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Khantakova JN, Bondar NP, Sapronova AA, Reshetnikov VV. Delayed effects of neonatal immune activation on brain neurochemistry and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5931-5951. [PMID: 36156830 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the postnatal period, the brain is highly sensitive to stress and inflammation, which are hazardous to normal growth and development. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory processes in the early postnatal period increase the risk of psychopathologies and cognitive impairment later in life. On the other hand, there are few studies on the ability of infectious agents to cause long-term neuroinflammation, leading to changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning and an imbalance in the neurotransmitter system. In this review, we examine short- and long-term effects of neonatal-induced inflammation in rodents on glutamatergic, GABAergic and monoaminergic systems and on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Khantakova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution 'Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology' (RIFCI), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia P Bondar
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna A Sapronova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vasiliy V Reshetnikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia.,Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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Increased Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Associated with Adult Seizure Vulnerability Induced by Early-Life Inflammation in Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4367-4377. [PMID: 33827934 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2667-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life inflammatory stress increases seizure susceptibility later in life. However, possible sex- and age-specific differences and the associated mechanisms are largely unknown. C57BL/6 mice were bred in house, and female and male pups were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle control (saline solution) at postnatal day 14 (P14). Seizure threshold was assessed in response to pentylenetetrazol (1% solution, i.v.) in adolescence (∼P40) and adulthood (∼P60). We found that adult, but not adolescent, mice treated with LPS displayed ∼34% lower seizure threshold compared with controls. Females and males showed similar increased seizure susceptibility, suggesting that altered brain excitability was age dependent, but not sex dependent. Whole-cell recordings revealed no differences in excitatory synaptic activity onto CA1 pyramidal neurons from control or neonatally inflamed adolescent mice of either sex. However, adult mice of both sexes previously exposed to LPS displayed spontaneous EPSC frequency approximately twice that of controls, but amplitude was unchanged. Although these changes were not associated with alterations in dendritic spines or in the NMDA/AMPA receptor ratio, they were linked to an increased glutamate release probability from Schaffer collateral, but not temporoammonic pathway. This glutamate increase was associated with reduced activity of presynaptic GABAB receptors and was independent of the endocannabinoid-mediated suppression of excitation. Our new findings demonstrate that early-life inflammation leads to long-term increased hippocampal excitability in adult female and male mice associated with changes in glutamatergic synaptic transmission. These alterations may contribute to enhanced vulnerability of the brain to subsequent pathologic challenges such as epileptic seizures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Adult physiology has been shown to be affected by early-life inflammation. Our data reveal that early-life inflammation increases excitatory synaptic transmission onto hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in an age-dependent manner through disrupted presynaptic GABAB receptor activity on Schaffer collaterals. This hyperexcitability was seen only in adult, and not in adolescent, animals of either sex. The data suggest a maturation process, independent of sex, in the priming action of early-life inflammation and highlight the importance of studying mature brains to reveal cellular changes associated with early-life interventions.
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Osborne AL, Solowij N, Babic I, Lum JS, Newell KA, Huang XF, Weston-Green K. Effect of cannabidiol on endocannabinoid, glutamatergic and GABAergic signalling markers in male offspring of a maternal immune activation (poly I:C) model relevant to schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109666. [PMID: 31202911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic drugs (APDs), which are mostly effective against the positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations), but provide minimal benefits for the negative symptoms (e.g. social withdrawal) and cognitive deficits. We have recently shown that treatment with the non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), can improve cognition and social interaction deficits in a maternal immune activation (MIA) model relevant to the aetiology of schizophrenia, however, the mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown. An imbalance in the main excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitter systems in the brain plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Therefore, the endocannabinoid system could represent a therapeutic target for schizophrenia as a regulator of glutamate and GABA release via the CB1 receptor (CB1R). This study investigated the effects of chronic CBD treatment on markers of glutamatergic, GABAergic and endocannabinoid signalling in brain regions implicated in social behaviour and cognitive function, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC). Time-mated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 16) were administered poly I:C (4 mg/kg, i.v.) or saline (control) on gestational day 15. Male offspring were injected with CBD (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle twice daily from postnatal day 56 for 3 weeks. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HPC) were collected for post-mortem receptor binding and Western blot analyses (n = 8 per group). CBD treatment attenuated poly I:C-induced deficits in cannabinoid CB1 receptor binding in the PFC and glutamate decarboxylase 67, the enzyme that converts glutamate to GABA, in the HPC. CBD treatment increased parvalbumin levels in the HPC, regardless of whether offspring were exposed to poly I:C in utero. Conversely, CBD did not affect N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor binding or protein levels of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid, anandamide. Overall, these findings show that CBD can restore cannabinoid/GABAergic signalling deficits in regions of the brain implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology following maternal poly I:C exposure. These findings provide novel evidence for the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of CBD treatment in the poly I:C model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L Osborne
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nadia Solowij
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Ilijana Babic
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra and Shoalhaven Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Lum
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Katrina Weston-Green
- Neuropharmacology and Molecular Psychiatry Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Australian Centre for Cannabinoid Clinical and Research Excellence, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia.
