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Gundersen RA, Chu T, Abolfathi K, Dogan SG, Blair PE, Nago N, Hamblin M, Brooke GN, Zwacka RM, Hoshiar AK, Mohr A. Generation of magnetic biohybrid microrobots based on MSC.sTRAIL for targeted stem cell delivery and treatment of cancer. Cancer Nanotechnol 2023; 14:54. [PMID: 37869575 PMCID: PMC7615227 DOI: 10.1186/s12645-023-00203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combining the power of magnetic guidance and the biological activities of stem cells transformed into biohybrid microrobots holds great promise for the treatment of several diseases including cancer. Results We found that human MSCs can be readily loaded with magnetic particles and that the resulting biohybrid microrobots could be guided by a rotating magnetic field. Rotating magnetic fields have the potential to be applied in the human setting and steer therapeutic stem cells to the desired sites of action in the body. We could demonstrate that the required loading of magnetic particles into stem cells is compatible with their biological activities. We examined this issue with a particular focus on the expression and functionality of therapeutic genes inside of human MSC-based biohybrid microrobots. The loading with magnetic particles did not cause a loss of viability or apoptosis in the human MSCs nor did it impact on the therapeutic gene expression from the cells. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of the gene products was not affected, and the cells also did not lose their migration potential. Conclusion These results demonstrate that the fabrication of guidable MSC-based biohybrid microrobots is compatible with their biological and therapeutic functions. Thus, MSC-based biohybrid microrobots represent a novel way of delivering gene therapies to tumours as well as in the context of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Anamarie Gundersen
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Tianyuan Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Kiana Abolfathi
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Serap Gokcen Dogan
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Phoebe Elizabeth Blair
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Nyasha Nago
- Haematology Unit, East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester CO4 5JL, UK
| | - Michael Hamblin
- Haematology Unit, East Suffolk and North Essex NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester CO4 5JL, UK
| | - Greg Nicholas Brooke
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ralf Michael Zwacka
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ali Kafash Hoshiar
- School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Andrea Mohr
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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Dhillon K, Aizel K, Broomhall TJ, Secret E, Goodman T, Rotherham M, Telling N, Siaugue JM, Ménager C, Fresnais J, Coppey M, El Haj AJ, Gates MA. Directional control of neurite outgrowth: emerging technologies for Parkinson's disease using magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic field gradients. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220576. [PMID: 36349444 PMCID: PMC9653228 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in current stem cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD) is controlling neuronal outgrowth from the substantia nigra towards the targeted area where connectivity is required in the striatum. Here we present progress towards controlling directional neurite extensions through the application of iron-oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) labelled neuronal cells combined with a magnetic array generating large spatially variant field gradients (greater than 20 T m-1). We investigated the viability of this approach in both two-dimensional and organotypic brain slice models and validated the observed changes in neurite directionality using mathematical models. Results showed that MNP-labelled cells exhibited a shift in directional neurite outgrowth when cultured in a magnetic field gradient, which broadly agreed with mathematical modelling of the magnetic force gradients and predicted MNP force direction. We translated our approach to an ex vivo rat brain slice where we observed directional neurite outgrowth of transplanted MNP-labelled cells from the substantia nigra towards the striatum. The improved directionality highlights the viability of this approach as a remote-control methodology for the control and manipulation of cellular growth for regenerative medicine applications. This study presents a new tool to overcome challenges faced in the development of new therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Dhillon
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - K. Aizel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - T. J. Broomhall
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - E. Secret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T. Goodman
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - M. Rotherham
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - N. Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - J. M. Siaugue
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - C. Ménager
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Fresnais
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M. Coppey
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Physico Chimie, Paris, France
| | - A. J. El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M. A. Gates
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
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Wang N, Xie Y, Xi Z, Mi Z, Deng R, Liu X, Kang R, Liu X. Hope for bone regeneration: The versatility of iron oxide nanoparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:937803. [PMID: 36091431 PMCID: PMC9452849 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.937803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone tissue has the ability to heal itself, beyond a certain point, bone defects cannot rebuild themselves, and the challenge is how to promote bone tissue regeneration. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are a magnetic material because of their excellent properties, which enable them to play an active role in bone regeneration. This paper reviews the application of IONPs in bone tissue regeneration in recent years, and outlines the mechanisms of IONPs in bone tissue regeneration in detail based on the physicochemical properties, structural characteristics and safety of IONPs. In addition, a bibliometric approach has been used to analyze the hot spots and trends in the field in order to identify future directions. The results demonstrate that IONPs are increasingly being investigated in bone regeneration, from the initial use as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents to later drug delivery vehicles, cell labeling, and now in combination with stem cells (SCs) composite scaffolds. In conclusion, based on the current research and development trends, it is more inclined to be used in bone tissue engineering, scaffolds, and composite scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Xi
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zehua Mi
- Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiyu Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ran Kang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Lishui Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Optimization of Multimodal Nanoparticles Internalization Process in Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell Therapy Studies. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061249. [PMID: 35745821 PMCID: PMC9227698 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering there are several difficulties and limitations in labeling stem cells using multifunctional nanoparticles (MFNP), the purpose of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for labeling human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSC), aiming to monitor these cells in vivo. Thus, this study provides information on hBM-MSC direct labeling using multimodal nanoparticles in terms of concentration, magnetic field, and period of incubation while maintaining these cells’ viability and the homing ability for in vivo experiments. The cell labeling process was assessed using 10, 30, and 50 µg Fe/mL of MFNP, with periods of incubation ranging from 4 to 24 h, with or without a magnetic field, using optical microscopy, near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). After the determination of optimal labeling conditions, these cells were applied in vivo 24 h after stroke induction, intending to evaluate cell homing and improve NIRF signal detection. In the presence of a magnetic field and utilizing the maximal concentration of MFNP during cell labeling, the iron load assessed by NIRF and ICP-MS was four times higher than what was achieved before. In addition, considering cell viability higher than 98%, the recommended incubation time was 9 h, which corresponded to a 25.4 pg Fe/cell iron load (86% of the iron load internalized in 24 h). The optimization of cellular labeling for application in the in vivo study promoted an increase in the NIRF signal by 215% at 1 h and 201% at 7 h due to the use of a magnetized field during the cellular labeling process. In the case of BLI, the signal does not depend on cell labeling showing no significant differences between unlabeled or labeled cells (with or without a magnetic field). Therefore, the in vitro cellular optimized labeling process using magnetic fields resulted in a shorter period of incubation with efficient iron load internalization using higher MFNP concentration (50 μgFe/mL), leading to significant improvement in cell detection by NIRF technique without compromising cellular viability in the stroke model.
