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Tabrizi L, Yang WS, Chintha C, Morrison L, Samali A, Ramos JW, Erxleben A. Gold(I) Complexes with a Quinazoline Carboxamide Alkynyl Ligand: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Mechanistic Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:1921-1928. [PMID: 34248416 PMCID: PMC8252463 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of gold(I) complexes with the general formula [Au(L2)(L')] (L2=4-phenyl-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)quinazoline-2-carboxamide, L'=PPh3 (triphenylphosphine), 1; TPA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), 2, and Me2-imy (1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene), 3) were synthesized and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. The alkynyl ligand L2 belongs to the quinazoline carboxamide class of ligands that are known to bind to the translocator protein (TSPO) at the outer mitochondrial membrane. 1 and 2 exert cytotoxic effects in bladder cancer cells with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Further mechanistic analysis indicated that the two complexes both act by inducing reactive oxygen species and caspase-mediated apoptosis. The complexes inhibit thioredoxin reductase, an established target of anticancer gold(I) complexes. Docking studies confirmed that after ligand exchange the free ligand L2 can interact with the TSPO binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- School of ChemistryNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Won Seok Yang
- University of Hawaii Cancer CenterUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUSA
| | - Chetan Chintha
- Apoptosis Research CentreSchool of Natural SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean SciencesSchool of Natural Sciences and Ryan InstituteNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research CentreSchool of Natural SciencesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Joe W. Ramos
- University of Hawaii Cancer CenterUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUSA
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School of ChemistryNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
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2
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Tabrizi L, Thompson K, Mnich K, Chintha C, Gorman AM, Morrison L, Luessing J, Lowndes NF, Dockery P, Samali A, Erxleben A. Novel Pt(IV) Prodrugs Displaying Antimitochondrial Effects. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3009-3023. [PMID: 32628022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of a series of platinum(IV) prodrugs containing the axial ligand 3-(4-phenylquinazoline-2-carboxamido)propanoate (L3) are reported. L3 is a derivative of the quinazolinecarboxamide class of ligands that binds to the translocator protein (TSPO) at the outer mitochondrial membrane. The cytotoxicities of cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(L3)(OH)] (C-Pt1), cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(L3)(BZ)] (C-Pt2), trans-[Pt(DACH)(OX)(L3)(OH)] (C-Pt3), and trans-[Pt(DACH)(OX)(L3)(BZ)] (C-Pt4) (DACH: R,R-diaminocyclohexane, BZ: benzoate, OX: oxalate) in MCF-7 breast cancer and noncancerous MCF-10A epithelial cells were assessed and compared with those of cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and the free ligand L3. Moreover, the cellular uptake, ROS generation, DNA damage, and the effect on the mitochondrial function, mitochondrial membrane potential, and morphology were investigated. Molecular interactions of L3 in the TSPO binding site were studied using molecular docking. The results showed that complex C-Pt1 is the most effective Pt(IV) complex and exerts a multimodal mechanism involving DNA damage, potent ROS production, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tabrizi
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Kerry Thompson
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Mnich
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Chetan Chintha
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Janna Luessing
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Noel F Lowndes
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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3
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Abstract
Background:
Since the serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin
there has been a continuous surge in studies aimed at the development of new cytotoxic
metal complexes. While the majority of these complexes have been designed to interact with
nuclear DNA, other targets for anticancer metallodrugs attract increasing interest. In cancer
cells the mitochondrial metabolism is deregulated. Impaired apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth
signals and unlimited proliferation have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It
is therefore not surprising that mitochondria have emerged as a major target for cancer therapy.
Mitochondria-targeting agents are able to bypass resistance mechanisms and to (re-) activate
cell-death programs.
Methods:
Web-based literature searching tools such as SciFinder were used to search for reports
on cytotoxic metal complexes that are taken up by the mitochondria and interact with
mitochondrial DNA or mitochondrial proteins, disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential,
facilitate mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or activate mitochondria-dependent celldeath
signaling by unbalancing the cellular redox state. Included in the search were publications
investigating strategies to selectively accumulate metallodrugs in the mitochondria.
Results:
This review includes 241 references on antimitochondrial metal complexes, the use
of mitochondria-targeting carrier ligands and the formation of lipophilic cationic complexes.
