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Priyadarshini BM, Dikshit V, Zhang Y. 3D-printed Bioreactors for In Vitro Modeling and Analysis. Int J Bioprint 2020; 6:267. [PMID: 33088992 PMCID: PMC7557350 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v6i4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has markedly enhanced the functionality of bioreactors by offering the capability of manufacturing intricate architectures, which changes the way of conducting in vitro biomodeling and bioanalysis. As 3D-printing technologies become increasingly mature, the architecture of 3D-printed bioreactors can be tailored to specific applications using different printing approaches to create an optimal environment for bioreactions. Multiple functional components have been combined into a single bioreactor fabricated by 3D-printing, and this fully functional integrated bioreactor outperforms traditional methods. Notably, several 3D-printed bioreactors systems have demonstrated improved performance in tissue engineering and drug screening due to their 3D cell culture microenvironment with precise spatial control and biological compatibility. Moreover, many microbial bioreactors have also been proposed to address the problems concerning pathogen detection, biofouling, and diagnosis of infectious diseases. This review offers a reasonably comprehensive review of 3D-printed bioreactors for in vitro biological applications. We compare the functions of bioreactors fabricated by various 3D-printing modalities and highlight the benefit of 3D-printed bioreactors compared to traditional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishwesh Dikshit
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yi Zhang
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore.,School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798, Singapore
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2
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Ciardulli MC, Marino L, Lovecchio J, Giordano E, Forsyth NR, Selleri C, Maffulli N, Porta GD. Tendon and Cytokine Marker Expression by Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Hyaluronate/Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA)/Fibrin Three-Dimensional (3D) Scaffold. Cells 2020; 9:E1268. [PMID: 32443833 PMCID: PMC7291129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a (three-dimensional) 3D scaffold, we named HY-FIB, incorporating a force-transmission band of braided hyaluronate embedded in a cell localizing fibrin hydrogel and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanocarriers as transient components for growth factor controlled delivery. The tenogenic supporting capacity of HY-FIB on human-Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBM-MSCs) was explored under static conditions and under bioreactor-induced cyclic strain conditions. HY-FIB elasticity enabled to deliver a mean shear stress of 0.09 Pa for 4 h/day. Tendon and cytokine marker expression by hBM-MSCs were studied. Results: hBM-MSCs embedded in HY-FIB and subjected to mechanical stimulation, resulted in a typical tenogenic phenotype, as indicated by type 1 Collagen fiber immunofluorescence. RT-qPCR showed an increase of type 1 Collagen, scleraxis, and decorin gene expression (3-fold, 1600-fold, and 3-fold, respectively, at day 11) in dynamic conditions. Cells also showed pro-inflammatory (IL-6, TNF, IL-12A, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β1) cytokine gene expressions, with a significant increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines in dynamic conditions (IL-10 and TGF-β1 300-fold and 4-fold, respectively, at day 11). Mechanical signaling, conveyed by HY-FIB to hBM-MSCs, promoted tenogenic gene markers expression and a pro-repair cytokine balance. The results provide strong evidence in support of the HY-FIB system and its interaction with cells and its potential for use as a predictive in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Luigi Marino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522 Cesena (FC), Italy; (J.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, Via dell’Università 50, 47522 Cesena (FC), Italy; (J.L.); (E.G.)
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK;
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London E1 4NL, UK
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (L.M.); (C.S.); (N.M.)
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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3
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Lovecchio J, Gargiulo P, Vargas Luna JL, Giordano E, Sigurjónsson ÓE. A standalone bioreactor system to deliver compressive load under perfusion flow to hBMSC-seeded 3D chitosan-graphene templates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16854. [PMID: 31728040 PMCID: PMC6856067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of engineered biological tissues holds great potential for both clinical applications and basic research in a life science laboratory. A prototype standalone perfusion/compression bioreactor system was proposed to address the osteogenic commitment of stem cells seeded onboard of 3D chitosan-graphene (CHT/G) templates. Testing involved the coordinated administration of a 1 mL/min medium flow rate together with dynamic compression (1% strain at 1 Hz; applied twice daily for 30 min) for one week. When compared to traditional static culture conditions, the application of perfusion and compression stimuli to human bone marrow stem cells using the 3D CHT/G template scaffold induced a sizable effect. After using the dynamic culture protocol, there was evidence of a larger number of viable cells within the inner core of the scaffold and of enhanced extracellular matrix mineralization. These observations show that our novel device would be suitable for addressing and investigating the osteogenic phenotype commitment of stem cells, for both potential clinical applications and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lovecchio
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Cesare Pavese 50, 47522, Cesena, FC, Italy.
