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Jiang L, O'Leary C, Kim HA, Parish CL, Massalas J, Waddington JL, Ehrlich ME, Schütz G, Gantois I, Lawrence AJ, Drago J. Motor and behavioral phenotype in conditional mutants with targeted ablation of cortical D1 dopamine receptor-expressing cells. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 76:137-158. [PMID: 25684539 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
D1-dopamine receptors (Drd1a) are highly expressed in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex and the striatum. A number of human diseases such as Huntington disease and schizophrenia are known to have cortical pathology involving dopamine receptor expressing neurons. To illuminate their functional role, we exploited a Cre/Lox molecular paradigm to generate Emx-1(tox) MUT mice, a transgenic line in which cortical Drd1a-expressing pyramidal neurons were selectively ablated. Emx-1(tox) MUT mice displayed prominent forelimb dystonia, hyperkinesia, ataxia on rotarod testing, heightened anxiety-like behavior, and age-dependent abnormalities in a test of social interaction. The latter occurred in the context of normal working memory on testing in the Y-maze and for novel object recognition. Some motor and behavioral abnormalities in Emx-1(tox) MUT mice overlapped with those in CamKIIα(tox) MUT transgenic mice, a line in which both striatal and cortical Drd1a-expressing cells were ablated. Although Emx-1(tox) MUT mice had normal striatal anatomy, both Emx-1(tox) MUT and CamKIIα(tox) MUT mice displayed selective neuronal loss in cortical layers V and VI. This study shows that loss of cortical Drd1a-expressing cells is sufficient to produce deficits in multiple motor and behavioral domains, independent of striatal mechanisms. Primary cortical changes in the D1 dopamine receptor compartment are therefore likely to model a number of core clinical features in disorders such as Huntington disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luning Jiang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire O'Leary
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hyun Ah Kim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Massalas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John L Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Günter Schütz
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilse Gantois
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Drago
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Kim HA, Jiang L, Madsen H, Parish CL, Massalas J, Smardencas A, O'Leary C, Gantois I, O'Tuathaigh C, Waddington JL, Ehrlich ME, Lawrence AJ, Drago J. Resolving pathobiological mechanisms relating to Huntington disease: gait, balance, and involuntary movements in mice with targeted ablation of striatal D1 dopamine receptor cells. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:323-37. [PMID: 24135007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive cell loss is observed in the striatum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus and hippocampus in Huntington disease. In the striatum, dopamine-responsive medium spiny neurons are preferentially lost. Clinical features include involuntary movements, gait and orofacial impairments in addition to cognitive deficits and psychosis, anxiety and mood disorders. We utilized the Cre-LoxP system to generate mutant mice with selective postnatal ablation of D1 dopamine receptor-expressing striatal neurons to determine which elements of the complex Huntington disease phenotype relate to loss of this neuronal subpopulation. Mutant mice had reduced body weight, locomotor slowing, reduced rearing, ataxia, a short stride length wide-based erratic gait, impairment in orofacial movements and displayed haloperidol-suppressible tic-like movements. The mutation was associated with an anxiolytic profile. Mutant mice had significant striatal-specific atrophy and astrogliosis. D1-expressing cell number was reduced throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsal striatum consistent with partial destruction of the striatonigral pathway. Additional striatal changes included up-regulated D2 and enkephalin mRNA, and an increased density of D2 and preproenkephalin-expressing projection neurons, and striatal neuropeptide Y and cholinergic interneurons. These data suggest that striatal D1-cell-ablation alone may account for the involuntary movements and locomotor, balance and orofacial deficits seen not only in HD but also in HD phenocopy syndromes with striatal atrophy. Therapeutic strategies would therefore need to target striatal D1 cells to ameliorate deficits especially when the clinical presentation is dominated by a bradykinetic/ataxic phenotype with involuntary movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Kim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luning Jiang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heather Madsen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Massalas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arthur Smardencas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire O'Leary
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ilse Gantois
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colm O'Tuathaigh
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John L Waddington
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, RCSI Research Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Drago
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Smardencas A, Rizkalla K, Kim HA, Massalas J, O'Leary C, Ehrlich ME, Schütz G, Lawrence AJ, Drago J. Phenotyping dividing cells in mouse models of neurodegenerative basal ganglia diseases. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:111. [PMID: 24090101 PMCID: PMC3851877 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice generated by a Cre/LoxP transgenic paradigm were used to model neurodegenerative basal ganglia disease of which Huntington disease (HD) is the prototypical example. In HD, death occurs in striatal projection neurons as well as cortical neurons. Cortical and striatal neurons that express the D1 dopamine receptor (Drd1a) degenerate in HD. The contribution that death of specific neuronal cell populations makes to the HD disease phenotype and the response of the brain to loss of defined cell subtypes is largely unknown. METHODS Drd1a-expressing cells were targeted for cell death and three independent lines generated; a striatal-restricted line, a cortical-restricted line and a global line in which Drd1a cells were deleted from both the striatum and cortex. Two independent experimental approaches were used. In the first, the proliferative marker Ki-67 was used to identify proliferating cells in eighty-week-old mice belonging to a generic global line, a global in which Drd1a cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP-global) and in eighty-week-old mice of a cortical line. In the second experiment, the proliferative response of four-week-old mice belonging to GFP-global and striatal lines was assessed using the thymidine analogue BrdU. The phenotype of proliferating cells was ascertained by double staining for BrdU and Olig2 (an oligodendrocyte