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Lei G, Cheng W, Lu Z, Zhang T, Li Z, Zhang J. A three-dimensional energetic coordination compound (BLG-1) with excellent initiating ability for lead-free primary explosives. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5775-5781. [PMID: 37812209 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01410j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of advanced lead-free primary explosives is a challenging issue in the field of energetic materials. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel N-rich copper bromate energetic coordination compound (ECC) [Cu(ATRZ)(BrO3)2]n (BLG-1, ATRZ: 4,4'-azo-1,2,4-triazole) by a simple one-step reaction. BLG-1 is the first reported three-dimensional (3D) N-rich copper bromate ECC. Its interesting 3D reticular architecture contributed to its highest thermal decomposition temperature (Td: 226 °C) and crystal density (ρ: 2.69 g cm-3) among N-rich copper bromate ECCs. More importantly, a primary charge of BLG-1 as little as 3 mg could reliably detonate compressed RDX, and 1 mg could detonate CL-20. These incredible values indicated that BLG-1 had an ultra-powerful initiating ability far superior to that of previously reported primary explosives. BLG-1 had improved mechanical sensitivities (IS: 13 J; FS: 1 N) and electrostatic sensitivity (EDS: 240 mJ) compared with those of the typical lead-based primary explosive, lead azide (IS: 4J; FS: 0.75N; EDS: 5 mJ). In particular, BLG-1 had a low laser-initiation threshold of 13 mJ at 808 nm, suggesting that it could serve as a laser-ignitable primary explosive. This work suggests that BLG-1 is a promising candidate with engreat practical application prospects for lead-free primary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenchuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zujia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Tonglai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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2
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Gosnell KJ, Beck AJ, Müller P, Keßler A, Achterberg EP. Effects of salinity and temperature on seawater dissolution rate of initial detonation agent mercury fulminate. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114311. [PMID: 36343545 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury fulminate (HgFu) was used as an initial detonator for World War I and II munitions. Its presence in previously discarded and dumped munitions could potentially supply mercury pollution into coastal ecosystems where bygone weaponries reside. There is evidence that historical munitions have already contributed mercury pollution in coastal environments, and millions remain embedded in sediments and subjected to further weakening via corrosion under environmental conditions. Experiments were undertaken assessing HgFu dissolution under varying temperature and salinity conditions to constrain controls on mercury release into marine environments. Our results show that HgFu discharge is strongly temperature dependent, with dissolution rate constants increasing from ∼0.4 mg cm-2 d-1 at 5 °C to ∼2.7 mg cm-2 d-1 at 30 °C. No significant differences were observed between freshwater and seawaters up to 36 psu, except at 5 °C. These experiments provide a basis for modeling HgFu release from underwater munitions and its dynamics in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron J Beck
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Germany
| | - Armin Keßler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Germany
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Kofen M, Braun V, Endraß SMJ, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. 1-(Nitratomethyl)-5 H-tetrazole: A Highly Sensitive Ligand with Improved Oxygen Balance for Laser-Ignitable Coordination Compounds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17212-17225. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Kofen
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simon M. J. Endraß
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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4
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Marinho GS, Fernandes de Farias R. To a better understanding of silver and mercury fulminates thermochemistry. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wurzenberger MHH, Gruhne MS, Lommel M, Stierstorfer J. 1‐Amino‐5‐methyltetrazole in Energetic 3 d Transition Metal Complexes – Ligand Design for Future Primary Explosives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich 81377 Butenandtstr. 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich 81377 Butenandtstr. 5–13 Munich Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich 81377 Butenandtstr. 5–13 Munich Germany
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Wurzenberger MHH, Gruhne MS, Lommel M, Braun V, Szimhardt N, Stierstorfer J. Taming the Dragon: Complexation of Silver Fulminate with Nitrogen-Rich Azole Ligands. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17875-17879. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Gruhne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marcus Lommel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Vanessa Braun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Norbert Szimhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5−13 (D), 81377 München, Germany
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7
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Search for the shortest intermetallic Tl---Tl contacts: Synthesis and characterization of Thallium(I) coordination polymers with several mono- and bis-cyanoximes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Frogley BJ, Hill AF, Shang R, Sharma M, Willis AC. In Search of Fulminate Analogues: L
n
M≡CP=NR. Chemistry 2020; 26:8819-8827. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Frogley
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anthony F. Hill
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Manab Sharma
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Bełdowski J, Szubska M, Siedlewicz G, Korejwo E, Grabowski M, Bełdowska M, Kwasigroch U, Fabisiak J, Łońska E, Szala M, Pempkowiak J. Sea-dumped ammunition as a possible source of mercury to the Baltic Sea sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:363-373. [PMID: 31005838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
