1
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Sun L, Ayele Shewa W, Bossy K, Dagnew M. Partial denitrification in rope-type biofilm reactors: Performance, kinetics, and microflora using internal vs. external carbon sources. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 404:130890. [PMID: 38788803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Stable nitrite accumulation through partial denitrification (PDN) represents an efficient pathway to support the anammox process, but limited studies explored the internal wastewater carbon sources and biofilm processes. This study assessed the viability of the PDN process, biofilm community evolution, and functional enzyme formation in rope-type biofilm media reactors using primary effluent (PE) and anaerobically pretreated wastewater carbon sources for the first time. Comparison was made with external carbon (acetate) under varied pH and biofilm thicknesses, maintaining a favourable sCOD: NO3-N ratio of 3. The wastewater's internal carbon resulted in thinner biofilms; nevertheless, modest nitrite accumulation (0.24 g/m2/d) occurred only at elevated pH. The highest nitrite accumulation (0.79 g/m2/d) was exhibited in the biofilm thickness-controlled acetate-fed reactor, featuring porous biofilms dominated by denitrifier Thauera (10.24 %) and imbalance between Nar, Nap, and Nir reductases. Using internal wastewater carbon sources offers a sustainable avenue for adopting the PDN process in full-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Wudneh Ayele Shewa
- Bishop Water Inc., 203-16 Edward Street South, Arnprior, ON K7S 3W4, Canada
| | - Kevin Bossy
- Bishop Water Inc., 203-16 Edward Street South, Arnprior, ON K7S 3W4, Canada
| | - Martha Dagnew
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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2
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Bachmann M, Parsons M, Klaus S, Kurt H, Chandran K, Stockard D, Wells G, De Clippeleir H, Bott C. Comparing methanol and glycerol as carbon sources for mainstream partial denitrification/anammox in an IFAS process. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e11017. [PMID: 38565318 DOI: 10.1002/wer.11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the implementation of mainstream partial denitrification with anammox (PdNA) in the second anoxic zone of a wastewater treatment process in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) configuration. A pilot study was conducted to compare the use of methanol and glycerol as external carbon sources for an IFAS PdNA startup, with a goal to optimize nitrogen removal while minimizing carbon usage. The study also investigated the establishment of anammox bacteria on virgin carriers in IFAS reactors without the use of seeding, and it is the first IFAS PdNA startup to use methanol as an external carbon source. The establishment of anammox bacteria was confirmed in both reactors 102 days after startup. Although the glycerol-fed reactor achieved a higher steady-state maximum ammonia removal rate because of anammox bacteria (1.6 ± 0.3 g/m2/day) in comparison with the methanol-fed reactor (1.2 ± 0.2 g/m2/day), both the glycerol- and methanol-fed reactors achieved similar average in situ ammonia removal rates of 0.39 ± 0.2 g/m2/day and 0.40 ± 0.2 g/m2/day, respectively. Additionally, when the upstream ammonia versus NOx (AvN) control system maintained an ideal ratio of 0.40-0.50 g/g, the methanol-fed reactor attained a lower average effluent TIN concentration (3.50 ± 1.2 mg/L) than the glycerol-fed reactor (4.43 ± 1.6 mg/L), which was prone to elevated nitrite concentrations in the effluent. Overall, this research highlights the potential for PdNA in IFAS configurations as an efficient and cost-saving method for wastewater treatment, with methanol as a viable carbon source for the establishment of anammox bacteria. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Methanol is an effective external carbon source for an anammox startup that avoids the need for costly alternative carbon sources. The methanol-fed reactor demonstrated higher TIN removal compared with the glycerol-fed reactor because of less overproduction of nitrite. Anammox bacteria was established in an IFAS reactor without seeding and used internally stored carbon to reduce external carbon addition. Controlling the influent ammonia versus NOx (AvN) ratio between 0.40 and 0.50 g/g allowed for low and stable TIN effluent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bachmann
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Mike Parsons
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephanie Klaus
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Halil Kurt
- Department of Medical Biology, Hamidiye International Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Stockard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - George Wells
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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3
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Wang K, Li J, Gu X, Wang H, Li X, Peng Y, Wang Y. How to Provide Nitrite Robustly for Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation in Mainstream Nitrogen Removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21503-21526. [PMID: 38096379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Innovation in decarbonizing wastewater treatment is urgent in response to global climate change. The practical implementation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) treating domestic wastewater is the key to reconciling carbon-neutral management of wastewater treatment with sustainable development. Nitrite availability is the prerequisite of the anammox reaction, but how to achieve robust nitrite supply and accumulation for mainstream systems remains elusive. This work presents a state-of-the-art review on the recent advances in nitrite supply for mainstream anammox, paying special attention to available pathways (forward-going (from ammonium to nitrite) and backward-going (from nitrate to nitrite)), key controlling strategies, and physiological and ecological characteristics of functional microorganisms involved in nitrite supply. First, we comprehensively assessed the mainstream nitrite-oxidizing bacteria control methods, outlining that these technologies are transitioning to technologies possessing multiple selective pressures (such as intermittent aeration and membrane-aerated biological reactor), integrating side stream treatment (such as free ammonia/free nitrous acid suppression in recirculated sludge treatment), and maintaining high activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and anammox bacteria for competing oxygen and nitrite with nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. We then highlight emerging strategies of nitrite supply, including the nitrite production driven by novel ammonia-oxidizing microbes (ammonia-oxidizing archaea and complete ammonia oxidation bacteria) and nitrate reduction pathways (partial denitrification and nitrate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation). The resources requirement of different mainstream nitrite supply pathways is analyzed, and a hybrid nitrite supply pathway by combining partial nitrification and nitrate reduction is encouraged. Moreover, data-driven modeling of a mainstream nitrite supply process as well as proactive microbiome management is proposed in the hope of achieving mainstream nitrite supply in practical application. Finally, the existing challenges and further perspectives are highlighted, i.e., investigation of nitrite-supplying bacteria, the scaling-up of hybrid nitrite supply technologies from laboratory to practical implementation under real conditions, and the data-driven management for the stable performance of mainstream nitrite supply. The fundamental insights in this review aim to inspire and advance our understanding about how to provide nitrite robustly for mainstream anammox and shed light on important obstacles warranting further settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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4
