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Overexpression of PYGO1 promotes early cardiac lineage development in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal/stem cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1722-1735. [PMID: 36085540 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease still has the highest mortality. Gene-modified mesenchymal stromal/stem cells could be a promising therapy. Pygo plays an important role in embryonic development and regulates life activities with a variety of regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether the overexpression of the PYGO1 gene can promote the differentiation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (HUC-MSCs) into early cardiac lineage cells and to preliminary explore the relevant mechanisms. In this study, HUC-MSCs were isolated by the explant method and were identified by flow cytometry and differentiation assay, followed by transfected with lentivirus carrying the PYGO1 plasmid. In PYGO1 group (cells were incubated with lentiviral-PYGO1), the mRNA expressions of cardiac differentiation-specific markers (MESP1, NKX2.5, GATA4, MEF2C, ISL1, TBX5, TNNT2, ACTC1, and MYH6 genes) and the protein expressions of NKX2.5 and cTnT were significantly up-regulated compared with the NC group (cells were incubated with lentiviral-empty vector). In addition, the proportion of NKX2.5, GATA4, and cTnT immunofluorescence-positive cells increased with the inducement time. Overexpression of PYGO1 statistically significantly increased the relative luciferase expression level of Topflash plasmid, the protein expression level of β-catenin and the mRNA expression level of CYCLIND1. Compared with the control group, decreased protein levels of NKX2.5 and cTnT were detected in PYGO1 group after application of XAV-939, the specific inhibitor of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Our study suggests that overexpression of PYGO1 significantly promotes the differentiation of HUC-MSCs into early cardiac lineage cells, which is regulated by the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Matta A, Nader V, Lebrin M, Gross F, Prats AC, Cussac D, Galinier M, Roncalli J. Pre-Conditioning Methods and Novel Approaches with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101620. [PMID: 35626657 PMCID: PMC9140025 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the setting of cardiovascular disease, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease, has been associated with good clinical outcomes in several trials. A reduction in left ventricular remodeling, myocardial fibrosis and scar size, an improvement in endothelial dysfunction and prolonged cardiomyocytes survival were reported. The regenerative capacity, in addition to the pro-angiogenic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects represent the main target properties of these cells. Herein, we review the different preconditioning methods of MSCs (hypoxia, chemical and pharmacological agents) and the novel approaches (genetically modified MSCs, MSC-derived exosomes and engineered cardiac patches) suggested to optimize the efficacy of MSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Matta
- Department of Cardiology, Institute CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (V.N.); (M.L.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Kaslik 446, Lebanon
- Department of Cardiology, Intercommunal Hospital Centre Castres-Mazamet, 81100 Castres, France
| | - Vanessa Nader
- Department of Cardiology, Institute CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (V.N.); (M.L.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut 6573/14, Lebanon
| | - Marine Lebrin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (V.N.); (M.L.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- CIC-Biotherapies, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabian Gross
- Department of Cardiology, Institute CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (V.N.); (M.L.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- CIC-Biotherapies, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Daniel Cussac
- INSERM I2MC—UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.-C.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Michel Galinier
- Department of Cardiology, Institute CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (V.N.); (M.L.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Jerome Roncalli
- Department of Cardiology, Institute CARDIOMET, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (V.N.); (M.L.); (F.G.); (M.G.)
- CIC-Biotherapies, University Hospital of Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
- INSERM I2MC—UMR1297, 31432 Toulouse, France; (A.-C.P.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-56-132-3334; Fax: +33-56-132-2246
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based COVID-19 Therapy: Bioengineering Perspectives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030465. [PMID: 35159275 PMCID: PMC8834073 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently utilized in clinics for pulmonary inflammatory diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. Given that MSCs offer a promising treatment against COVID-19, they are being used against COVID-19 in more than 70 clinical trials with promising findings. Genetically engineered MSCs offer promising therapeutic options in pulmonary diseases. However, their potential has not been explored yet. In this review, we provide perspectives on the functionally modified MSCs that can be developed and harnessed for COVID-19 therapy. Options to manage the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its variants using various bioengineering tools to increase the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs are highlighted.
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Lim SK, Khoo BY. An overview of mesenchymal stem cells and their potential therapeutic benefits in cancer therapy. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:785. [PMID: 34594426 PMCID: PMC8456491 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increased interest in using stem cells for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy in the past decade. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the most studied stem cells due to their unique characteristics, such as self-renewal and developmental potency to differentiate into numerous cell types. MSC use has fewer ethical challenges compared with other types of stem cells. Although a number of studies have reported the beneficial effects of MSC-based therapies in treating various diseases, their contribution to cancer therapy remains controversial. The behaviour of MSCs is determined by the interaction between intrinsic transcriptional genes and extrinsic environmental factors. Numerous studies continue to emerge, as there is no denying the potential of MSCs to treat a wide variety of human afflictions. Therefore, the present review article provided an overview of MSCs and their differences compared with embryonic stem cells, and described the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining their stemness. In addition, the article examined the therapeutic application of stem cells in the field of cancer. The present article also discussed the current divergent roles of MSCs in cancer therapy and the future potential in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shern Kwok Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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5
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Multifunctional peptide-oligonucleotide conjugate promoted sensitive electrochemical biosensing of cardiac troponin I. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wu C, Zhou XX, Li JZ, Qiang HF, Wang Y, Li G. Pretreatment of cardiac progenitor cells with bradykinin attenuates H 2O 2-induced cell apoptosis and improves cardiac function in rats by regulating autophagy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:437. [PMID: 34353364 PMCID: PMC8340370 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have demonstrated that human cardiac c-Kit+ progenitor cells (hCPCs) can effectively improve ischemic heart disease. However, the major challenge in applying hCPCs to clinical therapy is the low survival rate of graft hCPCs in the host heart, which limited the benefit of transplanted hCPCs. Bradykinin (BK) is a principal active agent of the tissue kinin-kallikrein system. Our previous studies have highlighted that BK mediated the growth and migration of CPCs by regulating Ca2+ influx. However, the protective effect of BK on CPCs, improvement in the survival rate of BK-pretreated hCPCs in the infarcted heart, and the related mechanism remain elusive. Methods HCPCs were treated with H2O2 to induce cell apoptosis and autophagy, and different concentration of BK was applied to rescue the H2O2-induced injury detected by MTT assay, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, western blotting, and mitoSOX assays. The role of autophagy in the anti-apoptotic effect of BK was chemically activated or inhibited using the autophagy inducer, rapamycin, or the inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA). To explore the protective effect of BK on hCPCs, 3-MA or BK-pretreated hCPCs were transplanted into the myocardial infarcted rats. An echocardiogram was used to determine cardiac function, H&E and Masson staining were employed to assess pathological characteristics, HLA gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCR, and immunostaining was applied to examine neovascularization using confocal microscopy. Results The in vitro results showed that BK suppressed H2O2-induced hCPCs apoptosis and ROS production in a concentration-dependent manner by promoting pAkt and Bcl-2 expression and reducing cleaved caspase 3 and Bax expression. Moreover, BK restrained the H2O2-induced cell autophagy by decreasing LC3II/I, Beclin1, and ATG5 expression and increasing P62 expression. In the in vivo experiment, the transplanted BK- or 3-MA-treated hCPCs were found to be more effectively improved cardiac function by decreasing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammatory infiltration, and myocardial fibrosis, and promoting neovascularization in the infarcted heart, compared to untreated-hCPCs or c-kit- cardiomyocytes (CPC- cells). Conclusions Our present study established a new method to rescue transplanted hCPCs in the infarcted cardiac area via regulating cell apoptosis and autophagy of hCPCs by pretreatment with BK, providing a new therapeutic option for heart failure. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02503-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Wu
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Jing-Zhou Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Feng Qiang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361015, Fujian, China.