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
| | - Jose Luis Vargas Luna
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
- Department of Science, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20/4L, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Cesare Pavese 50, 47522, Cesena, FC, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
- The Blood Bank, The Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105, Reykjavík, Iceland
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4
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Abdelrazik H, Giordano E, Barbanti Brodano G, Griffoni C, De Falco E, Pelagalli A. Substantial Overview on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biological and Physical Properties as an Opportunity in Translational Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215386. [PMID: 31671788 PMCID: PMC6862078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have piqued worldwide interest for their extensive potential to treat a large array of clinical indications, their unique and controversial immunogenic and immune modulatory properties allowing ample discussions and debates for their possible applications. Emerging data demonstrating that the interaction of biomaterials and physical cues with MSC can guide their differentiation into specific cell lineages also provide new interesting insights for further MSC manipulation in different clinical applications. Moreover, recent discoveries of some regulatory molecules and signaling pathways in MSC niche that may regulate cell fate to distinct lineage herald breakthroughs in regenerative medicine. Although the advancement and success in the MSC field had led to an enormous increase in the amount of ongoing clinical trials, we still lack defined clinical therapeutic protocols. This review will explore the exciting opportunities offered by human and animal MSC, describing relevant biological properties of these cells in the light of the novel emerging evidence mentioned above while addressing the limitations and challenges MSC are still facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abdelrazik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo 1137, Egypt.
- Department of Diagnosis, central laboratory department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16131 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, 47522 Cesena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Barbanti Brodano
- Department of Oncological and Degenerative Spine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Griffoni
- Department of Oncological and Degenerative Spine Surgery, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena De Falco
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
- Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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5
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Goetzke R, Sechi A, De Laporte L, Neuss S, Wagner W. Why the impact of mechanical stimuli on stem cells remains a challenge. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3297-3312. [PMID: 29728714 PMCID: PMC11105618 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation affects growth and differentiation of stem cells. This may be used to guide lineage-specific cell fate decisions and therefore opens fascinating opportunities for stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Several studies demonstrated functional and molecular effects of mechanical stimulation but on first sight these results often appear to be inconsistent. Comparison of such studies is hampered by a multitude of relevant parameters that act in concert. There are notorious differences between species, cell types, and culture conditions. Furthermore, the utilized culture substrates have complex features, such as surface chemistry, elasticity, and topography. Cell culture substrates can vary from simple, flat materials to complex 3D scaffolds. Last but not least, mechanical forces can be applied with different frequency, amplitude, and strength. It is therefore a prerequisite to take all these parameters into consideration when ascribing their specific functional relevance-and to only modulate one parameter at the time if the relevance of this parameter is addressed. Such research questions can only be investigated by interdisciplinary cooperation. In this review, we focus particularly on mesenchymal stem cells and pluripotent stem cells to discuss relevant parameters that contribute to the kaleidoscope of mechanical stimulation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Goetzke
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering - Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering - Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Laura De Laporte
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Neuss
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering - Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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6
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Govoni M, Muscari C, Lovecchio J, Guarnieri C, Giordano E. Mechanical Actuation Systems for the Phenotype Commitment of Stem Cell-Based Tendon and Ligament Tissue Substitutes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:189-201. [PMID: 26661573 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High tensile forces transmitted by tendons and ligaments make them susceptible to tearing or complete rupture. The present standard reparative technique is the surgical implantation of auto- or allografts, which often undergo failure.Currently, different cell types and biomaterials are used to design tissue engineered substitutes. Mechanical stimulation driven by dedicated devices can precondition these constructs to a remarkable degree, mimicking the local in vivo environment. A large number of dynamic culture instruments have been developed and many appealing results collected. Of the cells that have been used, tendon stem cells are the most promising for a reliable stretch-induced tenogenesis, but their reduced availability represents a serious limitation to upscaled production. Biomaterials used for scaffold fabrication include both biological molecules and synthetic polymers, the latter being improved by nanotechnologies which reproduce the architecture of native tendons. In addition to cell type and scaffold material, other variables which must be defined in mechanostimulation protocols are the amplitude, frequency, duration and direction of the applied strain. The ideal conditions seem to be those producing intermittent tension rather than continuous loading. In any case, all physical parameters must be adapted to the specific response of the cells used and the tensile properties of the scaffold. Tendon/ligament grafts in animals usually have the advantage of mechanical preconditioning, especially when uniaxial cyclic forces are applied to cells engineered into natural or decellularized scaffolds. However, due to the scarcity of in vivo research, standard protocols still need to be defined for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Govoni
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Prometeo Laboratory - Department of Research, Innovation and Technology (RIT), The Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Muscari
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Venezia, 52, I-47521, Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Venezia, 52, I-47521, Cesena, FC, Italy.