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Al-Hazmi HE, Maktabifard M, Grubba D, Majtacz J, Hassan GK, Lu X, Piechota G, Mannina G, Bott CB, Mąkinia J. An Advanced Synergy of Partial Denitrification-Anammox for Optimizing Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater: A Review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 381:129168. [PMID: 37182680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anammox is a widely adopted process for energy-efficient removal of nitrogen from wastewater, but challenges with NOB suppression and NO3- accumulation have led to a deeper investigation of this process. To address these issues, the synergy of partial denitrification and anammox (PD-anammox) has emerged as a promising solution for sustainable nitrogen removal in wastewater. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent developments in the PD-anammox system, including stable performance outcomes, operational parameters, and mathematical models. The review categorizes start-up and recovery strategies for PD-anammox and examines its contributions to sustainable development goals, such as reducing N2O emissions and saving energy. Furthermore, it suggests future trends and perspectives for improving the efficiency and integration of PD-anammox into full-scale wastewater treatment system. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into optimizing PD-anammox in wastewater treatment, highlighting the potential of simultaneous processes and the importance of improving efficiency and integration into full-scale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein E Al-Hazmi
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mojtaba Maktabifard
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; Faculty of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dominika Grubba
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Majtacz
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gamal K Hassan
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Giza, Dokki P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
| | - Xi Lu
- Three Gorges Smart Water Technology Co., LTD, 65 LinXin Road, ChangNing District, 200335 Shanghai, China
| | - Grzegorz Piechota
- GPCHEM, Laboratory of Biogas Research and Analysis, ul. Legionów 40a/3, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Giorgio Mannina
- Engineering Department, Palermo University, Ed. 8 Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Charles B Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1436 Air Rail Ave., Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA
| | - Jacek Mąkinia
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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5
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Cao S, Lan Y, Du R, Peng Y. Robustness and stability of acetate-driven partial denitrification (PD) in response to high COD/NO 3--N. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138213. [PMID: 36822519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Partial Denitrification (PD) producing nitrite for anammox may face the issue of relatively high chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading (i.e., COD/NO3--N) due to real wastewater being changed in substrate concentration and flowrate. In this study, three PD systems (R1, R2, R3) with sodium acetate providing electrons were developed to investigate the influence of the relatively high COD/NO3--N ratios (4.0, 6.0, and 8.0) on NO2--N production and the subsequent recoverability. It was found that a relatively high NO2--N production with nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) of 74.0% could be still obtained despite COD/NO3--N even improving to 8.0 under limited reaction time (10 min) with small nitrate remaining. However, a deteriorated nitrite production was observed with sufficient reaction time (15 min) with NTR being lowered to 19.2%. Delightedly, when reducing influent COD/NO3--N to a normal level of 3.0, PD with high nitrite production was rapidly achieved after suffering from a relatively high COD/NO3--N (4.0-8.0) for 130 cycles. Besides, it was found the relatively high COD/NO3--N had a minor influence on the recoverability of PD, as evidenced by the close NTRs. Microbial analysis revealed the relative abundance of PD functional bacteria, Thauera, decreased under high COD/NO3--N, while it is still highly dominated in the systems, varying from 75.1% in R1 to 62.8% in R3 after around 110-cycles recovery. Furthermore, it appeared that the high pH (9.1-9.2) induced by sodium acetate also likely played a role in maintaining the excellent PD. Overall, this study demonstrated the robustness and stability of acetate-driven PD in response to high COD/NO3--N, further informing the technological superiority of PD in supplying stable and efficient nitrite, which provided solid technical support to apply it with anammox for high-efficient N removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenbin Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering (FACTE), Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yu Lan
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering (FACTE), Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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6
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Zeng Z, Wang Y, Zhu W, Xie T, Li L. Effect of COD/ NO3−-N ratio on nitrite accumulation and microbial behavior in glucose-driven partial denitrification system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14920. [PMID: 37123922 PMCID: PMC10130780 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
COD/NO3 --N ratio was considered to be one of the key factors achieving effective nitrite accumulation during partial denitrification. In two parallel reactors incubated with glucose as carbon source at COD/NO3 --N of 3 and 5, respectively, the microbial community structure shift and the nitrite accumulation performance during long-term operation were investigated. The maximum nitrite accumulation ratios at COD/NO3 --N of 3 and 5 were 17.9% and 47.04%, respectively. Thauera was the dominant genus in both reactors on day 220 with the relative abundance of 18.67% and 64.01%, respectively. Batch experiments with different electron acceptors suggested that the distinction in nitrite accumulation at COD/NO3 --N of 3 and 5 might be caused by the differences in the abundance of Thauera.