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Hu Y, Tao R, Chen L, Xiong Y, Xue H, Hu L, Yan C, Xie X, Lin Z, Panayi AC, Mi B, Liu G. Exosomes derived from pioglitazone-pretreated MSCs accelerate diabetic wound healing through enhancing angiogenesis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:150. [PMID: 34020670 PMCID: PMC8139165 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00894-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhanced angiogenesis can promote diabetic wound healing. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes, which are cell-free therapeutics, are promising candidates for the treatment of diabetic wound healing. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exosomes derived from MSCs pretreated with pioglitazone (PGZ-Exos) on diabetic wound healing. RESULTS We isolated PGZ-Exos from the supernatants of pioglitazone-treated BMSCs and found that PGZ-Exos significantly promote the cell viability and proliferation of Human Umbilical Vein Vascular Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) injured by high glucose (HG). PGZ-Exos enhanced the biological functions of HUVECs, including migration, tube formation, wound repair and VEGF expression in vitro. In addition, PGZ-Exos promoted the protein expression of p-AKT, p-PI3K and p-eNOS and suppressed that of PTEN. LY294002 inhibited the biological function of HUVECs through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway. In vivo modeling in diabetic rat wounds showed that pioglitazone pretreatment enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs-derived exosomes and accelerated diabetic wound healing via enhanced angiogenesis. In addition, PGZ-Exos promoted collagen deposition, ECM remodeling and VEGF and CD31 expression, indicating adequate angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing. CONCLUSIONS PGZ-Exos accelerated diabetic wound healing by promoting the angiogenic function of HUVECs through activation of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway. This offers a promising novel cell-free therapy for treating diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ranyang Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liangcong Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chenchen Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ze Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Liang JW, Li PL, Wang Q, Liao S, Hu W, Zhao ZD, Li ZL, Yin BF, Mao N, Ding L, Zhu H. Ferulic acid promotes bone defect repair after radiation by maintaining the stemness of skeletal stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:1217-1231. [PMID: 33750031 PMCID: PMC8284777 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reconstruction of irradiated bone defects after settlement of skeletal tumors remains a significant challenge in clinical applications. In this study, we explored radiation‐induced skeletal stem cell (SSC) stemness impairments and rescuing effects of ferulic acid (FA) on SSCs in vitro and in vivo. The immunophenotype, cell renewal, cell proliferation, and differentiation of SSCs in vitro after irradiation were investigated. Mechanistically, the changes in tissue regeneration‐associated gene expression and MAPK pathway activation in irradiated SSCs were evaluated. The regenerative capacity of SSCs in the presence of FA in an irradiated bone defect mouse model was also investigated. We found that irradiation reduced CD140a‐ and CD105‐positive cells in skeletal tissues and mouse‐derived SSCs. Additionally, irradiation suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, and osteogenic differentiation of SSCs. The RNA‐Seq results showed that tissue regeneration‐associated gene expression decreased, and the Western blotting results demonstrated the suppression of phosphorylated p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK in irradiated SSCs. Notably, FA significantly rescued the radiation‐induced impairment of SSCs by activating the p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK pathways. Moreover, the results of imaging and pathological analyses demonstrated that FA enhanced the bone repair effects of SSCs in an irradiated bone defect mouse model substantially. Importantly, inhibition of the p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK pathways in SSCs by specific chemical inhibitors partially abolished the promotive effect of FA on SSC‐mediated bone regeneration. In summary, our findings reveal a novel function of FA in repairing irradiated bone defects by maintaining SSC stemness and suggest that the p38/MAPK and ERK/MAPK pathways contribute to SSC‐mediated tissue regeneration postradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wu Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Lin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Feng Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Mao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Experimental Hematology & Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Graduate School of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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Liang W, Chen X, Zhang S, Fang J, Chen M, Xu Y, Chen X. Mesenchymal stem cells as a double-edged sword in tumor growth: focusing on MSC-derived cytokines. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:3. [PMID: 33472580 PMCID: PMC7818947 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show homing capacity towards tumor sites. Numerous reports indicate that they are involved in multiple tumor-promoting processes through several mechanisms, including immunosuppression; stimulation of angiogenesis; transition to cancer-associated fibroblasts; inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis; induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); and increase metastasis and chemoresistance. However, other studies have shown that MSCs suppress tumor growth by suppressing angiogenesis, incrementing inflammatory infiltration, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting the AKT and Wnt signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the supportive and suppressive impacts of MSCs on tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss MSC-based therapeutic strategies for cancer based on their potential for homing to tumor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 355 Xinqiao Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan, 316000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaozhen Chen
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Songou Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Fang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meikai Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family. They are ligand-activated transcription factors and exist in three different isoforms, PPARα (NR1C1), PPARβ/δ (NR1C2), and PPARγ (NR1C3). PPARs regulate a variety of functions, including glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and development. They exhibit tissue and cell type-specific expression patterns and functions. Besides the established notion of the therapeutic potential of PPAR agonists for the treatment of glucose and lipid disorders, more recent data propose specific PPAR ligands as potential therapies for cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus on the knowledge of PPAR function in myocardial infarction, a severe pathological condition for which therapeutic use of PPAR modulation has been suggested.
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Strategies to Enhance Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5432134. [PMID: 31885615 PMCID: PMC6893276 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5432134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a multifaced disease characterized by the acute onset of hypoxemia, worsened pulmonary compliance, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Despite over five decades of research, specific treatments for established ARDS are still lacking. MSC-based therapies have the advantage of targeting nearly all pathophysiological components of ARDS by means of a variety of secreted trophic factors, exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, and proangiogenic effects, resulting in significant structural and functional recovery following ARDS in various preclinical models. However, the therapeutic efficacy of transplanted MSCs is limited by their poor engraftment and low survival rate in the injured tissues, major barriers to clinical translation. Accordingly, several strategies have been explored to improve MSC retention in the lung and enhance the innate properties of MSCs in preclinical models of ARDS. To provide a comprehensive and updated view, we summarize a large body of experimental evidence for a variety of strategies directed towards strengthening the therapeutic potential of MSCs in ARDS.
