Bulk PZT for Adjuvant Treatment of Bone Injury. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 20:s20010086. [PMID: 31877831 PMCID: PMC6983210 DOI: 10.3390/s20010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible electronic devices are developing rapidly, especially in medical applications. This paper reports an arrayed flexible piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (FPMUT) with a sandwich structure for adjuvant treatment of bone injury. To make the device conformable and stretchable for attaching to the skin surface, the flexible substrate of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was combined with the flexible metal line interconnection between the bulk lead zirconate titanate (PZT) arrays. Simulations and experiments were carried out to verify the resonant frequency and tensile property of the reported FPMUT device. The device had a resonant frequency of 321.15 KHz and a maximum sound pressure level (SPL) of 180.19 dB at the distance of 5 cm in water. In addition, detailed experiments were carried out to test its acoustic performance with different pork tissues, and the results indicated good ultrasound penetration. These findings confirm that the FPMUT shows unique advantages for adjuvant treatment of bone injury.
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Mandrile L, Giovannozzi AM, Sacco A, Martra G, Rossi AM. Flexible and Transparent Substrates Based on Gold Nanoparticles and TiO 2 for in Situ Bioanalysis by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Biosensors (Basel) 2019; 9:E145. [PMID: 31861199 PMCID: PMC6955768 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flexible and transparent substrates are emerging as low cost and easy-to-operate support for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In particular, in situ SERS detection approach for surface characterization in transmission modality can be efficiently employed for non-invasive analysis of non-planar surfaces. Here we propose a new methodology to fabricate a homogenous, transparent, and flexible SERS membrane by the assistance of a thin TiO2 porous layer deposited on the PDMS surface, which supports the uniform loading of gold nanoparticles over large area. The substrate was first characterized for homogeneity, sensitivity and repeatability using a model molecule for SERS, i.e., 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin. Satisfactory intra-substrate uniformity and inter-substrates repeatability was achieved, showing an RSD of 10%, and an analytical sensitivity down to 10 nM was determined with an EF of 3.4 × 105 ± 0.4 × 105. Furthermore, SERS detection of pyrimethanil (PMT), a commonly employed pesticide in crops for human consumption, was performed in situ, exploiting the optical transparency of the device, using both model surfaces and non-flat bio-samples. PMT contamination at the phytochemical concentration levels corresponding to commonly used infield doses was successfully detected on the surface of the yellow Ficus benjiamina leaves, supporting the use of this substrate for food safety in-field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mandrile
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Andrea Mario Giovannozzi
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessio Sacco
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
- Department of Chemistry and Interdepartmental Centre NIS, University of Turin, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Mario Rossi
- Physical Chemistry and Nanotechnologies Group, National Institute of Metrological Research, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Turin, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.G.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
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Zhu J, Zhou X, Jing L, Hua Q, Hu W, Wang ZL. Piezotronic Effect Modulated Flexible AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors. ACS Nano 2019; 13:13161-13168. [PMID: 31633906 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic technology has attracted great attention due to its wide range of potential applications in the fields of healthcare, robotics, and artificial intelligence, etc. In this work, we have successfully fabricated flexible AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) arrays through a low-damage and wafer-scale substrate transfer technology from a rigid Si substrate. The flexible AlGaN/GaN HEMTs have excellent electrical performances with the Id,max achieving 290 mA/mm at Vgs = +2 V and the gm,max reaching to 40 mS/mm. The piezotronic effect provides a different freedom to optimize device performances, and flexible HEMTs can endure the larger mechanical distortions. Based on the piezotronic effect, we applied an external stress to significantly modulate the electrical performances of flexible HEMTs. The piezotronic effect modulated flexible AlGaN/GaN HEMTs exhibit great potential in human-machine interface, intelligent microinductor systems, and active sensors, etc, and introduce an opportunity to sensing or feedback external mechanical stimuli and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Liang Jing
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qilin Hua
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Weiguo Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0245 , United States
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50
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Zhao W, Li M, Wang X, Yang X, Hu X, Yuan D, Yang W, Zhang Y, Lv P, He J, Zhou G. Polymer Stabilized Liquid Crystal Smart Window with Flexible Substrates Based on Low-Temperature Treatment of Polyamide Acid Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1869. [PMID: 31766151 PMCID: PMC6918311 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) devices can be used as smart privacy windows that switch between transparent and opaque states. The polyimide alignment layer of a PSLC device is usually obtained by the treatment of polyamide acid (PAA) with temperatures over 200 °C. This hinders the fabrication of PSLC devices on flexible substrates, which melt at these high temperatures. In this work, the fabrication of a PSLC alignment layer using a lower temperature that is compatible with most flexible substrates, is demonstrated. It was found that the treatment of PAA at 150 °C could generate the same alignment for liquid crystals. Based on this, a PSLC device was successfully fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, demonstrating excellent electro-optic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Changrui Wang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ming Li
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiulan Yang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong Yuan
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiping Yang
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Pengrong Lv
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jialin He
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; (C.W.); (X.W.); (X.Y.); (X.H.); (D.Y.); (Y.Z.); (P.L.); (J.H.); (G.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
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