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Nugraha HG, Adibrata ASP. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney disease associated with ipsilateral ureteric bud remnant and contralateral duplex collecting system. Radiol Case Rep 2023; 18:2289-2292. [PMID: 37153488 PMCID: PMC10159815 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2023.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract are among the most common developmental malformations. The heterogeneity of these anomalies is very high, some of them are rarely discussed in the literature. Herein, we present a case of a 5-year-old male who was found to have a combination of unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney associated with ipsilateral ureteric bud remnant and contralateral duplex collecting system.
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Pakkasjärvi N, Mönttinen T, Hokkinen L, Mäkelä E, Taskinen S. Retrovesical cysts in boys—case series and literature review. ANNALS OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43159-022-00228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Retrovesical cysts present with varying etiologies. We initiated this study to provide insights into retrovesical cysts in boys through a case series and systematic literature review and to aid in treatment alternatives.
Materials and methods
Case series of seven patients from the in-hospital register with a systematic literature review on retrovesical cysts in children.
Results
We identified seven patients from the in-hospital register during 2005–2020 and eighty-two patients from the literature review. The literature review showed that children’s retrovesical cysts are mainly asymptomatic before puberty. Those detected earlier in childhood present mostly with renal abnormalities. In our series, retrovesical cysts derived from three distinct etiologies with different treatment modalities. Asymptomatic cysts do not need excision and are to be followed up through puberty, but in the case of an ectopic ureter, nephroureterectomy is optional. Symptomatic retrovesical cysts may demand surgical excision. Ultrasonography is usually sufficient for diagnosis, but MRI provides better anatomical delineation and aids in surgical planning.
Conclusions
Retrovesical cysts in boys are benign conditions associated with abnormal development of the ureter and kidney. Ultrasonography is sufficient for diagnosis, with MRI giving further detail for surgical planning. Treatment consists of cyst excision, heminephrectomy/nephrectomy, transurethral canalization, or excision of prostatic utricle, depending on etiology. Asymptomatic cases are to be followed up through puberty, but in cases of an ectopic ureter, nephroureterectomy is preferred.
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Takemura K, Sato A, Morizawa Y, Kufukihara R, Iwasa S, Satoh H. Seminal Vesicle Cysts With Upper Urinary Tract Abnormalities: A Single-center Case Series of Pediatric Zinner Syndrome. Urology 2020; 149:e44-e47. [PMID: 32991910 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seminal vesicle cysts are usually congenital and frequently accompanied by upper urinary tract abnormalities due to mesonephric duct maldevelopment. Zinner syndrome, first described in 1914, refers to a triad of features consisting of seminal vesicle cysts, ejaculatory duct obstruction, and unilateral (mostly ipsilateral) renal agenesis. We herein present four pediatric patients with Zinner syndrome diagnosed at a children's medical center. A remnant ureteral structure was observed in three (75%) patients. Interestingly, a multicystic dysplastic kidney was present in one (25%) patient before it eventually disappeared. These findings suggest possible involvement of renal dysgenesis rather than agenesis in Zinner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Takemura
- Department of Pediatric Urology and Kidney Transplants, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Sato
- Department of Pediatric Urology and Kidney Transplants, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Morizawa
- Department of Pediatric Urology and Kidney Transplants, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kufukihara
- Department of Pediatric Urology and Kidney Transplants, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Iwasa
- Department of Pediatric Urology and Kidney Transplants, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Satoh
- Department of Pediatric Urology and Kidney Transplants, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
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Predictors of poor neonatal outcomes in prenatally diagnosed multicystic dysplastic kidney disease. J Perinatol 2018; 38:658-664. [PMID: 29572458 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-018-0093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is one of the most common anomalies detected by prenatal ultrasound. Our objective was to identify factors associated with severe adverse neonatal outcomes of prenatally diagnosed MCDK STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of prenatally diagnosed MCDK (1 January 2009 to 30 December 2014) from a single academic center was conducted. The primary outcome was death or need for dialysis among live-born infants. Associations between prenatal characteristics and outcome were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS A total of 53 cases of prenatally suspected MCDK were included, of which 46 cases were live-born and confirmed postnatally (38 survivors, 8 non-survivors). Prenatally diagnosed extrarenal anomalies, bilateral MCDK, contralateral renal anomalies, and anhydramnios were significantly associated with death or need for dialysis (all p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Prenatally identified findings are associated with adverse neonatal outcome, and can guide counseling and management planning. In the absence of significant associated findings, prenatally diagnosed unilateral MCDK has a benign neonatal course.