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Pitrolino KA, Felfel RM, Pellizzeri LM, McLaren J, Popov AA, Sottile V, Scotchford CA, Scammell BE, Roberts GAF, Grant DM. Development and in vitro assessment of a bi-layered chitosan-nano-hydroxyapatite osteochondral scaffold. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119126. [PMID: 35123750 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An innovative approach was developed to engineer a multi-layered chitosan scaffold for osteochondral defect repair. A combination of freeze drying and porogen-leaching out methods produced a porous, bioresorbable scaffold with a distinct gradient of pore size (mean = 160-275 μm). Incorporation of 70 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) provided additional strength to the bone-like layer. The scaffold showed instantaneous mechanical recovery under compressive loading and did not delaminate under tensile loading. The scaffold supported the attachment and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), with typical adherent cell morphology found on the bone layer compared to a rounded cell morphology on the chondrogenic layer. Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs preferentially occurred in selected layers of the scaffold in vitro, driven by the distinct pore gradient and material composition. This scaffold is a suitable candidate for minimally invasive arthroscopic delivery in the clinic with potential to regenerate damaged cartilage and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Pitrolino
- Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK.
| | - Reda M Felfel
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Laura Macri Pellizzeri
- Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Jane McLaren
- Academic Unit Inflammation, Injury and Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Alexander A Popov
- Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Academic Unit Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy.
| | - Colin A Scotchford
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Brigitte E Scammell
- Academic Unit Inflammation, Injury and Recovery Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - George A F Roberts
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit regenerative and reparative properties. However, most MSC-related studies remain to be translated for regular clinical usage, partly due to challenges in pre-transplantation cell labelling and post-transplantation cell tracking. Amidst this, there are growing concerns over the toxicity of commonly used gadolinium-based contrast agents that mediate in-vivo cell detection via MRI. This urges to search for equally effective but less toxic alternatives that would facilitate and enhance MSC detection post-administration and provide therapeutic benefits in-vivo. MSCs labelled with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have shown promising results in-vitro and in-vivo. Thus, it would be useful to revisit these studies before inventing new labelling approaches. Aiming to inform regenerative medicine and augment clinical applications of IONP-labelled MSCs, this review collates and critically evaluates the utility of IONPs in enhancing MSC detection and therapeutics. It explains the rationale, principle, and advantages of labelling MSCs with IONPs, and describes IONP-induced intracellular alterations and consequent cellular manifestations. By exemplifying clinical pathologies, it examines contextual in-vitro, animal, and clinical studies that used IONP-labelled bone marrow-, umbilical cord-, adipose tissue- and dental pulp-derived MSCs. It compiles and discusses studies involving MSC-labelling of IONPs in combinations with carbohydrates (Venofer, ferumoxytol, dextran, glucosamine), non-carbohydrate polymers [poly(L-lysine), poly(lactide-co-glycolide), poly(L-lactide), polydopamine], elements (ruthenium, selenium, gold, zinc), compounds/stains (silica, polyethylene glycol, fluorophore, rhodamine B, DAPI, Prussian blue), DNA, Fibroblast growth Factor-2 and the drug doxorubicin. Furthermore, IONP-labelling of MSC exosomes is reviewed. Also, limitations of IONP-labelling are addressed and methods of tackling those challenges are suggested.
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7
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Smart Magnetic Nanocarriers for Multi-Stimuli On-Demand Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030303. [PMID: 35159647 PMCID: PMC8840331 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the realization of drug-loaded smart magnetic nanocarriers constituted by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in a dual pH- and temperature-responsive poly (N-vinylcaprolactam-co-acrylic acid) copolymer to achieve highly controlled drug release and localized magnetic hyperthermia. The magnetic core was constituted by flower-like magnetite nanoparticles with a size of 16.4 nm prepared by the polyol approach, with good saturation magnetization and a high specific absorption rate. The core was encapsulated in poly (N-vinylcaprolactam-co-acrylic acid) obtaining magnetic nanocarriers that revealed reversible hydration/dehydration transition at the acidic condition and/or at temperatures above physiological body temperature, which can be triggered by magnetic hyperthermia. The efficacy of the system was proved by loading doxorubicin with very high encapsulation efficiency (>96.0%) at neutral pH. The double pH- and temperature-responsive nature of the magnetic nanocarriers facilitated a burst, almost complete release of the drug at acidic pH under hyperthermia conditions, while a negligible amount of doxorubicin was released at physiological body temperature at neutral pH, confirming that in addition to pH variation, drug release can be improved by hyperthermia treatment. These results suggest this multi-stimuli-sensitive nanoplatform is a promising candidate for remote-controlled drug release in combination with magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment.
