1
|
Naghibi S, Barzegari A, Shariatzadeh M, Vatandoost M, Ahmadi M, Mahdinia E, Neghabi F, Rajabpour A, Sadat Aleahmad A, Sadat Balaghati F, Sadat Naserimanesh S, Saeedipour M, Sadeghi O, Yeganeh F, Salari AA. Voluntary physical activity increases maternal care and reduces anxiety- and depression-related behaviours during the postpartum period in mice. Brain Res 2022; 1784:147880. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
2
|
Siebers M, Biedermann SV, Bindila L, Lutz B, Fuss J. Exercise-induced euphoria and anxiolysis do not depend on endogenous opioids in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105173. [PMID: 33582575 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A runner's high describes a sense of well-being during endurance exercise characterized by euphoria and anxiolysis. It has been a widespread belief that the release of endogenous opioids, such as endorphins, underlie a runner's high. However, exercise leads to the release of two classes of rewarding molecules, endocannabinoids (eCBs) and opioids. In mice, we have shown that core features of a runner's high depend on cannabinoid receptors but not opioid receptors. In the present study, we aimed to corroborate in humans that endorphins do not play a significant role in the underlying mechanism of a runner's high. Thus, we investigated whether the development of two core features of a runner's high, euphoria and reduced anxiety levels, depend on opioid signaling by using the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (NAL) in a double-blind, randomized, placebo (PLA)-controlled experiment. Participants (N = 63) exhibited increased euphoria and decreased anxiety after 45 min of running (RUN) on a treadmill in a moderate-intensity range compared to walking (WALK). RUN led to higher plasma levels of the eCBs anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoglycerol (2-AG). Opioid blockade did not prevent the development of euphoria and reduced anxiety as well as elevation of eCB levels following exercise. Moreover, the fraction of participants reporting a subjective runner's high was comparable in the NAL and PLA-treated group. Therefore, this study indicates that the development of a runner's high does not depend on opioid signaling in humans, but makes eCBs strong candidates in humans, as previously shown in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Siebers
- Human Behavior Laboratory, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah V Biedermann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Human Behavior Laboratory, Institute for Sex Research, Sexual Medicine and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, So KF. Exercise, spinogenesis and cognitive functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 147:323-360. [PMID: 31607360 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training improves mental and cognitive functions by enhancing neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Recent studies suggest the facilitation of spinogenesis across different brain regions including hippocampus and cerebral cortex by physical activity. In this article we will summarize major findings for exercise effects on synaptogenesis and spinogenesis, in order to provide mechanisms for exercise intervention of both psychiatric diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. We will also revisit major findings for molecular mechanism governing exercise-related spinogenesis, and will discuss the screening for novel factors, or exerkines, whose levels are correlated with endurance training and affect neural plasticity. We believe that further studies focusing on the molecular mechanism of exercise-mediate spinogenesis should benefit the optimization of exercise therapy in clinics and the evaluation of treatment efficiency using specific biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, PR China; Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ballanger B, Bath KG, Mandairon N. Odorants: a tool to provide nonpharmacological intervention to reduce anxiety during normal and pathological aging. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 82:18-29. [PMID: 31377537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders represent 1 of the most common classes of psychiatric disorders. In the aging population and for patients with age-related pathology, the percentage of people suffering of anxiety is significantly elevated. Furthermore, anxiety carries with it an increased risk for a variety of age-related medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, cognitive decline, and increased severity of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. A variety of anxiolytic compounds are available but often carry with them disturbing side effects that impact quality of life. Among nonmedicinal approaches to reducing anxiety, odor diffusion and aromatherapy are the most popular. In this review, we highlight the emerging perspective that the use of odorants may reduce anxiety symptoms or at least potentiate the effect of other anxiolytic approaches and may serve as an alternative form of therapy to deal with anxiety symptoms. Such approaches may be particularly beneficial in aging populations with elevated risk for these disorders. We also discuss potential neural mechanisms underlying the anxiolytic effects of odorants based on work in animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Ballanger
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France
| | - Kevin G Bath
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence RI 02912, United States
| | - Nathalie Mandairon