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12
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Platelet-Rich Plasma Improves the Wound Healing Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Paracrine and Metabolism Alterations. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1234263. [PMID: 31781232 PMCID: PMC6875194 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1234263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and acute nonhealing wounds represent a major public health problem, and replacement of cutaneous lesions by the newly regenerated skin is challenging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) were separately tested in the attempt to regenerate the lost skin. However, these treatments often remained inefficient to achieve complete wound healing. Additional studies suggested that PRP could be used in combination with MSC to improve the cell therapy efficacy for tissue repair. However, systematic studies related to the effects of PRP on MSC properties and their ability to rebuild skin barrier are lacking. We evaluated in a mouse exhibiting 4 full-thickness wounds, the skin repair ability of a treatment combining human adipose-derived MSC and human PRP by comparison to treatment with saline solution, PRP alone, or MSC alone. Wound healing in these animals was measured at day 3, day 7, and day 10. In addition, we examined in vitro and in vivo whether PRP alters in MSC their proangiogenic properties, their survival, and their proliferation. We showed that PRP improved the efficacy of engrafted MSC to replace lost skin in mice by accelerating the wound healing processes and ameliorating the elasticity of the newly regenerated skin. In addition, we found that PRP treatment stimulated in vitro, in a dose-dependent manner, the proangiogenic potential of MSC through enhanced secretion of soluble factors like VEGF and SDF-1. Moreover, PRP treatment ameliorated the survival and activated the proliferation of in vitro cultured MSC and that these effects were accompanied by an alteration of the MSC energetic metabolism including oxygen consumption rate and mitochondrial ATP production. Similar observations were found in vivo following combined administration of PRP and MSC into mouse wounds. In conclusion, our study strengthens that the use of PRP in combination with MSC might be a safe alternative to aid wound healing.
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Ferro F, Spelat R, Shaw G, Duffy N, Islam MN, O'Shea PM, O'Toole D, Howard L, Murphy JM. Survival/Adaptation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells After Long-Term Starvation Through Selective Processes. Stem Cells 2019; 37:813-827. [PMID: 30835892 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After in vivo transplantation, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) face an ischemic microenvironment, characterized by nutrient deprivation and reduced oxygen tension, which reduces their viability and thus their therapeutic potential. Therefore, MSC response to models of in vitro ischemia is of relevance for improving their survival and therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to understand the survival/adaptive response mechanism that MSC use to respond to extreme culture conditions. Specifically, the effect of a long-term starvation on human bone marrow (hBM)-derived MSC cultured in a chemically defined medium (fetal bovine serum-free [SF] and human SF), either in hypoxic or normoxic conditions. We observed that hBM-MSC that were isolated and cultured in SF medium and subjected to a complete starvation for up to 75 days transiently changed their behavior and phenotype. However, at the end of that period, hBM-MSC retained their characteristics as determined by their morphology, DNA damage resistance, proliferation kinetic, and differentiation potential. This survival mode involved a quiescent state, confirmed by increased expression of cell cycle regulators p16, p27, and p57 and decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki-67, mTOR, and Nanog. In addition, Jak/STAT (STAT6) antiapoptotic activity selected which cells conserved stemness and that supported metabolic, bioenergetic, and scavenging requirements. We also demonstrated that hBM-MSC exploited an autophagic process which induced lipid β-oxidation as an alternative energy source. Priming MSC by concomitant starvation and culture in hypoxic conditions to induce their quiescence would be of benefit to increase MSC survival when transplanted in vivo. Stem Cells 2019;37:813-827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ferro
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Renza Spelat
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Georgina Shaw
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Niamh Duffy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Md Nahidul Islam
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Paula M O'Shea
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel O'Toole
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - Linda Howard
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
| | - J Mary Murphy
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), Galway, Ireland
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14
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de Souza Vieira S, Antonio EL, de Melo BL, Portes LA, Montemor J, Oliveira HA, Martins FL, Zogbi C, Girardi AC, Silva JA, Camillo de Carvalho PDT, Tucci PJF, Serra AJ. Exercise Training Potentiates The Cardioprotective Effects of Stem Cells Post-infarction. Heart Lung Circ 2019; 28:263-271. [PMID: 29503239 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconditioning of cell recipients may exert a significant role in attenuating the hostility of the infarction milieu, thereby enhancing the efficacy of cell therapy. This study was conducted to examine whether exercise training potentiates the cardioprotective effects of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) transplantation following myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. METHODS Four groups of female Fisher-344 rats were studied: Sham; non-trained rats with MI (sMI); non-trained rats with MI submitted to ADSCs transplantation (sADSC); trained rats with MI submitted to ADSCs (tADSC). Rats were trained 9 weeks prior to MI and ADSCs transplantation. Echocardiography was applied to assess cardiac function. Myocardial performance was evaluated in vitro. Protein expression analyses were carried out by immunoblotting. Periodic acid-Schiff staining was used to analyse capillary density and apoptosis was evaluated with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS Echocardiography performed 4 weeks after the infarction revealed attenuated scar size in the both sADSC and tADSC groups compared to the sMI group. However, fractional shortening was improved only in the tADSC group. In vitro myocardial performance was similar between the tADSC and Sham groups. The expression of phosphoSer473Akt1 and VEGF were found to be higher in the hearts of the tADSC group compared to both the sADSC and sMI groups. Histologic analysis demonstrated that tADSC rats had higher capillary density in the remote and border zones of the infarcted sites compared to the sMI rats. CONCLUSIONS Preconditioning with exercise induces a pro-angiogenic milieu that may potentiate the therapeutic effects of ADSCs on cardiac remodelling following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Leslie Andrews Portes
- Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Adventist Center University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jairo Montemor
- Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flavia Leticia Martins
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Zogbi
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Costa Girardi
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antônio Silva
- Laboratory of Biophotonic, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andrey Jorge Serra
- Cardiology Division, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Biophotonic, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Kim W, Lee SK, Kwon YW, Chung SG, Kim S. Pioglitazone-Primed Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulate Cell Proliferation, Collagen Synthesis and Matrix Gene Expression in Tenocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030472. [PMID: 30678291 PMCID: PMC6387004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported. However, the rapid clearance of these cells in vivo, difficulties in identifying their therapeutic mechanism of action, and insufficient production levels remain to be resolved. We investigated whether a pioglitazone pre-treatment of MSCs (Pio-MSCs) would stimulate the proliferation of co-cultured tenocytes. Pioglitazone increased the proliferation of MSCs and enhanced the secretion of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and collagen in these cells. We then examined the effects of Pio-MSCs on tenocytes using an indirect transwell culture system. A significant increase in tenocyte proliferation and cell cycle progression was observed in these co-cultures. Significant increases were observed in wound scratch closure by tenocytes from a Pio-MSC co-culture. Pio-MSCs also enhanced the secretion of collagen from tenocytes. A higher mRNA level of collagen type 1 (Col 1) and type 3 (Col 3), scleraxis (Scx), and tenascin C (TnC) was found in the tenocytes in Pio-MSC co-cultures compared with monocultured cells or tenocytes cultured with non-treated MSCs. Our results indicate that pioglitazone enhances the therapeutic effects of MSCs on tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Seul Ki Lee
