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Bio-behavioural changes in treatment-resistant socially isolated FSL rats show variable or improved response to combined fluoxetine-olanzapine versus olanzapine treatment. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:284-298. [PMID: 36204253 PMCID: PMC9529672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Pardo JV, Sheikh SA, Schwindt G, Lee JT, Adson DE, Rittberg B, Abuzzahab FS. A preliminary study of resting brain metabolism in treatment-resistant depression before and after treatment with olanzapine-fluoxetine combination. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226486. [PMID: 31931515 PMCID: PMC6957341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) occurs in many patients and causes high morbidity and mortality. Because TRD subjects are particularly difficult to study especially longitudinally, biological data remain very limited. In a preliminary study to judge feasibility and power, 25 TRD patients were referred from specialty psychiatric practices. All were severely and chronically depressed and mostly had comorbid psychiatric disorders as is typical in TRD. Nine patients were able to complete all required components of the protocol that included diagnostic interview; rating scales; clinical magnetic resonance imaging; medication washout; treatment with maximally tolerated olanzapine-fluoxetine combination for 8 weeks; and pre- and post-treatment fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. This drug combination is an accepted standard of treatment for TRD. Dropouts arose from worsening depression, insomnia, and anxiety. One patient remitted; three responded. A priori regions of interest included the amygdala and subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC; Brodmann area BA25). Responders showed decreased metabolism with treatment in the right amygdala that correlated with clinical response; no significant changes in BA25; better response to treatment the higher the baseline BA25 metabolism; and decreased right ventromedial prefrontal metabolism (VMPFC; broader than BA25) with treatment which did not correlate with depression scores. The baseline metabolism of all individuals showed heterogeneous patterns when compared to a normative metabolic database. Although preliminary given the sample size, this study highlights several issues important for future work: marked dropout rate in this study design; need for large sample size for adequate power; baseline metabolic heterogeneity of TRD requiring careful subject characterization for future studies of interventions; relationship of amygdala activity decreases with response; and the relationship between baseline sgACC and VMPFC activity with response. Successful treatment of TRD with olanzapine-fluoxetine combination shows changes in cerebral metabolism like those seen in treatment-responsive major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V. Pardo
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Mental Health PSL, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sohail A. Sheikh
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Mental Health PSL, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Graeme Schwindt
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Mental Health PSL, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Joel T. Lee
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Mental Health PSL, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David E. Adson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Barry Rittberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Faruk S. Abuzzahab
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Stanisavljević A, Perić I, Gass P, Inta D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S, Filipović D. Brain Sub/Region-Specific Effects of Olanzapine on c-Fos Expression of Chronically Socially Isolated Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 396:46-65. [PMID: 30458222 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine (Olz) is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat depression, anxiety and schizophrenia, which can be caused by chronic psychosocial stress. c-Fos protein expression has been used as an indirect marker of neuronal activity in response to various forms of stress or pharmacological treatments. We examined the effects of a 3-week treatment of Olz (7.5 mg/kg/day) on c-Fos protein expression in stress-relevant brain sub/regions, its relationship with isolation-induced behavioral changes, and potential sites of Olz action on control and male rats exposed to 6 weeks of chronic social isolation (CSIS), an animal model of depression. Olz treatment reversed depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by CSIS and suppressed a CSIS-induced increase in the number of c-Fos-positive cells in subregions of the dorsal hippocampus, ventral (v) DG, retrosplenial cortex, and medial prefrontal cortex. In contrast, no change in c-Fos expression was seen in the CA3v, amygdala and thalamic, hypothalamic or striatal subregions in Olz-treated CSIS rats, suggesting different brain sub/regions' susceptibility to Olz. An increased number of c-Fos-positive cells in the CA1v, amygdala and thalamic, hypothalamic and striatal subregions in controls as well as in the CA1v and subregion of the hypothalamus and nucleus accumbens in Olz-treated CSIS rats was found. Results suggest the activation of brain sub/regions following CSIS that may be involved in depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Olz treatment showed region-specific effects on neuronal activation. