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Hu H, Laufkötter O, Miljković F, Bajorath J. Systematic comparison of competitive and allosteric kinase inhibitors reveals common structural characteristics. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113206. [PMID: 33540355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric and ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors act by distinct mechanisms and are expected to have high and low kinase selectivity, respectively. This also raises the question whether or not these different types of inhibitors might be structurally distinct. To address this question, we have assembled data sets of currently available competitive and allosteric kinase inhibitors confirmed by X-ray crystallography and systematically compared these compounds on the basis of different structural criteria. Many competitive and allosteric inhibitors were found to contain the same or similar substructures and a subset of allosteric inhibitors was found to share core structures with ATP site-directed inhibitors. In some instances, small chemical modifications of common cores were found to yield either allosteric or competitive inhibitors. Hence, these different categories of inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action were often structurally related and represented much more of a structural continuum than discrete states. Additional target annotations were frequently identified for competitive inhibitors, but were rare for allosteric inhibitors. As a part of this study, our collection of kinase inhibitors and the associated information are made freely available to enable further assessment of chemical modifications that distinguish similar kinase inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Hu
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Laufkötter
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Filip Miljković
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Laufkötter O, Hu H, Miljković F, Bajorath J. Structure- and Similarity-Based Survey of Allosteric Kinase Inhibitors, Activators, and Closely Related Compounds. J Med Chem 2021; 65:922-934. [PMID: 33476146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric kinase inhibitors are thought to have high selectivity and are prime candidates for kinase drug discovery. In addition, the exploration of allosteric mechanisms represents an attractive topic for basic research and drug design. Although the identification and characterization of allosteric kinase inhibitors is still far from being routine, X-ray structures of kinase complexes have been determined for a significant number of such inhibitors. On the basis of structural data, allosteric inhibitors can be confirmed. We report a comprehensive survey of allosteric kinase inhibitors and activators from publicly available X-ray structures, map their binding sites, and determine their distribution over binding pockets in kinases. In addition, we discuss structural features of these compounds and identify active structural analogues and high-confidence target annotations, indicating additional activities for a subset of allosteric inhibitors. This contribution aims to provide a detailed structure-based view of allosteric kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Laufkötter
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Huabin Hu
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Filip Miljković
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 6, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Bazyan AS, van Luijtelaar G. Neurochemical and behavioral features in genetic absence epilepsy and in acutely induced absence seizures. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:875834. [PMID: 23738145 PMCID: PMC3664506 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The absence epilepsy typical electroencephalographic pattern of sharp spikes and slow waves (SWDs) is considered to be due to an interaction of an initiation site in the cortex and a resonant circuit in the thalamus. The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cationic I h pacemaker channels (HCN) play an important role in the enhanced cortical excitability. The role of thalamic HCN in SWD occurrence is less clear. Absence epilepsy in the WAG/Rij strain is accompanied by deficiency of the activity of dopaminergic system, which weakens the formation of an emotional positive state, causes depression-like symptoms, and counteracts learning and memory processes. It also enhances GABAA receptor activity in the striatum, globus pallidus, and reticular thalamic nucleus, causing a rise of SWD activity in the cortico-thalamo-cortical networks. One of the reasons for the occurrence of absences is that several genes coding of GABAA receptors are mutated. The question arises: what the role of DA receptors is. Two mechanisms that cause an infringement of the function of DA receptors in this genetic absence epilepsy model are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Bazyan
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Science, Russian Federation, 5A Butlerov Street, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - G. van Luijtelaar