- INSERM, U1028; CNRS, UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Neuroplasticity and Neuropathology of Olfactory Perception Team, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France; University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69000, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jafari-Sabet M, Nemati S, Torab M. Cross state-dependency of learning between 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT7 receptor agonists and muscimol in the mouse dorsal hippocampus. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:722-736. [PMID: 30789290 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119826608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the serotonergic and GABAergic systems in cognitive disorders has been revealed. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of drug-associated learning and memory formation may help treatment of cognitive disorders. AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate: 1) 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A agonist), AS19 (5-HT7 agonist) and muscimol (GABA-A agonist) on memory retrieval and state of memory, 2) cross state-dependent learning between 8-OH-DPAT and/or AS19 and muscimol. METHODS The dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions of adult male NMRI mice were bilaterally cannulated, and all drugs were microinjected into the intended sites of injection. A single-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task was used for the evaluation of memory retrieval and state of memory. RESULTS Post-training and/or pre-test 8-OH-DPAT, AS19 and muscimol induced amnesia. Pre-test microinjection of the same doses of 8-OH-DPAT, AS19 and muscimol reversed the post-training 8-OH-DPAT-, AS19- and muscimol-induced amnesia, respectively. This event has been named state-dependent learning (SDL). The amnesia induced by 8-OH-DPAT was reversed by muscimol and induced 8-OH-DPAT SDL. The amnesia induced by muscimol was reversed by 8-OH-DPAT and induced muscimol SDL. The amnesia induced by AS19 was reversed by muscimol and induced AS19 SDL. The amnesia induced by muscimol was reversed by AS19 and induced muscimol SDL. Pre-test administration of a selective GABA-A receptor antagonist, bicuculline, 5 min before muscimol, 8-OH-DPAT and AS19 dose-dependently inhibited muscimol-, 8-OH-DPAT- and AS19-induced SDL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results strongly revealed a cross SDL among 8-OH-DPAT and/or AS19 and muscimol in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Jafari-Sabet
- 1 Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Nemati
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Torab
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rogers J, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. Gene-environment interactions informing therapeutic approaches to cognitive and affective disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 145:37-48. [PMID: 29277490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions drive experience-dependent changes in the brain that alter cognition, emotion and behaviour. Positive engagement with the environment, through novel experience and physical activity, can improve brain function, although the mechanisms mediating such experience-dependent plasticity remain to be fully elucidated. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic value of environmental stimuli, exercise and environmental enrichment (EE), for cognitive and affective disorders, with implications for the understanding and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. We demonstrate that environmental manipulations are potential therapeutic strategies for improving outcomes in these psychiatric disorders, including beneficial impacts on cognition. We discuss how EE and exercise are therapeutic environmental interventions impacting both affective and cognitive function. Serotonergic (5-HTergic) signaling is strongly implicated in the manifestation of psychiatric disorders and regulates cognitive and emotional processing that can underpin them. Thus, we focus on evidence implicating the serotonergic system in mediating gene-environment interactions to EE and exercise. Finally, we discuss robust gene-environment interactions associated with EE and exercise interventions, and their impacts on specific brain areas, particularly the hippocampus. We focus on potential mediators of this experience-dependent plasticity, including adult neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, we explore molecular and cellular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity that potentially underlie the restoration of affective and cognitive phenotypes, thus identifying novel therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Rogers
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biedermann SV, Auer MK, Bindila L, Ende G, Lutz B, Weber-Fahr W, Gass P, Fuss J. Restricted vs. unrestricted wheel running in mice: Effects on brain, behavior and endocannabinoids. Horm Behav 2016; 86:45-54. [PMID: 27664019 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of voluntary wheel running on hippocampal neurogenesis, morphology and hippocampal-dependent behavior have widely been studied in rodents, but also serious side effects and similarities to stereotypy have been reported. Some mouse strains run excessively when equipped with running wheels, complicating the comparability to human exercise regimes. Here, we investigated how exercise restriction to 6h/day affects hippocampal morphology and metabolism, stereotypic and basal behaviors, as well as the endocannabinoid system in wheel running C57BL/6 mice; the strain most commonly used for behavioral analyses and psychiatric disease models. Restricted and unrestricted wheel running had similar effects on immature hippocampal neuron numbers, thermoregulatory nest building and basal home-cage behaviors. Surprisingly, hippocampal gray matter volume, assessed with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 9.4 Tesla, was only increased in unrestricted but not in restricted runners. Moreover, unrestricted runners showed less stereotypic behavior than restricted runners did. However, after blockage of running wheels for 24h stereotypic behavior also increased in unrestricted runners, arguing against a long-term effect of wheel running on stereotypic behavior. Stereotypic behaviors correlated with frontal glutamate and glucose levels assessed by 1H-MR spectroscopy. While acute running increased plasma levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide in former studies in mice and humans, we found an inverse correlation of anandamide with the daily running distance after long-term running. In conclusion, although there are some diverging effects of restricted and unrestricted running on brain and behavior, restricted running does not per se seem to be a better animal model for aerobic exercise in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Biedermann