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Young-Won Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Sun G Chung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Institute of Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Rheumatism Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Soo Kim
- Stem Cell Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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16
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Co-Administration of Melatonin Effectively Enhances the Therapeutic Effects of Pioglitazone on Mesenchymal Stem Cells Undergoing Indoxyl Sulfate-Induced Senescence through Modulation of Cellular Prion Protein Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051367. [PMID: 29734669 PMCID: PMC5983612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising source for regenerative medicine. However, their therapeutic potential in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is restricted by the presence of uremic toxins. To address this limitation, we explored the protective effect of melatonin and pioglitazone on MSCs undergoing senescence induced by the uremic toxin, indoxyl sulfate (IS). Methods: MSC senescence was induced by IS, and the therapeutic effects of melatonin and pioglitazone were identified. The expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) was suppressed by transfection of MSCs with prion protein gene (PRNP) siRNA. Subsequently, these cells were used to study the protective effects of melatonin and pioglitazone against IS-induced senescence; Results: The IS-induced senescence of MSCs was significantly reduced by co-treatment with melatonin and pioglitazone compared to treatment with melatonin or pioglitazone alone. In the presence of IS, the reduced MSC proliferation was rescued by co-treatment with melatonin and pioglitazone. Melatonin and pioglitazone enhanced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) in MSCs, which resulted in the augmentation of PrPC level. The inhibitory effect of the co-treatment with melatonin and pioglitazone on IS-induced senescence in MSCs was blocked by the knockdown of PRNP. In addition, the restorative effect of the co-treatment on the reduced MSC proliferation induced by IS was also blocked by the knockdown of PRNP. These findings indicate that co-treatment with melatonin and pioglitazone protected MSCs from uremic toxin-induced senescence through the regulation of the PPAR-γ-PrPC axis. Conclusions: Our study suggests that co-treatment of MSCs with melatonin and pioglitazone may represent a novel strategy for the development of MSC-based therapies for patients with CKD.
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17
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Stem cells in cardiovascular diseases: turning bad days into good ones. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1730-1739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Antunes MA, Lapa E Silva JR, Rocco PR. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in COPD: from bench to bedside. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017; 12:3017-3027. [PMID: 29081655 PMCID: PMC5652911 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s146671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is the most frequent chronic respiratory disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The major risk factor for COPD development is cigarette smoke, and the most efficient treatment for COPD is smoking cessation. However, even after smoking cessation, inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress may persist and continue contributing to disease progression. Although current therapies for COPD (primarily based on anti-inflammatory agents) contribute to the reduction of airway obstruction and minimize COPD exacerbations, none can avoid disease progression or reduce mortality. Within this context, recent advances in mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy have made this approach a strong candidate for clinical use in the treatment of several pulmonary diseases. MSCs can be readily harvested from diverse tissues and expanded with high efficiency, and have strong immunosuppressive properties. Preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging outcomes of MSCs therapy for lung disorders, including emphysema. These findings instigated research groups to assess the impact of MSCs in human COPD/emphysema, but clinical results have fallen short of expectations. However, MSCs have demonstrated a good adjuvant role in the clinical scenario. Trials that used MSCs combined with another, primary treatment (eg, endobronchial valves) found that patients derived greater benefit in pulmonary function tests and/or quality of life reports, as well as reductions in systemic markers of inflammation. The present review summarizes and describes the more recent preclinical studies that have been published about MSC therapy for COPD/emphysema and discusses what has already been applied about MSCs treatment in COPD patients in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Lapa E Silva
- Institute of Thoracic Medicine, Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rm Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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19
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Wu Y, Tan X, Tian J, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhao H, Yan Z, Liu H, Ma X. PPARγ Agonist Ameliorates the Impaired Fluidity of the Myocardial Cell Membrane and Cardiac Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2017; 17:25-34. [PMID: 26679939 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-015-9352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia can increase the risk of cardiac injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The present study aimed to determine whether changes in the fluidity of the cardiomyocyte membrane may contribute to the increased susceptibility to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury observed in hypercholesterolemic rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a normal (n = 24) or high-cholesterol diet (n = 32) for 10 weeks. At the 6th week, the rats in the high-cholesterol diet group were treated with vehicle (n = 16, HC + V) or pioglitazone (n = 16, HC + PIO), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, and treatment lasted for the next 4 weeks. Rats in HC + V group displayed less membrane fluidity, a greater membrane cholesterol-to-phospholipid ratio (C/P), less Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and less cAMP content in their myocardial cells than rats fed a normal diet. A strong positive correlation was observed between membrane fluidity and cardiac injury, i.e., the myocardial infarct size when subjected to MI/R (30 min/24 h). Treatment with PIO restored much of the lost hypercholesterolemia-induced myocardial cell membrane fluidity, decreased membrane C/P ratio, increased Na+-K+-ATPase activity and cardiac cell cAMP content, improved cardiac function, and reduced the sizes of myocardial infarcts. Results demonstrated that hypercholesterolemia-induced decreased myocardial cell membrane fluidity may contribute to the increased susceptibility to cardiac injury, and PPARγ agonists may have therapeutic value in patients with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiutao Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yehong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanxin Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Yan
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St, College Bldg 808, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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20
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Baldari S, Di Rocco G, Piccoli M, Pozzobon M, Muraca M, Toietta G. Challenges and Strategies for Improving the Regenerative Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2087. [PMID: 28974046 PMCID: PMC5666769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have the potential to revolutionize current treatments for diseases with high prevalence and related economic and social burden. Unfortunately, clinical trials have made only modest improvements in restoring normal function to degenerating tissues. This limitation is due, at least in part, to the death of transplanted cells within a few hours after transplant due to a combination of mechanical, cellular, and host factors. In particular, mechanical stress during implantation, extracellular matrix loss upon delivery, nutrient and oxygen deprivation at the recipient site, and host inflammatory response are detrimental factors limiting long-term transplanted cell survival. The beneficial effect of cell therapy for regenerative medicine ultimately depends on the number of administered cells reaching the target tissue, their viability, and their promotion of tissue regeneration. Therefore, strategies aiming at improving viable cell engraftment are crucial for regenerative medicine. Here we review the major factors that hamper successful cell engraftment and the strategies that have been studied to enhance the beneficial effects of cell therapy. Moreover, we provide a perspective on whether mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicle delivery, as a cell-free regenerative approach, may circumvent current cell therapy limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Baldari
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Di Rocco
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Foundation Institute of Pediatric Research "Città della Speranza", corso Stati Uniti 4, Padova 35127, Italy.
