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Teixeira SR, Cerron-Vela C, Khalek N, Wright R, Whitehead MT. Coronal Clival Cleft in CHARGE Syndrome: Fetal MRI Series. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2025; 46:1022-1028. [PMID: 40316448 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a8609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE CHARGE is a syndrome that affects the brain, eyes, ears, heart, face, and genitourinary system. Prenatal diagnosis could optimize counseling, delivery planning, and therapeutic interventions; however, reports of associated fetal neuroimaging features are scarce. While some findings are nonspecific, olfactory, inner ear, and skull base anomalies are commonly present and may be observable at the time of fetal imaging. We sought to determine the scope of prenatal CNS MRI findings in CHARGE syndrome with emphasis on findings not included in the diagnostic criteria for CHARGE syndrome, such as coronal clival cleft. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of fetal +/- postnatal neuroimaging from patients with genetic diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome was conducted. Brain, ear, eye, face, and skull base bone abnormalities were documented. Descriptive statistics were employed to characterize the findings. RESULTS Eighteen fetal-maternal dyads were included. Median gestational age at time of prenatal MRI was 26.25 weeks. Thirteen (72%) subjects were born alive, of which 10 (55.6%) were males. One died on the first day of life (5.6%) and 4/18 (22.2%) underwent termination of pregnancy. Twelve (66.7%) had postnatal brain MRI and/or temporal bone CT. On prenatal MRI, coronal clival cleft was seen in 72% of the cases and confirmed in all patients with postnatal imaging. Inner ear dysplasia was universally seen in all prenatal MRI, except for 1 case, in which this was not evaluable, and confirmed in all cases postnatally. On prenatal imaging, olfactory apparatus hypoplasia/absence was detected in 83% of the cases, followed by globe dysmorphia and/or colobomas in 44% of the cases, atresia of choanae (39%), facial clefts (22%), and cerebellar malformation (16.7%). Of the 10 cases with postnatal brain MRI available, 4 (40%) demonstrated cerebellar gray matter heterotopia. CONCLUSIONS The most common fetal neuroimaging findings supporting the diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome are olfactory deficiency and inner ear dysplasia. Coronal clival clefts are often present and are frequently visible on prenatal MR imaging. The presence of a clival coronal cleft should raise the possibility of CHARGE syndrome, particularly when associated with other known cardinal findings, such as cerebellar dysgenesis, olfactory apparatus deficiency, and inner ear dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Reis Teixeira
- From the Department of Radiology (S.R.T., C.C.-V, M.T.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (S.R.T., N.K., M.T.W.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carmen Cerron-Vela
- From the Department of Radiology (S.R.T., C.C.-V, M.T.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nahla Khalek
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (S.R.T., N.K., M.T.W.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (N.K., R.W.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renee Wright
- Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (N.K., R.W.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew T Whitehead
- From the Department of Radiology (S.R.T., C.C.-V, M.T.W.), Division of Neuroradiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (S.R.T., N.K., M.T.W.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kim JS. Baller-Gerold Syndrome in a Premature Infant with a Mutation in the RECQL4 Gene. NEONATAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.5385/nm.2019.26.4.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Seto ML, Lee SJ, Sze RW, Cunningham ML. Another TWIST on Baller-Gerold syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 104:323-30. [PMID: 11754069 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baller-Gerold syndrome is characterized by craniosynostosis and preaxial upper limb malformations. Wide heterogeneity exists with regard to the presence of additional anomalies. Most of the 31 reported cases involve other malformations, including cardiac, Central Nervous System (CNS), and urogenital anomalies. Baller-Gerold syndrome is thought to have autosomal recessive inheritance. However, Gripp et al. [1999: Am. J. Med. Genet. 82:170-176] recently provided the first evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity and severity. A nonsense mutation was found in TWIST, a gene associated with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (SCS). Here we report on a male Caucasian patient of nonconsanguineous parents, with synostosis of the coronal, metopic, and sagittal sutures, and bilateral radial ray hypoplasia. The patient's small, round ears with prominent crus helices, and cervical anomalies are common features of SCS. The father had very mild features of SCS. We identify direct paternal transmission of a novel missense TWIST mutation in the highly conserved Helix II domain of this bHLH-family gene. This report lends further support to the recent findings by Gripp et al. [1999]. Future TWIST mutational analysis on patients with craniosynostosis and radial ray involvement will shed light on whether Baller-Gerold syndrome should be a distinct entity or some cases should be reclassified as a heterogeneous form of SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Seto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Development, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-620, USA