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7
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Du R, Li C, Peng Y, Cao S. Extending reaction duration has minor influence on nitrite production in partial-denitrification process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128460. [PMID: 36503097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification (PD) is another important pathway producing nitrite for anammox, however, whether its performance is affected by overlong reaction time, a situation that often takes place is still unknown. Three sequencing batch reactors were operated for PD to evaluate this factor on nitrite production. Results indicated effluent nitrite was very close despite reaction time even extending to four times longer than control (i.e., nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio (NTR) of 94.4%-89.8%). Meanwhile, it was found PD could recover to the normal after suffering from high organics shocking. Cycle studies suggested produced nitrite would not be further reduced with prolonged time, as indicated by changing trend of pH and alkalinity. Microbial analysis revealed PD functional bacteria, Thauera, slightly decreased with prolonged reaction, while it was always predominated. Taken together, this study indicated overlong reaction time had minor influence on PD, demonstrating its robustness with great technological superiority in supplying nitrite for anammox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Cong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Shenbin Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering (FACTE), Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China; Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany.
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8
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Kosgey K, Zungu PV, Bux F, Kumari S. Biological nitrogen removal from low carbon wastewater. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:968812. [PMID: 36466689 PMCID: PMC9709150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.968812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen has traditionally been removed from wastewater by nitrification and denitrification processes, in which organic carbon has been used as an electron donor during denitrification. However, some wastewaters contain low concentrations of organic carbon, which may require external organic carbon supply, increasing treatment costs. As a result, processes such as partial nitrification/anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) (PN/A), autotrophic denitrification, nitritation-denitritation and bioelectrochemical processes have been studied as possible alternatives, and are thus evaluated in this study based on process kinetics, applicability at large-scale and process configuration. Oxygen demand for nitritation-denitritation and PN/A is 25% and 60% lower than for nitrification/denitrification, respectively. In addition, PN/A process does not require organic carbon supply, while its supply for nitritation-denitritation is 40% less than for nitrification/denitrification. Both PN/A and nitritation-denitritation produce less sludge compared to nitrification/denitrification, which saves on sludge handling costs. Similarly, autotrophic denitrification generates less sludge compared to heterotrophic denitrification and could save on sludge handling costs. However, autotrophic denitrification driven by metallic ions, elemental sulfur (S) and its compounds could generate harmful chemicals. On the other hand, hydrogenotrophic denitrification can remove nitrogen completely without generation of harmful chemicals, but requires specialized equipment for generation and handling of hydrogen gas (H2), which complicates process configuration. Bioelectrochemical processes are limited by low kinetics and complicated process configuration. In sum, anammox-mediated processes represent the best alternative to nitrification/denitrification for nitrogen removal in low- and high-strength wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiprotich Kosgey
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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9
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Zhang L, Zhang Q, Li X, Jia T, Wang S, Peng Y. Enhanced nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater via a novel combined process driven by partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) and partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) with an ultra-low hydraulic retention time (HRT). BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127950. [PMID: 36108939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) is a highly productive research area in municipal wastewater treatment. A novel combined process driven by partial nitrification/anammox (PN/A) and partial denitrification/anammox (PD/A) was established in this paper using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and two up-flow sludge beds (USBs). Municipal wastewater after carbon removal pretreatment in SBR entered PN/A-USB. PN/A process was initiated and enhanced by optimizing the intermittent aeration mode under low dissolved oxygen (DO). After enhancing and stabilizing the PD/A process, PN/A effluent entered the PD/A-USB along with raw municipal wastewater at a ratio of 4:1 and the combined system was established. Through this, this study achieved a nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) of 84.9 % from municipal wastewater at an ultra-low total hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 3.9 h. Candidatus Brocadia (1.8 % in PN/A, 1.0 % in PD/A) was the only functional anammox bacterium in the combined process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Xiyao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Tong Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Shuying Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
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10
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Macmanus J, Long C, Klaus S, Parsons M, Chandran K, De Clippeleir H, Bott C. Nitrogen removal capacity and carbon demand requirements of partial denitrification/anammox MBBR and IFAS processes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10766. [PMID: 35915389 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study was conducted to investigate the carbon demand requirements and nitrogen removal capabilities of two mainstream partial denitrification/anammox (PdNA) processes: a two-zone, moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) process and an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process. The first MBBR zone conducted PdNA, while the second operated as an anammox zone. Operation of the IFAS process was conducted in two phases. The first phase of the operation involved minor external carbon addition, while the second phase of the operation involved controlled external carbon addition. The MBBR process produced an average effluent TIN concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/TIN ratio of 2.81 ± 1.21 mg/L and 2.42 ± 0.77 g/g. The average effluent TIN concentrations and COD/TIN ratios for the IFAS process were 4.07 ± 1.66 mg/L and 1.08 ± 0.38 g/g during phase 1 and 3.30 ± 0.96 mg/L and 2.18 ± 0.99 g/g during phase 2. Despite having relatively low and unstable partial denitrification (PdN) efficiencies, both mainstream PdNA processes exhibited low effluent TIN concentrations and carbon requirements compared to nitrification/denitrification. Successful operation of the PdNA IFAS process indicates that mainstream PdNA can be implemented with minimal capital costs in a water resource recovery facility's second anoxic zone. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Low effluent TIN concentrations can be maintained in mainstream PdNA MBBR and IFAS processes with low external carbon demand. MBBR and IFAS PdNA processes do not require consistent or high PdN efficiencies to maintain low effluent TIN concentrations. IFAS and MBBR PdNA processes exhibit similar TIN and NH3 removal efficiencies. PdNA can be implemented in a second anoxic zone, using IFAS technology for anammox retention, with minimal capital costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Macmanus