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the CSIS response and potential brain targets of Olz in socially isolated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Stanisavljević
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Perić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragana Filipović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Castiglione MP, Ramos RL, Leheste JR, Torres G. Central and Peripheral Expression of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Human and Mouse Tissues. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1251-1257. [PMID: 29466834 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells accumulate DNA lesions when they undergo phases of the cell cycle or during normal cellular activity. In this regard, several DNA repair signaling pathways have evolved to maintain genome stability and avoid the potential acquisition of mutations. To define and further characterize the expression of DNA double-strand breaks in humans and mice, we used immunocytochemistry to localize a DNA damage signal within the spatial confines of the cell nucleus. We show that DNA double-strand breaks are abundantly expressed in postmitotic neurons of the human and mouse brain. Notably, DNA double-strand breaks are present in human hypothalamic and mouse striatal and hippocampal cells, with stable expression of the nuclear signal detected throughout the mammalian brain. Analysis of the mouse tongue, heart, and testis shows that expression of DNA double-strand breaks is only demonstrated in circumscribed populations of peripheral cells. These data suggest that levels of DNA double-strand breaks are tissue-specific with the tongue, heart and testicular tissue having different thresholds of DNA repair and DNA damage from those outlined at the brain level. Anat Rec, 301:1251-1257, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia P Castiglione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
| | - Raddy L Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
| | - Joerg R Leheste
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
| | - German Torres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
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Intracellular pathways of antipsychotic combined therapies: implication for psychiatric disorders treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:502-23. [PMID: 23834777 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in the interplay among multiple neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the wide range of behavioral, emotional and cognitive symptoms displayed by major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depression. The complex clinical presentation of these pathologies often needs the use of multiple pharmacological treatments, in particular (1) when monotherapy provides insufficient improvement of the core symptoms; (2) when there are concurrent additional symptoms requiring more than one class of medication and (3) in order to improve tolerability, by using two compounds below their individual dose thresholds to limit side effects. To date, the choice of drug combinations is based on empirical paradigm guided by clinical response. Nonetheless, several preclinical studies have demonstrated that drugs commonly used to treat psychiatric disorders may impact common intracellular target molecules (e.g. Akt/GSK-3 pathway, MAP kinases pathway, postsynaptic density proteins). These findings support the hypothesis that convergence at crucial steps of transductional pathways could be responsible for synergistic effects obtained in clinical practice by the co-administration of those apparently heterogeneous pharmacological compounds. Here we review the most recent evidence on the molecular crossroads in antipsychotic combined therapies with antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and benzodiazepines, as well as with antipsychotics. We first discuss clinical clues and efficacy of such combinations. Then we focus on the pharmacodynamics and on the intracellular pathways underpinning the synergistic, or concurrent, effects of each therapeutic add-on strategy, as well as we also critically appraise how pharmacological research may provide new insights on the putative molecular mechanisms underlying major psychiatric disorders.
