Mangiferin induces immune responses and evaluates the survival rate in WEHI-3 cell generated mouse leukemia in vivo

In vitro investigation of Mangifera indica L. peel extracts: antibacterial, antioxidant, and docking studies

Marketers of antioxidants and antimicrobials view fruit peels as a special, readily available, reasonably priced, natural, eco-friendly, and lucrative source. Mangos (Mangifera indica L.) and their byproduct peels and kernels are nutrient-dense, distinctive, affordable, efficient, natural, and environmentally friendly sources of antibacterial agents, antioxidants, and other active chemicals. The current study aimed to prepare extracts of different degrees of polarity from mango peels, detect their active phytochemical compounds, and study their effects as antioxidants, antibacterials against food-borne pathogens, anti-biofilms, and anti-colon cancer in vitro. Phytochemical classes of compounds were screened using different standard methods. The most promising profile was for mango peel ethyl acetate extract (MPEE) due to the presence of a variety of phytochemicals including tannin, coumarin, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and terpenoids at high concentrations compared to other mango peel extracts. Therefore, it was selected as the most valuable extract to examine its anti-colon cancer impact, anti-foodborne pathogenic bacteria, and antibiofilm. The anti-foodborne pathogenic activity of MPEE was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 7080, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 5638, Salmonella typhi DSM17058, Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Shigella sonnei DSM 5570, and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 that showed highly impact for all. At MIC and MBC values of 500 μg/ml, the MPEE had a 100% bactericidal spectrum; at lower concentrations of 125-250 µg/ml, no antibacterial action was seen. The MPEE had a biofilm inhibition percentage ranging between 98.75-53.33%; B. cereus had the highest percentage and S. sonnei had the lowest. Furthermore, The MPEE demonstrated an anticancer activity against human colon epithelium ATB-37 (Caco2) with an IC50 of 430.36 µg/ml. Molecular docking modeling assessment illustrated top-ranked confirmations between major phytochemicals and target protein COX2: P00406 and NFKB: Q63369.

Mangiferin: An effective agent against human malignancies

Mangiferin is a bioactive substance present in high concentration in mangoes and also in some other fruits. Owing to its potential as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent against several types of cancer, this unique, significant, and well-researched polyphenol has received a lot of attention recently. It possesses the ability to treat cancers, including rectal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, leukemia, gastric cancer, liver cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and lung cancer. It can control/regulate multiple key signaling pathways, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-binding protein with low propidium iodide (pl) (Smac/DIABLO) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein 3 kinase (PI3K/Akt), transforming growth factor beta/suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (TGF-β/SMAD), c-jun N-terminal kinase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (JNK/p38-MAPK), and phosphor-I kappa B kinase (p-IκB), which are crucial to the development of cancers. By triggering apoptotic signals and halting the advancement of the cell cycle, it can also prevent some cancer cell types from proliferating and developing. It has been revealed that mangiferin targets a variety of adhesion molecules, cytokines, pro-inflammatory transcription factors, kinases, chemokines, growth factors, and cell-cycle proteins. By means of preventing the onset, advancement, and metastasis of cancer, these targets may mediate the chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of mangiferin. Mangiferin has confirmed potential benefits in lung, cervical, breast, brain, and prostate cancers as well as leukemia whether administered alone or in combination with recognized anticancer compounds. More clinical trials and research investigations are required to completely unleash the potential of mangiferin, which may lower the risk of cancer onset and act as a preventive and therapeutic alternative for a number of cancers.

Therapeutic potential of mangiferin in cancer: Unveiling regulatory pathways, mechanisms of action, and bioavailability enhancements - An updated review

Mangiferin (MGF) is a phenolic compound, which is a major source of MGF is the mango tree. MGF possesses some antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties, enabling it to play its role against various diseases such as diabetes, obesity, lung injuries, and cancer. The word "Cancer" depicts an uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells. This review paper reveals MGF's therapeutic, curative and protective potential impact against lung, liver, ovarian, prostate, breast, stomach, and oral cancers. MGF is used in various types of research in the form of powder, liquid extract, intramuscular, intravenous, nanoparticles coated with gold, in the form of a solution, or in combination with other drugs to evaluate synergistic effects. Many studies showed that MGF is safe to use but has less bioavailability in the body and 0.111 mg/mL solubility in water. However, certain studies indicated that its bioavailability and retention time increased when taken in the form of nanoparticles and in combination with other drugs. MGF also increases the sensitivity of other drugs (i.e., cisplatin) resistant to tumors. MGF has different mechanisms of action for different cancers. It mainly targets enzymes, interleukins, tumor growth factors, signaling pathways, apoptotic proteins, and genes to inhibit the growth of tumors, volume, angiogenesis, cellular functionality, further progression, and movement to other areas of the body. Moreover, MGF increases apoptosis and body weight with no or fewer side effects on normal cells. MGF unveiled a novel gate toward the treatment of cancer. Further research and human trials are needed in this regard.