| | - Michela Pozzobon
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Muraca
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padova 35128, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Toietta
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via E. Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
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21
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Karpov AA, Udalova DV, Pliss MG, Galagudza MM. Can the outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy for myocardial infarction be improved? Providing weapons and armour to cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 50. [PMID: 27878916 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation after myocardial infarction (MI) has been found to have infarct-limiting effects in numerous experimental and clinical studies. However, recent meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials on MSC-based MI therapy have highlighted the need for improving its efficacy. There are two principal approaches for increasing therapeutic effect of MSCs: (i) preventing massive MSC death in ischaemic tissue and (ii) increasing production of cardioreparative growth factors and cytokines with transplanted MSCs. In this review, we aim to integrate our current understanding of genetic approaches that are used for modification of MSCs to enable their improved survival, engraftment, integration, proliferation and differentiation in the ischaemic heart. Genetic modification of MSCs resulting in increased secretion of paracrine factors has also been discussed. In addition, data on MSC preconditioning with physical, chemical and pharmacological factors prior to transplantation are summarized. MSC seeding on three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds facilitates formation of both intercellular connections and contacts between cells and the extracellular matrix, thereby enhancing cell viability and function. Use of genetic and non-genetic approaches to modify MSC function holds great promise for regenerative therapy of myocardial ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Karpov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Pathophysiology, First Pavlov State Medical University of Saint Petersburg, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria V Udalova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael G Pliss
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael M Galagudza
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia.,ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Hong Y, Kim YS, Hong SH, Oh YM. Therapeutic effects of adipose-derived stem cells pretreated with pioglitazone in an emphysema mouse model. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e266. [PMID: 27765950 PMCID: PMC5099424 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no therapy currently available that influences the natural history of disease progression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although stem cell therapy is considered a potential therapeutic option in COPD, there are no clinical trials proving definitive therapeutic effects in patients with COPD. Recently, it was reported that pioglitazone might potentiate the therapeutic effects of stem cells in patients with heart or liver disease. To test the capacity of pioglitazone pretreatment of stem cells for emphysema repair, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of pioglitazone-pretreated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) on elastase-induced or cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. We also investigated the mechanisms of action of pioglitazone-pretreated ASCs. Pioglitazone-pretreated ASCs had a more potent therapeutic effect than non-pretreated ASCs in the repair of both elastase-induced and smoke-induced emphysema models (mean linear intercept, 78.1±2.5 μm vs 83.2±2.6 μm in elastase models and 75.6±1.4 μm vs 80.5±3.2 μm in smoke models, P<0.05). Furthermore, we showed that pioglitazone-pretreated ASCs increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production both in vitro and in mouse lungs in the smoke-induced emphysema model. Pioglitazone-pretreated ASCs may have more potent therapeutic effects than non-pretreated ASCs in emphysema mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - You-Sun Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mok Oh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Promotes Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Express Connexin43 via the Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads Signaling in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:885-99. [PMID: 26275398 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we hypothesized that activation of PPAR-γ enhanced MSCs survival and their therapeutic efficacy via upregulating the expression of Cx43. METHODS MI was induced in 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomized into five groups: MI group and four intervention groups, including the MSCs group, combined therapy group (MSCs+ pioglitazone), pioglitazone group and PBS group. Two weeks later, 5 × 10(6) MSCs labeled with PKH26 in PBS were injected into the infarct anterior ventricular free wall in the MSCs and combined therapy groups, and PBS alone was injected into the infarct anterior ventricular free wall in the PBS group. Pioglitazone (3 mg/kg/day) was given to the combined therapy and pioglitazone groups by oral gavage at the same time for another 2 weeks. Myocardial function and relevant signaling molecules involved were all examined thereafter. RESULTS Heart function was enhanced after MSCs treatment for 2 weeks post MI. A significant improvement of heart function was observed in the combined therapy group in contrast to the other three intervention groups. Compared with the MSCs group, there was a higher level of PPAR-γ in the combined therapy group; Cx43 was remarkably increased in different regions of the left ventricle; TGF-β1 was decreased in the infarct zone and border zone. To the downstream signaling molecules, mothers against Smad proteins including Smad2 and Smad3 presented a synchronized alteration with TGF-β1; no differences of the expressions of ERK1/2 and p38 could be discovered in the left ventricular cardiac tissue. CONCLUSIONS MSCs transplantation combined with pioglitazone administration improved cardiac function more effectively after MI. Activation of PPAR-γ could promote MSCs to express Cx43. Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the process.
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24
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Singh A, Singh A, Sen D. Mesenchymal stem cells in cardiac regeneration: a detailed progress report of the last 6 years (2010-2015). Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:82. [PMID: 27259550 PMCID: PMC4893234 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0341-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have been used for cardiovascular regenerative therapy for decades. These cells have been established as one of the potential therapeutic agents, following several tests in animal models and clinical trials. In the process, various sources of mesenchymal stem cells have been identified which help in cardiac regeneration by either revitalizing the cardiac stem cells or revascularizing the arteries and veins of the heart. Although mesenchymal cell therapy has achieved considerable admiration, some challenges still remain that need to be overcome in order to establish it as a successful technique. This in-depth review is an attempt to summarize the major sources of mesenchymal stem cells involved in myocardial regeneration, the significant mechanisms involved in the process with a focus on studies (human and animal) conducted in the last 6 years and the challenges that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Singh
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India. .,Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Peymani M, Ghaedi K, Irani S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activity is Required for Appropriate Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:221-8. [PMID: 27540527 PMCID: PMC4988421 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a member of the
PPAR nuclear receptor superfamily. Although PPARγ acts as a master transcription factor
in adipocyte differentiation, it is also associated with a variety of cell functions including
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. This study aimed to assess the expression level of PPARγ in order to address its
role in cardiac cell differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs).
Materials and Methods In this an intervening study, mESCs were subjected to cardiac differentiation. Total RNA was extracted from the cells and quantitative real time polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR) was carried out to estimate level of gene expression. Furthermore, the requirement of PPARγ in cardiac differentiation of mESCs, during cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs)
formation, was examined by applying the respective agonist and antagonist.
Results The obtained data revealed an elevation in the expression level of PPARγ during
spontaneous formation of CPCs and cardiomyocytes. Our results indicated that during
CPC formation, PPARγ inactivation via treatment with GW9662 (GW) reduced expression
of CPC and cardiac markers.