- Biological Psychology, Donders Centre for Cognition, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yousefi OS, Wilhelm T, Maschke-Neuß K, Kuhny M, Martin C, Molderings GJ, Kratz F, Hildenbrand B, Huber M. The 1,4-benzodiazepine Ro5-4864 (4-chlorodiazepam) suppresses multiple pro-inflammatory mast cell effector functions. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:13. [PMID: 23425659 PMCID: PMC3598916 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mast cells (MCs) can be achieved by the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) as well as by additional receptors such as the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor and the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit (stem cell factor [SCF] receptor). Thus, pharmacological interventions which stabilize MCs in response to different receptors would be preferable in diseases with pathological systemic MC activation such as systemic mastocytosis. 1,4-Benzodiazepines (BDZs) have been reported to suppress MC effector functions. In the present study, our aim was to analyze molecularly the effects of BDZs on MC activation by comparison of the effects of the two BDZs Ro5-4864 and clonazepam, which markedly differ in their affinities for the archetypical BDZ recognition sites, i.e., the GABAA receptor and TSPO (previously termed peripheral-type BDZ receptor). Ro5-4864 is a selective agonist at TSPO, whereas clonazepam is a selective agonist at the GABAA receptor. Ro5-4864 suppressed pro-inflammatory MC effector functions in response to antigen (Ag) (degranulation/cytokine production) and LPS and SCF (cytokine production), whereas clonazepam was inactive. Signaling pathway analyses revealed inhibitory effects of Ro5-4864 on Ag-triggered production of reactive oxygen species, calcium mobilization and activation of different downstream kinases. The initial activation of Src family kinases was attenuated by Ro5-4864 offering a molecular explanation for the observed impacts on various downstream signaling elements. In conclusion, BDZs structurally related to Ro5-4864 might serve as multifunctional MC stabilizers without the sedative effect of GABAA receptor-interacting BDZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Sascha Yousefi
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr, 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Haenisch B, Huber M, Wilhelm T, Steffens M, Molderings GJ. Investigation into mechanisms mediating the inhibitory effect of 1,4-benzodiazepines on mast cells by gene expression profiling. Life Sci 2013; 92:345-51. [PMID: 23352970 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to identify by a molecular genetic approach potential targets in mast cells at which 1,4-benzodiazepines may cause their inhibitory effect on mast cell activity. MAIN METHODS Gene expression analyses with microarray gene chip and/or quantitative PCR were performed using 1,4-benzodiazepine-treated human mast cell leukemia HMC-1.2 cells, promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and human mast cells from healthy volunteers and patients with mast cell activation disease (MCAD). Pathway analysis was applied to search for enriched biological functions and canonical pathways within differentially regulated genes. KEY FINDINGS Both neoplastic and normal human mast cells express several GABA(A) receptor subunits at the mRNA level. In mast cells from MCAD patients expression of some GABA(A) receptor subunits and expression of the translocator protein TSPO are increased compared with those from healthy controls. Expression of the protein tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fgr and Yes1 was increased in HMC-1.2 cells as compared with the ontogenetically related HL60 cells. Differences in gene regulation in HMC-1.2 cells after treatment with the 1,4-benzodiazepines clonazepam, flunitrazepam and 4-chlorodiazepam suggested that signaling and gene expression induced by clonazepam was similar to that of flunitrazepam but different from that of 4-chlorodiazepam. This conclusion is supported by the results of the pathway analysis. SIGNIFICANCE A novel type of GABA(A) receptors on mast cells appears to be involved in the inhibition of mast cell activity by 1,4-benzodiazepines. These receptors seem to be composed without γ subunits suggesting unique pharmacological properties. An action at Src-kinases, or at TSPO located in the plasma membrane may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Haenisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Boutard N, Dufour-Gallant J, Deaudelin P, Lubell WD. Pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-2-one Synthesis: A Head-to-Head Comparison of Soluble versus Insoluble Supports. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4533-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200424q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Boutard
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Julien Dufour-Gallant
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Philippe Deaudelin