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8
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Gupta D, Hossain KMZ, Roe M, Smith EF, Ahmed I, Sottile V, Grant DM. Long-Term Culture of Stem Cells on Phosphate-Based Glass Microspheres: Synergistic Role of Chemical Formulation and 3D Architecture. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5987-6004. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Kazi M. Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Martin Roe
- Nanoscale & Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale & Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - David M. Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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9
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Mamani JB, Souza TKF, Nucci MP, Oliveira FA, Nucci LP, Alves AH, Rego GNA, Marti L, Gamarra LF. In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1219. [PMID: 34452180 PMCID: PMC8399657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPIONAmine) in glioblastoma tumor cells. SPIONAmine of 50 and 100 nm were used for specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, performing the MHT with intensities of 50, 150, and 300 Gauss and frequencies varying between 305 and 557 kHz. The internalization strategy was performed using 100, 200, and 300 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine, with or without Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and filter, and with or without static or dynamic magnet field. The cell viability was evaluated after determination of MHT best condition of SPIONAmine internalization. The maximum SAR values of SPIONAmine (50 nm) and SPIONAmine (100 nm) identified were 184.41 W/g and 337.83 W/g, respectively, using a frequency of 557 kHz and intensity of 300 Gauss (≈23.93 kA/m). The best internalization strategy was 100 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine (100 nm) using PLL with filter and dynamic magnet field, submitted to MHT for 40 min at 44 °C. This condition displayed 70.0% decreased in cell viability by flow cytometry and 68.1% by BLI. We can conclude that our study is promising as an antitumor treatment, based on intra- and extracellular MHT effects. The optimization of the nanoparticles internalization process associated with their magnetic characteristics potentiates the extracellular acute and late intracellular effect of MHT achieving greater efficiency in the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier B. Mamani
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Taylla K. F. Souza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
- LIM44-Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Oliveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Leopoldo P. Nucci
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central, Brasília 72445-020, DF, Brazil;
| | - Arielly H. Alves
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriel N. A. Rego
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Luciana Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Lionel F. Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
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10
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Markides H, Foster NC, McLaren JS, Hopkins T, Black C, Oreffo ROC, Scammell BE, Echevarria I, White LJ, El Haj AJ. Short-Term Evaluation of Cellular Fate in an Ovine Bone Formation Model. Cells 2021; 10:1776. [PMID: 34359945 PMCID: PMC8305225 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ovine critical-sized defect model provides a robust preclinical model for testing tissue-engineered constructs for use in the treatment of non-union bone fractures and severe trauma. A critical question in cell-based therapies is understanding the optimal therapeutic cell dose. Key to defining the dose and ensuring successful outcomes is understanding the fate of implanted cells, e.g., viability, bio-distribution and exogenous infiltration post-implantation. This study evaluates such parameters in an ovine critical-sized defect model 2 and 7 days post-implantation. The fate of cell dose and behaviour post-implantation when combined with nanomedicine approaches for multi-model tracking and remote control using external magnetic fields is also addressed. Autologous STRO-4 selected mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were labelled with a fluorescent lipophilic dye (CM-Dil), functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and delivered to the site within a naturally derived bone extracellular matrix (ECM) gel. Encapsulated cells were implanted within a critical-sized defect in an ovine medial femoral condyle and exposed to dynamic gradients of external magnetic fields for 1 h per day. Sheep were sacrificed at 2 and 7 days post-initial surgery where ECM was harvested. STRO-4-positive (STRO-4+) stromal cells expressed osteocalcin and survived within the harvested gels at day 2 and day 7 with a 50% loss at day 2 and a further 45% loss at 7 days. CD45-positive leucocytes were also observed in addition to endogenous stromal cells. No elevation in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) or non-haem iron levels was observed following implantation in groups containing MNPs with or without magnetic field gradients. The current study demonstrates how numbers of therapeutic cells reduce substantially after implantation in the repair site. Cell death is accompanied by enhanced leucocyte invasion, but not by inflammatory blood marker levels. Crucially, a proportion of implanted STRO-4+ stromal cells expressed osteocalcin, which is indicative of osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, MNP labelling did not alter cell number or result in a further deleterious impact on stromal cells following implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareklea Markides
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Nicola C. Foster
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Jane S. McLaren
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (J.S.M.); (L.J.W.)
| | - Timothy Hopkins
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
| | - Cameron Black
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Richard O. C. Oreffo
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (C.B.); (R.O.C.O.)
| | - Brigitte E. Scammell
- Academic Orthopaedics, Trauma and Sports Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
| | - Iria Echevarria
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
| | - Lisa J. White
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (J.S.M.); (L.J.W.)
| | - Alicia J. El Haj
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK; (H.M.); (T.H.); (I.E.)
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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11
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Yeo EF, Markides H, Schade AT, Studd AJ, Oliver JM, Waters SL, El Haj AJ. Experimental and mathematical modelling of magnetically labelled mesenchymal stromal cell delivery. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200558. [PMID: 33593212 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A key challenge for stem cell therapies is the delivery of therapeutic cells to the repair site. Magnetic targeting has been proposed as a platform for defining clinical sites of delivery more effectively. In this paper, we use a combined in vitro experimental and mathematical modelling approach to explore the magnetic targeting of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) labelled with magnetic nanoparticles using an external magnet. This study aims to (i) demonstrate the potential of magnetic tagging for MSC delivery, (ii) examine the effect of red blood cells (RBCs) on MSC capture efficacy and (iii) highlight how mathematical models can provide both insight into mechanics of therapy and predictions about cell targeting in vivo. In vitro MSCs are cultured with magnetic nanoparticles and circulated with RBCs over an external magnet. Cell capture efficacy is measured for varying magnetic field strengths and RBC percentages. We use a 2D continuum mathematical model to represent the flow of magnetically tagged MSCs with RBCs. Numerical simulations demonstrate qualitative agreement with experimental results showing better capture with stronger magnetic fields and lower levels of RBCs. We additionally exploit the mathematical model to make hypotheses about the role of extravasation and identify future in vitro experiments to quantify this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Yeo
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - H Markides
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - A T Schade
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - A J Studd
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - J M Oliver
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - S L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - A J El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
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12
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Effect of varying the Mg with Ca content in highly porous phosphate-based glass microspheres. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111668. [PMID: 33545833 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the role of phosphate-based glass (PBG) microspheres and their physicochemical properties including in vitro biological response to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Solid and porous microspheres were prepared via a flame spheroidisation process. The Mg content in the PBG formulations explored was reduced from 24 to 2 mol% with a subsequent increase in Ca content. A small quantity of TiO2 (1 mol%) was added to the lower Mg-content glass (2 mol%) to avoid crystallisation. Morphological and physical characterisation of porous microspheres revealed interconnected porosity (up to 76 ± 5 %), average external pore sizes of 55 ± 5 μm with surface areas ranging from 0.38 to 0.43 m2 g-1. Degradation and ion release studies conducted compared the solid (non-porous) and porous microspheres and revealed 1.5 to 2.5 times higher degradation rate for porous microspheres. Also, in vitro bioactivity studies using simulated body fluid (SBF) revealed Ca/P ratios for porous microspheres of all three glass formulations were between 0.75 and 0.92 which were within the range suggested for precipitated amorphous calcium phosphate. Direct cell seeding and indirect cell culture studies (via incubation with microsphere degradation products) revealed hMSCs were able to grow and undergo osteogenic differentiation in vitro, confirming cytocompatibility of the formulations tested. However, the higher Mg content (24 mol%) porous microsphere showed the most potent osteogenic response and is therefore considered as a promising candidate for bone repair applications.
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13
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Citeroni MR, Ciardulli MC, Russo V, Della Porta G, Mauro A, El Khatib M, Di Mattia M, Galesso D, Barbera C, Forsyth NR, Maffulli N, Barboni B. In Vitro Innovation of Tendon Tissue Engineering Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6726. [PMID: 32937830 PMCID: PMC7555358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is the term used to refer to tendon disorders. Spontaneous adult tendon healing results in scar tissue formation and fibrosis with suboptimal biomechanical properties, often resulting in poor and painful mobility. The biomechanical properties of the tissue are negatively affected. Adult tendons have a limited natural healing capacity, and often respond poorly to current treatments that frequently are focused on exercise, drug delivery, and surgical procedures. Therefore, it is of great importance to identify key molecular and cellular processes involved in the progression of tendinopathies to develop effective therapeutic strategies and drive the tissue toward regeneration. To treat tendon diseases and support tendon regeneration, cell-based therapy as well as tissue engineering approaches are considered options, though none can yet be considered conclusive in their reproduction of a safe and successful long-term solution for full microarchitecture and biomechanical tissue recovery. In vitro differentiation techniques are not yet fully validated. This review aims to compare different available tendon in vitro differentiation strategies to clarify the state of art regarding the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Citeroni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Maria Camilla Ciardulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
| | - Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Giovanna Della Porta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
- Interdepartment Centre BIONAM, Università di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo I, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Mohammad El Khatib
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Miriam Di Mattia
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
| | - Devis Galesso
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Barbera
- Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A., via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35031 Abano Terme (PD), Italy; (D.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy; (M.C.C.); (G.D.P.); (N.M.)