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Chenghua Long
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Klaus
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Parsons
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Haydee De Clippeleir
- District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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11
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Schoepflin S, Macmanus J, Long C, McCullough K, Klaus S, De Clippeleir H, Wilson C, Parsons M, Chandran K, Bott C. Startup strategies for mainstream anammox polishing in moving bed biofilm reactors. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10723. [PMID: 35642502 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated startup strategies for mainstream polishing anammox moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) without anammox bacterial (AMX) biomass inoculation. Two types of startups were tested: anammox only (no external carbon addition) and partial denitrification/anammox (PdNA) with glycerol addition. Reactors were started with either virgin carriers or carriers with a preliminary biofilm from a mainstream aerobic integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process. Three pilot-scale startups were completed under the following conditions: anammox-only with preliminary biofilm carriers, PdNA with preliminary biofilm carriers, and PdNA with virgin carriers. AMX presence was confirmed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after 57, 57, and 77 days, respectively. Prior to AMX detection, average influent concentrations of ammonia and nitrite ranged from 1.7-2.7 mg/L and 0.98-1.8 mg/L, respectively. This study demonstrated that AMX can be grown on carriers without AMX seeding under mainstream conditions (temperature 17-29°C, low ammonia and nitrite), regardless of whether nitrite came from upstream or partial denitrification within the reactor. This study also showed that using preliminary biofilm carriers can decrease startup time by approximately 1 month. These results address critical questions for moving mainstream anammox processes to full-scale implementation, and suggest that PdNA MBBRs are feasible and sustainable for full-scale ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite polishing to meet stringent total nitrogen requirements. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This research will help utilities develop methods for starting up mainstream anammox MBBRs without the barrier of anammox biomass seeding. Preliminary biofilm carriers accelerated startup time in a PdNA MBBR, but a virgin carrier reactor started up in a similar timeframe, contrary to expectations. Also, contrary to expectations, high concentrations of ammonia and nitrite are not necessary for startup of an anammox or PdNA MBBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schoepflin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Justin Macmanus
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Chenghua Long
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kester McCullough
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Stephanie Klaus
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Chris Wilson
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Mike Parsons
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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12
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Wang L, Gu W, Liu Y, Liang P, Zhang X, Huang X. Challenges, solutions and prospects of mainstream anammox-based process for municipal wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153351. [PMID: 35077796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) process has a promising application prospect for the mainstream deammonification of municipal wastewater due to its high efficiency and low energy consumption. In this paper, challenges and solutions of mainstream anammox-based process are summarized by analyzing the literature of recent ten years. Slow growth rate of anammox bacteria is a main challenge for mainstream anammox-based process, and enhancement of bacteria retention has been recognized to be necessary. Compared with directly increasing sludge retention time (SRT) with membrane bioreactors or sequencing batch reactors, culturing anammox bacteria in the form of biofilm or granule sludge is more promising for its feasibility of eliminating nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). Besides, adding external electron donors or conductive materials and enriching the concentration of ammonia with absorption materials have also been proved helpful to improve the activity of anammox bacteria. Other challenges include the elimination of NOB and achieving ideal ratio of NH4+ and NO2-. To solve these problems and achieve stable partial nitrification, composite control strategies based on low SRT and limited aeration are needed based on the special characteristics of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and NOB. When treating actual wastewater, interference of low temperature and components in the influent is another problem. Relatively high activity of anammox bacteria has been realized after artificial acclimation at low temperature and the mechanism was also preliminary explored. Different pre-treatment sections have been designed to reduce the concentration of COD and S2- from the influent. As for the nitrate produced by the anammox reaction, coupling processes are useful to reduce the concentration of nitrate in the effluent. In brief, suitable reactor and coupling process should be selected according to the temperature, influent quality and discharge targets of different regions. The future prospects of the mainstream anammox-based process are also put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wancong Gu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Research and Application Center for Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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13
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Kouba V, Hurkova K, Navratilova K, Vejmelkova D, Benakova A, Laureni M, Vodickova P, Podzimek T, Lipovova P, van Niftrik L, Hajslova J, van Loosdrecht MCM, Weissbrodt DG, Bartacek J. On anammox activity at low temperature: effect of ladderane composition and process conditions. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2022; 445:136712. [PMID: 35794882 PMCID: PMC7612987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.136712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of partial nitritation-anammox (PN/A) under mainstream conditions can enable substantial cost savings at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), but how process conditions and cell physiology affect anammox performance at psychrophilic temperatures below 15 °C remains poorly understood. We tested 14 anammox communities, including 8 from globally-installed PN/A processes, for (i) specific activity at 10-30 °C, (ii) composition of membrane lipids, and (iii) microbial community structure. We observed that membrane composition and cultivation temperature were closely related to the activity of anammox biomasses. The size of ladderane lipids and the content of bacteriohopanoids were key physiological components related to anammox performance at low temperatures. We also indicate that the adaptation of mesophilic cultures to psychrophilic regime necessitates months, but in some cases can take up to 5 years. Interestingly, biomass enriched in the marine genus "Candidatus Scalindua" displayed outstanding potential for nitrogen removal from cold streams. Collectively, our comprehensive study provides essential knowledge of cold adaptation mechanism, will enable more accurate modelling and suggests highly promising target anammox genera for inoculation and set-up of anammox reactors, in particular for mainstream WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kouba