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Govoni M, Berardi AC, Muscari C, Campardelli R, Bonafè F, Guarnieri C, Reverchon E, Giordano E, Maffulli N, Della Porta G. * An Engineered Multiphase Three-Dimensional Microenvironment to Ensure the Controlled Delivery of Cyclic Strain and Human Growth Differentiation Factor 5 for the Tenogenic Commitment of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:811-822. [PMID: 28401805 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, injuries or rupture of tendons are treated by surgical repair or conservative approaches with unpredictable clinical outcome. Alternative strategies to repair tendon defects without the undesirable side effects associated with the current options are needed. With this in mind, a tissue engineering approach has gained considerable attention as a promising strategy. Here we investigated a synthetic three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment able to interact with stem cells and inducing, via coupled biochemical and physical signals, their early commitment toward the tenogenic lineage. This multiphase 3D construct consisted of a braided hyaluronate elastic band merged with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid microcarriers loaded with human growth differentiation factor 5 (hGDF-5) by means of fibrin hydrogel. The multiphase structure allowed hBMSC culture under cyclic strain within a microenvironment where a controlled amount of hGDF-5 was regularly delivered. The cooperative biochemical and physical stimuli induced significantly increased expression of tenogenic markers, such as collagen type I and III, decorin, scleraxis, and tenascin-C, within only 3 days of dynamic hBMSC culture. This approach opens exciting perspectives for future development of engineered tendon tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Govoni
- 1 Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Concetta Berardi
- 2 Laboratory "Stem Cells" U.O.C. Laboratory of Immunohematology and Transfusion Center , "Spirito Santo" Hospital, Pescara, Italy
| | - Claudio Muscari
- 1 Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy .,3 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Campardelli
- 4 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonafè
- 3 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- 1 Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy .,3 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Ernesto Reverchon
- 4 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- 1 Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy .,5 Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna , Cesena, Italy .,6 Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- 7 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno , Baronissi, Italy
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- 4 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno , Fisciano, Italy .,7 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno , Baronissi, Italy
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Subramanian G, Elsaadany M, Bialorucki C, Yildirim-Ayan E. Creating homogenous strain distribution within 3D cell-encapsulated constructs using a simple and cost-effective uniaxial tensile bioreactor: Design and validation study. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1878-1887. [PMID: 28425561 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loading bioreactors capable of applying uniaxial tensile strains are emerging to be a valuable tool to investigate physiologically relevant cellular signaling pathways and biochemical expression. In this study, we have introduced a simple and cost-effective uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor for the application of precise and homogenous uniaxial strains to 3D cell-encapsulated collagen constructs at physiological loading strains (0-12%) and frequencies (0.01-1 Hz). The bioreactor employs silicone-based loading chambers specifically designed to stretch constructs without direct gripping to minimize stress concentration at the ends of the construct and preserve its integrity. The loading chambers are driven by a versatile stepper motor ball-screw actuation system to produce stretching of the constructs. Mechanical characterization of the bioreactor performed through Finite Element Analysis demonstrated that the constructs experienced predominantly uniaxial tensile strain in the longitudinal direction. The strains produced were found to be homogenous over a 15 × 4 × 2 mm region of the construct equivalent to around 60% of the effective region of characterization. The strain values were also shown to be consistent and reproducible during cyclic loading regimes. Biological characterization confirmed the ability of the bioreactor to promote cell viability, proliferation, and matrix organization of cell-encapsulated collagen constructs. This easy-to-use uniaxial tensile strain bioreactor can be employed for studying morphological, structural, and functional responses of cell-embedded matrix systems in response to physiological loading of musculoskeletal tissues. It also holds promise for tissue-engineered strategies that involve delivery of mechanically stimulated cells at the site of injury through a biological carrier to develop a clinically useful therapy for tissue healing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1878-1887. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Elsaadany
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Callan Bialorucki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio 43614
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10
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Lei Y, Ferdous Z. Design considerations and challenges for mechanical stretch bioreactors in tissue engineering. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:543-53. [PMID: 26929197 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in average life expectancy and growing aging population, lack of functional grafts for replacement surgeries has become a severe problem. Engineered tissues are a promising alternative to this problem because they can mimic the physiological function of the native tissues and be cultured on demand. Cyclic stretch is important for developing many engineered tissues such as hearts, heart valves, muscles, and bones. Thus a variety of stretch bioreactors and corresponding scaffolds have been designed and tested to study the underlying mechanism of tissue formation and to optimize the mechanical conditions applied to the engineered tissues. In this review, we look at various designs of stretch bioreactors and common scaffolds and offer insights for future improvements in tissue engineering applications. First, we summarize the requirements and common configuration of stretch bioreactors. Next, we present the features of different actuating and motion transforming systems and their applications. Since most bioreactors must measure detailed distributions of loads and deformations on engineered tissues, techniques with high accuracy, precision, and frequency have been developed. We also cover the key points in designing culture chambers, nutrition exchanging systems, and regimens used for specific tissues. Since scaffolds are essential for providing biophysical microenvironments for residing cells, we discuss materials and technologies used in fabricating scaffolds to mimic anisotropic native tissues, including decellularized tissues, hydrogels, biocompatible polymers, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting techniques. Finally, we present the potential future directions for improving stretch bioreactors and scaffolds. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:543-553, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lei
- Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Dept. of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996
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11
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Hülsmann J, Aubin H, Wehrmann A, Jenke A, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P. Whole-Heart Construct Cultivation Under 3D Mechanical Stimulation of the Left Ventricle. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1502:181-194. [PMID: 26867544 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2015_317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Today the concept of Whole-Heart Tissue Engineering represents one of the most promising approaches to the challenge of synthesizing functional myocardial tissue. At the current state of scientific and technological knowledge it is a principal task to transfer findings of several existing and widely investigated models to the process of whole-organ tissue engineering. Hereby, we present the first bioreactor system that allows the integrated 3D biomechanical stimulation of a whole-heart construct while allowing for simultaneous controlled perfusion of the coronary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Hülsmann
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Hug Aubin
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Wehrmann
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Jenke
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany.
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
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Bonafè F, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Cancer stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells in the hypoxic tumor niche: two different targets for one only drug. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:227-30. [PMID: 25620576 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) reside in a hypoxic microenvironment where mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are also present. In this niche MSCs seem to promote the generation of CSCs and sustain tumor progression. Therefore, it may assume clinical relevance to produce a drug which kills not only CSCs but also MSCs. We hypothesized that bifunctional nanoparticles, loaded with a HIF-1α inhibitor and conjugated with an aptamer targeting a common receptor of CSCs and MSCs, may fulfill this strategy. The nanoparticle should ensure that: (1) the conveyed drug is less susceptible to degradation, (2) the common receptor of CSCs and MSCs is recognized by a superselective aptamer, and (3) receptor-mediated internalization is the main process to enter target cells. Small RNA or DNA aptamers represent an advantage over antibodies because do not cause immune reactions, are better internalized into the target cell, are more resistant to degradation, their cost of production are lower, and the purity of the oligonucleotide ligand is extremely elevated. Concerning the drugs to be delivered, we suggest to employ those exerting an anti-HIF-1α activity because they should be harmful for hypoxic CSCs and MCSs in their tumor niche but provide very limited toxicity, or even none, to well-oxygenated normal cells. Corresponding experimental approaches to perform pre-clinical studies and verify this hypothesis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Bonafè F, Govoni M, Giordano E, Caldarera CM, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Hyaluronan and cardiac regeneration. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:100. [PMID: 25358954 PMCID: PMC4226915 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is abundantly expressed in several human tissues and a variety of roles for HA has been highlighted. Particularly relevant for tissue repair, HA is actively produced during tissue injury, as widely evidenced in wound healing investigations. In the heart HA is involved in physiological functions, such as cardiac development during embryogenesis, and in pathological conditions including atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Moreover, owing to its relevant biological properties, HA has been widely used as a biomaterial for heart regeneration after a myocardial infarction. Indeed, HA and its derivatives are biodegradable and biocompatible, promote faster healing of injured tissues, and support cells in relevant processes including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Injectable HA-based therapies for cardiovascular disease are gaining growing attention because of the benefits obtained in preclinical models of myocardial infarction. HA-based hydrogels, especially as a vehicle for stem cells, have been demonstrated to improve the process of cardiac repair by stimulating angiogenesis, reducing inflammation, and supporting local and grafted cells in their reparative functions. Solid-state HA-based scaffolds have been also investigated to produce constructs hosting mesenchymal stem cells or endothelial progenitor cells to be transplanted onto the infarcted surface of the heart. Finally, applying an ex-vivo mechanical stretching, stem cells grown in HA-based 3D scaffolds can further increase extracellular matrix production and proneness to differentiate into muscle phenotypes, thus suggesting a potential strategy to create a suitable engineered myocardial tissue for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Govoni
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. .,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti", DEI, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Marcello Caldarera
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, Bologna, 40126, Italy. .,BioEngLab, Health Science and Technology, Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI), University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy. .,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research (INRC), Bologna, Italy.