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Agro-Food and Environmental Technology, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (A.M.); (M.E.K.); (M.D.M.); (B.B.)
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14
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Relating polymeric microparticle formulation to prevalence or distribution of fibronectin and poly-d-lysine to support mesenchymal stem cell growth. Biointerphases 2020; 15:041008. [DOI: 10.1116/6.0000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Ledda M, Fioretti D, Lolli MG, Papi M, Di Gioia C, Carletti R, Ciasca G, Foglia S, Palmieri V, Marchese R, Grimaldi S, Rinaldi M, Lisi A. Biocompatibility assessment of sub-5 nm silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in human stem cells and in mice for potential application in nanomedicine. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1759-1778. [PMID: 31895375 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09683c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with a size <5 nm are emerging nanomaterials for their excellent biocompatibility, chemical stability, and tunable surface modifications. The applications explored include dual-modal or multi-modal imaging, drug delivery, theranostics and, more recently, magnetic resonance angiography. Good biocompatibility and biosafety are regarded as the preliminary requirements for their biomedical applications and further exploration in this field is still required. We previously synthesized and characterized ultrafine (average core size of 3 nm) silica-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide fluorescent nanoparticles, named sub-5 SIO-Fl, uniform in size, shape, chemical properties and composition. The cellular uptake and in vitro biocompatibility of the as-synthesized nanoparticles were demonstrated in a human colon cancer cellular model. Here, we investigated the biocompatibility of sub-5 SIO-Fl nanoparticles in human Amniotic Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells (hAMSCs). Kinetic analysis of cellular uptake showed a quick nanoparticle internalization in the first hour, increasing over time and after long exposure (48 h), the uptake rate gradually slowed down. We demonstrated that after internalization, sub-5 SIO-Fl nanoparticles neither affect hAMSC growth, viability, morphology, cytoskeletal organization, cell cycle progression, immunophenotype, and the expression of pro-angiogenic and immunoregulatory paracrine factors nor the osteogenic and myogenic differentiation markers. Furthermore, sub-5 SIO-Fl nanoparticles were intravenously injected into mice to investigate the in vivo biodistribution and toxicity profile for a time period of 7 weeks. Our findings showed an immediate transient accumulation of nanoparticles in the kidney, followed by the liver and lungs, where iron contents increased over a 7-week period. Histopathology, hematology, serum pro-inflammatory response, body weight and mortality studies demonstrated a short- and long-term biocompatibility and biosafety profile with no apparent acute and chronic toxicity caused by these nanoparticles in mice. Overall, these results suggest the feasibility of using sub-5 SIO-Fl nanoparticles as a promising agent for stem cell magnetic targeting as well as for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ledda
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Research Council (CNR), via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Matos AM, Gonçalves AI, El Haj AJ, Gomes ME. Magnetic biomaterials and nano-instructive tools as mediators of tendon mechanotransduction. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:140-148. [PMID: 36133967 PMCID: PMC9417540 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tendon tissues connect muscle to bone allowing the transmission of forces resulting in joint movement. Tendon injuries are prevalent in society and the impact on public health is of utmost concern. Thus, clinical options for tendon treatments are in demand, and tissue engineering aims to provide reliable and successful long-term regenerative solutions. Moreover, the possibility of regulating cell fate by triggering intracellular pathways is a current challenge in regenerative medicine. In the last decade, the use of magnetic nanoparticles as nano-instructive tools has led to great advances in diagnostics and therapeutics. Recent advances using magnetic nanomaterials for regenerative medicine applications include the incorporation of magnetic biomaterials within 3D scaffolds resulting in mechanoresponsive systems with unprecedented properties and the use of nanomagnetic actuators to control cell signaling. Mechano-responsive scaffolds and nanomagnetic systems can act as mechanostimulation platforms to apply forces directly to single cells and multicellular biological tissues. As transmitters of forces in a localized manner, the approaches enable the downstream activation of key tenogenic signaling pathways. In this minireview, we provide a brief outlook on the tenogenic signaling pathways which are most associated with the conversion of mechanical input into biochemical signals, the novel bio-magnetic approaches which can activate these pathways, and the efforts to translate magnetic biomaterials into regenerative platforms for tendon repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Matos
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Ana I Gonçalves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Birmingham University B15 2TT Birmingham UK
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Avepark - Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at the University of Minho Avepark, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães Portugal
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17
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Israel LL, Galstyan A, Holler E, Ljubimova JY. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging, targeting and treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain. J Control Release 2020; 320:45-62. [PMID: 31923537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles in general, and iron oxide nanoparticles in particular, have been studied extensively during the past 20 years for numerous biomedical applications. The main applications of these nanoparticles are in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic targeting, gene and drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia for tumor treatment, and manipulation of the immune system by macrophage polarization for cancer treatment. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to magnetic particle imaging (MPI) because of its better sensitivity compared to MRI. In recent years, MRI and MPI have been combined as a dual or multimodal imaging method to enhance the signal in the brain for the early detection and treatment of brain pathologies. Because magnetic and iron oxide nanoparticles are so diverse and can be used in multiple applications such as imaging or therapy, they have attractive features for brain delivery. However, the greatest limitations for the use of MRI/MPI for imaging and treatment are in brain delivery, with one of these limitations being the brain-blood barrier (BBB). This review addresses the current status, chemical compositions, advantages and disadvantages, toxicity and most importantly the future directions for the delivery of iron oxide based substances across the blood-brain barrier for targeting, imaging and therapy of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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18