marker), Iba1 (a microglial cell marker), S100β (an astroglial cell marker), or NeuN (a neuronal cell marker). RESULTS In the first study, we found that Ki-67-expressing cells were restricted to the striatal side of the lateral ventricles. Control mice had a greater number of Ki-67+ cells than mutant mice. There was no overlap between Ki-67 and GFP staining in control or mutant mice, suggesting that cells did not undergo cell division once they acquired a Drd1a phenotype. In contrast, in the second study we found that BrdU+ cells were identified throughout the cortex, striatum and periventricular region of control and mutant mice. Mutant mice from the GFP-global line showed increased BrdU+ cells in the cortex, striatum and periventricular region relative to control. Striatal line mutant mice had an increased number of BrdU+ cells in the striatum and periventricular region, but not the cortex. The number of microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons generated from dividing progenitors was increased relative to control mice in most brain regions in mutant mice from the GFP-global line. In contrast, striatal line mutant mice displayed an increase only in the number of dividing microglia in striatal and periventricular regions. CONCLUSIONS Genetically programmed post-natal ablation of Drd1a-expressing neurons is associated with an extensive proliferative response involving multiple cell lineages. The nature of the tissue response has the potential not only to remove cellular debris but also to forge physiologically meaningful brain repair. Age related deficits in proliferation are seen in mutant lines. A blunted endogenous reparative response may underlie the cumulative deficits characteristic of age related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Smardencas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Reiner A, Shelby E, Wang H, DeMarch Z, Deng Y, Guley NH, Hogg V, Roxburgh R, Tippett LJ, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM. Striatal parvalbuminergic neurons are lost in Huntington's disease: implications for dystonia. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1691-9. [PMID: 24014043 PMCID: PMC3812318 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dystonia represents a major source of motor disability in Huntington's disease (HD), its pathophysiology remains unknown. Because recent animal studies indicate that loss of parvalbuminergic (PARV+) striatal interneurons can cause dystonia, we investigated if loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons occurs during human HD progression, and thus might contribute to dystonia in HD. We used immunolabeling to detect PARV+ interneurons in fixed sections, and corrected for disease-related striatal atrophy by expressing PARV+ interneuron counts in ratio to interneurons co-containing somatostatin and neuropeptide Y (whose numbers are unaffected in HD). At all symptomatic HD grades, PARV+ interneurons were reduced to less than 26% of normal abundance in rostral caudate. In putamen rostral to the level of globus pallidus, loss of PARV+ interneurons was more gradual, not dropping off to less than 20% of control until grade 2. Loss of PARV+ interneurons was even more gradual in motor putamen at globus pallidus levels, with no loss at grade 1, and steady grade-wise decline thereafter. A large decrease in striatal PARV+ interneurons, thus, occurs in HD with advancing disease grade, with regional variation in the loss per grade. Given the findings of animal studies and the grade-wise loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons in motor striatum in parallel with the grade-wise appearance and worsening of dystonia, our results raise the possibility that loss of PARV+ striatal interneurons is a contributor to dystonia in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evan Shelby
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zena DeMarch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yunping Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie Hart Guley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Virginia Hogg
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Roxburgh
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Department of Neurology, Auckland City HospitalAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Department of Psychology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard LM Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
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Madsen HB, Navaratnarajah S, Farrugia J, Djouma E, Ehrlich M, Mantamadiotis T, Van Deursen J, Lawrence AJ. CREB1 and CREB-binding protein in striatal medium spiny neurons regulate behavioural responses to psychostimulants. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:699-713. [PMID: 21766169 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The transcription factor cAMP responsive element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) has a complex influence on behavioural responses to drugs of abuse which varies depending on the brain region in which it is expressed. In response to drug exposure, CREB1 is phosphorylated in the striatum, a structure that is critically involved in reward-related learning. OBJECTIVE The present study assessed the role of striatal CREB1 and its coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) in behavioural responses to psychostimulants. METHODS Using the 'cre/lox' recombination system, we generated mice with a postnatal deletion of CREB1 or CBP directed to medium spiny neurons of the striatum. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to confirm the deletion, and mice were assessed with respect to their locomotor response to acute cocaine (20 mg/kg), cocaine sensitization (10 mg/kg), amphetamine-induced stereotypies (10 mg/kg) and ethanol-induced hypnosis (3.5 g/kg). RESULTS Here we show that CREB1 mutant mice have increased sensitivity to psychostimulants, an effect that does not generalise to ethanol-induced hypnosis. Furthermore, in the absence of CREB1, there is rapid postnatal upregulation of the related transcription factor CREM, indicating possible redundancy amongst this family of transcription factors. Finally striatal deletion of CBP, a coactivator for the CREB1/CREM signalling pathway, results in an even more increased sensitivity to psychostimulants. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that striatal CREB1 regulates sensitivity to psychostimulants and that CREM acting via CBP is able to partially compensate in the absence of CREB1 signalling.
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Tomiyama K, Drago J, Waddington JL, Koshikawa N. Constitutive and Conditional Mutant Mouse Models for Understanding Dopaminergic Regulation of Orofacial Movements: Emerging Insights and Challenges. J Pharmacol Sci 2012; 119:297-301. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12r05cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Regulation of Orofacial Movement: Amino Acid Mechanisms and Mutant Models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385198-7.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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