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Effects of early life stress on biochemical indicators of the dopaminergic system: A 3 level meta-analysis of rodent studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Vangopoulou C, Bourmpoula MT, Koupourtidou C, Giompres P, Stamatakis A, Kouvelas ED, Mitsacos A. Effects of an early life experience on rat brain cannabinoid receptors in adolescence and adulthood. IBRO Rep 2018; 5:1-9. [PMID: 30135950 PMCID: PMC6095101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal handling is an experimental model of early life experience associated with resilience in later life challenges, altering the ability of animals to respond to stress. The endocannabinoid system of the brain modulates the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of stress, while this system is also capable of being modulated by stress exposure itself. The present study has addressed the question of whether neonatal handling in rats could affect cannabinoid receptors, in an age- and sex-dependent manner, using in situ hybridization and receptor binding techniques. Different effects of neonatal handling were observed in adolescent and adult brain on CB1 receptor mRNA and [3H]CP55,940 binding levels, which in some cases were sexually dimorphic. Neonatal handling interfered in the developmental trajectories of CB1 receptor mRNA levels in striatum and amygdaloid nuclei, as well as of [3H]CP55,940 binding levels in almost all regions studied. Adult handled rats showed reduced [3H]CP55,940 binding levels in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens and basolateral amygdala, while binding levels in prefrontal cortex of adolescent handled rats were increased. Finally, handling resulted in decreases in female [3H]CP55,940 binding levels in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, CA3 and DG of dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Our results suggest that a brief and repeated maternal separation during the neonatal period induces changes on cannabinoid receptors differently manifested between adolescence and adulthood, male and female brain, which could be correlated to their stress response.
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Key Words
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Adolescence
- BLA, basolateral nucleus of amygdala
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CA1, dorsal field 1 of Ammon’s horn
- CA3, dorsal field 3 of Ammon’s horn
- CB1 cannabinoid receptors
- CB1, cannabinoid receptor 1
- CPu-DL, dorsolateral striatum
- CPu-VM, ventromedial striatum
- CeA, central amygdaloid nucleus
- Cg1, anterior cingulate cortex
- DG, dentate gyrus
- Female rat brain
- GR, glucocorticoid receptors
- GrDG, dentate gyrus granule cell layer
- HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- IL, infralimbic cortex
- LTD, long-term depression
- MO, medial orbital cortex
- Male rat brain
- Maternal separation
- MoDG, dentate gyrus molecular layer
- NAc, nucleus accumbens
- NS, not significant
- Neonatal handling
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PND, postnatal day
- PrL, prelimbic cortex
- ROD, relative optical density
- RT, room temperature
- eCB, endocannabinoid
- mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Vangopoulou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria T. Bourmpoula
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Giompres
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 265040, Patras, Greece
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Laboratory of Biology-Biochemistry, Faculty of Nursing, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias D. Kouvelas
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Ada Mitsacos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
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Surkin PN, Brenhouse H, Deak T, Liberman AC, Lasaga M. Stress, alcohol and infection during early development: A brief review of common outcomes and mechanisms. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12602. [PMID: 29682808 PMCID: PMC6181762 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although stress is an adaptive physiological response to deal with adverse conditions, its occurrence during the early stages of life, such as infancy or adolescence, can induce adaptations in multiple physiological systems, including the reproductive axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the limbic cortex and the immune system. These early changes have consequences in adult life, as seen in the physiological and behavioural responses to stress. This review highlights the impact of several stress challenges incurred at various stages of development (perinatal, juvenile, adolescent periods) and how the developmental timing of early-life stress confers unique physiological adaptations that may persist across the lifespan. In doing so, we emphasise how intrinsic sex differences in the stress response might contribute to sex-specific vulnerabilities, the molecular processes underlying stress in the adult, and potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate the effects of early stage stress, including the novel molecular mechanism of SUMOylation as a possible key target of HPA regulation during early-life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Nicolás Surkin
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Fisiología, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, 1122 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Heather Brenhouse
- Psychology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States
| | - Ana Clara Liberman
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA) - CONICET - Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- INBIOMED Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, UBA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1121 ABG, Argentina