Conclusion We conclude that PPARγ modulation has an effective role on cardiac differentiation of mESCs at the early stage of cardiomyogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Mizukami T, Iso Y, Sato C, Sasai M, Spees JL, Toyoda M, Umezawa A, Miyazaki A, Suzuki H. Priming with erythropoietin enhances cell survival and angiogenic effect of mesenchymal stem cell implantation in rat limb ischemia. Regen Ther 2016; 4:1-8. [PMID: 31245482 PMCID: PMC6581814 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) ameliorate tissue damage after ischemic injury. Erythropoietin (Epo) has pleiotropic effects in addition to hematopoietic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Epo enhanced cell survival and angiogenic effect of BMMSC implantation in rat limb ischemia model. Methods and results MSCs were isolated from BM in GFP-transgenic rats. In a culture study, Epo promoted BMMSC proliferation in normoxia and enhanced cell survival under the culture condition mimicking ischemia (1% oxygen and nutrient deprivation). BMMSCs with and without 48 h of pretreatment by Epo (80 IU/ml) were locally administered to rat hindlimb ischemia models in vivo. At 3 days after implantation, BMMSC engraftment in the perivascular area of the injured muscle was significantly higher in the cells preconditioned with Epo than in the cells without preconditioning. Stromal derived factor-1α and fibroblast growth factor-2 expressions were detected in the engrafted BMMSCs. At 14 days after implantation, the Epo-preconditioned BMMSCs significantly promoted blood perfusion and capillary growth compared to the controls in laser Doppler and histological studies. In addition to promoting neovascularization, the Epo-preconditioned BMMSCs significantly inhibited macrophage infiltration in the perivascular area. Conclusion Epo elicited pro-survival potential in the BMMSCs. Pharmacological cell modification with Epo before implantation may become a feasible and promising strategy for improving current therapeutic angiogenesis with BMMSCs. Erythropoietin rescued the BMMSCs against the culture condition mimicking ischemia. Erythropoietin promoted cellular engraftment of the BMMSCs in rat ischemic limbs. Preconditioning with erythropoietin enhanced angiogenic effects of the BMMSC implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Mizukami
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Iso
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Showa University Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chisato Sato
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sasai
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffery L Spees
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, University of Vermont, VT, USA
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Vascular Medicine, Tokyo, Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Division of Cardiology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Cell Therapy in Ischemic Heart Disease: Interventions That Modulate Cardiac Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2171035. [PMID: 26880938 PMCID: PMC4736413 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2171035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of severe ischemic heart disease caused by coronary obstruction has progressively increased. Alternative forms of treatment have been studied in an attempt to regenerate myocardial tissue, induce angiogenesis, and improve clinical conditions. In this context, cell therapy has emerged as a promising alternative using cells with regenerative potential, focusing on the release of paracrine and autocrine factors that contribute to cell survival, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Evidence of the safety, feasibility, and potential effectiveness of cell therapy has emerged from several clinical trials using different lineages of adult stem cells. The clinical benefit, however, is not yet well established. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of cell therapy in terms of regenerative and angiogenic capacity after myocardial ischemia. In addition, we addressed nonpharmacological interventions that may influence this therapeutic practice, such as diet and physical training. This review brings together current data on pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to improve cell homing and cardiac repair.
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28
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Fatkhudinov T, Bolshakova G, Arutyunyan I, Elchaninov A, Makarov A, Kananykhina E, Khokhlova O, Murashev A, Glinkina V, Goldshtein D, Sukhikh G. Bone marrow-derived multipotent stromal cells promote myocardial fibrosis and reverse remodeling of the left ventricle. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:746873. [PMID: 25685158 PMCID: PMC4320796 DOI: 10.1155/2015/746873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy is increasingly recognized as a beneficial practice in various cardiac conditions, but its fundamentals remain largely unclear. The fates of transplanted multipotent stromal cells in postinfarction cardiac microenvironments are particularly understudied. To address this issue, labeled multipotent stromal cells were infused into rat myocardium at day 30 after myocardial infarction, against the background of postinfarction cardiosclerosis. Therapeutic effects of the transplantation were assessed by an exercise tolerance test. Histological examination at 14 or 30 days after the transplantation was conducted by means of immunostaining and quantitative image analysis. An improvement in the functional status of the cardiovascular system was observed after both the autologous and the allogeneic transplantations. Location of the label-positive cells within the heart was restricted to the affected part of myocardium. The transplanted cells could give rise to fibroblasts or myofibroblasts but not to cardiac myocytes or blood vessel cells. Both types of transplantation positively influenced scarring processes, and no expansion of fibrosis to border myocardium was observed. Left ventricular wall thickening associated with reduced dilatation index was promoted by transplantation of the autologous cells. According to the results, multipotent stromal cell transplantation prevents adverse remodeling and stimulates left ventricular reverse remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Fatkhudinov
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- *Timur Fatkhudinov:
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Irina Arutyunyan
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
- 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrey Makarov
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Evgeniya Kananykhina
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
- 2Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 3 Tsurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Oksana Khokhlova
- 4Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Arkady Murashev
- 4Biological Testing Laboratory, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Nauki Avenue, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Valeria Glinkina
- 3Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry Goldshtein
- 5Research Centre of Medical Genetics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Moskvorechie Street, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- 1Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, 4 Oparina Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
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29
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Figeac F, Lesault PF, Le Coz O, Damy T, Souktani R, Trébeau C, Schmitt A, Ribot J, Mounier R, Guguin A, Manier C, Surenaud M, Hittinger L, Dubois-Randé JL, Rodriguez AM. Nanotubular crosstalk with distressed cardiomyocytes stimulates the paracrine repair function of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:216-30. [PMID: 24115309 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are known to repair broken heart tissues primarily through a paracrine fashion while emerging evidence indicate that MSC can communicate with cardiomyocytes (CM) through tunneling nanotubes (TNT). Nevertheless, no link has been so far established between these two processes. Here, we addressed whether cell-to-cell communication processes between MSC and suffering cardiomyocytes and more particularly those involving TNT control the MSC paracrine regenerative function. In the attempt to mimic in vitro an injured heart microenvironment, we developed a species mismatch coculture system consisting of terminally differentiated CM from mouse in a distressed state and human multipotent adipose derived stem cells (hMADS). In this setting, we found that crosstalk between hMADS and CM through TNT altered the secretion by hMADS of cardioprotective soluble factors such as VEGF, HGF, SDF-1α, and MCP-3 and thereby maximized the capacity of stem cells to promote angiogenesis and chemotaxis of bone marrow multipotent cells. Additionally, engraftment experiments into mouse infarcted hearts revealed that in vitro preconditioning of hMADS with cardiomyocytes increased the cell therapy efficacy of naïve stem cells. In particular, in comparison with hearts treated with stem cells alone, those treated with cocultured ones exhibited greater cardiac function recovery associated with higher angiogenesis and homing of bone marrow progenitor cells at the infarction site. In conclusion, our findings established the first relationship between the paracrine regenerative action of MSC and the nanotubular crosstalk with CM and emphasize that ex vivo manipulation of these communication processes might be of interest for optimizing current cardiac cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Figeac
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France and Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France
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30
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Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis increase in the aging kidney, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases with increasing age. Decreases in stem cell number and function contribute to renal aging. High-dose angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) not only slows the progression of glomerular and vascular sclerosis in aging but can also induce regression of these processes independently of its hemodynamic actions. By using new interventions, such as peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, we can manipulate the process of renal aging by regulating stem cells and other mechanisms.