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias K Auer
- Department of Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Fuss
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, Center of Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Cai CY, Wu HY, Zhu LJ, Luo CX, Zhu DY. CREB-mediated synaptogenesis and neurogenesis is crucial for the role of 5-HT1a receptors in modulating anxiety behaviors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29551. [PMID: 27404655 PMCID: PMC4941576 DOI: 10.1038/srep29551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 1a-receptor (5-HT1aR) has been specifically implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety. However, the mechanism underlying the role of 5-HT1aR in anxiety remains poorly understood. Here we show in mice that the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus functions as an effector of 5-HT1aR in modulating anxiety-related behaviors. We generated recombinant lentivirus LV-CREB133-GFP expressing a dominant negative CREB which could not be phosphorylated at Ser133 to specifically reduce CREB activity, and LV-VP16-CREB-GFP expressing a constitutively active fusion protein VP16-CREB which could be phosphorylated by itself to specifically enhance CREB activity. LV-CREB133-GFP neutralized 5-HT1aR agonist-induced up-regulation of synapse density, spine density, dendrite complexity, neurogenesis, and the expression of synapsin and spinophilin, two well-characterized synaptic proteins, and abolished the anxiolytic effect of 5-HT1aR agonist; whereas LV-VP16-CREB-GFP rescued the 5-HT1aR antagonist-induced down-regulation of synapse density, spine density, dendrite complexity, neurogenesis and synapsin and spinophilin expression, and reversed the anxiogenic effect of 5-HT1aR antagonist. The deletion of neurogenesis by irradiation or the diminution of synaptogenesis by knockdown of synapsin expression abolished the anxiolytic effects of both CREB and 5-HT1aR activation. These findings suggest that CREB-mediated hippoacampus structural plasticity is crucial for the role of 5-HT1aR in modulating anxiety-related behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hai-Yin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Su zhou, China
| | - Chun-Xia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,The key laboratory of human functional genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aronsen D, Bukholt N, Schenk S. Repeated administration of the 5-HT₁B/₁A agonist, RU 24969, facilitates the acquisition of MDMA self-administration: role of 5-HT₁A and 5-HT₁B receptor mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1339-47. [PMID: 26856853 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) preferentially stimulates the release of serotonin (5-HT) that subsequently produces behavioral responses by activation of post-synaptic receptor mechanisms. The 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors are both well localized to regulate dopamine (DA) release, and have been implicated in modulating the reinforcing effects of many drugs of abuse, but a role in acquisition of self-administration has not been determined. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to determine the effect of pharmacological manipulation of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor mechanisms on the acquisition of MDMA self-administration. METHODS The 5-HT1B/1A receptor agonist, RU 24969 (0.0 or 3.0 mg/kg, bid), was administered for 3 days in order to down-regulate both 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. Following the pretreatment phase, latency to acquisition of MDMA self-administration was measured. RESULTS Repeated administration of RU 24969 significantly decreased the latency to acquisition and increased the proportion of animals that acquired MDMA self-administration. Dose-effect curves for the 5-HT1A-mediated hyperactivity produced by the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, and the 5-HT1B-mediated adipsic response produced by RU 24969 were shifted rightward, suggesting a desensitization of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the initial reinforcing effects of MDMA are modulated by 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT1B receptor mechanisms. The potential impact of these changes on the DAergic response relevant to self-administration and a possible role in conditioned reinforcement pertaining to acquisition of self-administration are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dane Aronsen
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Natasha Bukholt
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susan Schenk
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kazmierska P, Konopacki J. Development of theta rhythm in hippocampal formation slices perfused with 5-HT1A antagonist, (S)WAY 100135. Brain Res 2015; 1625:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
11
|
Abstract
Exercise is rewarding, and long-distance runners have described a runner's high as a sudden pleasant feeling of euphoria, anxiolysis, sedation, and analgesia. A popular belief has been that endogenous endorphins mediate these beneficial effects. However, running exercise increases blood levels of both β-endorphin (an opioid) and anandamide (an endocannabinoid). Using a combination of pharmacologic, molecular genetic, and behavioral studies in mice, we demonstrate that cannabinoid receptors mediate acute anxiolysis and analgesia after running. We show that anxiolysis depends on intact cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) receptors on forebrain GABAergic neurons and pain reduction on activation of peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptors. We thus demonstrate that the endocannabinoid system is crucial for two main aspects of a runner's high. Sedation, in contrast, was not influenced by cannabinoid or opioid receptor blockage, and euphoria cannot be studied in mouse models.