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Franceschini P, Licata D, Guala A, Di Cara G, Signorile F, Franceschini D, Genitori L, Restagno G. Long first metacarpal in monozygotic twins with probable Baller-Gerold syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19981204)80:4<303::aid-ajmg1>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Savarirayan R, Tomlinson P, Thompson E. Baller-Gerold syndrome associated with congenital portal venous malformation. J Med Genet 1998; 35:767-9. [PMID: 9733037 PMCID: PMC1051431 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.9.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report a 4 year old boy in whom the clinical features of craniosynostosis and bilateral absent radii led to a diagnosis of Baller-Gerold syndrome. Additional congenital abnormalities included midface hypoplasia, atrial and ventricular septal defects, right hydronephrosis, partial sacral agenesis, and anterior ectopic anus. Evidence of portal venous hypertension was present from 8 months and a congenital portal venous malformation was discovered at 2 years. This is the first reported case of Baller-Gerold syndrome associated with a congenital portal venous malformation. We discuss the diagnostic confusion between this syndrome and other overlapping malformation syndromes and propose optimal evaluation strategies aimed at clarifying the nosology of these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Savarirayan
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide
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Samson G, Gardner JC. Craniosynostosis, microcephaly, hydrancephaly, humero-radial synostosis, and thumb aplasia: a new syndrome? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 61:174-7. [PMID: 8669448 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<174::aid-ajmg15>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a growth-retarded newborn infant with craniosynostosis, microcephaly, hydrancephaly, oligodactyly, humero-radial synostosis, and normal chromosomes. The combination of anomalies has hitherto been unreported and we consider this to be a "new" syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Samson
- Department of Neonatology, Mowbray Maternity Hospital, Republic of South Africa
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Cohen MM, Toriello HV. Is there a Baller-Gerold syndrome? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 61:63-4. [PMID: 8741920 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320610103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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8
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Mihai M, Eitan L, Gad P, Daniela L. A case of Baller-Gerold syndrome following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996; 13:79-81. [PMID: 8825173 DOI: 10.1007/bf02068875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Mihai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Ramos Fuentes FJ, Nicholson L, Scott CI. Phenotypic variability in the Baller-Gerold syndrome: report of a mildly affected patient and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153:483-7. [PMID: 7957363 DOI: 10.1007/bf01957001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a patient with a mild form of the Baller-Gerold syndrome (craniosynostosis-radial aplasia syndrome). The patient, a 3-year 3 month-old boy, has trigonocephaly with bilateral absent radii and thumbs. His growth parameters and psychomotor development have been normal. No visceral anomalies were found. This patient represents a new case of the rare mild form of the syndrome.
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Nwokoro NA, Jaffe R, Barmada M. Baller-Gerold syndrome: a postmortem examination. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 47:1233. [PMID: 8291562 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Willems PJ, Colpaert C, Vaerenbergh M, Van Thienen MN, Parizel PM, Van Marck E, Schuerwegh WH, Martin JJ. Multiple pterygium syndrome with body asymmetry. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 47:106-11. [PMID: 8368239 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report on a fetus with multiple pterygia in the popliteal, antecubital, intercrural, axillary, and nuchal region, arthrogryposis, camptodactyly, anal atresia, hypospadias, ambiguous genitalia, and neonatal death. Arthrogryposis was much more pronounced at the left than at the right side. Moreover, there was gross body asymmetry with hypoplasia of the left arm, leg, pelvis, and kidney. As this spectrum of anomalies does not fit any of the known multiple pterygium syndromes, this patient adds another clinical entity to the already wide spectrum of multiple pterygium syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Willems
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp-U.I.A., Belgium
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Duncan GJ, Omer GE, Garcia JF, Latimer E. Magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the internal anatomy in the Baller-Gerold syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 1993; 18:588-92. [PMID: 8349962 DOI: 10.1016/0363-5023(93)90295-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Baller-Gerold syndrome is identified by radial aplasia with craniosynostosis. Only 12 cases have been reported previously in the literature; none of the reports describe surgical treatment for the radial aplasia. We report the case of a 10-month-old female infant with this syndrome, including severe bilateral radial clubhands. A radial anlage, which was tethering growth of the ulna, was suspected on physical examination and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging. Resection of the anlage resulted in dramatic improvement in elbow extension, but additional follow-up will be necessary to determine the complete functional effect of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Duncan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131-5296
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Lin AE, McPherson E, Nwokoro NA, Clemens M, Losken HW, Mulvihill JJ. Further delineation of the Baller-Gerold syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 45:519-24. [PMID: 8465861 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320450423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Three new patients with the Baller-Gerold syndrome bring the number of reported cases to 20. In addition to craniosynostosis involving various sutures and preaxial reduction defects of variable severity, affected patients may have anal, urogenital, cardiac, central nervous system, and vertebral defects. Autosomal recessive inheritance is supported by the presence of affected sibs and parental consanguinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Lin