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De Simone U, Spinillo A, Caloni F, Avanzini MA, Coccini T. In vitro evaluation of magnetite nanoparticles in human mesenchymal stem cells: comparison of different cytotoxicity assays. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:48-59. [PMID: 31364912 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1650151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This work was aimed at defining the suitable test for evaluating Fe3O4 NPs cytotoxicity after short-term exposure in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using different viability tests, namely NRU, MTT and TB assays, paralleled by cell morphology analyses for cross checking. MTT and NRU data (culture medium with/without hMSCs plus Fe3O4NPs) indicated artificial/false increments in cell viability after Fe3O4NPs. These observations did not fit with the morphological analyses showing reduced cell density, loss of monolayer features, and morphological alterations at Fe3O4NPs ≥50 μg/ml. Fe3O4NPs alone induced a substantial increased absorbance at the wavelength required for MTT and NRU. A significant death (25%) of hMSC at Fe3O4NPs ≥10 μg/ml, with a maximum effect (45%) at 300 μg/ml after 24 h, exacerbated after 48 h, was observed when applying TB test. These results paralleled the effects on cell morphology. The optical properties and stability of Fe3O4NP suspension (tendency to agglomerate in a specific culture medium) represent factors that limit in vitro result interpretation. These findings suggest the non applicability of the spectrophotometric assays for hMSC culture conditions, while TB is an accurate method for determining cell viability after Fe3O4NP exposure in this model. In relation to NPs safety assessment: cell-based assays must be considered on case-by-case basis; selection of relevant cell models is also important for predictive toxicological studies; application of a testing strategy is fundamental for understanding the toxicity pathways driving cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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19
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Coccini T, De Simone U, Roccio M, Croce S, Lenta E, Zecca M, Spinillo A, Avanzini MA. In vitro toxicity screening of magnetite nanoparticles by applying mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord lining. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:1320-1336. [PMID: 31211441 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in nanoparticles (NPs), their toxicity has not yet been defined and the development of new strategies and predictive models are required. Human stem cells (SCs) offer a promising and innovative cell-based model. Among SCs, mesenchymal SCs (MSCs) derived from cord lining membrane (CL) may represent a new species-specific tool for establishing efficient platforms for primary screening and toxicity/safety testing of NPs. Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs, including magnetite (Fe3 O4 NPs), have aroused great public health and scientific concerns despite their extensive uses. In this study, CL-MSCs were characterized and applied for in vitro toxicity screening of Fe3 O4 NPs. Cytotoxicity, internalization/uptake, differentiation and proliferative capacity were evaluated after exposure to different Fe3 O4 NP concentrations. Data were compared with those obtained from bone marrow (BM)-MSCs. We observed, at early passages (P3), that: (1) cytotoxicity occurred at 10 μg/mL in CL-MSCs and 100 μg/mL in BM-MSCs (no differences in toxicity, between CL- and BM-MSCs, were observed at higher dosage, 100-300 μg/mL); (2) cell density decrease and monolayer features loss were affected at ≥50 μg/mL in CL-MSCs only; and (3) NP uptake was concentration-dependent in both MSCs. After 100 μg/mL Fe3 O4 NP exposures, the capacity of proliferation was decreased (P5-P9) in CL-MSCs without morphology alteration. Moreover, a progressive decrease of intracellular Fe3 O4 NPs was observed over culture time. Antigen surface expression and multilineage differentiation were not influenced. These findings suggest that CL-MSCs could be used as a reliable cell-based model for Fe3 O4 NP toxicity screening evaluation and support the use of this approach for improving the confidence degree on the safety of NPs to predict health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Uliana De Simone
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, Toxicology Unit, ICS Maugeri SpA-SB, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marianna Roccio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Croce
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Lenta
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Zecca
- Paediatric Haematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arsenio Spinillo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology/Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Magnetically Assisted Control of Stem Cells Applied in 2D, 3D and In Situ Models of Cell Migration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081563. [PMID: 31010261 PMCID: PMC6515403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cell therapy approaches is greatly dependent on the ability to precisely deliver and monitor transplanted stem cell grafts at treated sites. Iron oxide particles, traditionally used in vivo for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have been shown to also represent a safe and efficient in vitro labelling agent for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Here, stem cells were labelled with magnetic particles, and their resulting response to magnetic forces was studied using 2D and 3D models. Labelled cells exhibited magnetic responsiveness, which promoted localised retention and patterned cell seeding when exposed to magnet arrangements in vitro. Directed migration was observed in 2D culture when adherent cells were exposed to a magnetic field, and also when cells were seeded into a 3D gel. Finally, a model of cell injection into the rodent leg was used to test the enhanced localised retention of labelled stem cells when applying magnetic forces, using whole body imaging to confirm the potential use of magnetic particles in strategies seeking to better control cell distribution for in vivo cell delivery.
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21
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Patel U, Macri‐Pellizzeri L, Zakir Hossain KM, Scammell BE, Grant DM, Scotchford CA, Hannon AC, Kennedy AR, Barney ER, Ahmed I, Sottile V. In vitro cellular testing of strontium/calcium substituted phosphate glass discs and microspheres shows potential for bone regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:396-405. [PMID: 30666804 PMCID: PMC6492078 DOI: 10.1002/term.2796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate-based glasses (PBGs) are ideal materials for regenerative medicine strategies because their composition, degradation rates, and ion release profiles can easily be controlled. Strontium has previously been found to simultaneously affect bone resorption and deposition. Therefore, by combining the inherent properties of resorbable PBG and therapeutic activity of strontium, these glasses could be used as a delivery device of therapeutic factors for the treatment of orthopaedic diseases such as osteoporosis. This study shows the cytocompatibility and osteogenic potential of PBGs where CaO is gradually replaced by SrO in the near invert glass system 40P2 O5 ·(16-x)CaO·20Na2 O·24MgO·xSrO (x = 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mol%). Direct seeding of MG63 cells onto glass discs showed no significant difference in cell metabolic activity and DNA amount measurement across the different formulations studied. Cell attachment and spreading was confirmed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging at Days 3 and 14. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was similarly maintained across the glass compositions. Follow-on studies explored the effect of each glass composition in microsphere conformation (size: 63-125 μm) on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in 3D cultures, and analysis of cell metabolic activity and ALP activity showed no significant differences at Day 14 over the compositional range investigated, in line with the observations from MG63 cell culture studies. Environmental SEM and live cell imaging at Day 14 of hMSCs seeded on the microspheres showed cell attachment and colonisation of the microsphere surfaces, confirming these formulations as promising candidates for regenerative medicine strategies addressing compromised musculoskeletal/orthopaedic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uresha Patel
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Laura Macri‐Pellizzeri
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Wolfson STEM Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Brigitte E. Scammell
- Orthopaedics and Trauma Group, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics, and Dermatology, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - David M. Grant
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | | | - Alex C. Hannon
- ISIS FacilityRutherford Appleton Laboratory, ChiltonDidcotUK