Conclusion:
Recent developments in the design, cytotoxic potency, and mechanistic understanding
of antimitochondrial metal complexes, in particular of cyclometalated Au, Ru, Ir and
Pt complexes, Ru polypyridine complexes and Au-N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine
complexes are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Choi JY, Iacobazzi RM, Perrone M, Margiotta N, Cutrignelli A, Jung JH, Park DD, Moon BS, Denora N, Kim SE, Lee BC. Synthesis and Evaluation of Tricarbonyl (99m)Tc-Labeled 2-(4-Chloro)phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Analogs as Novel SPECT Imaging Radiotracer for TSPO-Rich Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071085. [PMID: 27399688 PMCID: PMC4964461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) levels are associated with brain, breast, and prostate cancer progression and have emerged as viable targets for cancer therapy and imaging. In order to develop highly selective and active ligands with a high affinity for TSPO, imidazopyridine-based TSPO ligand (CB256, 3) was prepared as the precursor. (99m)Tc- and Re-CB256 (1 and 2, respectively) were synthesized in high radiochemical yield (74.5% ± 6.4%, decay-corrected, n = 5) and chemical yield (65.6%) by the incorporation of the [(99m)Tc(CO)₃(H₂O)₃]⁺ and (NEt₄)₂[Re(CO)₃Br₃] followed by HPLC separation. Radio-ligand 1 was shown to be stable (>99%) when incubated in human serum for 4 h at 37 °C with a relatively low lipophilicity (logD = 2.15 ± 0.02). The rhenium-185 and -187 complex 2 exhibited a moderate affinity (Ki = 159.3 ± 8.7 nM) for TSPO, whereas its cytotoxicity evaluated on TSPO-rich tumor cell lines was lower than that observed for the precursor. In vitro uptake studies of 1 in C6 and U87-MG cells for 60 min was found to be 9.84% ± 0.17% and 7.87% ± 0.23% ID, respectively. Our results indicated that (99m)Tc-CB256 can be considered as a potential new TSPO-rich cancer SPECT imaging agent and provides the foundation for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea.
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
- Istituto Tumori IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Flacco, St. 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Mara Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
| | - Do Dam Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea.
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea.
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7
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of the First Oxaliplatin Pt(IV) Derivative Having a TSPO Ligand in the Axial Position. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071010. [PMID: 27347942 PMCID: PMC4964386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The first Pt(IV) derivative of oxaliplatin carrying a ligand for TSPO (the 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein) has been developed. The expression of the translocator protein in the brain and liver of healthy humans is usually low, oppositely to steroid-synthesizing and rapidly proliferating tissues, where TSPO is much more abundant. The novel Pt(IV) complex, cis,trans,cis-[Pt(ethanedioato)Cl{2-(2-(4-(6,8-dichloro-3-(2-(dipropylamino)-2-oxoethyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenoxy)acetate)-ethanolato}(1R,2R-DACH)] (DACH = diaminocyclohexane), has been fully characterized by spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques and tested in vitro against human MCF7 breast carcinoma, U87 glioblastoma, and LoVo colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. In addition, affinity for TSPO (IC50 = 18.64 nM), cellular uptake (ca. 2 times greater than that of oxaliplatin in LoVo cancer cells, after 24 h treatment), and perturbation of cell cycle progression were investigated. Although the new compound was less active than oxaliplatin and did not exploit a synergistic proapoptotic effect due to the presence of the TSPO ligand, it appears to be promising in a receptor-mediated drug targeting context towards TSPO-overexpressing tumors, in particular colorectal cancer (IC50 = 2.31 μM after 72 h treatment).