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31
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Exendin-4 pretreated adipose derived stem cells are resistant to oxidative stress and improve cardiac performance via enhanced adhesion in the infarcted heart. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99756. [PMID: 24915574 PMCID: PMC4051823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were largely generated after myocardial ischemia, severely impaired the adhesion and survival of transplanted stem cells. In this study, we aimed to determine whether Exendin-4 pretreatment could improve the adhesion and therapeutic efficacy of transplanted adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) in ischemic myocardium. In vitro, H2O2 was used to provide ROS environments, in which ADSCs pretreated with Exendin-4 were incubated. ADSCs without pretreatment were used as control. Then, cell adhesion and viability were analyzed with time. Compared with control ADSCs, Exendin-4 treatment significantly increased the adhesion of ADSCs in ROS environment, while reduced intracellular ROS and cell injury as determined by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining live/Dead staining, lactate dehydrogenase-release assay and MTT assay. Western Blotting demonstrated that ROS significantly decreased the expression of adhesion-related integrins and integrin-related focal adhesion proteins, which were significantly reversed by Exendin-4 pretreatment and followed by decreases in caspase-3, indicating that Exendin-4 may facilitate cell survival through enhanced adhesion. In vivo, myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by the left anterior descending artery ligation in SD rats. Autologous ADSCs with or without Exendin-4 pretreatment were injected into the border area of infarcted hearts, respectively. Multi-techniques were used to assess the beneficial effects after transplantation. Longitudinal bioluminescence imaging and histological staining revealed that Exendin-4 pretreatment enhanced the survival and differentiation of engrafted ADSCs in ischemic myocardium, accompanied with significant benefits in cardiac function, matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis compared with non-pretreated ADSCs 4 weeks post-transplantation. In conclusion, transplantation of Exendin-4 pretreated ADSCs significantly improved cardiac performance and can be an innovative approach in the clinical perspective.
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32
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Xie M, Cao N, Ding S. Small molecules for cell reprogramming and heart repair: progress and perspective. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:34-44. [PMID: 24372513 DOI: 10.1021/cb400865w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine for heart failure seeks to replace lost cardiomyocytes. Chemical approaches for producing ample supplies of cells, such as pluripotent stem cells and cardiomyocytes, hold promise as practical means to achieve safe, facile cell-based therapy for cardiac repair and regenerative medicine. In this review, we describe recent advances in the application of small molecules to improve the generation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells. We also describe new directions in heart repair and regeneration in which chemical approaches may find their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Nan Cao
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sheng Ding
- The Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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33
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Raynaud CM, Ahmad FS, Allouba M, Abou-Saleh H, Lui KO, Yacoub M. Reprogramming for cardiac regeneration. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014:309-29. [PMID: 25763379 PMCID: PMC4352683 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2014.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cardiovascular diseases remains challenging considering the limited regeneration capacity of the heart muscle. Developments of reprogramming strategies to create in vitro and in vivo cardiomyocytes have been the focus point of a considerable amount of research in the past decades. The choice of cells to employ, the state-of-the-art methods for different reprogramming strategies, and their promises and future challenges before clinical entry, are all discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Allouba
- Aswan Heart Center, Magdi Yacoub Foundation, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Qatar Cardiovascular Research Center, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kathy O Lui
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
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Ramkisoensing AA, De Vries AAF, Schalij MJ, Atsma DE, Pijnappels DA. Brief report: Misinterpretation of coculture differentiation experiments by unintended labeling of cardiomyocytes through secondary transduction: delusions and solutions. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2830-4. [PMID: 22987287 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyogenic differentiation of stem cells can be accomplished by coculture with cardiomyocytes (CMCs). To facilitate their identification, stem cells are often labeled through viral transduction with a fluorescent protein. A second marker to distinguish stem cell-derived CMCs from native CMCs is rarely used. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of secondary transduction of unlabeled neonatal rat (nr) CMCs after coculture with human cells that had been transduced 0, 7, or 14 days earlier with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein-pseudotyped lentiviral vector (LV) encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP). To reduce secondary LV transfer, GFP-labeled cells were incubated with non-heat-inactivated human serum (NHI) or with VSV-neutralizing rabbit serum (αVSV). Heat-inactivated human serum and normal rabbit serum were used as controls. Immunostaining showed substantial GFP gene transfer to nrCMCs in cocultures started at the day of transduction indicated by the presence of GFP-positive/human lamin A/C-negative nrCMCs. The extent of secondary transduction was significantly reduced in cocultures initiated 7 days after GFP transduction, while it was completely abolished when human cells were added to nrCMCs 14 days post-transduction. Both NHI and αVSV significantly reduced the occurrence of secondary transduction compared to their controls. However, under all circumstances, GFP-labeled human cells had to be passaged for 14 days prior to coculture initiation to prevent any horizontal GFP gene transfer to the nrCMCs. This study emphasizes that differentiation experiments involving the use of viral vector-marked donor cells should be interpreted with caution and describes measures to reduce/prevent secondary transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti A Ramkisoensing
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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35
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Rennert RC, Sorkin M, Garg RK, Gurtner GC. Stem cell recruitment after injury: lessons for regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2013; 7:833-50. [PMID: 23164083 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are thought to involve resident cell proliferation as well as the selective recruitment of circulating stem and progenitor cell populations through complex signaling cascades. Many of these recruited cells originate from the bone marrow, and specific subpopulations of bone marrow cells have been isolated and used to augment adult tissue regeneration in preclinical models. Clinical studies of cell-based therapies have reported mixed results, however, and a variety of approaches to enhance the regenerative capacity of stem cell therapies are being developed based on emerging insights into the mechanisms of progenitor cell biology and recruitment following injury. This article discusses the function and mechanisms of recruitment of important bone marrow-derived stem and progenitor cell populations following injury, as well as the emerging therapeutic applications targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Rennert
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 257 Campus Drive West, Hagey Building GK-201, Stanford, CA 94305-5148, USA
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36