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Wesołowska A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M. Behavioral Pharmacology: Potential Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Properties. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 96:49-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385902-0.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zakhary SM, Ayubcha D, Dileo JN, Jose R, Leheste JR, Horowitz JM, Torres G. Distribution analysis of deacetylase SIRT1 in rodent and human nervous systems. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1024-32. [PMID: 20225204 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins function with other biogenic molecules to promote adaptation to caloric restriction in a broad spectrum of eukaryotic species. Sirtuin pathways also converge in the mammalian brain where they appear to protect neurons from nutrient stress. However, few anatomical studies on sirtuins (e.g., SIRT1) are available, particularly those detailing the spatial distribution and subcellular localization pattern of SIRT1 in the brain parenchyma. Here, we report the characterization of a panel of SIRT1-specific antibodies within rodent (i.e., rat and mouse) and human central nervous systems. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses indicate that the subcellular localization of SIRT1 is predominantly nuclear throughout the rodent brain and spinal cord. A similar subcellular distribution pattern of SIRT1 was detected in human central nervous system material. SIRT1 is ubiquitously present in areas of the brain especially susceptible to age-related neurodegenerative states (e.g., the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia). Further, we show no apparent species-specific differences in the subcellular localization pattern of rodent versus human SIRT1. Finally, we identify the chemical phenotype of SIRT1-containing neurons in a number of brain sites that are strongly compromised by aging. These data provide additional and important anatomical findings for the role of SIRT1 in the mammalian brain and suggest that SIRT1 pathways are broadly distributed in neurons most susceptible to senescence injury. Activating endogenous sirtuin pathways may, therefore, offer a therapeutic approach to delay and/or treat human age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry M Zakhary
- Department of Neuroscience and Histology, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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Wesołowska A. Potential role of the 5-HT6 receptor in depression and anxiety: an overview of preclinical data. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:564-77. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rajkumar R, Mahesh R. Assessing the neuronal serotonergic target-based antidepressant stratagem: impact of in vivo interaction studies and knockout models. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 6:215-34. [PMID: 19506722 PMCID: PMC2687932 DOI: 10.2174/157015908785777256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression remains a challenge in the field of affective neuroscience, despite a steady research progress. Six out of nine basic antidepressant mechanisms rely on serotonin neurotransmitter system. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the significance of serotonin receptors (5-HT1-3,6,7), its signal transduction pathways and classical down stream targets (including neurotrophins, neurokinins, other peptides and their receptors) in antidepressant drug action. Serotonergic control of depression embraces the recent molecular requirements such as influence on proliferation, neurogenesis, plasticity, synaptic (re)modeling and transmission in the central nervous system. The present progress report analyses the credibility of each protein as therapeutically relevant target of depression. In vivo interaction studies and knockout models which identified these targets are foreseen to unearth new ligands and help them transform to drug candidates. The importance of the antidepressant assay selection at the preclinical level using salient animal models/assay systems is discussed. Such test batteries would definitely provide antidepressants with faster onset, efficacy in resistant (and co-morbid) types and with least adverse effects. Apart from the selective ligands, only those molecules which bring an overall harmony, by virtue of their affinities to various receptor subtypes, could qualify as effective antidepressants. Synchronised modulation of various serotonergic sub-pathways is the basis for a unique and balanced antidepressant profile, as that of fluoxetine (most exploited antidepressant) and such a profile may be considered as a template for the upcoming antidepressants. In conclusion, 5-HT based multi-targeted antidepressant drug discovery supported by in vivo interaction studies and knockout models is advocated as a strategy to provide classic molecules for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajkumar
- Pharmacy Group, FD-III, Vidya Vihar, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India.