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Townsend JB, Shaheen F, Liu R, Lam KS. Jeffamine derivatized TentaGel beads and poly(dimethylsiloxane) microbead cassettes for ultrahigh-throughput in situ releasable solution-phase cell-based screening of one-bead-one-compound combinatorial small molecule libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:700-12. [PMID: 20593859 DOI: 10.1021/cc100083f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method to efficiently immobilize and partition large quantities of microbeads in an array format in microfabricated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) cassette for ultrahigh-throughput in situ releasable solution-phase cell-based screening of one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) combinatorial libraries is described. Commercially available Jeffamine triamine T-403 (∼440 Da) was derivatized such that two of its amino groups were protected by Fmoc and the remaining amino group capped with succinic anhydride to generate a carboxyl group. This resulting trifunctional hydrophilic polymer was then sequentially coupled two times to the outer layer of topologically segregated bilayer TentaGel (TG) beads with solid phase peptide synthesis chemistry resulting in beads with increased loading capacity, hydrophilicity, and porosity at the outer layer. We have found that such bead configuration can facilitate ultrahigh-throughput in situ releasable solution-phase screening of OBOC libraries. An encoded releasable OBOC small molecule library was constructed on Jeffamine derivatized TG beads with library compounds tethered to the outer layer via a disulfide linker and coding tags in the interior of the beads. Compound-beads could be efficiently loaded (5-10 min) into a 5 cm diameter Petri dish containing a 10,000-well PDMS microbead cassette, such that over 90% of the microwells were each filled with only one compound-bead. Jurkat T-lymphoid cancer cells suspended in Matrigel were then layered over the microbead cassette to immobilize the compound-beads. After 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, dithiothreitol was added to trigger the release of library compounds. Forty-eight hours later, MTT reporter assay was used to identify regions of reduced cell viability surrounding each positive bead. From a total of about 20,000 beads screened, 3 positive beads were detected and physically isolated for decoding. A strong consensus motif was identified for these three positive compounds. These compounds were resynthesized and found to be cytotoxic (IC(50) 50-150 μM) against two T-lymphoma cell lines and less so against the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line. This novel ultrahigh-throughput OBOC releasable method can potentially be adapted to many existing 96- or 384-well solution-phase cell-based or biochemical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Townsend
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of California Davis Cancer Center, University of California Davis, 4501 X Street, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Deaudelin P, Lubell WD. Diastereoselective Pictet−Spengler Approach for the Synthesis of Pyrrolo[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-2-one Peptide Turn Mimics. Org Lett 2008; 10:2841-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8009978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Deaudelin
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Dourlat J, Liu WQ, Gresh N, Garbay C. Novel 1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives with antiproliferative properties on tumor cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2527-30. [PMID: 17317183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel 1,4-benzodiazepine compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells. Some compounds revealed activities in the micromolar range and were more efficient than reference compound Ro 5-4864. Preliminary SAR helped to identify critical motifs for antiproliferative activity and led to the discovery of a compound selective for a melanoma cell line, known for its resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dourlat
- Université Paris Descartes, UFR Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Paris F-75006, France
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Johnson KM, Cleary J, Fierke CA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Mechanistic basis for therapeutic targeting of the mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase. ACS Chem Biol 2006; 1:304-8. [PMID: 17163759 DOI: 10.1021/cb600143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered cellular bioenergetics are implicated in many disease processes, and modulating the F 1 F o -ATPase, the enzyme responsible for producing the majority of ATP in eukaryotic cells, has been proposed to have therapeutic utility. Bz-423 is a 1,4-benzodiazepine that binds to the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein subunit of the mitochondrial F 1 F o -ATPase and inhibits the enzyme. In response to Bz-423, cells moderately decrease ATP synthesis and significantly increase superoxide, resulting in redox-regulated apoptosis. Administering Bz-423 to autoimmune mice leads to apoptosis of pathogenic cells and potent attenuation of disease progression. To determine if a mechanism of action distinguishes Bz-423 from toxic F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitors like oligomycin, we studied how both compounds inhibit the enzyme. Oligomycin is a high-affinity mixed inhibitor, displaying time-dependent inhibition, resulting in severe depletion of ATP. In contrast, Bz-423 is an allosteric inhibitor with lower affinity that rapidly dissociates from the enzyme. Our data support a model in which the interplay of these features underlies the favorable properties of Bz-423. They also represent key criteria for the development of therapeutic F 1 F o -ATPase inhibitors, which should have utility across a range of areas.