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Vojtechova I, Petrasek T, Maleninska K, Brozka H, Tejkalova H, Horacek J, Stuchlik A, Vales K. Neonatal immune activation by lipopolysaccharide causes inadequate emotional responses to novel situations but no changes in anxiety or cognitive behavior in Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 349:42-53. [PMID: 29729302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infection during the prenatal or neonatal stages of life is considered one of the major risk factors for the development of mental diseases such as schizophrenia or autism. However, the impacts of such an immune challenge on adult behavior are still not clear. In our study, we used a model of early postnatal immune activation by the application of bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to rat pups at a dose of 2 mg/kg from postnatal day (PD) 5 to PD 9. In adulthood, the rats were tested in a battery of tasks probing various aspects of behavior: spontaneous activity (open field test), social behavior (social interactions and female bedding exploration), anxiety (elevated plus maze), cognition (active place avoidance in Carousel) and emotional response (ultrasonic vocalization recording). Moreover, we tested sensitivity to acute challenge with MK-801, a psychotomimetic drug. Our results show that the application of LPS led to increased self-grooming in the female bedding exploration test and inadequate emotional reactions in Carousel maze displayed by ultrasonic vocalizations. However, it did not have serious consequences on exploration, locomotion, social behavior or cognition. Furthermore, exposition to MK-801 did not trigger social or cognitive deficits in the LPS-treated rats. We conclude that the emotional domain is the most sensitive to the changes induced by neonatal immune activation in rats, including a disrupted response to novel and stressful situations in early adulthood (similar to that observed in human patients suffering from schizophrenia or autism), while other aspects of tested behavior remain unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Vojtechova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 12108, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristyna Maleninska
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Brozka
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Tejkalova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 25067, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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Bukhari SHF, Clark OE, Williamson LL. Maternal high fructose diet and neonatal immune challenge alter offspring anxiety-like behavior and inflammation across the lifespan. Life Sci 2018; 197:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Perdikaris P, Tsarouchi M, Fanarioti E, Natsaridis E, Mitsacos A, Giompres P. Long lasting effects of chronic WIN55,212-2 treatment on mesostriatal dopaminergic and cannabinoid systems in the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 2017; 129:1-15. [PMID: 29113897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid administration modulates dopamine transmission via an indirect, multisynaptic mechanism that includes the activation of cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1R). The present study evaluated in rodents, the effects of acute and chronic (20 days) WIN55,212-2 administration, a non-selective CB1R agonist, on dopamine uptake and synthesis in the mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways and associate them to its effects on the endocannabinoid system. The effect of spontaneous withdrawal, after different abstinence periods (7 days, 20 days), was also assessed. Acute and chronic administration of WIN55,212-2 decreased dopamine transporter (DAT) binding and mRNA levels, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). In the striatum, chronic WIN55,212-2 administration led to decreased protein expression of DAT and TH, whereas no alterations were observed after acute administration, suggesting a diminished dopamine uptake and synthesis after chronic agonist treatment. Furthermore, after chronic agonist treatment, we observed reduced CB1R binding and mRNA levels in SN and striatum, providing evidence for a possible regulatory role of the endocannabinoid system on dopaminergic function. Seven days after WIN55,212-2 cessation, we observed a rebound increase in mRNA, binding and total protein levels of DAT and TH in VTA, SN and striatum proposing the existence of a biphasic expression pattern, which was also observed in CB1R binding levels. Within the 20-day period of abstinence, TH mRNA and protein levels and CB1R binding levels remain increased. The above results indicate that chronic CB1R agonist treatment induces long-lasting control of the mesostriatal dopaminergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Perdikaris
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Martha Tsarouchi
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Fanarioti
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Evangelos Natsaridis
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Ada Mitsacos
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Giompres