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8
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Srivastava P, Kaul A, Ojha H, Kumar P, Tiwari AK. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of methyl-2-(2-(5-bromo benzoxazolone)acetamido)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate: TSPO ligand for SPECT. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19514h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The translator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa), a transmembrane mitochondrial protein, has been explored as an important biomarker by researchers for inflammation, immune modulation and cell proliferation. Here we report a new SPECT agent99mTc-MBIP for TSPO imaging and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory
| | - Ankur Kaul
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Himanshu Ojha
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
| | - Anjani K. Tiwari
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences
- Delhi-110054
- India
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9
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Margiotta N, Denora N, Piccinonna S, Laquintana V, Lasorsa FM, Franco M, Natile G. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of new coordination complexes of platinum(II) and rhenium(I) with a ligand targeting the translocator protein (TSPO). Dalton Trans 2015; 43:16252-64. [PMID: 25069996 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is overexpressed in many types of cancers and is also abundant in activated microglial cells occurring in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. The TSPO-selective ligand 2-(8-(2-(bis-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)amino)acetamido)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide (CB256), which fulfills the requirements of a bifunctional chelate approach, has been used to synthesize coordination complexes containing either Pt (1) or Re (3), or both metal ions (2). The new metal complexes showed a cellular uptake markedly greater than that of the precursor metallic compounds and were also able to induce apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. The good cytotoxicity of the free ligand CB256 towards C6, A2780, and A2780cisR tumor cell lines was attenuated after coordination of the dipicolylamine moiety to Pt while coordination of the imidazopyridine residue to Re reduces the affinity towards TSPO. The results of the present investigation are essential for the design of new imidazopyridine bifunctional chelate ligands targeted to TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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10
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2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-containing ligands of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) behave as agonists and antagonists of steroidogenesis in a mouse leydig tumor cell line. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:231-7. [PMID: 26002041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) are known for their ability to potently and dose-dependently stimulate steroid biosynthesis in steroidogenic cells. In this study, we investigated a number of 2-phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine acetamide derivatives, analogs of alpidem, for their ability to bind TSPO and to affect steroidogenesis in a mouse Leydig tumor cell line. We observed that not only some compounds behaved as agonists, stimulating steroidogenesis (e.g., 3 and 4) with EC50 values (15.9 and 6.99μM) close to that determined for FGIN-1-27 used as positive control (7.24μM), but two compounds, namely 5 and 6, which on the other hand are the most lipophilic ones in the investigated series, behaved as antagonists, by significantly inhibiting steroid production at concentrations at least twenty times lower than the cytotoxic ones. To our surprise, the newly synthesized compound 3, which is a strict analog of alpidem bearing at the para position of the 2-phenyl group a methoxy group instead of chlorine, achieved a ten-fold stimulation of the steroid production (for comparison FGIN-1-27 achieved 1.6-fold stimulation). Within the limits of the examined property space, some unprecedented SARs were unveiled, which can help in understanding the key molecular factors underlying the transition from agonism to antagonism in the steroidogenesis process. Besides the substitution pattern and the physicochemical features (mainly hydrogen bonding potential) of the substituents at the positions C(6) and C(8) of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine nucleus, and at the para position of the 2-phenyl group, the structure-activity relationship analysis suggested lipophilicity, whose increase seems to be generally related to steroidogenesis inhibition, and steric hindrance, which appeared as a stimulation-limiting factor, as two main properties to control in the design or optimization of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based TSPO ligands endowed with potential in modulating the steroidogenesis process.
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11
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Denora N, Margiotta N, Laquintana V, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Losacco M, Franco M, Natile G. Synthesis, Characterization, and in Vitro Evaluation of a New TSPO-Selective Bifunctional Chelate Ligand. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:685-9. [PMID: 24944744 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is overexpressed in many types of cancers and is also abundant in activated microglial cells occurring in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, TSPO has become an extremely attractive subcellular target not only for imaging disease states overexpressing this protein, but also for a selective mitochondrial drug delivery. In this work we report the synthesis, the characterization, and the in vitro evaluation of a new TSPO-selective ligand, 2-(8-(2-(bis(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)acetamido)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide (CB256), which fulfils the requirements for a bifunctional chelate approach. The goal was to provide a new TSPO ligand that could be used further to prepare coordination complexes of a metallo drug to be used in diagnosis and therapy. However, the ligand itself proved to be a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor and DNA double-strand breaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Losacco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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12
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Laquintana V, Denora N, Lopalco A, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Lasorsa FM, Agostino G, Franco M. Translocator Protein Ligand–PLGA Conjugated Nanoparticles for 5-Fluorouracil Delivery to Glioma Cancer Cells. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:859-71. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400536z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Agostino
- Dipartimento
di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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13
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Denora N, Laquintana V, Lopalco A, Iacobazzi RM, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Iacobellis G, Annese C, Cascione M, Leporatti S, Franco M. In vitro targeting and imaging the translocator protein TSPO 18-kDa through G(4)-PAMAM–FITC labeled dendrimer. J Control Release 2013; 172:1111-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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