| | | | - Emma R. Barney
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson STEM Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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22
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Harrison RP, Chauhan VM, Onion D, Aylott JW, Sottile V. Intracellular processing of silica-coated superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles in human mesenchymal stem cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3176-3184. [PMID: 30774937 PMCID: PMC6350623 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09089k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Silica-coated superparamagnetic iron nanoparticles (SiMAGs) are an exciting biomedical technology capable of targeted delivery of cell-based therapeutics and disease diagnosis. However, in order to realise their full clinical potential, their intracellular fate must be determined. The analytical techniques of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, particle counting flow cytometry and pH-sensitive nanosensors were applied to elucidate mechanisms of intracellular SiMAG processing in human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs). Super-resolution microscopy showed SiMAG fluorescently-tagged nanoparticles are endocytosed and co-localised within lysosomes. When exposed to simulated lysosomal conditions SiMAGs were solubilised and exhibited diminishing fluorescence emission over 7 days. The in vitro intracellular metabolism of SiMAGs was monitored in hMSCs using flow cytometry and co-localised pH-sensitive nanosensors. A decrease in SiMAG fluorescence emission, which corresponded to a decrease in lysosomal pH was observed, mirroring ex vivo observations, suggesting SiMAG lysosomal exposure degrades fluorescent silica-coatings and iron cores. These findings indicate although there is a significant decrease in intracellular SiMAG loading, sufficient particles remain internalised (>50%) to render SiMAG treated cells amenable to long-term magnetic cell manipulation. Our analytical approach provides important insights into the understanding of the intracellular fate of SiMAG processing, which could be readily applied to other particle therapeutics, to advance their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Harrison
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. .,Centre for Biological Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Veeren M Chauhan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ;
| | - David Onion
- University of Nottingham Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Boots Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. ;
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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23
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Harrison R, Lugo Leija HA, Strohbuecker S, Crutchley J, Marsh S, Denning C, El Haj A, Sottile V. Development and validation of broad-spectrum magnetic particle labelling processes for cell therapy manufacturing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:248. [PMID: 30257709 PMCID: PMC6158868 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells are increasingly seen as a solution for many health challenges for an ageing population. However, their potential benefits in the clinic are currently curtailed by technical challenges such as high cell dose requirements and point of care delivery, which pose sourcing and logistics challenges. Cell manufacturing solutions are currently in development to address the supply issue, and ancillary technologies such as nanoparticle-based labelling are being developed to improve stem cell delivery and enable post-treatment follow-up. Methods The application of magnetic particle (MP) labelling to potentially scalable cell manufacturing processes was investigated in a range of therapeutically relevant cells, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), cardiomyocytes (CMC) and neural progenitor cells (ReN). The efficiency and the biological effect of particle labelling were analysed using fluorescent imaging and cellular assays. Results Flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy confirmed efficient labelling of monolayer cultures. Viability was shown to be retained post labelling for all three cell types. MSC and CMC demonstrated higher tolerance to MP doses up to 100× the standard concentration. This approach was also successful for MP labelling of suspension cultures, demonstrating efficient MP uptake within 3 h, while cell viability was unaffected by this suspension labelling process. Furthermore, a procedure to enable the storing of MP-labelled cell populations to facilitate cold chain transport to the site of clinical use was investigated. When MP-labelled cells were stored in hypothermic conditions using HypoThermosol solution for 24 h, cell viability and differentiation potential were retained post storage for ReN, MSC and beating CMC. Conclusions Our results show that a generic MP labelling strategy was successfully developed for a range of clinically relevant cell populations, in both monolayer and suspension cultures. MP-labelled cell populations were able to undergo transient low-temperature storage whilst maintaining functional capacity in vitro. These results suggest that this MP labelling approach can be integrated into cell manufacturing and cold chain transport processes required for future cell therapy approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0968-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Harrison
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hilda Anaid Lugo Leija
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stephanie Strohbuecker
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James Crutchley
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sarah Marsh
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chris Denning
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alicia El Haj
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine-Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Gupta D, Hossain KMZ, Ahmed I, Sottile V, Grant DM. Flame-Spheroidized Phosphate-Based Glass Particles with Improved Characteristics for Applications in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture Therapy and Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25972-25982. [PMID: 30011175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical formulation of phosphate-based glasses (PBGs) can be tailored to fit particular end applications such as bone tissue engineering. While most reports to date have evaluated the effect of PBG chemical formulation on bone cells, this study specifically explored the manufacturing process, the changes in physical and chemical properties of PBG particles after flame spheroidization, and subsequent effects on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), a prime cell type for regenerative medicine applications. Flame spheroidization involves feeding irregular PBG particles (microparticles, MP) into a hot flame, causing them to melt and mold into solid spherical PBG particles (microspheres, MS). The laser diffraction analysis showed an increase in the volume-weighted mean diameter of particles from 48 to 139 μm after spheroidization and also revealed changes in the chemical composition of smaller MS (< 45 μm in size), whereas MS in other size ranges did not show significantly different chemical composition compared to MP. Additionally, some air bubbles were entrapped inside particles during spheroidization, causing a 2% drop in relative density of MS. However, the packing density of MS was 30% higher than that of MP. Culture of hMSCs on the particles showed significant improvement in cell spreading on MS compared to that on MP and nearly 2 times higher cell metabolic activity after 7 days of culture, suggesting that MS provided a more favorable support and geometry for hMSC attachment and growth for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Kazi M Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