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Kiss A, Bundzikova J, Pirnik Z, Mikkelsen JD. Different antipsychotics elicit different effects on magnocellular oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons as revealed by Fos immunohistochemistry. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:677-85. [PMID: 19774673 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute administration of antipsychotics elicits regionally distinct patterns of Fos expression in the rat brain. Stimulation of oxytocin (OXY) and vasopressin (AVP) release in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei indicates that antipsychotics may play a role in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral processes. This study was focused to reveal the responsiveness of hypothalamic OXY- and AVP- producing magnocellular neurons, in terms of quantitative and topographical distinctions, to antipsychotics displaying different pharmacological profiles. Naive male Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally with haloperidol (1 mg/kg), clozapine (30 mg/kg), olanzapine (30 mg/kg), risperidone (2mg/kg), and vehicle (5% chremophor) and were sacrificed 60 min later by a fixative. Fos, Fos/OXY, and Fos/AVP labelings were visualized by immunohistochemistry in the SON, 5 accessory (ACS) cell groups, and 4 distinct PVN subdivisions using a computerized light microscope. Most apparent activation of single Fos, Fos/OXY, and Fos/AVP cells was induced by clozapine and olanzapine; effects of risperidone and haloperidol were substantially lower; no colocalizations were revealed in naive or vehicle treated control rats. The data indicate the existence of a substantial diversity in the stimulatory effect of the selected antipsychotics on quantity of Fos, Fos/OXY, and Fos/AVP immunostainings with the preferential action of the atypicals clozapine over olanzapine and little effects of risperidone and haloperidol. Variabilities in Fos distribution in the PVN, SON, and ACS induced by antipsychotics may be helpful to understand more precisely the extent of their extra-forebrain actions with possible presumption of their functional impact and side effect consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiss
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Molecular mechanisms underlying synergistic effects of SSRI–antipsychotic augmentation in treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:1529-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-009-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dell'aversano C, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F, de Bartolomeis A. Antipsychotic and antidepressant co-treatment: effects on transcripts of inducible postsynaptic density genes possibly implicated in behavioural disorders. Brain Res Bull 2009; 79:123-9. [PMID: 19189858 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antipsychotics co-administration is a widely used strategy to treat both psychotic depression and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic benefits of antidepressant-antipsychotic combination are still elusive. It has been suggested that co-administration of SSRIs and antipsychotics may result in molecular changes different from their individual effects. In the present study, we evaluated the acute effects of two SSRIs, citalopram and escitalopram, alone or in combination with haloperidol, on the expression of Homer1a together with its splice variant ania-3, and p11, two genes linked respectively to dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission and involved in synaptic plasticity. Homer1a and ania-3 were induced in the striatum by haloperidol, alone and in combination with SSRIs, but not by SSRIs only. Haloperidol+citalopram co-administration induced a stronger Homer1a expression than haloperidol alone in the ventrolateral caudate-putamen. No signal was detected for p11 in striatum, while there were no significant differences among treatments in cortical subregions. Homer1a was significantly down-regulated in the parietal cortex by all treatments. These results demonstrated that haloperidol+citalopram combination exerts synergistic effects on Homer expression, suggesting that citalopram may influence the impact by haloperidol on the dopaminergic neurotransmission. Moreover, present findings confirm that Homer1a and ania-3 are strongly induced in striatum by haloperidol, while they are not influenced by citalopram or escitalopram in this region. Oppositely, in the cortex the two transcripts are modulated by both haloperidol and SSRIs, suggesting a possible role of both dopamine and serotonin in their cortical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Dell'aversano
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Pharmacotherapeutics, Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Edificio 18, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Svenningsson P, Tzavara ET, Qi H, Carruthers R, Witkin JM, Nomikos GG, Greengard P. Biochemical and behavioral evidence for antidepressant-like effects of 5-HT6 receptor stimulation. J Neurosci 2007; 27:4201-9. [PMID: 17428998 PMCID: PMC6672541 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3110-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary action of several antidepressant treatments used in the clinic raises extracellular concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), which subsequently act on multiple 5-HT receptors. The present study examined whether 5-HT6 receptors might be involved in the antidepressant-like effects mediated by enhanced neurotransmission at 5-HT synapses. A selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, SB271046, was evaluated for its ability to counteract fluoxetine-induced biochemical and behavioral responses in mice. In addition, biochemical and behavioral effects of the 5-HT6 receptor agonist, 2-ethyl-5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (EMDT), were assessed in mice to ascertain whether enhancement of 5-HT6 receptor-mediated neurotransmission engenders antidepressant-like effects. SB271046 significantly counteracted the stimulatory actions of fluoxetine on cortical c-fos mRNA, phospho-Ser845-GluR1, and in the tail suspension antidepressant assay, whereas it had no effect on these parameters by itself. EMDT increased the phosphorylation states of Thr34-DARPP-32 and Ser845-GluR1, both in brain slices and in the intact brain, which were effects also seen with the antidepressant fluoxetine; as with fluoxetine, these effects were demonstrated to be independent of D1 receptor stimulation. Systemic administration of EMDT increased c-fos mRNA expression in the striatum and cerebral cortex and reduced immobility in the tail suspension test. The antidepressant-like effects of EMDT in the tail suspension test were prevented by SB271046. Our results indicate that 5-HT6 receptor stimulation may be a mechanism initiating some of the biochemical and behavioral outcomes of 5-HT reuptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine. These findings also indicate that selective 5-HT6 receptor agonists may represent a novel antidepressant drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Svenningsson
