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Zhong Y, Pouliot M, Downey AM, Mockbee C, Roychowdhury D, Wierzbicki W, Authier S. Efficacy of delayed administration of sargramostim up to 120 hours post exposure in a nonhuman primate total body radiation model. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:S100-S116. [PMID: 32960660 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1673499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dose ionizing radiation exposure is associated with myelo-depression leading to pancytopenia and the expected clinical manifestations of acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of sargramostim (Leukine®, yeast-derived rhu GM-CSF), with regimens delivered at 48, 72, 96, or 120 h after radiation exposure. METHODS A randomized and blinded nonhuman primate (NHP) study was conducted to assess the effects of sargramostim treatment on ARS. NHPs were exposed to total body radiation (LD83/60 or lethal dose 83% by Day 60) and were randomized to groups receiving daily subcutaneous dosing of sargramostim starting from either 48, 72, 96, or 120 h post-irradiation. Additionally, separate groups receiving sargramostim treatment at 48 h post-irradiation also received prophylactic treatment with azithromycin. Sargramostim treatment of each animal continued until the preliminary absolute neutrophil count (ANC) returned to ≥1000/μL post-nadir for three consecutive days or the preliminary ANC exceeded 10,000/μL, which amounted to be an average of 15.95 days for all treatment groups. Prophylactic administration of enrofloxacin was included in the supportive care given to all animals in all groups. All animals were monitored for 60 days post-irradiation for mortality, hematological parameters, and sepsis. RESULTS Delayed sargramostim treatment at 48 h post-irradiation significantly reduced mortality (p = .0032) and improved hematological parameters including neutrophil but also lymphocyte and platelet counts. Additional delays in sargramostim administration at 72, 96, and 120 h post-irradiation were also similarly effective at enhancing the recovery of lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts compared to control. Sargramostim treatment also improved the survival of the animals when administered at up to 96 h post-irradiation. While sargramostim treatment at 48 h significantly reduced mortality associated with sepsis (p ≤ .01), the additional prophylactic treatment with azithromycin did not have clinically significant effects. CONCLUSION In a NHP ARS model, sargramostim administered starting at 48 h post-radiation was effective to improve survival, while beneficial hematological effects were observed with sargramostim initiated up to 120 h post exposure.
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes dormant hematopoietic stem cells without proliferation in mice. Blood 2017; 129:1901-1912. [PMID: 28179275 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-752923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used clinically to treat leukopenia and to enforce hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization to the peripheral blood (PB). However, G-CSF is also produced in response to infection, and excessive exposure reduces HSC repopulation capacity. Previous work has shown that dormant HSCs contain all the long-term repopulation potential in the bone marrow (BM), and that as HSCs accumulate a divisional history, they progressively lose regenerative potential. As G-CSF treatment also induces HSC proliferation, we sought to examine whether G-CSF-mediated repopulation defects are a result of increased proliferative history. To do so, we used an established H2BGFP label retaining system to track HSC divisions in response to G-CSF. Our results show that dormant HSCs are preferentially mobilized to the PB on G-CSF treatment. We find that this mobilization does not result in H2BGFP label dilution of dormant HSCs, suggesting that G-CSF does not stimulate dormant HSC proliferation. Instead, we find that proliferation within the HSC compartment is restricted to CD41-expressing cells that function with short-term, and primarily myeloid, regenerative potential. Finally, we show CD41 expression is up-regulated within the BM HSC compartment in response to G-CSF treatment. This emergent CD41Hi HSC fraction demonstrates no observable engraftment potential, but directly matures into megakaryocytes when placed in culture. Together, our results demonstrate that dormant HSCs mobilize in response to G-CSF treatment without dividing, and that G-CSF-mediated proliferation is restricted to cells with limited regenerative potential found within the HSC compartment.