Collapse
|
12
|
The hippocampus and exercise: histological correlates of MR-detected volume changes. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:1353-63. [PMID: 25550000 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that physical exercise increases hippocampal volume. This has consistently been shown in mice and men using magnetic resonance imaging. On the other hand, histological studies have reported profound alterations on a cellular level including increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis after exercise. A combined investigation of both phenomena has not been documented so far although a causal role of adult neurogenesis for increased hippocampal volume has been suggested before. We investigated 20 voluntary wheel running and 20 sedentary mice after a period of 2 month voluntary wheel running. Half of each group received focalized hippocampal irradiation to inhibit neurogenesis prior to wheel running. Structural MRI and histological investigations concerning newborn neurons (DCX), glial cells (GFAP), microglia, proliferating and pyknotic cells, neuronal activation, as well as blood vessel density and arborisation were performed. In a regression model, neurogenesis was the marker best explaining hippocampal gray matter volume. Individual analyses showed a positive correlation of gray matter volume with DCX-positive newborn neurons in the subgroups, too. GFAP-positive cells significantly interacted with gray matter volume with a positive correlation in sham-irradiated mice and no correlation in irradiated mice. Although neurogenesis appears to be an important marker of higher hippocampal gray matter volume, a monocausal relationship was not indicated, requesting further investigations.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tu W, Cook A, Scholl JL, Mears M, Watt MJ, Renner KJ, Forster GL. Serotonin in the ventral hippocampus modulates anxiety-like behavior during amphetamine withdrawal. Neuroscience 2014; 281:35-43. [PMID: 25241066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal from amphetamine is associated with increased anxiety and sensitivity to stressors which are thought to contribute to relapse. Rats undergoing amphetamine withdrawal fail to exhibit stress-induced increases in serotonin (5-HT) release in the ventral hippocampus and show heightened anxiety-like behaviors. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that reducing 5-HT levels in the ventral hippocampus is a causal mechanism in increasing anxiety-like behaviors during amphetamine withdrawal. First, we tested whether reducing 5-HT levels in the ventral hippocampus directly increases anxiety behavior. Male rats were bilaterally infused with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) into the ventral hippocampus, which produced a 83% decrease in ventral hippocampus 5-HT content, and were tested on the elevated plus maze (EPM) for anxiety-like behavior. Reducing ventral hippocampus 5-HT levels decreased the time spent in the open arms of the maze, suggesting that diminished ventral hippocampus 5-HT levels increases anxiety-like behavior. Next, we tested whether increasing 5-HT levels in the ventral hippocampus reverses anxiety behavior exhibited by rats undergoing amphetamine withdrawal. Rats were treated daily with either amphetamine (2.5-mg/kg, i.p.) or saline for 2weeks, and at 2weeks withdrawal, were infused with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (0.5μM) bilaterally into the ventral hippocampus and tested for anxiety-like behavior on the EPM. Rats pre-treated with amphetamine exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior on the EPM. This effect was reversed by ventral hippocampus infusion of paroxetine. Our results suggest that 5-HT levels in the ventral hippocampus are critical for regulating anxiety behavior. Increasing 5-HT levels during withdrawal may be an effective strategy for reducing anxiety-induced drug relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Tu
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - A Cook
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - J L Scholl
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - M Mears
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - M J Watt
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - K J Renner
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Biology Department, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - G L Forster
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Green HF, Nolan YM. Inflammation and the developing brain: Consequences for hippocampal neurogenesis and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 40:20-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
15
|
On the quest for a biomechanism of transsexualism: is there a role for BDNF? J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:2015-7. [PMID: 24070909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies hypothesized a neurobiological mechanism for gender identity disorder (GID). Recently a possible role for serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was suggested on the basis of reduced serum BDNF levels in male-to-female individuals. Here we review the question whether there is indeed a role of BDNF in the development of transsexualism.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lapmanee S, Charoenphandhu J, Charoenphandhu N. Beneficial effects of fluoxetine, reboxetine, venlafaxine, and voluntary running exercise in stressed male rats with anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:316-25. [PMID: 23707245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rodents exposed to mild but repetitive stress may develop anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Whether this stress response could be alleviated by pharmacological treatments or exercise interventions, such as wheel running, was unknown. Herein, we determined anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in restraint stressed rats (2h/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks) subjected to acute diazepam treatment (30min prior to behavioral test), chronic treatment with fluoxetine, reboxetine or venlafaxine (10mg/kg/day for 4 weeks), and/or 4-week voluntary wheel running. In elevated plus-maze (EPM) and forced swimming tests (FST), stressed rats spent less time in the open arms and had less swimming duration than the control rats, respectively, indicating the presence of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Stressed rats also developed learned fear as evaluated by elevated T-maze test (ETM). Although wheel running could reduce anxiety-like behaviors in both EPM and ETM, only diazepam was effective in the EPM, while fluoxetine, reboxetine, and venlafaxine were effective in the ETM. Fluoxetine, reboxetine, and wheel running, but not diazepam and venlafaxine, also reduced depression-like behavior in FST. Combined pharmacological treatment and exercise did not further reduce anxiety-like behavior in stressed rats. However, stressed rats treated with wheel running plus reboxetine or venlafaxine showed an increase in climbing duration in FST. In conclusion, regular exercise (voluntary wheel running) and pharmacological treatments, especially fluoxetine and reboxetine, could alleviate anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in stressed male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarawut Lapmanee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|