Role of Mangiferin in Management of Cancers through Modulation of Signal Transduction Pathways

Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide in terms of mortality. The exact reason behind the development of cancer is not understood clearly, but it is evidenced that alcohol consumption, radiation, and exposure to chemicals are main players in this pathogenesis. The current mode of treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are effective, but, still, cancer is a major problem leading to death and other side effects. However, safer and effective treatment modules are needed to overcome the adverse effects of current treatment modules. In this regard, natural compounds have been recognized to ameliorate diseases by exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-tumor potential through several mechanisms. Mangiferin, a xanthone C-glucoside, is found in several plant species including Mangifera indica (mango), and its role in disease prevention has been confirmed through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, its anti-cancer-potential mechanism has been designated through modulation of cell signaling pathways such as inflammation, angiogenesis, PI3K/AKT, apoptosis, and cell cycle. This article extensively reviews the anticancer potential of mangiferin in different cancers through the modulation of cell signaling pathways. Moreover, the synergistic effects of this compound with some commonly used anti-cancer drugs against different cancer cells are discussed. More clinical trials should be performed to reconnoiter the anti-cancer potential of this compound in human cancer treatment. Further, understanding of mechanisms of action and the safety level of this compound can help to manage diseases, including cancer.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu: A Review

Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus (Rupr. & Maxim.) S.Y.Hu (E. sessiliflorus), a member of the Araliaceae family, is a valuable plant widely used for medicinal and dietary purposes. The tender shoots of E. sessiliflorus are commonly consumed as a staple wild vegetable. The fruits of E. sessiliflorus, known for their rich flavor, play a crucial role in the production of beverages and fruit wines. The root barks of E. sessiliflorus are renowned for their therapeutic effects, including dispelling wind and dampness, strengthening tendons and bones, promoting blood circulation, and removing stasis. To compile a comprehensive collection of information on E. sessiliflorus, extensive searches were conducted in databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, and CNKI. This review aims to provide a detailed exposition of E. sessiliflorus from various perspectives, including phytochemistry and pharmacological effects, to lay a solid foundation for further investigations into its potential uses. Moreover, this review aims to introduce innovative ideas for the rational utilization of E. sessiliflorus resources and the efficient development of related products. To date, a total of 314 compounds have been isolated and identified from E. sessiliflorus, encompassing terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids and their esters, nitrogenous compounds, quinones, phenolics, and carbohydrates. Among these, triterpenoids and phenylpropanoids are the primary bioactive components, with E. sessiliflorus containing unique 3,4-seco-lupane triterpenoids. These compounds have demonstrated promising properties such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-aging, antiplatelet aggregation, and antitumor effects. Additionally, they show potential in improving glucose metabolism, cardiovascular systems, and immune systems. Despite some existing basic research on E. sessiliflorus, further investigations are required to enhance our understanding of its mechanisms of action, quality assessment, and formulation studies. A more comprehensive investigation into E. sessiliflorus is warranted to delve deeper into its mechanisms of action and potentially expand its pharmaceutical resources, thus facilitating its development and utilization.

Comprehensive multiomics analyses reveal pervasive involvement of aberrant cohesin binding in transcriptional and chromosomal disorder of cancer cells

Chromatin organization, whose malfunction causes various diseases including cancer, is fundamentally controlled by cohesin. While cancer cells have been found with mutated or misexpressed cohesin genes, there is no comprehensive survey about the presence and role of abnormal cohesin binding in cancer cells. Here, we systematically identified ∼1% of cohesin-binding sites (701-2,633) as cancer-aberrant binding sites of cohesin (CASs). We integrated CASs with large-scale transcriptomics, epigenomics, 3D genomics, and clinical information. CASs represent tissue-specific epigenomic signatures enriched for cancer-dysregulated genes with functional and clinical significance. CASs exhibited alterations in chromatin compartments, loops within topologically associated domains, and cis-regulatory elements, indicating that CASs induce dysregulated genes through misguided chromatin structure. Cohesin depletion data suggested that cohesin binding at CASs actively regulates cancer-dysregulated genes. Overall, our comprehensive investigation suggests that aberrant cohesin binding is an essential epigenomic signature responsible for dysregulated chromatin structure and transcription in cancer cells.

Mangiferin: the miraculous xanthone with diverse pharmacological properties

Mangiferin (1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl) oxan-2-yl] xanthen-9-one) is a bioactive component derived primarily from the mango tree. Belonging to the Xanthone family, its structure allows it to engage with a variety of pharmacological targets. The symmetric linked core of xanthones has a heterogeneous biogenetic background. The carbon atoms are designated in a biochemical order, which reveals the reason of ring A (C1-C4) being referred to as acetate originated, and ring B (C5-C8) is referred to as shikimate originated. The antibacterial, hypocholesterolemic, antiallergic, cardiotonic, antidiabetic, anti-neoplastic, neuroprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties have all been demonstrated for the secondary metabolite. This study assessed and explained the important medical properties of mangiferin available in published literature, as well as its natural source, biosynthesis, absorption and bioavailability; multiple administration routes; metabolism; nanotechnology for enhanced efficacy of mangiferin and its toxicity, to aid the anticipated on-going potential of mangiferin as a novel diagnostic treatment.

Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Three Different Parts of Mango Fruit

Mango (Mangifera indica L.), known as the king of fruits, has an attractive taste and fragrance and high nutritional value. Mango is commercially important in India, where ~55% of the global crop is produced. The fruit has three main parts: pulp, peel, and kernel. The pulp is the most-consumed part, while the peel and kernel are usually discarded. Mango pulp is a source of a variety of reducing sugars, amino acids, aromatic compounds, and functional compounds, such as pectin, vitamins, anthocyanins, and polyphenols. Mango processing generates peels and kernels as bio-wastes, though they also have nutraceutical significance. Functional compounds in the peel, including protocatechuic acids, mangiferin and β-carotene are known for their antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic properties. The mango kernel has higher antioxidant and polyphenolic contents than the pulp and peel and is used for oil extraction; it's possible usage in combination with corn and wheat flour in preparing nutraceuticals is being increasingly emphasized. This review aims to provide nutraceutical and pharmacological information on all three parts of mango to help understand the defense mechanisms of its functional constituents, and the appropriate use of mangoes to enhance our nutrition and health.