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Heazlewood SY, Nilsson SK, Cartledge K, Be CL, Vinson A, Gel M, Haylock DN. Progress in bio-manufacture of platelets for transfusion. Platelets 2017; 28:649-656. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1257783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Y. Heazlewood
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Susan K. Nilsson
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kellie Cartledge
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
| | - Cheang Ly Be
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
| | - Andrew Vinson
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Murat Gel
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
| | - David N. Haylock
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, Australia
- The Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Restricted development of mouse triploid fetuses with disorganized expression of imprinted genes. ZYGOTE 2014; 23:874-84. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199414000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryEukaryotic species commonly contain a diploid complement of chromosomes. The diploid state appears to be advantageous for mammals because it enables sexual reproduction and facilitates genetic recombination. Nonetheless, the effects of DNA ploidy on mammalian ontogeny have yet to be understood. The present study shows phenotypic features and expression patterns of imprinted genes in tripronucleate diandric and digynic triploid (DAT and DGT) mouse fetuses on embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5). Measurement of crown–rump length revealed that the length of DGT fetuses (1.87 ± 0.13 mm; mean ± standard error of the mean) was much smaller than that of diploid fetuses (4.81 ± 0.05 mm). However, no significant difference was observed in the crown–rump length between diploid and DAT fetuses (3.86 ± 0.43 mm). In DGT fetuses, the expression level of paternally expressed genes, Igf2, Dlk1, Ndn, and Peg3, remained significantly reduced and that of maternally expressed genes, Igf2r and Grb10, increased. Additionally, in DAT fetuses, the Igf2 mRNA expression level was approximately twice that in diploid fetuses, as expected. These results provide the first demonstration that imprinted genes in mouse triploid fetuses show distinctive expression patterns independent of the number of parental-origin haploid sets. These data suggest that both DNA ploidy and asymmetrical functions of parental genomes separately influence mammalian ontogeny.
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Thrombocytosis: diagnostic evaluation, thrombotic risk stratification, and risk-based management strategies. THROMBOSIS 2011; 2011:536062. [PMID: 22084665 PMCID: PMC3200282 DOI: 10.1155/2011/536062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombocytosis is a commonly encountered clinical scenario, with a large proportion of cases discovered incidentally. The differential diagnosis for thrombocytosis is broad and the diagnostic process can be challenging. Thrombocytosis can be spurious, attributed to a reactive process or due to clonal disorder. This distinction is important as it carries implications for evaluation, prognosis, and treatment. Clonal thrombocytosis associated with the myeloproliferative neoplasms, especially essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera, carries a unique prognostic profile, with a markedly increased risk of thrombosis. This risk is the driving factor behind treatment strategies in these disorders. Clinical trials utilizing targeted therapies in thrombocytosis are ongoing with new therapeutic targets waiting to be explored. This paper will outline the mechanisms underlying thrombocytosis, the diagnostic evaluation of thrombocytosis, complications of thrombocytosis with a special focus on thrombotic risk as well as treatment options for clonal processes leading to thrombocytosis, including essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.
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Timmer-Bonte JNH, de Mulder PHM, Peer PGM, Beex LVAM, Tjan-Heijnen VCG. Timely Withdrawal of G-CSF Reduces the Occurrence of Thrombocytopenia During Dose-dense Chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 93:117-23. [PMID: 16187231 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-4322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post chemotherapy Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces leucopenia, while G-CSF priming shortly before chemotherapy increases myelotoxicity. We performed a trial with a two-schedule crossover design to determine the optimal G-CSF schedule for densified 2-weekly chemotherapy. METHODS During 2-weekly chemotherapy days 1 and 2, G-CSF was given on days 3-10, with a G-CSF-free interval before the next chemotherapy cycle of 5 days, or on days 3-13, with a G-CSF-free interval of 2 days. In schedule A, cycle II was preceded by a 5 days, cycle III and IV by a 2 days and cycle V by a 5 days G-CSF free interval. In schedule B, this was 2, 5, 5, and 2 days, respectively. RESULTS Intra-patient comparison for cycles II versus III and cycles IV versus V showed that platelet (PLT) nadir count was significantly lower for cycles preceded by a 2-days compared to a 5-days G-CSF free interval: mean difference 45.7 x 10(9)/l (95% CI 33.2-58.2, p = 0.0001). Neutrophil count did not differ significantly (p = 0.85). CONCLUSION Timely withdrawal of G-CSF in dose-dense chemotherapy reduces chemotherapy-related thrombocytopenia. Leucopenia was not aggravated, reflecting a protective effect of post-chemotherapy G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N H Timmer-Bonte