- Laboratory of Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Schwarz AP, Trofimov AN, Zubareva OE, Lioudyno VI, Kosheverova VV, Ischenko AM, Klimenko VM. Prefrontal mRNA expression of long and short isoforms of D2 dopamine receptor: Possible role in delayed learning deficit caused by early life interleukin-1β treatment. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:118-122. [PMID: 28673768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Long (D2L) and short (D2S) isoform of the D2 dopamine receptor are believed to play different roles in behavioral regulation. However, little is known about differential regulation of these isoforms mRNA expression during the process of learning in physiological and pathological states. In this study, we have investigated the combined effect of training in active avoidance (AA) paradigm and chronic early life treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β (1μg/kg i.p., P15-21) on D2S and D2L dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of adult rats. We have shown differential regulation of D2 short and long mRNA isoform expression in the mPFC. There was no effect of AA-training on D2S mRNA expression, while D2L mRNA was downregulated in AA-trained control (intact and saline-treated) animals, and this effect was not observed in rats treated with IL-1β. D2S mRNA expression level negatively correlated with learning ability within control (saline-treated and intact) groups but not in IL-1β-treated animals. Thus, prefrontal expression of distinct D2 dopamine receptor splice variants is supposed to be implicated in cognitive decline caused by early life immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Schwarz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Trofimov
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga E Zubareva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Interactions, I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez Avenue 44, 199223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria I Lioudyno
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera V Kosheverova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Membranes Dynamics, Department of the Intracellular Signalling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander M Ischenko
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, Pudozhskaya 7, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victor M Klimenko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of the Brain Integrative Functions, I.P. Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Akademika Pavlova 12, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Doenni VM, Song CM, Hill MN, Pittman QJ. Early-life inflammation with LPS delays fear extinction in adult rodents. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:176-185. [PMID: 27888073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has been brought forward connecting developmental immune activation to abnormal fear and anxiety levels. Anxiety disorders have extremely high lifetime prevalence, yet susceptibility factors that contribute to their emergence are poorly understood. In this research we investigated whether an inflammatory insult early in life can alter the response to fear conditioning in adulthood. Fear learning and extinction are important and adaptive behaviors, mediated largely by the amygdala and its interconnectivity with cortico-limbic circuits. Male and female rat pups were given LPS (100μg/kg i.p.) or saline at postnatal day 14; LPS activated cFos expression in the central amygdala 2.5h after exposure, but not the basal or lateral nuclei. When tested in adulthood, acquisition of an auditory cued or contextual learned fear memory was largely unaffected as was the extinction of fear to a conditioned context. However, we detected a deficit in auditory fear extinction in male and female rats that experienced early-life inflammation, such that there is a significant delay in fear extinction processes resulting in more sustained fear behaviors in response to a conditioned cue. This response was specific to extinction training and did not persist into extinction recall. The effect could not be explained by differences in pain threshold (unaltered) or in baseline anxiety, which was elevated in adolescent females only and unaltered in adolescent males and adult males and females. This research provides further evidence for the involvement of the immune system during development in the shaping of fear and anxiety related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Doenni
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - C M Song
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - M N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Q J Pittman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Ketamine potentiates oxidative stress and influences behavior and inflammation in response to lipolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in early life. Neuroscience 2017; 353:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Early life peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge reprograms catecholaminergic neurons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40475. [PMID: 28071709 PMCID: PMC5223129 DOI: 10.1038/srep40475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal immune challenge with the bacterial mimetic lipopolysaccharide has the capacity to generate long-term changes in the brain. Neonatal rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (0.05 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 3 and again on PND 5. The activation state of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was measured in the locus coeruleus, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra on PND 85. In the locus coeruleus there was an approximately four-fold increase in TH activity. This was accompanied by a significant increase in TH protein together with increased phosphorylation of all three serine residues in the N-terminal region of TH. In the ventral tegmental area, a significant increase in TH activity and increased phosphorylation of the serine 40 residue was seen. Neonatal lipopolysaccharide had no effect on TH activation in the substantia nigra. These results indicate the capacity of a neonatal immune challenge to generate long-term changes in the activation state of TH, in particular in the locus coeruleus. Overall, the current results demonstrate the enduring outcomes of a neonatal immune challenge on specific brain catecholaminergic regions associated with catecholamine synthesis. This highlights a novel mechanism for long-term physiological and behavioural alterations induced by this model.