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Lilyanna S, Martinez EC, Vu TD, Ling LH, Gan SU, Tan AL, Phan TT, Kofidis T. Cord lining-mesenchymal stem cells graft supplemented with an omental flap induces myocardial revascularization and ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in a rat model of chronic ischemic heart failure. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1303-15. [PMID: 23448654 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial restoration using tissue-engineered grafts to regenerate the ischemic myocardium offers improved donor cell retention, yet a limited cell survival resulting from poor vascularization needs to be addressed. A cell type derived from the subamnion, namely, cord-lining mesenchymal stem cells (CL-MSC), has recently been identified. Here we present a restorative strategy that combines a fibrin graft containing human CL-MSC and omental flap providing, thereby, cell-, structural-, and angiogenic support to the injured myocardium. The graft consisted of a mixture of 2×10(6) CL-MSC-GFP-Fluc and fibrin. Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced in nude rats and following confirmation of ensued heart failure with echocardiography 2 weeks after injury, therapeutic intervention was performed as follows: untreated (MI, n=7), CL-MSC graft (CL-MSCG, n=8), CL-MSCG and omental flap (CL-MSCG+OM, n=11), and omental flap (OM, n=8). In vivo bioluminescence imaging at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days post-treatment indicated comparable early donor cell viability between the CL-MSCG and CL-MSCG+OM. Treatment with CL-MSCG+OM improved the myocardial function as assessed by the measurement of end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) pressure (3.53±0.34 vs. 5.21±0.54 mmHg, p<0.05), contractility (+dP/dt, 3383.8±250.78 mmHg vs. 2464.9±191.8 mmHg, p<0.05), and the relaxation rate (-dP/dt, -2707.2±250.7 mmHg vs. 1948.7±207.8 mmHg, p<0.05), compared to MI control 6 weeks after ischemic injury. Furthermore, evidence of a 20.32% increase in the ejection fraction was observed in CL-MSCG+OM rats from week 2 to 6 after injury. Both CL-MSCG and CL-MSCG+OM led to an enhanced cardiac output (p<0.05), and attenuated the infarct size (35.7%±4.2% and 34.7%±4.8%), as compared to MI (60.7%±3.1%; p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). All treated groups had a higher arteriole density than controls. Yet, a higher amount of functional blood vessels, and a 20-fold increase in arteriole numbers were found in CL-MSCG+OM. Altogether, CL-MSCGs supplemented with vascular supply have the potential to repair the failing, chronically ischemic heart by improving myocardial revascularization, attenuating remodeling, and ameliorating cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shera Lilyanna
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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37
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Jung DW, Williams DR. Reawakening atlas: chemical approaches to repair or replace dysfunctional musculature. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:1773-90. [PMID: 23043623 DOI: 10.1021/cb3003368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle diseases are major health concerns. For example, ischemic heart disease is the third most common cause of death. Cell therapy is an attractive approach for treating muscle diseases, although this is hampered by the need to generate large numbers of functional muscle cells. Small molecules have become established as attractive tools for modulating cell behavior and, in this review, we discuss the recent, rapid research advances made in the development of small molecule methods to facilitate the production of functional cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. We also describe how new developments in small molecule strategies for muscle disease aim to induce repair and remodelling of the damaged tissues in situ. Recent progress has been made in developing small molecule cocktails that induce skeletal muscle regeneration, and these are discussed in a broader context, because a similar phenomenon occurs in the early stages of salamander appendage regeneration. Although formidable technical hurdles still remain, these new advances in small molecule-based methodologies should provide hope that cell therapies for patients suffering from muscle disease can be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren R. Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong,
Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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38
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Abstract
Cardiac stem cell therapy to promote engraftment of de novo beating cardiac muscle cells in cardiomyopathies could potentially improve clinical outcomes for many patients with congestive heart failure. Clinical trials carried out over the last decade for cardiac regeneration have revealed inadequacy of current approaches in cell therapy. Chief among them is the choice of stem cells to achieve the desired outcomes. Initial enthusiasm of adult bone marrow stems cells for myocyte regeneration has largely been relegated to paracrine-driven, donor cell-independent, endogenous cardiac repair. However, true functional restoration in heart failure is likely to require considerable myocyte replacement. In order to match stem cell application to various clinical scenarios, we review the necessity to preprime stem cells towards cardiac fate before myocardial transplantation and if these differentiated stem cells could confer added advantage over current choice of undifferentiated stem cells. We explore differentiation ability of various stem cells to cardiac progenitors/cardiomyocytes and compare their applicability in providing targeted recovery in light of current clinical challenges of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Mehta
- Research and Development Unit, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
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39
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Wei F, Wang TZ, Zhang J, Yuan ZY, Tian HY, Ni YJ, Zhuo XZ, Han K, Liu Y, Lu Q, Bai HY, Ma AQ. Mesenchymal stem cells neither fully acquire the electrophysiological properties of mature cardiomyocytes nor promote ventricular arrhythmias in infarcted rats. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:274. [PMID: 22744762 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological properties of implanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in infarcted hearts remain unclear, and their proarrhythmic effect is still controversial. The intent of this study was to investigate electrophysiological properties and proarrhythmic effects of MSCs in infarcted hearts. Rats were randomly divided into a myocardial infarction (MI) group, a MI-DMEM group (received DMEM medium injection) and MI-MSCs group (received MSCs injection). Survival analysis showed that the majority of engrafted MSCs died at day 9 after transplantation. Engrafted MSCs expressed cardiac markers (MYH, cTnI, Cx43), cardiac ion channel genes (Kv1.4, Kv4.2 and Kir2.1) and potassium currents (I (to), I (K1) and I (KDR)), but did not express Nav1.5, Cav1.2, Na(+) current and Ca(2+) current during their survival. When induced by Ca(2+), implanted MSCs exhibited no contraction ability after being isolated from the heart. Following 8-week electrocardiography monitoring, the cumulative occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) was not different among the three groups. However, the prolonged QRS duration in infarcted rats without VAs was significantly decreased in the MI-MSCs group compared with the other two groups. The inducibility of VAs in the MI-MSCs group was much lower than that in the MI and MI-DMEM groups (41.20 vs. 86.67 % and 92.86 %; P < 0.0125). The ventricular effective refractory period in MI-MSCs group was prolonged in comparison with that in the MI and MI-DMEM groups (56.0 ± 8.8 vs. 47.7 ± 8.8 ms and 45.7 ± 6.2 ms; P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that MSCs do not acquire the electrophysiological properties of mature cardiomyocytes during the survival period in the infarcted hearts. However, they can alleviate the electrical vulnerability and do not promote ventricular arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China
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Rasmussen JG, Simonsen U. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy and Treatment of Ischaemic Disease. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 110:483-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2012.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulf Simonsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology; Aarhus University; Aarhus; Denmark
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Rosuvastatin elicits KDR-dependent vasculogenic response of human placental stem cells through PI3K/AKT pathway. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:275-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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