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - K Hurkova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - K Navratilova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - D Vejmelkova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - A Benakova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - M Laureni
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Building 58, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft
| | - P Vodickova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - T Podzimek
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - P Lipovova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - L van Niftrik
- Radboud University, Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, 1Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 ED AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
| | - MCM van Loosdrecht
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Building 58, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft
| | - DG Weissbrodt
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Building 58, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft
| | - J Bartacek
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czechia
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14
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Fofana R, Peng B, Huynh H, Sajjad M, Jones K, Al-Omari A, Bott C, Delgado Vela J, Murthy S, Wett B, Debarbadillo C, De Clippeleir H. Media selection for anammox-based polishing filters: Balancing anammox enrichment and retention with filtration function. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10724. [PMID: 35614874 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Retrofitting conventional denitrification filters into partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA)- or anammox (AnAOB)-based filters will reduce the needs for external carbon addition. The success of AnAOB-based filters depends on anammox growth and retention within such filters. Studies have overlooked the importance of media selection and its impact on AnAOB capacity, head loss progression dynamics, and shear conditions applied onto the AnAOB biofilm. The objective of this study was to evaluate viable media types (10 types) that can enhance AnAOB rates for efficient nitrogen removal in filters. Given the higher backwash requirement and lower AnAOB capacity of the conventionally used sand, expanded clay (3-5 mm) was recommended for AnAOB-based filters in this study. Owing to its surface characteristics, expanded clay had higher AnAOB activity (304- vs. 104-g NH4 + -N/m2 /day) and higher AnAOB retention (43% more) than sand. Increasing the iron content of expanded clay to 37% resulted in an increase in zeta potential, which led to 56% more anammox capacity compared to expanded clay with 7% iron content. This work provides insight into the importance of media types in the growth and retention of AnAOB in filters, and this knowledge could be used as basis in the development of PdNA filters. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Expanded clay showed the lowest head loss buildup and most likely will result in longer runtime for full-scale PdNA applications The highest AnAOB rates were achieved in expanded clay types and sand compared with smaller media typically used in biofiltration Expanded clay resulted in better AnAOB retention under shear, whereas sand could not withstand shear and required more frequent backwashing Expanded clay iron coating enhanced AnAOB enrichment and retention, most likely due to increased surface roughness and/or positive charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Fofana
- DC Water & Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bo Peng
- DC Water & Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Huu Huynh
- DC Water & Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mehran Sajjad
- DC Water & Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kimberly Jones
- Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Omari
- DC Water & Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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15
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Kirim G, McCullough K, Bressani-Ribeiro T, Domingo-Félez C, Duan H, Al-Omari A, De Clippeleir H, Jimenez J, Klaus S, Ladipo-Obasa M, Mehrani MJ, Regmi P, Torfs E, Volcke EIP, Vanrolleghem PA. Mainstream short-cut N removal modelling: current status and perspectives. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:2539-2564. [PMID: 35576252 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work gives an overview of the state-of-the-art in modelling of short-cut processes for nitrogen removal in mainstream wastewater treatment and presents future perspectives for directing research efforts in line with the needs of practice. The modelling status for deammonification (i.e., anammox-based) and nitrite-shunt processes is presented with its challenges and limitations. The importance of mathematical models for considering N2O emissions in the design and operation of short-cut nitrogen removal processes is considered as well. Modelling goals and potential benefits are presented and the needs for new and more advanced approaches are identified. Overall, this contribution presents how existing and future mathematical models can accelerate successful full-scale mainstream short-cut nitrogen removal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Kirim
- modelEAU, Université Laval, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1 V 0A6, Canada E-mail: ; CentrEau, Quebec Water Research Centre, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Kester McCullough
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Ave., Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA
| | - Thiago Bressani-Ribeiro
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Carlos Domingo-Félez
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Haoran Duan
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ahmed Al-Omari
- Brown and Caldwell, 1725 Duke St. Suite 250, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Haydee De Clippeleir
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Ave., SW., Washington, DC 20032, USA
| | - Jose Jimenez
- Brown and Caldwell, 1725 Duke St. Suite 250, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Stephanie Klaus
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, 1434 Air Rail Ave., Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA
| | - Mojolaoluwa Ladipo-Obasa
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, 5000 Overlook Ave., SW., Washington, DC 20032, USA; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Mohamad-Javad Mehrani
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdansk 80-233, Poland; Department of Urban Water and Waste Management, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstraße 15, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Pusker Regmi
- Brown and Caldwell, 1725 Duke St. Suite 250, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Elena Torfs
- Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Gent 9000, Belgium; BIOMATH, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Eveline I P Volcke
- BioCo Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource recovery (CAPTURE), Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter A Vanrolleghem