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15
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Pierre WC, Smith PLP, Londono I, Chemtob S, Mallard C, Lodygensky GA. Neonatal microglia: The cornerstone of brain fate. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:333-345. [PMID: 27596692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, mainly known for their role in innate immunity and modulation of neuroinflammation, play an active role in central nervous system development and homeostasis. Depending on the context and environmental stimuli, microglia adopt a broad spectrum of activation status from pro-inflammatory, associated with neurotoxicity, to anti-inflammatory linked to neuroprotection. Pro-inflammatory microglial activation is a key hallmark of white matter injury in preterm infants and is involved in developmental origin of adult neurological diseases. Characterization of neonatal microglia function in brain development and inflammation has allowed the investigation of promising therapeutic targets with potential long-lasting neuroprotective effects. True prevention of neuro-degenerative diseases might eventually occur as early as the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyston C Pierre
- Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter L P Smith
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Irène Londono
- Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Departments of Ophtalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gregory A Lodygensky
- Sainte-Justine Hospital and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 3175 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Rue Bélanger, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Departments of Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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16
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Doenni VM, Gray JM, Song CM, Patel S, Hill MN, Pittman QJ. Deficient adolescent social behavior following early-life inflammation is ameliorated by augmentation of anandamide signaling. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 58:237-247. [PMID: 27453335 PMCID: PMC5461973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life inflammation has been shown to exert profound effects on brain development and behavior, including altered emotional behavior, stress responsivity and neurochemical/neuropeptide receptor expression and function. The current study extends this research by examining the impact of inflammation, triggered with the bacterial compound lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on postnatal day (P) 14, on social behavior during adolescence. We investigated the role that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays in sociability after early-life LPS. To test this, multiple cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats were injected with LPS on P14. In adolescence, rats were subjected to behavioral testing in a reciprocal social interaction paradigm as well as the open field. We quantified eCB levels in the amygdala of P14 and adolescent animals (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol) as well as adolescent amygdaloid cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) binding site density and the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which metabolizes the eCB anandamide. Additionally, we examined the impact of FAAH inhibition on alterations in social behavior. Our results indicate that P14 LPS decreases adolescent social behavior (play and social non-play) in males and females at P40. This behavioral alteration is accompanied by decreased CB1 binding, increased anandamide levels and increased FAAH activity. Oral administration of the FAAH inhibitor PF-04457845 (1mg/kg) prior to the social interaction task normalizes LPS-induced alterations in social behavior, while not affecting social behavior in the control group. Infusion of 10ng PF-04457845 into the basolateral amygdala normalized social behavior in LPS injected females. These data suggest that alterations in eCB signaling following postnatal inflammation contribute to impairments in social behavior during adolescence and that inhibition of FAAH could be a novel target for disorders involving social deficits such as social anxiety disorders or autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Doenni
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - J M Gray
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - C M Song
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - S Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - M N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Q J Pittman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, Mathison Center for Mental Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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17
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Neonatal proinflammatory challenge in male Wistar rats: Effects on behavior, synaptic plasticity, and adrenocortical stress response. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Patrich E, Piontkewitz Y, Peretz A, Weiner I, Attali B. Maturation- and sex-sensitive depression of hippocampal excitatory transmission in a rat schizophrenia model. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 51:240-251. [PMID: 26327125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with behavioral and brain structural abnormalities, of which the hippocampus appears to be one of the most consistent region affected. Previous studies performed on the poly I:C model of schizophrenia suggest that alterations in hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity take place in the offspring. However, these investigations yielded conflicting results and the neurophysiological alterations responsible for these deficits are still unclear. Here we performed for the first time a longitudinal study examining the impact of prenatal poly I:C treatment and of gender on hippocampal excitatory neurotransmission. In addition, we examined the potential preventive/curative effects of risperidone (RIS) treatment during the peri-adolescence period. Excitatory synaptic transmission was determined by stimulating Schaffer collaterals and monitoring fiber volley amplitude and slope of field-EPSP (fEPSP) in CA1 pyramidal neurons in male and female offspring hippocampal slices from postnatal days (PNDs) 18-20, 34, 70 and 90. Depression of hippocampal excitatory transmission appeared at juvenile age in male offspring of the poly I:C group, while it expressed with a delay in female, manifesting at adulthood. In addition, a reduced hippocampal size was found in both adult male and female offspring of poly I:C treated dams. Treatment with RIS at the peri-adolescence period fully restored in males but partly repaired in females these deficiencies. A maturation- and sex-dependent decrease in hippocampal excitatory transmission occurs in the offspring of poly I:C treated pregnant mothers. Pharmacological intervention with RIS during peri-adolescence can cure in a gender-sensitive fashion early occurring hippocampal synaptic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eti Patrich
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Department of Psychology, Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yael Piontkewitz
- Strauss Center for Computational Neuroimaging, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Asher Peretz
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ina Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Bernard Attali
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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19
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Suárez-Pinilla P, Roiz-Santiañez R, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Guest PC, Ayesa-Arriola R, Córdova-Palomera A, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Crespo-Facorro B. Brain structural and clinical changes after first episode psychosis: Focus on cannabinoid receptor 1 polymorphisms. Psychiatry Res 2015; 233:112-9. [PMID: 26071625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene polymorphisms have been associated with central and peripheral effects of cannabis and schizophrenia pathophysiology. Here, we have tested whether three CNR1 variants (rs1049353, rs1535255 and rs2023239) are associated with changes in brain volumes, body mass index (BMI) or psychopathological scores in a 3-year longitudinal study of 65 first-episode psychosis patients. The rs1049353 at-risk allele was significantly associated with a greater reduction of caudate volume, and the rs2023239 T/C polymorphism showed a significant decrease in thalamic volume after the 3-year period. For those who were not cannabis users, the rs1535255 and rs2023239 polymorphisms had effects in lateral ventricle (LV), and LV and white matter, respectively. The rs2023239 variant also was associated with significant improvements in positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. There was no significant effect of any of the variants on changes in BMI over the 3-year study. Finally, an interaction between all three polymorphisms was found involving evolution of positive symptoms. These findings suggest that the cannabinoid pathway is associated with schizophrenia evolution over time. However, further studies using larger cohorts are needed to confirm these results. If confirmed, the present findings could lead in subsequent investigations for identification of novel drug targets for improved treatment of patients suffering from schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suárez-Pinilla
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.
| | - Roberto Roiz-Santiañez
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Paul C Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Aldo Córdova-Palomera
- CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; Departament de Biología Animal, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla. Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
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Schwaller F, Fitzgerald M. The consequences of pain in early life: injury-induced plasticity in developing pain pathways. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:344-52. [PMID: 24494675 PMCID: PMC4264936 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pain in infancy influences pain reactivity in later life, but how and why this occurs is poorly understood. Here we review the evidence for developmental plasticity of nociceptive pathways in animal models and discuss the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie this plasticity. Adults who have experienced neonatal injury display increased pain and injury-induced hyperalgesia in the affected region but mild injury can also induce widespread baseline hyposensitivity across the rest of the body surface, suggesting the involvement of several underlying mechanisms, depending upon the type of early life experience. Peripheral nerve sprouting and dorsal horn central sensitization, disinhibition and neuroimmune priming are discussed in relation to the increased pain and hyperalgesia, while altered descending pain control systems driven, in part, by changes in the stress/HPA axis are discussed in relation to the widespread hypoalgesia. Finally, it is proposed that the endocannabinoid system deserves further attention in the search for mechanisms underlying injury-induced changes in pain processing in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Schwaller
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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21