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Carlier PR, Lam PCH, DeGuzman JC, Zhao H. Memory of chirality trapping of low inversion barrier 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one enolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lam PCH, Carlier PR. Experimental and Computational Studies of Ring Inversion of 1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-ones: Implications for Memory of Chirality Transformations. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1530-8. [PMID: 15730270 DOI: 10.1021/jo048450n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the enantioselective syntheses of quaternary 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones via memory of chirality. The success of this method depends on formation of conformationally chiral enolates that racemize very slowly under the reaction conditions. As a prelude to undertaking experimental and computational studies on the racemization of these enolates, we have studied the ring-inversion process of the parent 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones. In this paper, we use dynamic and 2D-EXSY NMR to characterize inversion barriers. Using DFT calculations, we reproduce the experimental results with high accuracy (within 1-2 kcal/mol). Structural parameters obtained from DFT calculations provide valuable insights into the important effect of the N1 substituent on the ring-inversion barrier and shed light on the mechanism of the memory of chirality method. These measurements and calculations provide a foundation for future studies of benzodiazepine enolates and will be valuable in the design of new memory of chirality reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polo C-H Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Kivrakidou O, Bräse S, Hülshorst F, Griebenow N. Solid-Phase Synthesis of 5-Biphenyl-2-yl-1H-tetrazoles. Org Lett 2004; 6:1143-6. [PMID: 15040743 DOI: 10.1021/ol0498848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The combinatorial synthesis of novel biphenyl tetrazoles is described. Key steps include the simultaneous biphenyl formation and phenol deallylation under Suzuki cross-coupling conditions as well as the tetrazole ring formation on solid support. A representative library of 20 biphenyl tetrazoles was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kivrakidou
- Bayer AG, Bayer Health Care, Pharma Research, Building 460, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2428] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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Kraker AJ, Hartl BG, Amar AM, Barvian MR, Showalter HD, Moore CW. Biochemical and cellular effects of c-Src kinase-selective pyrido[2, 3-d]pyrimidine tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:885-98. [PMID: 10974196 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression or activity of c-Src tyrosine kinase has been associated with the transformed phenotype in tumor cells and with progression of neoplastic disease. A number of pyrido[2, 3-d]pyrimidines have been characterized biochemically and in cells as part of an assessment of their potential as anti-tumor agents. The compounds were ATP-competitive inhibitors of c-Src kinase with IC(50) values < 10 nM and from 6 to >100-fold selectivity for c-Src tyrosine kinase relative to basic fibroblast growth factor receptor (bFGFr) tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr) tyrosine kinase, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) tyrosine kinase. The compounds yielded IC(50) values < 5 nM against Lck. Human colon tumor cell growth in culture was inhibited, as was colony formation in soft agar at concentrations < 1 microM. Phosphorylation of the c-Src cellular substrates paxillin, p130(cas), and Stat3 was also inhibited at concentrations < 1 microM. Autophosphorylation of EGFr tyrosine kinase or PDGFr tyrosine kinase was not inhibited by c-Src inhibitors, thus showing the selective nature of the compounds in cells. In a mitogenesis assay measuring thymidine incorporation stimulated by specific mitogens, the c-Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduced incorporated thymidine in a manner consistent with previously reported roles of c-Src in mitogenic signaling. Progression through the cell cycle was inhibited at G(2)/M in human colon tumor cells treated with two of the c-Src-selective compounds, which is also consistent with earlier reports describing a requirement for active c-Src tyrosine kinase for G(2) to M phase progression. The compounds described here are selective inhibitors of c-Src tyrosine kinase and have antiproliferative effects in tumor cells consistent with inhibition of c-Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kraker
- Department of Cancer Research Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of the Warner-Lambert Co., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 1999. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:383-433. [PMID: 11029163 DOI: 10.1021/cc000055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., P.O. Box 5350, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
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