- Department of Medical Oncology (550), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Yasui K, Furuta RA, Matsumoto K, Tani Y, Fujisawa JI. HIV-1-derived self-inactivating lentivirus vector induces megakaryocyte lineage-specific gene expression. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:240-7. [PMID: 15725386 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent, self-renewing, hematopoietic stem cells are considered good targets for gene modification to treat a wide variety of disorders. However, as many genes are expressed in a stage-specific manner during the course of hematopoietic development, it is necessary to establish a lineage-specific gene expression system to ensure the proper expression of transduced genes in hematopoietic stem cells. In this study, we constructed a VSV-G-pseudotyped, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based, self-inactivating lentivirus vector that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the human CD41 (glycoprotein 2b; GP2b) promoter; this activity is restricted to megakaryocytic lineage cells. The recombinant virus was used to infect human peripheral blood CD34+ (hematopoietic stem/progenitor) cells, and lineage-specific gene expression was monitored with GFP measurements. The analysis by FACS determined that GFP expression driven by the GP2b promoter was restricted to megakaryocytic progenitors and was not present in erythrocytes. Furthermore, in the hematopoietic colony-forming assay, GFP expression was restricted to colony-forming units-megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg) colonies under the control of the GP2b promoter, whereas all myeloid colonies (burst-forming units-erythroid, colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage, and CFU-Meg) expressed GFP when the transgene was regulated by the cytomegalovirus promoter. These results demonstrated lineage-specific expression after gene transduction of hematopoietic stem cells. The application of this vector system should provide a useful tool for gene therapy to treat disorders associated with megakaryocyte (platelet) dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuta Yasui
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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Saito M, Kiyokawa N, Taguchi T, Suzuki K, Sekino T, Mimori K, Suzuki T, Nakajima H, Katagiri YU, Fujimura J, Fujita H, Ishimoto K, Yamashiro Y, Fujimoto J. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor directly affects human monocytes and modulates cytokine secretion. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:1115-23. [PMID: 12384141 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent reports have indicated that monocytes express receptors for the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The direct effects of G-CSF on cytokine secretion in monocytes were examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS A monocytic cell line NOMO-1 that secretes multiple cytokines upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used. Normal human monocytes were purified by negative selection using magnetic beads. Cells pretreated with or without G-CSF were stimulated with LPS, and the subsequent concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in supernatants were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS NOMO-1 cells were found to express receptors for G-CSF. Although G-CSF stimulation did not induce cytokine secretion, pretreatment with G-CSF significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-12 in NOMO-1 cells. Simultaneously, however, G-CSF pretreatment apparently enhanced LPS-induced secretion of IL-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, whereas secretions of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 were unaffected. When normal human monocytes from healthy volunteers were similarly examined, marked individual variations in LPS-induced secretion of cytokines were observed. Although some exceptions exist, a similar tendency as to the effects of G-CSF treatment on cytokine secretions as that in NOMO-1 cells was observed in human monocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that G-CSF directly affects monocytes and modulates their cytokine secretion. NOMO-1 cells can provide an alternate model for in vitro culture of monocytes to investigate the effects of G-CSF on cytokine secretion by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Fujita T, Yamada T, Hashiguchi A, Fukushima S, Kondoh K, Fujimoto J, Hata J. Augmentation of megakaryocytopoiesis within the hematopoietic microenvironment of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor transgenic mice. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:1010-8. [PMID: 11495707 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Megakaryocytopoiesis was dramatically augmented in human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor transgenic mice (G-Tg) compared to littermates. We examined the characteristics of megakaryocytes and megakaryocyte progenitor cells in these mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The numbers of colony-forming unit megakaryocytes (CFU-MK) and megakaryocytes in hematopoietic organs were counted. The megakaryocytes of G-Tg were examined ultrastructurally, and bone marrow transplantation studies using congenic G-Tg (Ly5.2) and C57BL/6 (Ly5.1) were performed. The number of day-14 colony-forming unit spleen (CFU-S) that contained megakaryocytes in [Ly5.1 > G-Tg] and [G-Tg > Ly5.1] mice also was counted. RESULTS The number of CFU-MK increased markedly in the spleen, bone marrow, and peripheral blood. The number of megakaryocytes in the spleen and bone marrow also were increased in G-Tg mice. Ultrastructural analyses revealed that megakaryocytes in G-Tg mice were immature. Bone marrow transplantation studies of [Ly5.1 > G-Tg] mice resulted in a significantly increased number of megakaryocytes compared to [G-Tg > Ly5.1] mice. The number of day-14 CFU-S that contained megakaryocytes was increased markedly in [Ly5.1 > G-Tg] mice compared to [G-Tg > Ly5.1] mice. In vitro differentiation of megakaryocytes in [Ly5.1 > G-Tg] mice was induced by interleukin-11 and thrombopoietin. CONCLUSION The results showed that the hematopoietic marrow microenvironment of G-Tg is important in augmenting megakaryocytopoiesis. [Ly5.1 > G-Tg] mice are potentially useful as a source of murine megakaryocytes and their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujita