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleni T. Tzavara
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Neuroscience Discovery Research, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-513, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Hongshi Qi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Carruthers
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jeffrey M. Witkin
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Neuroscience Discovery Research, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and
| | - George G. Nomikos
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Neuroscience Discovery Research, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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Patkar AA, Peindl K, Mago R, Mannelli P, Masand PS. An open-label, rater-blinded, augmentation study of aripiprazole in treatment-resistant depression. PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2006; 8:82-7. [PMID: 16862232 PMCID: PMC1470647 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.v08n0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 30% to 46% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail to fully respond to initial antidepressants. While treatment-resistant depression commonly refers to nonresponse or partial response to at least 2 adequate trials with antidepressants from different classes, due to variability in terminology, a staging system based on prior treatment response has been suggested. Aripiprazole is a novel atypical antipsychotic with partial agonism at dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors and antagonism at the 5-HT(2) receptors. The present study evaluated whether augmentation with aripiprazole would be beneficial and tolerable in patients with treatment-resistant MDD who had failed 1 or more trials of antidepressants. METHOD In an open-label, rater-blinded study conducted from March 2003 through December 2003, 10 patients with DSM-IV MDD without psychotic features who had failed to respond to an adequate trial of at least 1 antidepressant were prescribed aripiprazole (10-30 mg/day) for 6 weeks. The dose of preexisting antidepressants remained unchanged. Treatment response was defined as a 50% or greater reduction in score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) from baseline to end of treatment. Secondary efficacy measures included scores on the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) and -Severity (CGI-S) scales. RESULTS Eight of 10 patients had failed 2 or more antidepressant trials. The mean daily dose of aripiprazole was 13.21 mg. Intent-to-treat analysis showed that mean ± SD HAM-D scores reduced significantly from baseline (23.0 ± 8.1) to end of treatment (8.1 ± 6.0) (p < .001). There was a significant reduction in CGI-I (p < .05) and a trend toward decrease in CGI-S (p = .06) score. Seventy percent of the subjects were responders and 30% achieved remission. Common adverse effects were akathisia (20%), nausea (20%), and restlessness (20%). CONCLUSIONS The study indicates the potential utility of aripiprazole as an augmenting agent in treatment-resistant depression, particularly in those who had failed 2 or more antidepressant trials. Adequately powered, randomized controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the role of aripiprazole in treatment-resistant depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin A Patkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C., USA.
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Torres G, Meeder BA, Hallas BH, Gross KW, Horowitz JM. Preliminary evidence for reduced social interactions in Chakragati mutants modeling certain symptoms of schizophrenia. Brain Res 2005; 1046:180-6. [PMID: 15882844 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rodent models of schizophrenia provide powerful experimental tools for elucidating certain manifestations of the brain disease. The chakragati (ckr) mouse mutant, for instance, reproduces aberrant neuroanatomical and behavioral phenotypes observed in the corresponding human condition. To further investigate the utility of this mouse in the context of social behavior, we compared spontaneous behavioral activity and social interactions recorded during the subjective night among wild-type, heterozygous, and homozygous ckr mice. We found that both heterozygous and homozygous ckr animals failed to show appropriate norms of social behavior, including proximity, approach, huddling, and anogenital investigation in response to novel conspecifics. We further found that the anatomical distribution, topography, and connectivity of the neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin in the anterior hypothalamus did not differ among wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous ckr animals. These latter findings suggest that although oxytocin and vasopressin influence social behavior, connectivity of such cells may not be phenotypically relevant for the observed social deficits seen in heterozygous and homozygous ckr mice. Collectively, ckr mice and their heterozygote kin are valuable experimental tools for pre-clinical studies involving disruptions of social behavior (e.g., social withdrawal).