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Abstract
This review discusses the pathology of non-neoplastic kidney disease that pathologists may encounter as nephrectomy specimens. The spectrum of pediatric disease is emphasized. Histopathologic assessment of non-neoplastic nephrectomy specimens must be interpreted in the clinical context for accurate diagnosis. Although molecular pathology is not the primary focus of this review, the genetics underlying several of these diseases are also touched on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Gaut
- Nephropathology Associates, 10810 Executive Center Drive, Suite 100, Little Rock, AR 72211, USA.
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Al Naimi A, Baumüller JE, Spahn S, Bahlmann F. Prenatal diagnosis of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in the second trimester screening. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:726-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Al Naimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jan-Eric Baumüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Stephan Spahn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Franz Bahlmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bürgerhospital Frankfurt; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Natarajan G, Jeyachandran D, Subramaniyan B, Thanigachalam D, Rajagopalan A. Congenital anomalies of kidney and hand: a review. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6:144-9. [PMID: 26019842 PMCID: PMC4432441 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfs186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Acro-renal syndrome’ refers to co-occurrence of congenital renal and limb anomalies. The term acro-renal syndrome was coined by Curran et al. in 1972 though Dieker and Opitz were the first to report this phenomenon in three male patients in 1969. The common limb defects include oligodactyly, ectrodactyly, syndactyly or brachydactyly anomalies of the carpal and tarsal bones and the common renal anomalies observed are unilateral renal agenesis (URA), bilateral renal hypoplasia, ureteric hypoplasia, hydroureteronephrosis and duplication abnormalities. The acro-renal syndrome as originally described is rare, reported only in ∼20 patients in the international literature. We report a 23-year-old male patient with renal anomalies in the form of absent right kidney, left-sided vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and skeletal anomalies viz short radius, absent first metacarpal ray in left hand and left undescended testis, consistent with Dieker's type acro-renal syndrome. Apart from the classical acro-renal syndrome, several anomalies of acro-renal patterns and the abnormal gene loci involved are described in the literature. This article is a comprehensive review of the development of kidneys, types of acro-renal syndromes, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), syndromes associated with combined limb and renal anomalies, and anomalies associated with URA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
- Department of Nephrology , Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital , Chennai 600003 , India
| | - Dhanapriya Jeyachandran
- Department of Nephrology , Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital , Chennai 600003 , India
| | - Bala Subramaniyan
- Department of Nephrology , Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital , Chennai 600003 , India
| | - Dineshkumar Thanigachalam
- Department of Nephrology , Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital , Chennai 600003 , India
| | - Arul Rajagopalan
- Department of Nephrology , Madras Medical College and Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital , Chennai 600003 , India
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van Vuuren SH, van der Doef R, Cohen-Overbeek TE, Goldschmeding R, Pistorius LR, de Jong TPVM. Compensatory enlargement of a solitary functioning kidney during fetal development. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2012; 40:665-668. [PMID: 22581658 DOI: 10.1002/uog.11168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the degree of compensatory enlargement, and its time of onset, of the solitary functioning kidney (SFK) in fetuses with unilateral renal agenesis (URA) or unilateral multicystic kidney dysplasia (MCKD). METHODS This was a retrospective study of fetuses with URA or MCKD diagnosed prenatally and confirmed postnatally in the period from January 1999 to May 2011. Fetuses with any other congenital anomalies were excluded. Measurements of kidney length were retrieved from our prenatal ultrasound database and a nomogram was established and compared with that for normal kidney length. RESULTS In total, 67 fetuses were identified, 60 with MCKD and seven with URA, for which we obtained 147 kidney length measurements from our database. Mean gestational age at time of measurement was 29.7 (range, 18.4-36.7) weeks. Compensatory enlargement, defined as renal length >95(th) percentile for gestational age, was demonstrated in 87% of the MCKD cases and 100% of the URA cases (88% of cases overall). We estimated the mean enlargement for an SFK (defined as difference from 50(th) percentile for normal renal length) at 36 weeks' gestation to be 23.1% (9.25 mm), with the mean value being 11.4% (5.04 mm) greater than the 95(th) percentile for a normal kidney at this gestational age. Compensatory enlargement of SFKs was evident from the 20(th) week of gestation onwards. CONCLUSION Compensatory enlargement of SFKs occurs in almost 90% of fetuses with MCKD or URA, and may be observed from the 20(th) week of gestation onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H van Vuuren
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Giant Seminal Vesicle Cyst Causing Ipsilateral Hydronephrosis With Contralateral Renal Agenesis. Urology 2012; 79:e17-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Psooy K. Multicystic dysplastic kidney in the neonate: the role of the urologist. Can Urol Assoc J 2011; 4:95-7. [PMID: 20368889 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Psooy
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Winnipeg, MB
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Abstract
Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract anatomy (CAKUT) are common in children and represent approximately 30% of all prenatally diagnosed malformations. CAKUT is phenotypically variable and can affect the kidney(s) alone and/or the lower urinary tract. The spectrum includes more common anomalies such as vesicoureteral reflux and, rarely, more severe malformations such as bilateral renal agenesis. In young children, congenital anomalies are the leading cause of kidney failure and for kidney transplantation or dialysis. CAKUT can also lead to significant renal problems in adulthood and may present itself with hypertension and/or proteinuria. Congenital renal anomalies can be sporadic or familial, syndromic (also affecting nonrenal or non-urinary tract tissues), or nonsyndromic. Genetic causes have been identified for the syndromic forms and have shed some light into the molecular mechanisms of kidney development in human beings. The genetic causes for the more common nonsyndromic forms of CAKUT are unknown. The role of prenatal interventions and postnatal therapies as well as the benefits of screening affected individuals and their family members are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan R Toka
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Schreuder MF, Westland R, van Wijk JAE. Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a meta-analysis of observational studies on the incidence, associated urinary tract malformations and the contralateral kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:1810-8. [PMID: 19171687 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfn777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many papers are published on cohorts with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) patients, but show variable results as to the incidence of associated urinary tract abnormalities. The objective of this study was to describe the status of the urinary tract, including contralateral hypertrophy and malformations, in patients with unilateral MCDK based on a meta-analysis of the literature, taking into account the timing of diagnosis (pre- versus postnatal) as a possible source of bias. METHODS A systematic review of the scientific literature in English was conducted using PubMed and Embase. A meta-analysis was performed with the studies that were identified using our reproducible search. RESULTS Based on analysis of the data in 19 populations, the overall incidence of unilateral MCDK is 1 in 4300 with an increasing trend over the years. A total of 67 cohorts with over 3500 patients with unilateral MCDK were included in the meta-analysis. Fifty-nine percent of patients were male and the MCDKs were significantly more often found on the left side (53.1%). Associated anomalies in the solitary functioning kidney were found in 1 in 3 patients, mainly vesicoureteric reflux (VUR, in 19.7%). In patients with VUR, 40% have severe contralateral VUR, defined as grade III-V. Contralateral hypertrophy, present in 77% of patients after a follow-up of at least 10 years, showed a trend to be less pronounced in patients with VUR. Timing of the diagnosis of MCDK did not essentially influence the results. CONCLUSIONS These aggregate results provide insight into the incidence, demographic data and associated anomalies in patients with unilateral MCDK. One in three patients with unilateral MCDK show anomalies in the contralateral, solitary functioning kidney. However, studies into the long-term consequences of these anomalies are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel F Schreuder
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: single-center experience. Pediatr Nephrol 2009; 24:99-104. [PMID: 18696120 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-0942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is one of the most common renal abnormalities in children. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical course and outcome of patients with MCDK. Ninety pediatric patients with unilateral MCDK followed by the Pediatric Nephrology Department of Bakirkoy Maternity and Children's Hospital between 1990 and 2007 were included in this retrospective study. The dimercaptosuccinic acid radionuclide scan revealed no function in MCDK in all of our patients. Voiding cystourethrogram was performed in all patients. Twenty patients (22.2%) had abnormalities in the contralateral kidney. Nephrectomy was performed in 41 patients (45.5%). Twelve patients had undergone routine nephrectomy before 1996. Since then, patients have been followed up conservatively, and nephrectomy has been performed only when indicated. Indication of nephrectomy was arterial hypertension in 16 patients (23.1%), recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) in 11 (15.9%), and severe abdominal pain in two (2.8%). Hypertension was noted within the first year of life in all patients except two. MCDK completely involuted in 39.3% within 48 months. There was no malignant transformation, proteinuria, or renal failure. In conclusion, hypertension is often noticed in infants with MCDK. Uninephrectomy leads to normalization. However, prospective studies are needed to exclude a spontaneous improvement of hypertension.
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Renal tract malformations: perspectives for nephrologists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:312-25. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun A Omoloja
- Nephrology Department, The Children's Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Woolf AS, Hillman KA. Unilateral renal agenesis and the congenital solitary functioning kidney: developmental, genetic and clinical perspectives. BJU Int 2007; 99:17-21. [PMID: 16956352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian S Woolf
- Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, and Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the imaging of the urinary tract in children. The trio of renal-bladder ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and nuclear scintigraphy dominate this imaging. CT and MRI, however, are rising in utility to supplement these studies and in some cases provide the definitive imaging. This article provides the radiographic findings associated with the most common pediatric urologic problems and some less common anomalies. The focus will be on ultrasound, VCUG,and nuclear studies with CT and MRI discussed as pertinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lane S Palmer
- Division of Pediatric Urology, Schneider Children's Hospital of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
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Current awareness in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25:971-6. [PMID: 16270411 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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