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Sato N, Kiyokawa N, Taguchi T, Suzuki T, Sekino T, Ohmi K, Itagaki M, Sato T, Lepage A, Lanza F, Fujimoto J. Functional conservation of platelet glycoprotein V promoter between mouse and human megakaryocytes. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:802-14. [PMID: 10907642 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00176-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In an attempt to clarify the megakaryo-specific regulatory mechanism of GPV gene transcription, we characterized the 5'-flanking region of the mouse GPV gene. MATERIALS AND METHODS The promotor activity of a -481/+22 5'-fragment of the mouse GPV gene was examined in normal mouse bone marrow cells (BMC) and various human cell lines using two distinct reporter gene assay systems, luciferase and green fluorescence protein (GFP). RESULTS When a DNA construct consisting of this fragment and a GFP reporter gene were transiently expressed in thrombopoietin-supported mouse BMC culture, GFP was identified only in megakaryocytes. The same construct expressed high levels of GFP in the human megakaryocytic Dami line. When assessed by dual luciferase assay, the full -481/+22 fragment could drive variable promoter activity in human as well as mouse megakaryocytic lines but did not work in non-megakaryocytic cells. Sufficient transcriptional activation of this fragment was restricted to the cells expressing apparent GPV mRNA. A deletion and point mutation study indicated that GATA and Ets motifs, typical cis-acting elements for platelet-specific genes, located of -75 and -46, respectively, were essential for promoter function. CONCLUSION The GPV promoter has the general characteristics found in platelet-specific genes, and the mechanism for megakaryocyte-specific, maturation-dependent regulation of GPV gene transcription is highly conserved between mouse and human. Analysis of GPV transcription mechanism utilizing human lines as well as BMC should provide new information on the final maturational process of megakaryocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Zimmet J, Ravid K. Polyploidy: occurrence in nature, mechanisms, and significance for the megakaryocyte-platelet system. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:3-16. [PMID: 10658672 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyploidy, the state of having greater than the diploid content of DNA, has been recognized in a variety cells. Among these cell types, the megakaryocytes are classified as obligate polyploid cells, developing a polyploid DNA content regularly during the normal life cycle of the organism, while other cells may become polyploid only in response to certain stimuli. The objective of this review is to briefly describe the different cell cycle alterations that may lead to high ploidy, while focusing on the megakaryocyte and the importance of high ploidy to platelet level and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant articles appearing in scientific journals and books published in the United States and in Europe during the years 1910-1999 were used as resources for this review. We selected fundamental studies related to cell cycle regulation as well as studies relevant to the regulation of the endomitotic cell cycle in megakaryocytes. Also surveyed were publications describing the relevance of high ploidy to high platelet count and to platelet reactivity, in normal situations and in a disease state. RESULTS Different cells may achieve polyploidy through different alterations in the cell cycle machinery. CONCLUSIONS While upregulation of cyclin D3 further augments ploidy in polyploidizing megakaryocytes in vivo, future investigation should aim to explore how normal megakaryocytes may initiate the processes of skipping late anaphase and cytokinesis associated with high ploidy. In humans, under normal conditions, megakaryocyte ploidy correlates with platelet volume, and large platelets are highly reactive. This may not apply, however, to the disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmet
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Mass. 02118, USA
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Tegg EM, Tuck DM, Lowenthal RM, Marsden KA. The effect of G-CSF on the composition of human bone marrow. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY HAEMATOLOGY 1999; 21:265-70. [PMID: 10583329 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2257.1999.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects on bone marrow cellularity and morphology of 6 days' treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in 35 patients were studied. Examination of trephine biopsies showed a highly significant increase in cellularity (P < 10-13). Assessment of aspirates revealed an increase in the myeloid to erythroid (M : E) ratio (P = 0.00006), the proportion of myeloid cells (P < 10-8), myelocytes (P = 0.00007), metamyelocytes (P = 0.04), band forms (P = 0.0005) and neutrophils (P = 0.02). This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the effects of six days' administration of G-CSF on human bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Tegg
- Clinical Haematology and Medical Oncology Unit, Royal Hobart Hospital, Tasmania, Australia
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