- modelEAU, Université Laval, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1 V 0A6, Canada E-mail: ; CentrEau, Quebec Water Research Centre, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1 V 0A6, Canada
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16
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Fofana R, Parsons M, Long C, Chandran K, Jones K, Klaus S, Trovato B, Wilson C, De Clippeleir H, Bott C. Full-scale transition from denitrification to partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) in deep-bed filters: Operational strategies for and benefits of PdNA implementation. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10727. [PMID: 35616350 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study shows for the first time more than 2 years of operation of a mainstream anammox application at full-scale under temperate climate. This implementation of partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) in deep bed filters at the HRSD York River treatment plant was demonstrated to achieve the benefits of shortcut nitrogen removal without nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) out-selection. The transition from denitrification to PdNA filters required bleeding ammonium to the filters using an optimized ammonium versus NOx (AvN) control in the upstream aeration tanks and maintaining a nitrate residual in the filter effluent through feedforward/feedback control. The latter actions led to savings of 85% in methanol, 100% in alkalinity, and 35% in capacity enhancement. Up to 6 mg NH4 + -N/L with an average of 2.2 ± 0.98 mg NH4 + -N/L was removed through the anammox pathway, which accounted for about 15% of the overall plant nitrogen removal. Anammox enrichment was confirmed by activity testing and molecular analysis. The large excess of AnAOB capacity present in the filters (5-10 times more than normal operation) resulted in stable and reliable operation through winter conditions and showed potential for further intensification. PRACTITIONER POINTS: For the first time, long-term mainstream anammox was established full-scale through PdNA implementation in deep-bed filters. PdNA implementation required upstream aeration control optimization to provide a blend of ammonium and nitrate to the filters. Efficient anammox enrichment and retention resulted in reliable PdNA performance under different seasonal and influent conditions. PdNA implementation resulted in significant methanol and alkalinity savings and upstream capacity enhancement as ammonia removal depended less on aerobic nitrification. In the event of NOB out-selection and presence of nitrite, carbon savings in PdNA polishing filters can be enhanced via partial nitritation-anammox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Fofana
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Michael Parsons
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Kimberly Jones
- Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Stephanie Klaus
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Bob Trovato
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Chris Wilson
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
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17
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Fofana R, Huynh H, Jones K, Delgado Vela J, Long C, Chandran K, Bott C, Akyon B, Liu W, deBarbadillo C, De Clippeleir H. Mainstream partial denitrification-anammox in sand and expanded clay deep-bed polishing filters under practical loading rates and backwashing conditions. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10728. [PMID: 35621228 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on evaluating the feasibility of expanded clay and sand as media types for mainstream partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) in deep-bed single-media polishing filters under nitrogen and solids loading rates as well as backwash conditions similar to conventional denitrification filters. The surface roughness and iron content of the expanded clay were hypothesized to allow for enhanced anammox retention, nitrogen removal rates, and runtimes. However, under the tested loading rates and backwash conditions, no clear benefit of expanded clay was observed compared with conventional sand. This study showed the feasibility of PdNA in filters with both sand and expanded clay with PdN efficiencies of 76% and 77%, PdNA rates of 840 and 843 g N/m3 /d and TIN removal rates of 960 and 964 g N/m3 /d, respectively. Glycerol demands were 1.5-1.6 g COD added per g TIN removed , thus indicating potential carbon savings up to 75% compared with conventional denitrification. Overall, this study showed for the first time PdNA filters performing at nitrogen removal rates double that of previous PdNA studies under realistic conditions while providing insights into the media choice and backwashing conditions. Future research on expanded clay backwash conditions is needed to provide its full potential in PdNA filters. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Hydraulic and TSS loading rates similar to conventional denitrification can be applied in PdNA filters. Conventional sand can be used when retrofitting conventional denitrification filters into PdNA filters. Carbon savings up to 75% can be achieved with glycerol when retrofitting conventional filters into PdNA filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahil Fofana
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Huu Huynh
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Road Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Wenjun Liu
- Xylem Inc, Zelienople, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Xie T, Zeng Z, Li L. Achieving partial denitrification using organic matter in brewery wastewater as carbon source. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 349:126849. [PMID: 35158032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To find a cost-effective carbon source for partial denitrification (PD), brewery wastewater was utilized to test the viability of initiating PD. The Sbre (sludge from the biological treatment tank of Tsingtao Brewery Plant sewage treatment station) and Slab (sludge from laboratory) were fed with brewery wastewater at CODCr/NO3--N (C/N) ratios of 8.0-10.0 and 5.0 for 95 days at 25 ± 1 °C, respectively. The mean NO3--N to NO2--N transformation ratio (NTR) in long-term operation was 40.0% in the Sbre system and 83.2% in the Slab system. Batch tests with C/N ratio of 2.2-4.4 were conducted after 95 days incubation and the result suggested that C/N ratio of 4.3 ± 0.1 contributed more to NO2--N accumulation in both systems. Thauera bacteria, known to be beneficial for NO2--N accumulation, became the dominant community. The relative abundances of Thauera on day 95 in the Sbre and Slab system were 83.36% and 79.11%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zhijie Zeng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Lingling Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
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19
