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Recent developments in synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors: A comprehensive review with structural and molecular insight. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Firdaus JU, Siddiqui N, Alam O, Manaithiya A, Chandra K. Pyrazole scaffold-based derivatives: A glimpse of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, SAR, and route of synthesis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200421. [PMID: 36617511 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The α-glucosidase is a validated target to develop drugs for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. The existing α-glucosidase inhibitors have certain shortcomings related to side effects and route of synthesis. Accordingly, it is inevitable to develop new chemical templates as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Pyrazole derivatives have a special place in medicinal chemistry because of various biological activities. Recently, pyrazole-based heterocyclic compounds have emerged as a promising scaffold to develop α-glucosidase inhibitors. This study focuses on the recently reported pyrazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors, including their biological activity (in vivo, in vitro, and in silico), structure-activity relationship, and ways of synthesis. The literature revealed the development of several promising pyrazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors and new synthetic routes for their preparation. The encouraging α-glucosidase inhibitory results of the pyrazole-based heterocyclic compounds make them an attractive target for further research. The authors also foresee the arrival of the pyrazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannat Ul Firdaus
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nadeem Siddiqui
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ozair Alam
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Manaithiya
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Pyrazoles. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole-containing compounds represent one of the most influential families of N-heterocycles due to their proven applicability and versatility as synthetic intermediates in preparing relevant chemicals in biological, physical-chemical, material science, and industrial fields. Therefore, synthesizing structurally diverse pyrazole derivatives is highly desirable, and various researchers continue to focus on preparing this functional scaffold and finding new and improved applications; this review highlights some of the most recent and strategic examples regarding the synthesis and properties of different pyrazole derivatives, mainly reported from 2017–present. The discussion involves strategically functionalized rings (i.e., amines, carbaldehydes, halides, etc.) and their use in forming various fused systems, predominantly bicyclic cores with 5:6 fusion taking advantage of our experience in this field and the more recent investigations of our research group.
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Ebenezer O, Shapi M, Tuszynski JA. A Review of the Recent Development in the Synthesis and Biological Evaluations of Pyrazole Derivatives. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051124. [PMID: 35625859 PMCID: PMC9139179 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazoles are five-membered heterocyclic compounds that contain nitrogen. They are an important class of compounds for drug development; thus, they have attracted much attention. In the meantime, pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized as target structures and have demonstrated numerous biological activities such as antituberculosis, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory. This review summarizes the results of published research on pyrazole derivatives synthesis and biological activities. The published research works on pyrazole derivatives synthesis and biological activities between January 2018 and December 2021 were retrieved from the Scopus database and reviewed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi Ebenezer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4026, South Africa; (O.E.); (M.S.)
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Michael Shapi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4026, South Africa; (O.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Jack A. Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Design, synthesis, biological evaluations and in silico studies of sulfonate ester derivatives of 2-(2-benzylidenehydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Saeedi M, Raeisi-Nafchi M, Sobhani S, Mirfazli SS, Zardkanlou M, Mojtabavi S, Faramarzi MA, Akbarzadeh T. Synthesis of 4-alkylaminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines linked to carbamate moiety as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2021; 25:2399-2409. [PMID: 33047276 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, various imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines linked to carbamate moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among synthesized compounds, 4-(3-(tert-Butylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenyl p-tolylcarbamate (6d) was the most potent compound (IC50 = 75.6 µM) compared with acarbose as the reference drug (IC50 = 750.0 µM). Kinetic study of compound 6d indicated a competitive inhibition. Also, the molecular docking study suggested desired interactions with the active site residues. In particular, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions constructed by compound 6d afforded well-oriented conformation in the 3A4A active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Raeisi-Nafchi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Sobhani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zardkanlou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mojtabavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Saeedi M, Eslami A, Mirfazli SS, Zardkanlou M, Faramarzi MA, Mahdavi M, Akbarzadeh T. Design and Synthesis of Novel 5-Arylisoxazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole Hybrids as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201104125018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
α-Glucosidase inhibitors have occupied a significant position in the treatment
of type 2 diabetes. In this respect, the development of novel and efficient non-sugar-based
inhibitors is in high demand.
Objective:
Design and synthesis of new 5-arylisoxazole-1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids possessing α-
glucosidase inhibitory activity were developed.
Methods:
Different derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of various 5-arylisoxazole-3-
carboxylic acids and ethyl 2-((5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetate. Finally, they were evaluated
for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.
Results:
It was found that ethyl 2-((5-(5-(2-chlorophenyl)isoxazole-3-carboxamido)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-
2-yl)thio)acetate (5j) was the most potent compound (IC50 = 180.1 μM) compared with acarbose as
the reference drug (IC50 = 750.0 μM). Also, the kinetic study of 5j revealed a competitive inhibition
and docking study results indicated desired interactions of that compound with amino acid residues
located close to the active site of α-glucosidase.
Conclusion:
Good α-glucosidase inhibitory activity obtained by the title compounds introduced
them as an efficient scaffold, which merits to be considered in anti-diabetic drug discovery
developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Saeedi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Eslami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy-International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zardkanlou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kausar N, Ullah S, Khan MA, Zafar H, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Choudhary MI, Yousuf S. Celebrex derivatives: Synthesis, α-glucosidase inhibition, crystal structures and molecular docking studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 106:104499. [PMID: 33288319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Celebrex (1), commonly used as an anti-inflammatory drug, was functionalized (compounds 2-9) to identify new α-glucosidase inhibitors. Initially, all the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity but none was found to be active. Subsequently a random biological screening was carried out. Interestingly many of them were found to be potent α-glucosidase inhibitors in vitro. All the structures of synthesized derivatives were deduced through 1H NMR, FAB-MS, HR-MS, FT-IR analysis. The single-crystal X-ray structures of compounds 1, and 5 further confirmed the assigned structures. Compounds exhibited a potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 92.32 ± 1.530-445.20 ± 1.04 µM) against tested standard acarbose (IC50 = 875.75 ± 2.08 µM), except compounds 2 and 4, which appeared as inactive. Among them, compound 9 (IC50 = 92.32 ± 1.530 µM) was the most potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase enzyme. Molecular docking studies revealed that compounds 6, and 9 interacted with the key amino acid residues of α-glucosidase via H-bonding, and π-π stacking interactions. α-Glucosidase is a key target for the anti-diabetic drug development, and its inhibitors are known to exert anti hyperglycemic effect and help in lowering of post-prandial blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeela Kausar
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ullah
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Maria Aqeel Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Humaira Zafar
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sammer Yousuf
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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