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Xia H, Liang C, Luo P, Huang J, He J, Wang Z, Cao X, Peng C, Wu S. Pericellular collagen I coating for enhanced homing and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in direct intra-articular injection. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:174. [PMID: 29945671 PMCID: PMC6020325 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Direct intra-articular injection (DIAI) of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising technique for cartilage repair. However, the repair process was hindered by the absence of scaffold and poor cell–matrix interactions. Methods In this study, we developed a pericellular collagen I coating (PCC) on MSCs. The overall performances of MSC-PCC homing, chondrogenic differentiation, and cartilage regeneration have been comprehensively evaluated in a New Zealand rabbit model. Firstly, we examined the morphology and physical characteristics of PCC. Secondly, MSC ex-vivo cartilage slice adhesion and in-vivo cartilage defect homing were observed using multiscale methods. Thirdly, the precartilage condensation of cell pellets formed by aggregation of MSCs was examined to evaluate the cartilage-inducing potential of PCC. Finally, the cartilage regeneration by DIAI of PCC-coated MSCs was observed and scored macroscopically and histologically. Results In general, the cell adhesion and homing assay revealed that PCC facilitated MSC adhesion on cartilage slices, enhancing MSC homing and retention to cartilage defect. This increased homing ratio was accompanied by an increasing cell–cell contact. Compared with naked MSCs, the cell pellets formed by PCC-coated MSCs exhibited more evident appearance of condensation. In pellets, cell–cell interaction has been significantly stimulated, inducing the expression of condensation marker N-cadherin, and subsequent chondrogenic marker collagen II and aggrecan. By 12 weeks after DIAI, cartilage defects have been repaired by MSCs to varying degrees. Overall, PCC significantly enhances the quality of cartilage regeneration judging from macroscopic observation, ICRS score, histological examination, and collagen type I, II, and X immunohistochemical staining. Conclusions The capacity and viability of MSCs can be enhanced by collagen I coating, which provides cues for enhancing cell homing and differentiation. Our method provides a novel strategy for stem cell therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0916-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansong Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Junjie Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jinshen He
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zili Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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26
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Tickle JA, Poptani H, Taylor A, Chari DM. Noninvasive imaging of nanoparticle-labeled transplant populations within polymer matrices for neural cell therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:1333-1348. [PMID: 29949467 PMCID: PMC6220152 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a 3D neural cell construct for encapsulated delivery of transplant cells; develop hydrogels seeded with magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-labeled cells suitable for cell tracking by MRI. MATERIALS & METHODS Astrocytes were exogenously labeled with MRI-compatible iron-oxide MNPs prior to intra-construct incorporation within a 3D collagen hydrogel. RESULTS A connective, complex cellular network was clearly observable within the 3D constructs, with high cellular viability. MNP accumulation in astrocytes provided a hypointense MRI signal at 24 h & 14 days. CONCLUSION Our findings support the concept of developing a 3D construct possessing the dual advantages of (i) support of long-term cell survival of neural populations with (ii) the potential for noninvasive MRI-tracking of intra-construct cells for neuroregenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Tickle
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Harish Poptani
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
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27
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Hossain KMZ, Patel U, Kennedy AR, Macri-Pellizzeri L, Sottile V, Grant DM, Scammell BE, Ahmed I. Porous calcium phosphate glass microspheres for orthobiologic applications. Acta Biomater 2018; 72:396-406. [PMID: 29604438 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthobiologics is a rapidly advancing field utilising cell-based therapies and biomaterials to enable the body to repair and regenerate musculoskeletal tissues. This paper reports on a cost-effective flame spheroidisation process for production of novel porous glass microspheres from calcium phosphate-based glasses to encapsulate and deliver stem cells. Careful selection of the glass and pore-forming agent, along with a manufacturing method with the required processing window enabled the production of porous glass microspheres via a single-stage manufacturing process. The morphological and physical characterisation revealed porous microspheres with tailored surface and interconnected porosity (up to 76 ± 5%) with average pore size of 55 ± 8 µm and surface areas ranging from 0.34 to 0.9 m2 g-1. Furthermore, simple alteration of the processing parameters produced microspheres with alternate unique morphologies, such as with solid cores and surface porosity only. The tuneable porosity enabled control over their surface area, degradation profiles and hence ion release rates. Furthermore, cytocompatibility of the microspheres was assessed using human mesenchymal stem cells via direct cell culture experiments and analysis confirmed that they had migrated to within the centre of the microspheres. The novel microspheres developed have huge potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript highlights a simple cost-effective one-step process for manufacturing porous calcium phosphate-based glass microspheres with varying control over surface pores and fully interconnected porosity via a flame spheroidisation process. Moreover, a simple alteration of the processing parameters can produce microspheres which have a solid core with surface pores only. The tuneable porosity enabled control over their surface area, degradation profiles and hence ion release rates. The paper also shows that stem cells not only attach and proliferate but more importantly migrate to within the core of the porous microspheres, highlighting applications for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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28
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Translation of remote control regenerative technologies for bone repair. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:9. [PMID: 29675269 PMCID: PMC5904134 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of biomechanical stimuli, or mechanotransduction, in normal bone homeostasis and repair is understood to facilitate effective osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. Mechanotransduction has been integrated into a multitude of in vitro bone tissue engineering strategies and provides an effective means of controlling cell behaviour towards therapeutic outcomes. However, the delivery of mechanical stimuli to exogenous MSC populations, post implantation, poses a significant translational hurdle. Here, we describe an innovative bio-magnetic strategy, MICA, where magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are used to remotely deliver mechanical stimuli to the mechano-receptor, TREK-1, resulting in activation and downstream signalling via an external magnetic array. In these studies, we have translated MICA to a pre-clinical ovine model of bone injury to evaluate functional bone repair. We describe the development of a magnetic array capable of in vivo MNP manipulation and subsequent osteogenesis at equivalent field strengths in vitro. We further demonstrate that the viability of MICA-activated MSCs in vivo is unaffected 48 h post implantation. We present evidence to support early accelerated repair and preliminary enhanced bone growth in MICA-activated defects within individuals compared to internal controls. The variability in donor responses to MICA-activation was evaluated in vitro revealing that donors with poor osteogenic potential were most improved by MICA-activation. Our results demonstrate a clear relationship between responders to MICA in vitro and in vivo. These unique experiments offer exciting clinical applications for cell-based therapies as a practical in vivo source of dynamic loading, in real-time, in the absence of pharmacological agents.