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Strategies affording prevascularized cell-based constructs for myocardial tissue engineering. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:434169. [PMID: 24511317 PMCID: PMC3913389 DOI: 10.1155/2014/434169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of a functional cardiac tissue to be transplanted in the injured area of the infarcted myocardium represents a challenge for regenerative medicine. Most cell-based grafts are unviable because of inadequate perfusion; therefore, prevascularization might be a suitable approach for myocardial tissue engineering. To this aim, cells with a differentiation potential towards vascular and cardiac muscle phenotypes have been cocultured in 2D or 3D appropriate scaffolds. In addition to these basic approaches, more sophisticated strategies have been followed employing mixed-cell sheets, microvascular modules, and inosculation from vascular explants. Technologies exerting spatial control of vascular cells, such as topographical surface roughening and ordered patterning, represent other ways to drive scaffold vascularization. Finally, microfluidic devices and bioreactors exerting mechanical stress have also been employed for high-throughput scaling-up production in order to accelerate muscle differentiation and speeding the endothelialization process. Future research should address issues such as how to optimize cells, biomaterials, and biochemical components to improve the vascular integration of the construct within the cardiac wall, satisfying the metabolic and functional needs of the myocardial tissue.
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Gigli M, Govoni M, Lotti N, Giordano ED, Gazzano M, Munari A. Biocompatible multiblock aliphatic polyesters containing ether-linkages: influence of molecular architecture on solid-state properties and hydrolysis rate. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04248d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of biodegradable and biocompatible multiblock copolyesters containing butylene 1,4- cyclohexanedicarboxylate sequences is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gigli
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department
- University of Bologna
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Govoni
- BioEngLab
- Health Science and Technology-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI)
- University of Bologna
- Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department
- University of Bologna
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuele D. Giordano
- BioEngLab
- Health Science and Technology-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-CIRI)
- University of Bologna
- Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity
- CNR
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering Department
- University of Bologna
- Bologna, Italy
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Muscari C, Giordano E, Bonafè F, Govoni M, Pasini A, Guarnieri C. Priming adult stem cells by hypoxic pretreatments for applications in regenerative medicine. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:63. [PMID: 23985033 PMCID: PMC3765890 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of regenerative medicine can be ameliorated by improving the biological performances of stem cells before their transplantation. Several ex-vivo protocols of non-damaging cell hypoxia have been demonstrated to significantly increase survival, proliferation and post-engraftment differentiation potential of stem cells. The best results for priming cultured stem cells against a following, otherwise lethal, ischemic stress have been obtained with brief intermittent episodes of hypoxia, or anoxia, and reoxygenation in accordance with the extraordinary protection afforded by the conventional maneuver of ischemic preconditioning in severely ischemic organs. These protocols of hypoxic preconditioning can be rather easily reproduced in a laboratory; however, more suitable pharmacological interventions inducing stem cell responses similar to those activated in hypoxia are considered among the most promising solutions for future applications in cell therapy. Here we want to offer an up-to-date review of the molecular mechanisms translating hypoxia into beneficial events for regenerative medicine. To this aim the involvement of epigenetic modifications, microRNAs, and oxidative stress, mainly activated by hypoxia inducible factors, will be discussed. Stem cell adaptation to their natural hypoxic microenvironments (niche) in healthy and neoplastic tissues will be also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Mechanostimulation protocols for cardiac tissue engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:918640. [PMID: 23936858 PMCID: PMC3722786 DOI: 10.1155/2013/918640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the inability of self-replacement by a damaged myocardium, alternative strategies to heart transplantation have been explored within the last decades and cardiac tissue engineering/regenerative medicine is among the present challenges in biomedical research. Hopefully, several studies witness the constant extension of the toolbox available to engineer a fully functional, contractile, and robust cardiac tissue using different combinations of cells, template bioscaffolds, and biophysical stimuli obtained by the use of specific bioreactors. Mechanical forces influence the growth and shape of every tissue in our body generating changes in intracellular biochemistry and gene expression. That is why bioreactors play a central role in the task of regenerating a complex tissue such as the myocardium. In the last fifteen years a large number of dynamic culture devices have been developed and many results have been collected. The aim of this brief review is to resume in a single streamlined paper the state of the art in this field.
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