After World War II, as a move toward Germany demilitarization, up to 385,000 t of munitions were sunk in the Baltic Sea. Munition containing various harmful substances, including chemical warfare agents (CWA) and explosives, that can affect marine biota were dumped on the seafloor. Some of those objects contained mercury, either as elemental mercury or mercury compounds (e.g., mercury fulminate, a common explosive primer), and thus could act as a specific local source of mercury in the dumping areas. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on how dumped munitions impact the mercury concentrations in the Baltic Sea sediments. This report aims to answer the question how much sedimentary mercury in the dumping areas originates from munitions and to determine to what extent the mercury present in those areas originates from mercury fulminate. Concentrations of total sedimentary mercury- HgTOT in samples collected from conventional (Kolberger Heide) and chemical (Bornholm Deep) munitions dumping sites are characterized by high variability. However, an increase in HgTOT concentrations was observed with a decreasing distance to particular munition objects at both study sites. Moreover, mercury speciation in sediments from Kolberger Heide proves that the mercury there can be traced back directly to mercury fulminate. Results of our study confirm that munitions dumpsites are a local point sources of mercury. Due to the ecosystem constrains, varying transport modes and pathways, and both unknown and varying decomposition rates, these sea-bed mercury concentrations are hard to evaluate quantitatively. Therefore we recommend that further detailed studies should be conducted to assess sedimentary mercury provenience in munitions dumpsites more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Bełdowski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Marta Szubska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Siedlewicz
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Ewa Korejwo
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Miłosz Grabowski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bełdowska
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, ul. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Urszula Kwasigroch
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, ul. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Jacek Fabisiak
- Polish Naval Academy, ul. Śmidowicza 69, 81-103 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Edyta Łońska
- Polish Naval Academy, ul. Śmidowicza 69, 81-103 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Mateusz Szala
- Military University of Technology, ul. Urbanowicza 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Pempkowiak
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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Dhami JK, Idzorek KM, Johnson RB, Van Auken KS, Ojala WH. Intramolecular geometry and intermolecular interactions of the CNO group of crystalline benzonitrile oxides: a comparison with phenyl cyanates, phenyl isocyanates, and phenyl azides. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystal structures of four halogenated benzonitrile oxides allow intramolecular geometry and packing motif comparison with phenyl cyanates, isocyanates, and azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya K. Dhami
- Department of Chemistry
- University of St. Thomas
- St. Paul
- USA
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11
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Wang S, Wang Q, Feng X, Wang B, Yang L. Explosives in the Cage: Metal-Organic Frameworks for High-Energy Materials Sensing and Desensitization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28731218 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the current status of coordination polymers and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) pertaining to the field of energetic materials is provided. The explosive applications of MOFs are discussed from two aspects: one for detection of explosives, and the other for explosive desensitization. By virtue of their adjustable pore/cage sizes, high surface area, tunable functional sites, and rich host-guest chemistry, MOFs have emerged as promising candidates for both explosive sensing and desensitization. The challenges and perspectives in these two areas are thoroughly discussed, and the processing methods for practical applications are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qianyou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology of China, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology of China, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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12
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Echeverría J, Cirera J, Alvarez S. Mercurophilic interactions: a theoretical study on the importance of ligands. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:11645-11654. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00542c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A combined structural and theoretical analysis allowed us to determine the factors that favor the establishment of short Hg(ii)⋯Hg(ii) contacts based on metallophilic attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Echeverría
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció d'Inorgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Jordi Cirera
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció d'Inorgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Santiago Alvarez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció d'Inorgànica) and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
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13
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Stauffer M, Pignolet A, Corcho Alvarado JA. Persistent Mercury Contamination in Shooting Range Soils: The Legacy from Former Primers. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:14-21. [PMID: 27872973 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) compounds were used in the past in primers for rifle and handgun ammunition. Despite its toxicity, little is known about the contamination of shooting-range soils with this metal. We present new data about the Hg contamination of surface soils from numerous shooting ranges of Switzerland. Our study demonstrates that Hg is measurable at high levels in surface soils from the shooting ranges. In three of the investigated ranges, concentrations above the maximum Swiss guidance value of Hg in soil of 500 µg kg-1 were measured. Since the use of mercury-containing ammunition was stopped in the 1960s, our results demonstrate the high persistence of Hg in soils and their slow recovery by natural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stauffer
- Physics Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - A Pignolet
- Physics Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - J A Corcho Alvarado
- Physics Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland.