- Department of Genetics, Franciscan Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02135
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Abstract
A case of severe craniosynostosis-radial aplasia (Baller-Gerold) syndrome is described in a newborn male, following a pregnancy complicated by polyhydramnios and intrauterine growth retardation. Death occurred after two hours owing to a prolonged apnoeic spell. Extensive agenesis of the frontal and parietal bones, resulting in a very large fontanelle, in addition to coronal bilateral craniosynostosis was observed at necropsy. There was also bilateral radial agenesis, oligodactyly of the hands and feet, a midline facial angioma, and a scrotally positioned anus, all of which have been described in some of the 10 previously reported cases. Microcephaly, erythroblastosis of the liver, and pancreatic islet cell hypertrophy were also noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Van Maldergem
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Morphologie Pathologique, Gerpinnes (Loverval), Belgium
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Dallapiccola B, Zelante L, Mingarelli R, Pellegrino M, Bertozzi V. Baller-Gerold syndrome: case report and clinical and radiological review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1992; 42:365-8. [PMID: 1536180 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320420323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The major manifestations of the Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS) are craniosynostosis and preaxial limb anomaly involving the radius and/or the thumb. We report on a new patient with coronal and sagittal suture involvement, mild unilateral radial and thumb hypoplasia, imperforate anus, rectovaginal fistula, prenatal onset growth deficiency, and mental retardation. This patient also had some minor oral-facial anomalies, severe nonfamilial myopia, bilateral conductive hearing loss, ureteric reflux, and skeletal anomalies other than those noted in the skull and upper limbs. This patient confirms the clinical variability among the patients and the wide pleiotropic effects of the BGS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dallapiccola
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, Tor Vergata, Italy
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Lewis ME, Rosenbaum PL, Paes BA. Baller-Gerold syndrome associated with congenital hydrocephalus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 40:307-10. [PMID: 1951434 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a new case of the Baller-Gerold syndrome (BGS) in an infant with prenatally apparent severe hydrocephalus, growth retardation, and cardiac and limb abnormalities detected by ultrasound at 26 weeks of gestational age. Subsequent survival to term and neonatal examination confirmed an unsuspected diagnosis of BGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Lewis
- Program in Human Genetics, Chedoke Child and Family Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Boudreaux JM, Colon MA, Lorusso GD, Parro EA, Pelias MZ. Baller-Gerold syndrome: an 11th case of craniosynostosis and radial aplasia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 37:447-50. [PMID: 2260585 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320370403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report on a patient with craniosynostosis, left radius aplasia, right radius hypoplasia, and other congenital anomalies. This is the 11th reported case of the Baller-Gerold syndrome. Autosomal recessive inheritance of this syndrome is suggested by evidence of probable parental consanguinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Boudreaux
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112
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Galea P, Tolmie JL. Normal growth and development in a child with Baller-Gerold syndrome (craniosynostosis and radial aplasia). J Med Genet 1990; 27:784-7. [PMID: 2074565 PMCID: PMC1017284 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.27.12.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cardinal features of the Baller-Gerold syndrome (MIM *21860) are craniosynostosis and radial aplasia. Only 12 cases have been published and these are roughly divisible into two groups: cases without any additional abnormalities and cases with a broad range of additional features. We describe a boy with craniosynostosis and radial aplasia alone and highlight genetic counselling difficulties presented by a sporadic case of this rare syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Galea
- Division of Medical Paediatrics, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow
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Jaskoll T, Melnick M. The effects of long-term fetal constraint in vitro on the cranial base and other skeletal components. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1982; 12:289-300. [PMID: 7114092 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently it was suggested that some cases of premature closure of the sagittal suture in humans may be due to fetal head constraint. Using various modifications of the procedure for long-term shell-less cultivation of chick embryos, we sought to test the hypothesis that fetal head constraint may result in abnormalities of the cranial base and other skeletal structures of the head. Our experiments with various sized containers demonstrate that fetal constraint is associated with both deformation and malformation of the craniofacial skeleton, including the cranial base, squamosal, columella (stapes), and mandible. The severity of both deformation and malformation appears to be a function of the degree of fetal constraint. If, as some suggest, abnormality of the cranial base is the primary anomaly in craniosynostosis, then our results tend to support the fetal constraint hypothesis as one explanation of simple craniostenosis.
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