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Shen Y, Jin D, Li T, Yang X, Ma X. Magnetically Responsive Gallium-Based Liquid Metal: Preparation, Property and Application. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39073895 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically responsive soft smart materials have garnered significant academic attention due to their flexibility, remote controllability, and reconfigurability. However, traditional soft materials used in the construction of these magnetically responsive systems typically exhibit low density and poor thermal and electrical conductivities. These limitations result in suboptimal performance in applications such as medical radiography, high-performance electronic devices, and thermal management. To address these challenges, magnetically responsive gallium-based liquid metals have emerged as promising alternatives. In this review, we summarize the methodologies for achieving magnetically responsive liquid metals, including the integration of magnetic agents into the liquid metal matrix and the utilization of induced Lorentz forces. We then provide a comprehensive discussion of the key physicochemical properties of these materials and the factors influencing them. Additionally, we explore the advanced and potential applications of magnetically responsive liquid metals. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in this field and present an outlook on future developments and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuxu Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhu L, Chen G, Wang Q, Du J, Wu S, Lu J, Liu B, Miao Y, Li Y. High-Z elements dominated bismuth-based heterojunction nano-semiconductor for radiotherapy-enhanced sonodynamic breast cancer therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 662:914-927. [PMID: 38382375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound and X-rays possess remarkable tissue penetration capabilities, making them promising candidates for cancer therapy. Sonodynamic therapy, which utilizes ultrasound excitation, offers a safer alternative to radiotherapy and can be combined with X-rays to mitigate the adverse effects on normal tissues. In this study, we developed a bismuth-based heterostructure semiconductor (BFIP) to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and sonodynamic therapy in treating breast cancer. The semiconductor is fabricated through a two-step process involving the synthesis of porous spherical bismuth fluoride and partially reduced to bismuth oxyiodide. Then, followed by surface modification with amphiphilic polyethylene glycol, BFIP is fabricated. Incorporating heavy atoms in the BFIP enhances radiosensitivity. The BFIP exhibits superior carrier separation efficiency compared to bismuth fluoride, generating a substantial quantity of reactive oxygen species upon ultrasound stimulation. Moreover, the BFIP effectively depletes glutathione through coordination and hole-mediated oxidation pathways, disrupting the tumor microenvironment and inducing oxidative stress. Encouraging results are acquired in both in vitro cell and in vivo tumor models. Our study provides a de-risking strategy by utilizing ultrasound as a partial substitute for X-rays in treating deep-seated tumors, offering a viable research direction for constructing a unified nanoplatform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejin Zhu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guobo Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jun Du
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Sijia Wu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiacheng Lu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Therapy for Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Therapy for Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Institute of Bismuth Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Energy Therapy for Tumors, Shanghai 200093, China.
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Bhagwat S, Hambitzer L, Prediger R, Zhu P, Hamza A, Kilian SK, Kluck S, Pezeshkpour P, Kotz-Helmer F, Rapp BE. Tungsten Oxide Coated Liquid Metal Electrodes via Galvanic Replacement as Heavy Metal Ion Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:416. [PMID: 38257509 PMCID: PMC10819474 DOI: 10.3390/s24020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gallium liquid metals (LMs) like Galinstan and eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn) have seen increasing applications in heavy metal ion (HMI) sensing, because of their ability to amalgamate with HMIs like lead, their high hydrogen potential, and their stable electrochemical window. Furthermore, coating LM droplets with nanopowders of tungsten oxide (WO) has shown enhancement in HMI sensing owing to intense electrical fields at the nanopowder-liquid-metal interface. However, most LM HMI sensors are droplet based, which show limitations in scalability and the homogeneity of the surface. A scalable approach that can be extended to LM electrodes is therefore highly desirable. In this work, we present, for the first time, WO-Galinstan HMI sensors fabricated via photolithography of a negative cavity, Galinstan brushing inside the cavity, lift-off, and galvanic replacement (GR) in a tungsten salt solution. Successful GR of Galinstan was verified using optical microscopy, SEM, EDX, XPS, and surface roughness measurements of the Galinstan electrodes. The fabricated WO-Galinstan electrodes demonstrated enhanced sensitivity in comparison with electrodes structured from pure Galinstan and detected lead at concentrations down to 0.1 mmol·L-1. This work paves the way for a new class of HMI sensors using GR of WO-Galinstan electrodes, with applications in microfluidics and MEMS for a toxic-free environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Bhagwat
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Leonhard Hambitzer
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Richard Prediger
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Pang Zhu
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Ahmed Hamza
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Sophia K. Kilian
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Kluck
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Pegah Pezeshkpour
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
| | - Frederik Kotz-Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bastian E. Rapp
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (S.B.); (L.H.); (R.P.); (P.Z.); (A.H.); (S.K.); (P.P.); (B.E.R.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- FIT Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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