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Ladipo-Obasa M, Forney N, Riffat R, Bott C, deBarbadillo C, De Clippeleir H. Partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) application in mainstream IFAS configuration using raw fermentate as carbon source. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10711. [PMID: 35388559 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the feasibility of raw fermentate for mainstream partial denitrification-anammox (PdNA) in a pre-anoxic integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) process. Fermentate quality sampled from a full-scale facility was highly dynamic, with 360-940 mg VFA-COD/L and VFA/soluble COD ratios ranging from 24% to 48%. This study showed that PdNA selection could be achieved even when using low quality fermentate. Nitrate residual was identified as the main factor driving the PdN efficiency, while management of nitrate conversion rates was required to maximize overall PdNA rates. AnAOB limitation was never observed in the IFAS system. Overall, this study showed PdN efficiencies up to 38% and PdNA rates up to 1.2 ± 0.7 g TIN/m2 /d with further potential for improvements. As a result of both PdNA and full denitrification, this concept showed the potential to save 48-89% methanol and decrease the carbon footprint of water resource recovery facilities (WRRF) by 9-15%. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Application of PdNA with variable quality fermentate is feasible when the nitrate residual concentration is increased to enhance PdN selection. To maximize nitrogen removed through PdNA, nitrate conversion rates need enhancement through optimization of upstream aeration and PdN control setpoints. The IFAS PdNA process was never anammox limited; success depended on the degree of PdN achieved to make nitrite available. Application of PdNA with fermentate can yield 48-89% savings in methanol or other carbon compared with conventional nitrification and denitrification. Integrating PdNA upstream from polishing aeration and anoxic zones guarantees that stringent limits can be met (<5 mg N/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojolaoluwa Ladipo-Obasa
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicole Forney
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rumana Riffat
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District, Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA
| | - Christine deBarbadillo
- DC Water and Sewer Authority, Washington, DC, USA
- Black and Veatch, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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20
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Rahman A, Belia E, Kirim G, Hasan M, Borzooei S, Santoro D, Johnson B. Digital solutions for continued operation of WRRFs during pandemics and other interruptions. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2527-2536. [PMID: 34318558 PMCID: PMC8441735 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper includes survey results from 17 full-scale water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) to explore their technical, operational, maintenance, and management-related challenges during COVID-19. Based on the survey results, limited monitoring and maintenance of instrumentation and sensors are among the critical factors during the pandemic which resulted in poor data quality in several WRRFs. Due to lockdown of cities and countries, most of the facilities observed interruptions of chemical supply frequency which impacted the treatment process involving chemical additions. Some plants observed influent flow reduction and illicit discharges from industrial wastewater which eventually affected the biological treatment processes. Delays in equipment maintenance also increased the operational and maintenance cost. Most of the plants reported that new set of personnel management rules during pandemic created difficulties in scheduling operator's shifts which directly hampered the plant operations. All the plant operators mentioned that automation, instrumentation, and sensor applications could help plant operations more efficiently while working remotely during pandemic. To handle emergency circumstances including pandemic, this paper also highlights resources and critical factors for emergency responses, preparedness, resiliency, and mitigation that can be adopted by WRRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gamze Kirim
- modelEAU, CentrEau, Département de génie civil et de génie des eauxPavillon Adrien‐Pouliot, Université LavalQuebec CityCanada
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Sina Borzooei
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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21
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Shao Q, Wan F, Du W, He J. Enhancing biological nitrogen removal for a retrofit project using wastewater with a low C/N ratio-a model-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53074-53086. [PMID: 34023998 PMCID: PMC8140755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has the merit of saving the carbon source and aeration energy for nitrogen (N) removal, but it is normally a challenge to achieve mainstream anammox. In this study, the potential to enhance the N-removal capability of an existing University of Cape Town membrane bioreactor system (UCT-MBR) system is evaluated through process modeling. In addition to external carbon addition, the UCT-MBR system is proposed to be converted into an anoxic-oxic (AO) configuration with two operation plans: one is single-sludge (suspended sludge) and the other is double-sludge (suspended sludge and biofilm). The choice between pushing anammox and enhancing conventional heterotrophic denitrification is assessed. The simulation result indicates it is feasible to strategically adjust the spatial-temporal balance between electron donors and electron acceptors to achieve enhanced N-removal by utilizing the influent organic carbon other than adding external carbon. Although anammox can be promoted in the double-sludge-based AO under low-DO conditions, pushing anammox will weaken the system's resilience to influent fluctuations and carries no economic advantage over the single-sludge-based AO. Overall, this study concurs with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal that the wastewater industry should seek more energy-efficient measures for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Shao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fan Wan
- Wuhan Planning and Design Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Weiwei Du
- Sichuan Wentao Engineering and Technologies Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jiajie He
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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22
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Characteristics of nutrients removal under partial denitrification initiated by different initial nitrate concentration. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 44:2051-2059. [PMID: 33993384 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The partial denitrification (PD) is a very promising process developed in the last decade, to study the comprehensive influence of influent carbon to nitrogen (C/N) on the activated sludge system under PD, six sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated in parallel at C/N of 2.75, 3.30, 4.13, 5.50, 8.25 and 16.50, the nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal and sludge settleability of PD were investigated. The results showed that PD was observed treating synthetic wastewater in all the six SBRs, and the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) was highest at C/N of 5.50 (NAR of 82.30%). However, due to the alternate inhibition of NO2--N and free nitrous acid (FNA) produced by a limited carbon source, both the sludge settleability and phosphorus removal deteriorated. The average SVI at C/N of 8.25 was 130% lower than C/N of 3.30, and the average amount of PO43--P released at C/N of 16.5 was 189% higher than C/N of 2.75. Kinetic analysis showed that the denitrification kinetics of PD and complete denitrification were similar, and the nitrite accumulation was caused by the difference between nitrate reduction rate and nitrite reduction rate. Variations of on-line parameters (pH and ORP) revealed that nitrite accumulation could be indicated by judging the nitrate turning point and nitrite turning point on pH and ORP curves, which provided guidance for the setup of PD.