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14
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Schmitt CJ. Editor's Note. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:1. [PMID: 28032135 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-2003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Schmitt
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA.
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15
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Yedukondalu N, Vaitheeswaran G. Structural, electronic and optical properties of well-known primary explosive: Mercury fulminate. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:204704. [PMID: 26627968 DOI: 10.1063/1.4935965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury Fulminate (MF) is one of the well-known primary explosives since 17th century and it has rendered invaluable service over many years. However, the correct molecular and crystal structures are determined recently after 300 years of its discovery. In the present study, we report pressure dependent structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of MF. Non-local correction methods have been employed to capture the weak van der Waals interactions in layered and molecular energetic MF. Among the non-local correction methods tested, optB88-vdW method works well for the investigated compound. The obtained equilibrium bulk modulus reveals that MF is softer than the well known primary explosives Silver Fulminate (SF), silver azide and lead azide. MF exhibits anisotropic compressibility (b > a > c) under pressure, consequently the corresponding elastic moduli decrease in the following order: C22 > C11 > C33. The structural and mechanical properties suggest that MF is more sensitive to detonate along c-axis (similar to RDX) due to high compressibility of Hg⋯O non-bonded interactions along that axis. Electronic structure and optical properties were calculated including spin-orbit (SO) interactions using full potential linearized augmented plane wave method within recently developed Tran-Blaha modified Becke-Johnson (TB-mBJ) potential. The calculated TB-mBJ electronic structures of SF and MF show that these compounds are indirect bandgap insulators. Also, SO coupling is found to be more pronounced for 4d and 5d-states of Ag and Hg atoms of SF and MF, respectively. Partial density of states and electron charge density maps were used to describe the nature of chemical bonding. Ag-C bond is more directional than Hg-C bond which makes SF to be more unstable than MF. The effect of SO coupling on optical properties has also been studied and found to be significant for both (SF and MF) of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yedukondalu
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - G Vaitheeswaran
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
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16
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Stock G, Hrib CG, Deblitz R, Kühling M, Plenikowski G, Edelmann FT. Synthesis, supramolecular structure, and energetic properties of the first metal–organic nitrotetrazolate, [Me3Sn(μ-OH)SnMe3(μ-OH)SnMe3(H2O)][NT] (NT=5-nitrotetrazolate). INORG CHEM COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Deblitz R, Hrib CG, Blaurock S, Jones PG, Plenikowski G, Edelmann FT. Explosive Werner-type cobalt(iii) complexes. Inorg Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qi00094c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of potentially explosive Werner-type cobalt(iii) complexes comprising the anions azotetrazolate, nitrotetrazolate, picrate and dipicrylamide have been prepared via simple metathetical routes. Representative studies of the energetic properties (impact and friction sensitivity, combustion) revealed that some of the new compounds are primary explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raik Deblitz
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Hrib
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Blaurock
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie der TU Braunschweig
- 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Frank T. Edelmann
- Chemisches Institut der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg
- 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Bushuyev OS, Brown P, Maiti A, Gee RH, Peterson GR, Weeks BL, Hope-Weeks LJ. Ionic Polymers as a New Structural Motif for High-Energy-Density Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1422-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209640k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitesh Maiti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United
States
| | - Richard H. Gee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United
States
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21
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Jones RJ. Spatial patterns of chemical contamination (metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/PCDFS) in sediments of a non-industrialized but densely populated coral atoll/small island state (Bermuda). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1362-1376. [PMID: 21549399 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There is a recognized dearth of standard environmental quality data in the wider Caribbean area, especially on coral atolls/small island states. Extensive surveys of sediment contamination (n=109 samples) in Bermuda revealed a wide spectrum of environmental quality. Zinc and especially copper levels were elevated at some locations, associated with boating (antifouling paints and boatyard discharges). Mercury contamination was surprisingly prevalent, with total levels as high as 12mg kg(-1)DW, although methyl mercury levels were quite low. PAH, PCB and PCDD/PCDF contamination was detected a several hotspots associated with road run-off, a marine landfill, and a former US Naval annexe. NOAA sediment quality guidelines were exceeded at several locations, indicating biological effects are possible, or at some locations probable. Overall, and despite lack of industrialization, anthropogenic chemicals in sediments of the atoll presented a risk to benthic biodiversity at a number of hotspots suggesting a need for sediment management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Jones
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, The UWA Oceans Institute (M096), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Richter RB, Flachberger H. Soil Washing and Thermal Desorption: Reliable Techniques for Remediating Materials Contaminated with Mercury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00501-010-0617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Damianos K, Frank I. Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Fulminate. Chemistry 2010; 16:8041-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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