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Affiliation(s)
- German Torres
- Department of Neuroscience, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, 11568, USA
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Torres G, Meeder BA, Hallas BH, Spernyak JA, Mazurchuk R, Jones C, Gross KW, Horowitz JM. Ventricular size mapping in a transgenic model of schizophrenia. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2005; 154:35-44. [PMID: 15617753 DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mice have been generated to model a variety of neurological disorders. The chakragati (ckr) mouse is beginning to provide valuable insights into the structural brain changes underlying certain manifestations of schizophrenia. For instance, these mice show enlargement of the lateral ventricles, an abnormality frequently reported as a structural aberration in the schizophrenic brain. As neither the anatomical pattern nor the timing of this ventricular enlargement is known, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to non-invasively visualize the development of the ventricular system in 5-, 10- and 30-day-old ckr pups. High-resolution MR images obtained from these mutants showed a progressive enlargement of the lateral ventricles, starting at day 5 of postnatal life. These emerging deficits were associated with abnormalities in mid-saggital corpus callosum area and thickness, particularly in 30-day-old adolescent animals. At this time of development, aberrant behaviors that mimic certain symptoms of schizophrenia also appeared in ckr mice suggesting that structural changes in ventricular size predates the onset of psychotic-like behaviors. These results are viewed as further indication that pre- and peri-natal disturbances of the ventricular system and adjacent neural regions may be important pathogenic factors in schizophrenia. Application of MRI to the ckr mouse is relatively new but has great potential for clarifying the relationship between brain structure changes and genetically induced vulnerabilities to psychoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Torres
- Department of Neuroscience, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA
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Weight loss dynamics during combined fluoxetine and olanzapine treatment. BMC Pharmacol 2004; 4:27. [PMID: 15498104 PMCID: PMC528727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-4-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluoxetine and olanzapine combination therapy is rapidly becoming an effective strategy for managing symptoms of treatment-resistant depression. Determining drug-drug interactions, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics is of particular interest for revealing potential liabilities associated with drug augmentation in special patient populations. In the current studies, we chronically administered fluoxetine and olanzapine in non-stressed rats to extend our previous findings regarding body weight dynamics. Results Chronic fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and olanzapine (5 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg) treatment decreased weight gain irrespective of olanzapine dosing. At the 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg dose, respectively, fluoxetine and olanzapine also significantly reduced food and water consumption. This pharmacodynamic event-related effect, however, was not observed at the 10 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg dosing paradigm suggesting differences in tolerability rates as a function of olanzapine dose. The decrease in weight gain was not associated with apparent changes in glucose metabolism as vehicle- and drug-treated rats showed undistinguishable serum glucose levels. The combination of fluoxetine and olanzapine in rats yielded drug plasma concentrations that fell within an expected therapeutic range for these drugs in psychiatric patients. Conclusions These data suggest that fluoxetine and olanzapine treatment decreases weight gain in rats; a pharmacodynamic event-related effect that differs considerably from what is observed in the clinical condition. The possibility of mismatched models regarding body weight changes during drug augmentation therapy should be seriously considered.
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Spencer SJ, Day TA. Role of catecholaminergic inputs to the medial prefrontal cortex in local and subcortical expression of Fos after psychological stress. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:279-88. [PMID: 15378513 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of stressors elicit Fos expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). No direct attempts, however, have been made to determine the role of the inputs that drive this response. We examined the effects of lesions of mPFC catecholamine terminals on local expression of Fos after exposure to air puff, a stimulus that in the rat acts as an acute psychological stressor. We also examined the effects of these lesions on Fos expression in a variety of subcortical neuronal populations implicated in the control of adrenocortical activation, one classic hallmark of the stress response. Lesions of the mPFC that were restricted to dopaminergic terminals significantly reduced numbers of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) cells seen in the mPFC after air puff, but had no significant effect on stress-induced Fos expression in the subcortical structures examined. Lesions of the mPFC that affected both dopaminergic and noradrenergic terminals also reduced numbers of Fos-IR cells observed in the mPFC after air puff. Additionally, these lesions resulted in a significant reduction in stress-induced Fos-IR in the ventral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These results demonstrate a role for catecholaminergic inputs to the mPFC, in the generation of both local and subcortical responses to psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Spencer
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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