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23
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Wu P, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang C, Ma L, Wani Victor Jenario F, Liu W, Xu L. Development of a novel denitrifying phosphorus removal and partial denitrification anammox (DPR + PDA) process for advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from domestic and nitrate wastewaters. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124795. [PMID: 33579566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel energy-efficient DPR + PDA (denitrifying phosphorus removal and partial denitrification anammox) process for enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal was developed in the combined ABR-CSTR reactor. After 220 days operation, excellent total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and phosphorus removal (97.57% and 95.66%, respectively) were obtained under external C/NO3--N of 0.7, with the effluent TIN and PO43--P concentrations of 3.51 mg/L and 0.28 mg/L, respectively. At the steady period, DPR contributed major TN removal (58.65%), while PDA mediated an increasingly considerable impact and finally achieved 37.07%, in which anammox accounted for a significant percentage. Batch tests demonstrated that efficient PD with nitrate-to-nitrite transformation ratio of 97.67% supplying stable nitrite for anammox, and phosphorus was mainly removed using nitrate as electron acceptor via DPR with the ideal phosphorus release/uptake rate (7.73/22.17 mgP/gVSS/h). Accumulibacter (6.24%) dominated high phosphorus removal performance, while Thauera (8.26%) and Candidatus Brocadia (2.57%) represented the superior nitrogen removal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Chaochao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Liping Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Francis Wani Victor Jenario
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Wenru Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Lezhong Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou 215009, China
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24
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Shi L, Du R, Peng Y, Li Y. Successful establishment of partial denitrification by introducing hydrolytic acidification of slowly biodegradable organic matter. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 315:123887. [PMID: 32736319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Partial denitrification (PD, nitrate → nitrite) was successfully established in this study by introducing hydrolytic acidification (HA) of slowly biodegradable organic matter (SBOM). A high selectivity for the nitrate over nitrite as electron acceptors was obtained during a 178-day long-term operation, with the nitrate to nitrite transformation ratio climbing to 81.3% at an influent SBOM of 286 mg/L and low-strength nitrate of 40 mg/L. Acetate (33.9%) and dissolved saccharide (19.3%), as the major SBOM HA products, indeed facilitated high-efficiency nitrite production by serving as favorable electron donors. This was well explained by the metagenomic analysis that the dominant Dechloromonas and Thauera denitrifying genera, which hold 3.9 times higher abundance of nitrate reductase than nitrite reductase, also played a key role in carbon glycolysis and acidification. This study provides new insight into PD development in multiple types of wastewater for the versatile carbon/nitrogen metabolism of functional bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China.
| | - Yanan Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
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25
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Sweeney M, Kabouris J. Modeling, instrumentation, automation, and optimization of water resource recovery facilities (2019) DIRECT. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2020; 92:1499-1503. [PMID: 32639061 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A review of the literature published in 2019 on topics relating to water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) in the areas of modeling, automation, measurement and sensors, and optimization of wastewater treatment (or water resource reclamation) is presented.
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26
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Li J, Peng Y, Zhang L, Li X, Zhang Q, Yang S, Gao Y, Li S. Improving Efficiency and Stability of Anammox through Sequentially Coupling Nitritation and Denitritation in a Single-Stage Bioreactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10859-10867. [PMID: 32786577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study developed an innovative process for the treatment of low-ammonium wastewater in a single-stage bioreactor over 250 days. Partial nitritation-anammox and partial denitritation-anammox (PN/A-PDN/A) processes were combined under aerobic/anoxic operation, and a high nitrogen removal efficiency (94.6%) was obtained at a nitrogen removal rate of 0.54 kg N m-3 d-1 and a chemical oxygen demand to total inorganic nitrogen (COD/TIN) ratio of 0.28. Mass balance analysis identified anammox as the dominant nitrogen removal pathway, achieving 88.3% nitrogen loss. The abundance of anammox bacteria and their bioactivity rapidly increased and were effectively maintained, as indicated by qPCR and bioactivity tests. The PN/A-PDN/A process provided two pathways of nitrite production for anammox, which favored the enrichment of anammox bacteria and stable processing. In addition, the enrichment of anammox bacteria was promoted by selective floc discharge since anammox bacteria are mainly located in granules (relative abundance of 29.64 ± 7.89%). Competitive organisms (including heterotrophic bacteria and nitrite oxidizing bacteria), enriched in flocs, were washed out. Overall, these findings confirmed anammox, sequentially combined with PN and PDN via aerobic/anoxic strategy, as a promising alternative for mainstream anammox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiyao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shenhua Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuai Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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27
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Du R, Peng Y, Ji J, Shi L, Gao R, Li X. Partial denitrification providing nitrite: Opportunities of extending application for anammox. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105001. [PMID: 31336256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) has been extensively investigated for cost-efficient nitrogen removal from wastewater. However, the major issues of nitrate (NO3--N) residue and instability in the current combination of nitritation and anammox process necessitates being addressed efficiently. The recently proposed partial-denitrification (PD), terminating NO3--N reduction to nitrite (NO2--N), has been regarded as a promising alternative of NO2--N supplying for anammox bacteria. Given the engineering practices, the steadily high NO2--N production, alleviating organic inhibition, and reducing greenhouse gas of PD process offers a viable and efficient approach for anammox implementation. Moreover, it allows for the extending applications of anammox process due to the NO3--N removal availability. Here we comprehensively review the important new outcomes and discuss the emerging applications of PD-based anammox including the process development, mechanism understanding, and future trends. Significant greater stability and enhanced nitrogen removal efficiency have been demonstrated in the novel integrations of PD and anammox process, indicating a broad perspective in dealing with the mainstream municipal sewage, ammonia-rich streams, and industrial NO3--N contained wastewater. Furthermore, researches are still needed for the predictable and controllable strategies, along with the detailed microbiological information in future study. Overall, the achievement of PD process provides unique opportunity catalyzing the engineering applications of energy-efficient and environmental-friendly wastewater treatment via anammox technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jiantao Ji
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Liangliang Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ruitao Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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