Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and Acid Dissociation Constant of New Bis‐1,2,3‐triazole Compounds

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory activity, inverse molecular docking, and acid dissociation constants of new naphthoquinone-thiazole hybrids

Chronic Inflammation is associated with various types of diseases that involves pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α. High costs and serious side effects of available anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory drugs led us to design new compounds with promising anti-inflammatory activities. Many drugs and biologically important compounds involve naphthoquinone and thiazole moieties in their core structures. Thereby, here we report the synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of new naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids by reaction of naphthoquinone acyl thioureas with various α-bromoketone derivatives. The position of NO2 group in one of the phenyl rings of naphthoquinone thiazole hybrids was changed while different substituents were introduced at the para position of the second phenyl ring. All compounds were tested for potential immunomodulatory effect. No inflammatory cytokines were observed in the absence of LPS stimulant. On the other hand, they had promising anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory activities by being able to decrease the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in the LPS-stimulated cells. In an effort to find the possible mechanism of action, several enzymes involved in signalling pathways that play critical roles in inflammatory responses were screened in silico. Subsequent to inverse molecular docking approach, PI3K was predicted be the potential target. The docked complexes of the most potent compounds 5g and 5i were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to assess the binding stability of the igands with the putative target. Acid dissociation constants (pKa) of the products were also determined potentiometrically.

Synthesis of novel immunomodulatory 1,4-disubstituted bis-1,2,3-triazoles by using click chemistry and their intracellular mechanism of action

In this study, six new 1,4-disubstituted bis-1,2,3-triazole compounds, N,N'-(1,2-phenylene)bis(2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)acetamide), were synthesized with high yield (88-96 %) by using click chemistry and their molecular structures were characterized by using NMR, FT-IR, HRMS and elemental analysis techniques. Previous studies suggest anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities for different 1,2,3-triazole derivatives and in the light of those studies we aimed to examine these novel derivatives immunomodulatory activities on the mammalian macrophages. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL6, GMCSF and IL12p40) secretion levels were tested in the presence of bis-1,2,3-triazole compounds when the macrophages were activated with LPS. These new derivatives were able to suppress the production of these cytokines at different levels. Intracellular phophorylated PI3K protein levels were measured due to its prominent role in inflammatory reactions. Our flow cytometry analysis results suggested that some of these compounds were partially effective through PI3K pathway. In different inflammatory and autoimmune disease settings these novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives can be utilized as non-steroid based anti-inflammatory drug candidates.

A Therapeutic Journey of Pyridine-Based Heterocyclic Compounds as Potent Anticancer Agents: A Review (From 2017 to 2021)

Pyridine derivatives are the most common and significant heterocyclic compounds, which show their fundamental characteristics to various pharmaceutical agents and natural products. Pyridine derivatives possess several pharmacological properties and a broad degree of structural diversity that is considered most valuable to explore the novel therapeutic agents. These compounds have an extensive range of biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antihypertensive, antineuropathic, antihistaminic, antiviral activities, and antiparasitic. The potent therapeutic properties of pyridine derivatives allow medicinal chemists to synthesize novel and effective chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, the imperative objective of this comprehensive review is to summarize and investigate the literature regarding recent advancements in pyridine-based heterocycles to treat several kinds of cancer. Furthermore, the performances of pyridine derivatives were compared with some standard drugs including etoposide, sorafenib, cisplatin, and triclosan against different cancer cell lines. We hope this study will support the new thoughts to pursue the most active and less toxic rational designs.

New bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: Synthesis, DNA cleavage, molecular docking, antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and acid dissociation constants

In this study, a series of bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click chemistry in 73-95% yield. The bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles exhibited significant DNA cleavage activity while the tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole analog 6g completely degraded the plasmid DNA. Molecular docking simulations suggest that compound 6g acts as minor groove binder of DNA by binding through several noncovalent interactions with base pairs. All bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. cereus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. hirae, L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila strains and antifungal activity against microfungus C. albicans and C. tropicalis strains. Compound 4d exhibited the best antibacterial activity among bis-1,2,3-triazoles against E. coli and E. hirae, while 6c exhibited the best antibacterial activity among tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles against E. hirae. Furthermore, the best antifungal activity against C. albicans and C. tropicalis was reported for the compound 5, while 6d displayed the best antifungal activity against C. tropicalis and C. albicans. Reasonable iron chelating activities and DPPH radical scavenging abilities were found for some of the compounds. Finally, the acid dissociation constants (pK_a) of the bis-1,2,3-triazoles were also determined with the help of HYPERQUAD program using the data obtained from potentiometric titrations. The reported data here concludes that the bis- and tetrakis-1,2,3-triazoles are important cores that should be considered for further development of especially new anticancer agents acting through the DNA cleavage activity.