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29
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Macri-Pellizzeri L, De Melo N, Ahmed I, Grant D, Scammell B, Sottile V. Live Quantitative Monitoring of Mineral Deposition in Stem Cells Using Tetracycline Hydrochloride. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2018; 24:171-178. [PMID: 29353532 PMCID: PMC5865259 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The final stage of in vitro osteogenic differentiation is characterized by the production of mineral deposits containing calcium cations and inorganic phosphates, which populate the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the cell monolayer. Conventional histological techniques for the assessment of mineralization, such as Von Kossa and Alizarin Red S staining, are end point techniques requiring cell fixation. Moreover, in both cases staining quantitation requires dye extraction, which irreversibly alters the ECM conformation and structure, therefore preventing the use of the sample for further analysis. In this study, the use of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) is proposed for the nondestructive staining, quantitation, and imaging of mineralizing bone-like nodules in live cultures of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured under osteogenic conditions. Overnight administration of TC to living cells was shown not to alter the metabolic activity or the progression of cell differentiation. When applied to differentiating cultures, cell exposure to serial doses of TC was found to produce quantifiable fluorescence emission specifically in osteogenic cultures. Incubation with TC enabled fluorescence imaging of mineralized areas in live cultures and the combination with other fluorophores using appropriate filters. These results demonstrate that serial TC administration over the differentiation time course provides a qualitative and quantitative tool for the monitoring and evaluation of the differentiation process in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macri-Pellizzeri
- 1 Wolfson STEM Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom .,2 Advanced Materials Group, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel De Melo
- 1 Wolfson STEM Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- 2 Advanced Materials Group, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Grant
- 2 Advanced Materials Group, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte Scammell
- 3 Orthopaedics and Trauma Group, Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics, and Dermatology, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie Sottile
- 1 Wolfson STEM Centre, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
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30
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Enhancing cell and gene therapy manufacture through the application of advanced fluorescent optical sensors (Review). Biointerphases 2017; 13:01A301. [PMID: 29246035 DOI: 10.1116/1.5013335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies (CGTs) are examples of future therapeutics that can be used to cure or alleviate the symptoms of disease, by repairing damaged tissue or reprogramming defective genetic information. However, despite the recent advancements in clinical trial outcomes, the path to wide-scale adoption of CGTs remains challenging, such that the emergence of a "blockbuster" therapy has so far proved elusive. Manufacturing solutions for these therapies require the application of scalable and replicable cell manufacturing techniques, which differ markedly from the existing pharmaceutical incumbent. Attempts to adopt this pharmaceutical model for CGT manufacture have largely proved unsuccessful. The most significant challenges facing CGT manufacturing are process analytical testing and quality control. These procedures would greatly benefit from improved sensory technologies that allow direct measurement of critical quality attributes, such as pH, oxygen, lactate and glucose. In turn, this would make manufacturing more robust, replicable and standardized. In this review, the present-day state and prospects of CGT manufacturing are discussed. In particular, the authors highlight the role of fluorescent optical sensors, focusing on their strengths and weaknesses, for CGT manufacture. The review concludes by discussing how the integration of CGT manufacture and fluorescent optical sensors could augment future bioprocessing approaches.
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31
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Gupta D, Grant DM, Zakir Hossain KM, Ahmed I, Sottile V. Role of geometrical cues in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell survival, growth and osteogenic differentiation. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:906-919. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217745699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Kazi M Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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32
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Park HH, Lee KY, Park DW, Choi NY, Lee YJ, Son JW, Kim S, Moon C, Kim HW, Rhyu IJ, Koh SH. Tracking and protection of transplanted stem cells using a ferrocenecarboxylic acid-conjugated peptide that mimics hTERT. Biomaterials 2017; 155:80-91. [PMID: 29169040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo tracking of transplanted stem cells has been a central aim of stem cell therapy. Although many tracking systems have been introduced, no method has yet been validated for clinical applications. We developed a novel sophisticated peptide (GV1001) that mimics hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) and analysed its ability to track and protect stem cells after transplantation. Ferrocenecarboxylic acid-conjugated GV1001 (Fe-GV1001) efficiently penetrated stem cells with no adverse effects. Moreover, Fe-GV1001 improved the viability, proliferation, and migration of stem cells under hypoxia. After Fe-GV1001-labelled stem cells were transplanted into the brains of rats after stroke, the labelled cells were easily tracked by MRI. Our findings indicate that Fe-GV1001 can be used for the in vivo tracking of stem cells after transplantation into the brain and can improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy by sustaining and enhancing stem cell characteristics under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Park
- Department of Radiology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Na-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Young Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Son
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sangjae Kim
- Teloid Inc., 920 Westholme Ave, Los Angeles (City), CA 90024, USA
| | - Chanil Moon
- Department of Neuroscience, GemVax & KAEL Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Wook Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS, KU Medical Science Center for Convergent Translational Research, 73 Inchonro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS, KU Medical Science Center for Convergent Translational Research, 73 Inchonro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do 11923, South Korea; Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Du V, Luciani N, Richard S, Mary G, Gay C, Mazuel F, Reffay M, Menasché P, Agbulut O, Wilhelm C. A 3D magnetic tissue stretcher for remote mechanical control of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:400. [PMID: 28900152 PMCID: PMC5596024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to create a 3D tissue structure from individual cells and then to stimulate it at will is a major goal for both the biophysics and regenerative medicine communities. Here we show an integrated set of magnetic techniques that meet this challenge using embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We assessed the impact of magnetic nanoparticles internalization on ESCs viability, proliferation, pluripotency and differentiation profiles. We developed magnetic attractors capable of aggregating the cells remotely into a 3D embryoid body. This magnetic approach to embryoid body formation has no discernible impact on ESC differentiation pathways, as compared to the hanging drop method. It is also the base of the final magnetic device, composed of opposing magnetic attractors in order to form embryoid bodies in situ, then stretch them, and mechanically stimulate them at will. These stretched and cyclic purely mechanical stimulations were sufficient to drive ESCs differentiation towards the mesodermal cardiac pathway. The development of embryoid bodies that are responsive to external stimuli is of great interest in tissue engineering. Here, the authors culture embryonic stem cells with magnetic nanoparticles and show that the presence of magnetic fields could affect their aggregation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicard Du
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nathalie Luciani
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Sophie Richard
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Gaëtan Mary
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Cyprien Gay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - François Mazuel
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Myriam Reffay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057, CNRS and Université Paris Diderot, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.
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34
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Harrison R, Markides H, Morris RH, Richards P, El Haj AJ, Sottile V. Autonomous magnetic labelling of functional mesenchymal stem cells for improved traceability and spatial control in cell therapy applications. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2333-2348. [PMID: 27151571 PMCID: PMC5573958 DOI: 10.1002/term.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a valuable resource for regenerative medicine treatments for orthopaedic repair and beyond. Following developments in isolation, expansion and differentiation protocols, efforts to promote clinical translation of emerging cellular strategies now seek to improve cell delivery and targeting. This study shows efficient live MSC labelling using silica‐coated magnetic particles (MPs), which enables 3D tracking and guidance of stem cells. A procedure developed for the efficient and unassisted particle uptake was shown to support MSC viability and integrity, while surface marker expression and MSC differentiation capability were also maintained. In vitro, MSCs showed a progressive decrease in labelling over increasing culture time, which appeared to be linked to the dilution effect of cell division, rather than to particle release, and did not lead to detectable secondary particle uptake. Labelled MSC populations demonstrated magnetic responsiveness in vitro through directed migration in culture and, when seeded onto a scaffold, supporting MP‐based approaches to cell targeting. The potential of these silica‐coated MPs for MRI cell tracking of MSC populations was validated in 2D and in a cartilage repair model following cell delivery. These results highlight silica‐coated magnetic particles as a simple, safe and effective resource to enhance MSC targeting for therapeutic applications and improve patient outcomes. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Harrison
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Hareklea Markides
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Robert H Morris
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Paula Richards
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Alicia J El Haj
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
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