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Suárez-Pinilla P, López-Gil J, Crespo-Facorro B. Immune system: a possible nexus between cannabinoids and psychosis. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:269-82. [PMID: 24509089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endocannabinoid system is involved in the regulation of the brain-immune axis. Cannabis consumption is related with the development, course, and severity of psychosis. The epidemiological evidence for increased occurrence of immunological alterations in patients with psychosis has not been sufficiently addressed. The aim of this review is to establish whether there is any scientific evidence of the influence of cannabinoids on aspects of immunity that affect susceptibility to psychotic disorder induction. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and ISI Web of Knowledge was performed using combinations of key terms distributed into three blocks: "immune", "cannabinoid", and "endocannabinoid receptor". Studies were considered to be eligible for the review if they were original articles, they reported a quantitative or qualitative relation between cannabinoid ligands, their receptors, and immune system, and they were carried out in vitro or in mammals, included humans. All the information was systematically extracted and evaluated. RESULTS We identified 122 articles from 446 references. Overall, endocannabinoids enhanced immune response, whereas exogenous cannabinoids had immunosuppressant effects. A general change in the immune response from Th1 to Th2 was also demonstrated for cannabinoid action. Endogenous and synthetic cannabinoids also modulated microglia function and neurotransmitter secretion. CONCLUSION The actions of cannabinoids through the immune system are quite regular and predictable in the peripheral but remain fuzzy in the central nervous system. Despite this uncertainty, it may be hypothesized that exposure to exocannabinoids, in particular during adolescence might prompt immunological dysfunctions that potentially cause a latent vulnerability to psychosis. Further investigations are warranted to clarify the relationship between the immunological effects of cannabis and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Suárez-Pinilla
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain.
| | - José López-Gil
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; CIBERSAM, Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health Area, Madrid, Spain; IDIVAL, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Santander, Spain
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Verdurand M, Dalton VS, Nguyen V, Grégoire MC, Zahra D, Wyatt N, Burgess L, Greguric I, Zavitsanou K. Prenatal poly I:C age-dependently alters cannabinoid type 1 receptors in offspring: a longitudinal small animal PET study using [(18)F]MK-9470. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:162-9. [PMID: 24825369 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that there is a link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and neuropsychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia. Whilst the ECS has been shown to be involved in immune system regulation in various ways, it is known that infections during pregnancy can modulate the immune system of the mother and increase the risk for schizophrenia in offspring. In animal studies, maternal immune activation following administration of viral or bacterial mimics has been shown to reproduce many key structural, behavioural, and pharmacological abnormalities in offspring that resemble schizophrenia. In the present study, we used Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [(18)F]MK-9470, a selective high-affinity inverse agonist radioligand for cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1R), to longitudinally assess CB1R expression in the progeny of female rats exposed to the viral mimic polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid (poly I:C) (4mg/kg i.v.) or vehicle at gestational day 15 (GD 15). PET scans were performed in offspring at postnatal days (PND) 32-42 (adolescence) and in the same animals again at PNDs 75-79 (adulthood). Sixteen regions of interest were assessed, encompassing the whole rat brain. At adolescence, offspring exposed prenatally to poly I:C had significantly lower CB1R relative Standard Uptake Values (rSUV) compared to controls in the globus pallidus (p=0.046). In adulthood, however, poly I:C exposed offspring had higher levels of CB1R rSUV in sensory cortex (p=0.034) and hypothalamus (p=0.032) compared to controls. Our results suggest that prenatal poly I:C leads to long term alterations in the integrity of the ECS that are age and region-specific. The increased CB1R expression in adulthood following poly I:C mirrors the increased CB1R observed in patients with schizophrenia in post-mortem and in vivo PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Verdurand
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia; Neuroscience Research Center Lyon (CRNL, CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028), BioRaN Team, Lyon, France.
| | - Victoria S Dalton
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia; Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Vu Nguyen
- ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | | | - David Zahra
- ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Naomi Wyatt
- ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Leena Burgess
- ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Ivan Greguric
- ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia.
| | - Katerina Zavitsanou
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; ANSTO LifeSciences, ANSTO, PMB 1 Menai, NSW 2234, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Green HF, Nolan YM. Inflammation and the developing brain: Consequences for hippocampal neurogenesis and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 40:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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